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Universidad Latina
Licenciatura en
Ingeniería
Civil
IC‐902
Módulo 1Módulo 1
Profesor: Ing. Erick Acosta Hernández
Email: erick.acostahernandez@ucr.ac.cr
1
Ingeniería de Transportes
Ingeniería de t ransporte:
“aplicación de los principios tecnológicos y científicos a
la planeación, proyecto funcional, a la operación y
a la administración de cualquier modo de transporte,
mercancías d e una manera segura, rápida,
confortable, conveniente, económica y compatible
con el medio ambiente.” (Cal y Mayor, 2007)
2
Progresos en el transporteLos primeros viajes se realizaron a
pie como sigue ocurriendo hasta
hoy….
3
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Progresos en el transporte
El Estrecho
de
Bering
permitió
las
El
Estrecho
de
Bering
permitió
las
grandes migracionesgrandes migraciones
4
¿Por qué lo hicieron?¿Por qué lo hicieron?
Progresos en el transporte
Búsqueda de alimento
5
RESPUESTA: Tenían un motivo, una
justificación, obtenían
un
beneficio!!...
Progresos en el transporte
6
Y se invento… La Rueda….
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Progresos en el transporte
7
La carreta para transportar
cargas mayores
El carruaje para transportar
cargas mayores
Progresos en el transporte
8
Progresos en el transporte
9
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El transporte en la historia del ser humanoEra Date Mobility
Paleolithic c . 700,000 years ago First migrations from Africa
c. 35,000 years ago First m ig rati ons by sea to Australasia
c. 18,000
y ea rs a go F ir st m i gr at io ns
to
the
Americas
A grar ian c. 4,000 BC Animal‐powered transport
c. 3,500 BC Wheeled transport
10
c. 1,500 BC Long distance navigation in Polynesia
c. 1,000 BC Roads and canals
Modern From 15th ce ntury I mproveme nts in shipbuilding and navigation
From early 19th c en tu ry R ai lw ay s and steamships
From late 19th ce nt ur y I nt er nal combustion engines
From early 20th century Air travel
From mid 20th century Space travel
Roman Empire, c125AD
Copyright © 1998‐2013, Dr.
Jean‐Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of
Global Studies & Geography,
Hofstra University. For personal
or classroom
use
ONLY.
This
material (including graphics) is
not public domain and cannot
be published, in whole or in
part,in ANY form (printedor
El camino de la seda and Arab Sea Routes (8th to 14th) Centuries)
Copyright © 1998‐2013, Dr.
Jean‐Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of
Global Studies & Geography,
Hofstra University. For personal
or classroom use ONLY. This
material (including graphics) is
not public domain and cannot
be published, in whole or in
part,in ANY form (printedor
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Grand Canal System
Beijing
Jizhou Canal
Yongji Canal
(Sui and Yuan)
Tonghui Canal
(Yuan)
Yongji Canal
Jiao-Lai Canal
(Yuan)
Old course of
the Yellow River
(Song)
Yellow Sea
Copyright © 1998‐2013, Dr.
MUST be requested prior to
use.
Hangzhou
Suzhou
Yangzhou
Chuzhou
Jizhou
KaifengLuoyang
HuaiyinBian Canal
(Song)
Tongji Canal (Sui)
(Yuan)
Yangzhou Canal
(Song and Yuan)
Jiangnan Canal
(Sui, Song and Yuan)
(Sui)
400 km
East China
Sea
Primeras expediciones marinas en Europa, 1492‐1522
Rutas del este y oeste para llegar a Asia
China
India
Spain
Japan
Portugal
M a g e l l
Hormuz (1515)
Canton (1513)
Nagasaki (1543)
Constantinople (1453)
Pacific Ocean
Portugalwasableto tradewithIndiawithoutArabmiddlemen(most ofthe
Arabfleet wassunkby1515) Portugueseexplorers
reached Canton inChina
Tradewas established
withJapanfromMacau
Macaufounded in1557
Thefall of theBizantiumEmpire
closedtheland routeto Asia
Copyright © 1998‐2013, Dr.
Jean‐Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of
Global Studies & Geography,
Hofstra University. For personal
or classroom use ONLY. This
material (including graphics) is
not public domain and cannot
be published, in whole or in
part,in ANY form (printedor
D i a z
d a G a m a
a n
Timor (1515)
Manila (1565)
Malacca(1511)
Calicut (1498)
Cape of Good Hope (1488)
Indian Ocean
Atlantic Ocean
Note: Paths are approximateandsimplified
TheCapeof GoodHopeatthesouthernmost endof Africa isreached,involvingthepossibility
toreach Asiabya maritimeroute
VascodeGamaroundedtheCapeof GoodHopeandreached India(1497-1499)
From1419to 1487,Portugueseships explore
thewest coast ofAfrica
Malacca,the most important
commercial centerin Southeast Asia, fell tothePortuguese
Between1565and1571SpainconqueredtheP hilippinesand
establishedtheir colonial capital
atManila
Magellanreached thePacificOceanby roundingt hesoutherntipofSouthAmerica(1520)
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El efecto de los imperios españoles y portuguez
(1581‐1640)
Densidad de viajes en barco, 1750‐1810
Copyright © 1998‐2013, Dr.
Jean‐Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of
Global Studies & Geography,
Hofstra University. For personal
or classroom
use
ONLY.
This
material (including graphics) is
not public domain and cannot
be published, in whole or in
part,in ANY form (printedor
Dutch East India Company, Trade Network, 17th
Century
Copyright © 1998‐2013, Dr.
Jean‐Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of
Global Studies & Geography,
Hofstra University. For personal
or classroom use ONLY. This
material (including graphics) is
not public domain and cannot
be published, in whole or in
part,in ANY form (printedor
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Imports from the Dutch East India Company at
Amsterdam, 17th and 18th Centuries
30
35
40
45
50
0
5
10
15
20
1640 1660 1680 1700 1720 1740 1760 1780 1800
Tex ti les Sp ic es Pep per Tea an d Co ff ee Su gar Copyright © 1998‐2013, Dr. Jean‐Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY.
This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on
Colonial Trade Pattern, North Atlantic,
18th Century
Copyright © 1998‐2013, Dr.
Jean‐Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of
Global Studies & Geography,
Hofstra University. For personal
or classroom
use
ONLY.
This
material (including graphics) is
not public domain and cannot
be published, in whole or in
part,in ANY form (printedor
North American Coastal Trade System,
18th Century
Copyright © 1998‐2013, Dr.
Jean‐Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of
Global Studies & Geography,
Hofstra University. For personal
or classroom use ONLY. This
material (including graphics) is
not public domain and cannot
be published, in whole or in
part,in ANY form (printedor
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Mayores cambios tecnológicos debidos a la revolución industrial
Power Generati on Text iles Metall urgy Transportat ion
Thermal energy used for
mechanical energy
Mechanization of
spinning and weaving
Mass production of
steel (shipbuilding, rails,
construction and
machines)
Modern transport and
telecommunication
systems
• First water pump
(1712) in mines.
• Watt (1769); significant
improvements.
• “Flying shuttle” (1733)
doubled weaving
productivity.
• “Spinning jenny”
• Coke instead of coal for
iron production (1709).
• Bessemer process
(1855).
• Railroads (1825).
• Telegraph (1834).• Steamship (1838).• Telephone (1876).
• Steam locomotive
(1824).
• Electric generator
(1831).
• Steam turbine (1884).
(1765).
• “Water frame” (1768);
hydraulic power.
• “Spinning Mule”
(1779); steam power.
• Sewing machine (1846).
Inland Travel Time from New York, 1800 – 1830 (in Days)
Copyright © 1998‐2013, Dr.
Jean‐Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of
Global Studies & Geography,
Hofstra University. For personal
or classroom
use
ONLY.
This
material (including graphics) is
not public domain and cannot
be published, in whole or in
part,in ANY form (printedor
Red de ferrocarriles de Estados Unidos, 1861
Copyright © 1998‐2013, Dr.
Jean‐Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of
Global Studies & Geography,
Hofstra University. For personal
or classroom use ONLY. This
material (including graphics) is
not public domain and cannot
be published, in whole or in
part,in ANY form (printedor
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Major Canals Built in the 19th Century, American
Northeast
Copyright © 1998‐2013, Dr.
Jean‐Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of
Global Studies & Geography,
Hofstra University. For personal
or classroom use ONLY. This
material (including graphics) is
not public domain and cannot
be published, in whole or in
art in ANY form( rintedor
Impacts of Maury’s Navigation Charts on Sailing Time,
1850s
63
133
126
180
Australia ‐ England
New York ‐ San Francisco
23
97
55
124
0 50 100 150 200
New York ‐ Rio de Janeiro
England ‐ Australia
Mean Sailing Days (before)
Mean Sailing Days (after)
Impacts of Maury’s Navigation Charts on Sailing
Time, 1850s
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Geographical Impacts of the Suez and Panama Canals
Effects of the Suez and Panama Canals on Travel
Distances
13.135
13.522
12.000
5.262
7.836
9.332
New York ‐ San Francisco
Liverpool ‐ San Francisco
New York ‐ Sydney
10.667
11.740
6.374
8.362
0 2.000 4.000 6.000 8.000 10.000 12.000 14.000
London ‐ Bombay
London ‐ Singapore
Nautical Miles
via Panama C ana l v ia Magellan S tr ai ts v ia Suez C an al v ia Cape of Good Hope
Break‐Even Distance between Sail and Steam, 1850‐
1890
10.000
12.000
14.000
16.000
18.000
0
2.000
4.000
6.000
8.000
.
85 86 87 88 89
K M
Copyright © 1998‐2013, Dr.
Jean‐Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of
Global Studies & Geography,
Hofstra University. For personal
or classroom use ONLY. This
material (including graphics) is
not public domain and cannot
be published, in whole or in
part,in ANY form (printedor
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World Trade Routes, 1912
Copyright © 1998‐2013, Dr.
Jean‐Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of
Global Studies & Geography,
Hofstra University. For personal
or classroom use ONLY. This
material (including graphics) is
not public domain and cannot
be published, in whole or in
art in ANY form( rintedor
Cargo Carried by Steamship by Port City,
1890‐1925
Copyright © 1998‐2013, Dr.
Jean‐Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of
Global Studies & Geography,
Hofstra University. For personal
or classroom
use
ONLY.
This
material (including graphics) is
not public domain and cannot
be published, in whole or in
part,in ANY form (printedor
Liner Transatlantic Crossing Times,
1833 – 1952 (in days)
12
14
16
18
0
2
4
6
8
1830 1855 1880 1905 1930 1955
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Maritime Journey from Britain to Australia,
1788‐1960
80
100
120
Days
Speed (Knots)
0
20
40
60
1788 1852 1862 1883 1888 1909 1931 1960
Longitud del sistema de trenes de Londres, 1830‐1860
30%
35%
40%
45%
50%
8.000
10.000
12.000
w t h R a t e
s
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
0
2.000
4.000
6.000
A n n u a l G r o
M i l
Evolution of the Railway Network (in km), 1850‐1913
800.000
1.000.000
1.200.000
Afri ca
Asia
South America
North America
Europe
0
200.000
400.000
600.000
1850 1870 1900 1913
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Length of the World’s Largest Railway
Systems, 1913
46.282
37.786
33.277
26.634
25.539
17.667
Austria‐Hungary
Great Britain
Argentina
Brazil
Mexico
Italy
411.687
63.849
62.313
55.865
51.283
47.237
0 50.000 100.000 150.000 200.000 250.000 300.000 350.000 400.000 450.000
United States
Germany
European Russia
British East Indies
France
Canada
Km
Share of the Population in Agriculture,
Early Industrial Countries, 1820‐1910
60
70
80
90
1820
0
10
20
30
40
Great Britain France Germany United States
1870
1910
Copyright © 1998‐2013, Dr.
Jean‐Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of
Global Studies & Geography,
Hofstra University. For personal
or classroom
use
ONLY.
This
material (including graphics) is
not public domain and cannot
be published, in whole or in
part,in ANY form (printedor
Cost and Production of Ford Vehicles,
1908‐1924
1 25
1.50
1.75
2.00
2.25
$600
$700
$800
$900
$1.000
M i l l o n e s
0.00
0.25
0.50
0.75
1.00
.
$0
$100
$200
$300
$400
$500
Cost
Production
Copyright © 1998‐2013, Dr.
Jean‐Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of
Global Studies & Geography,
Hofstra University. For personal
or classroom use ONLY. This
material (including graphics) is
not public domain and cannot
be published, in whole or in
part,in ANY form (printedor
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En Costa Rica…Objetivo: transportar personas, cargas, banano y
café,
• 1871,Henry Meiggs,
tío
de
Keith,
había
firmado
un
contrato
con el Gobierno de Costa Rica, presidido entonces por Tomás
Guardía
• 1877 Keith asume el contrato.
40
• 1890 finaliza la construcción
• 1910 finalizaron las obras del ferrocarril al Pacífico
El tren del sur
41
Carreteras
– Costa Rica
– Estados Unidos
–
Densidad de km de carretera por cada 100 km2 de territorio:
83
67
14
42
– Colombia
– México
– Panamá
– Alemania
19
19
20
180
Fuente: worldbank.org
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Ingeniería de TransportesB
43
A
Ingeniería de Transportes
• ¿Por qué es necesario ir de A a B?
• ¿Quiénes lo necesitan?
• ¿Para qué tienen que hacerlo?
• ¿Cómo lo harán?
• ¿Cuánto cuesta hacerlo?
• ¿Qué otras opciones hay para hacerlo?
44
Ingeniería de Transportes
Sistema de
transporte
45
Sistema de
actividades
Estructura de
flujos
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Ingeniería de transportes
• El problema del transporte: tres elementos
que
afectan
directamente
al
transporte:
1. Demanda del trans orte: oblación in reso familiar, uso de la tierra.
2. Tecnología: genera incrementos en la gama de posibilidades disponibles para resolver los problemas de transporte.
3. Valores públicos y privados: evolución de las comunidades genera nuevas necesidades
46
El transporte como sistema
1. El transporte de una región debe ser considerado de forma integral:
Modos
Vehículos
Grupos sociales
Tipos de carga a transportar
La infraestructura utilizada
Tipos de viaje
Todas las combinaciones origen‐destino posibles
47
El transporte como sistema
2. El estudio del sistema de transporte no
puede ser separado del sistema social,
económico y político
48
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El transporte como sistema
• Variables y elementos que intervienen en el
sistema: – El usuario, quien decide a donde va, cuándo y
cómo via a.
– El operador del servicio de transporte.
– El gobierno.
– Diferentes opciones de transporte. Relacionadas
con el sistema de actividades.
49
Impactos del sistema
• Impactos al usuario
• Impactos al operador
• Impactos físicos: debidos a la presencia física .
• Impactos funcionales: son los que ocurren sobre el sistema de actividades conforme los usuarios responden a los cambios en el sistema de transporte.
• Impactos al gobierno.
50