Post on 23-Aug-2020
Znhy-t_m-[\w ]ªn-t°-j≥kvtkm^nbm sk‚¿
Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv skan-\mcn
tIm´bw -˛ 686 001
hne: 40.00
^m. ‰n. sP. tPmjzm(s]m^-k¿, Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv skan-\m-cn, tIm´bw)
]Imi-Øn-te°v(]pXnb\nb-a-Ønte°v Hcmlzm\w)
Znhy-t_m-[\w KŸm-hen ˛ 1
Prakasathilekku(An Invitation to the New Testament)
Fr. T. J. Joshua B.A., B.D., S. T. M.
Published by : Divyabodhanam PublicationsOrthodox Seminary, P.B. 98, Kottayam
Ph: 0481 - 2566 526, 2568 083
First Published : Jan. 1984
Second Edition : Jan. 1988
Third Edition : May 2005
Copyright reserved
Number of copies : 3000
Available at : Orthodox Seminary and Other Christian Bookshops.
D.T.P. : Sophia Print House, Kottayam Ph. 0481 - 2303237
Printing : Udaya Offset, Kottayam
Price: Rs. 40/-
(Malayalam)
]kvXm-h\
k`mw-K-߃°p-th≠n Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv sshZnI skan-\mcn Ah-
X-cn-∏n-°p∂ Hcp hnizmk ]cn-io-e-\-]-≤-Xn-bmWv Znhyt_m[\w.
Ignhpw Xm¬]-cy-hp-ap≈ B¿°pw kvXo]pcpj t`Z-sat\y Cu ]≤-
Xn-bn¬ tNcmw.
k`-bpsS hnizmkw Adn-bp-∂-Xn\pw ]pe¿Øp-∂-Xn\pw ASpØ
Xe-apdbv°p ]I¿∂psImSp-°p-∂-Xn-\p-ap≈ Npa-Xe sshZn-I¿°p
amX-ap≈X√. k` apgphs‚bpw IqSn-bp≈ DØ-c-hm-Zn-Xzam-Wn-Xv.
Afl-mb-°m-cmb kvXoIƒ°pw ]pcp-j-∑m¿°pw hfsc henb ]¶m-
Wp-≈Xv, Cu Npa-Xe Imcy-£-a-ambn \n¿hln°p-∂-Xn¬.
bp‡n-Nn-¥-bpsS Cu Ime-b-f-hn¬ kXy-hn-izmkw \ne-\n¿Ø-
W-sa-¶n¬, Bcm-[-\-bnepw kXy-Ønepw kvt\l-Ønepw A[n-jvTn-
X-amb Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv hnizm-ksØ _p≤n-]-cambn°qsS kzmb-Ø-
am-t°-≠p-∂-bm-hiyw k`mw-K-߃s°-√m-h¿°p-ap-≠v.
]tXy-In®pw kt≠-kvIqƒ A≤ym-]-I¿, a¿Ø-a-dnbw kamP
]h¿Ø-I¿, bph-P\ ]ÿm-\-Ønepw hnZym¿∞n ]ÿm-\-Ønepw
t\XrXzw \¬Ip-∂-h¿, apX-emb t\XrXz \nc-bn-ep≈ Aflm-b¿°v
hnizm-k-]-T\w ]tXy-I-ambn Bhiyam-Wv.
`‡n-tbmSpw hniz-mk-tØmSpwIqSn-bp≈ kXym-cm-[-\bpw InkvXp-
hns‚ a\pjykvt\l-Øns‚ aq¿Øo-I-c-W-hp-amWv k`-bpsS c≠p
][m\ Npa-X-e-Iƒ. Ch c≠pw icn-bmbn \n¿h-ln-°-W-sa-¶n¬ k`m-
]m-c-º-cy-Ønse KmVamb D]-cn-⁄m-\-Øns‚ Xmgv∂ ]SnI-fn-te-
s°-¶nepw hnizm-kn-Iƒ IS-∂p-h-cmsX, hnizm-k-Im-cy-߃ sshZn-
I¿°p -am-X-ambn hn´p-sIm-Sp-°p-∂Xp Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv ]mc-º-cy-Øn\p
\nc-°m-Ø-Xm-Wv. aqtdm\`n-tj-Iw-aqew ]cn-ip-≤m-flm-hns\ ]m]n®n-
´p≈ F√m kXyhnizm-kn-Iƒ°pw, Bcm-[-\-bnepw a\pjytkh-\-
Ønepw IqSn-bp≈ Xß-fpsS InkvXob [¿a\n¿∆l-W-Øn\v Cu
]≤Xn klm-b-I-ambnØoc-s´. ssZh-Øns‚ ]cn-ip-≤m-flmhv \ΩpsS
kvt\lw \nd™ P\ßsf Xs‚ ]tXyI IcpW-bm¬ ISm-£n®v
Ah¿°p Znhy-t_m-[\w \¬Im≥ Cu ]≤Xn D]-tbm-Kn-°p-am-dm-Is´.
tUm. ]utemkv am¿ KntKm-dn-tbmkv saXm-t∏meoØm(]kn-U‚ v, Znhy-t_m-[\w tIµ-°-Ωn‰n)
tIm´bw
20 ˛ 12 ˛ 1983
4 ]Imi-Øn-te°v
]km-[-I-°p-dn∏vZnhy-t_m-[\w ]T-\-]-≤-Xn-bn¬ H∂m-a-Xmbn ]kn-≤o-I-cn® "]Im-
i-Øn-te°v' F∂ ]pkvXIw ]cn-jvI-cn®v ]kn-≤o-I-cn-°p-I-bm-Wv.-
]pXn-b-\n-b-a-Øn-tebv°v Hcp Blzm-\-ambn ]ikvX ]pXn-b-\nba
]fin-X\pw Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv sshZnIskan-\mcn A≤ym-]-I-\p-amb
_lp. ‰n. sP. tPmjzm A®≥ cNn® KŸØns‚ aq∂mw ]Xn-∏m-
WnXv. Znhyt_m-[\w hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ°pw a‰p≈-h¿°pw ]pXnb\n-b-
a-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ Bg-amb Adnhpw ]T\ ]tNm-Z-\hpw e`n-°p-hm≥
Cu KŸw klm-bn-°p-sa-∂mWv Rß-fpsS ]Xo-£.
Znhy-t_m-[\w ]h¿Ø-\-߃°mbn \n¿tem-]-amb A\p-K-lm-
in- p-Iƒ \¬In-s°m-≠n-cn-°p∂ Cu ]ÿm-\-Øns‚ c£m-[n-Imcn-
Iq-Sn-bmb ]. tamdm≥ am¿ _t -en-tbmkv am¿tXmam amXyqkv ZznXo-
b≥ ImtXm-en-°m-_mhm Xncp-ta-\ntbm-Sp≈ hnt[-b-Xzhpw BZ-chpw
hn\-b-]p-c- cw ka¿∏n-°p-∂p.
Cu KŸ-߃ ]kn-≤o-I-cn-°p-∂-Xn¬ ta¬t\m´w hln-°p∂
]ÿm\w ]kn-U‚pw skan-\mcn ]n≥kn-∏-ep-amb dh. tUm. sI.
Fw. tPm¿÷-®≥, Ub-d-IvS¿ dh. m. ‰n. sP. tPmjzm, sshkv ]kn-
U‚ v dh. ^m. tUm. tP°_v Ipcy≥, cPn-kvSm¿ dh. ^m. tUm.
tPm¨ ]Wn-°¿, tIm˛Hm¿Un-t\-‰¿ ^m. tP°_v amXyp, sk≥S¬
Hm¿K-ss\-k¿ s]m^. h¿§okv amXyp F∂n-h-c-S-ßp∂ Znhy-t_m[\w
tIµ-I-Ω-‰n-bmWv Cu ]ÿm-\-Øns‚ A\p-Zn\ ]h¿Ø-\-߃ \nb-
¥n®p hcp-∂-Xv.
sshZnI skan-\m-cn-bpsS B`n-ap-Jy-Øn¬ \S-Øn-h-cp∂ Cu ]≤-
Xn-bpsS ]T-\-\n-e-hm-c-Øns‚ DØ-c-hm-ZnXzw skan-\mcn ^m-°¬‰n-
bn¬ \n£n-]vX-am-Wv. ]mtZ-inIXe-Ønepw bqWn‰p Xe-Ønepw
A≤ym-]-Icpw kwLm-S-Icpw Cu ]ÿm-\-Øns‚ \S-Øn-∏n¬
A£oWw ]h¿Øn-°p-∂p-≠v. Ah¿s°√mw ]tXyIw \µn tcJ-
s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p. Cu KŸ-Øns‚ Un. ‰n. ]n. `wKn-bmbn \n¿∆-ln®
tkm^nbm ]n‚ v lukn\pw A®-Sn- `w-Kn-bmbpw IrXy-ambpw \n¿∆-
ln® DZbm ]kn\pw \µn.
k¿t∆m-]cn kIe \∑-Iƒ°pw Imc-W- q-X-\mb k¿∆-i-‡-\mb
ssZh-Øn\p kvXpXn A¿∏n-®p-sIm≠v Cu KŸw Znhy-t_m-[\w
KŸm-h-en-bn¬ ]kn-≤o-I-cn-°p-∂p.
Znhy-t_m-[\w tIµ-I-Ω-‰n-°p- th≠n
^m.- tP-°_v amXyp (tIm˛Hm¿Un-t\-‰¿)s]¥n-t°mkvXn 2005
]g-b-sk-an-\mcn
5]Imi-Øn-te°v
hmMvapJw
"\o hmbn-°p-∂Xp Kln-°p-∂pthm?' hnip-≤- KŸw hmbn-®p-
sIm≠n-cp∂ Hcm-tfmSp tNmZn-®-XmWv; "Hcp-Ø≥ s]mcpƒ Xncn®p Xcm-
™m¬ Fßs\ Kln°pw' F∂m-bn-cp∂p adp]-Sn. ]pXn-b-\n-baw
kzb-ambn hmbn-°p-Ibpw ]Tn-°p-Ibpw sNøp∂ ]e¿°pw D≠m-Ip∂
A\p-`ham-Wn-Xv. ]›m-Ø-e-ambn Adn-™n-cn-t°≠ ]e hkvXp-X-
Iƒ D≠v. F¶n¬ amXta ]pXn-b-\n-baw Dƒs°m-≈p∂ ]pkvX-I-
ß-fpsS ktµiw icn-bmbn Kln-°m≥ Ign-bq. AXn\p klm-bn-
°p∂ Hcp IrXn Bbn- mWv CXp kwhn-[m\w sNbvXn- p-≈Xpw. Hmtcm
]mT-Øn-s‚bpw Ah-km-\-Øn¬ \¬In-bn- p≈ "tNmZy-߃' icn-bmbn
sNøp-∂-]£w B ]mT-hn-jbw IqSp-X¬ Bg-ambn Kln-°p-hm≥
klm-bn-°pw. kzb-ambn At\z-jWw \S-Øp-∂-tXm-sSm-∏w, Iq´mbn
N¿® sNøp-∂-Xn\pw DX-Ip∂ hn[-amWp tNmZy-߃ \¬In-bn´p≈Xv.
c≠p hmey-ß-fm-bn- mWp ]pXn-b-\nbasØ-°pdn-®p≈ Cu s]mXp-
]-T\w Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv. AXn¬ BZy-tØ-Xm-Wn-Xv. CXn¬ ]pXnb-
\n-b-a-Øns‚ Ncn-X-]-c-ambpw, aX-]-c-am-bpw, kn≤m-¥-]-c-ambpw D≈
]›m-Ø-e-߃ BZyw hnh-cn-°p-∂p. ]pXn-b-\n-baw "k`-bm¬ k`-
bv°p-th≠n' tImUo-I-cn-°-s∏-´-Xm-Ip∂p F∂ bmYm¿∞yw ASp-
Ø-Xmbn shfn-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p. ]pXn-b-\n-b-a-Øn-ep≈ Hmtcm ]pkvX-
Ihpw, Bcv, B¿°v, Ft∏mƒ, F¥n-\mbn Fgp-X-s∏´p F∂-dn-s™-
¶n¬ amXta Hmtcm-∂n-s‚bpw ktµiw bYmXYw Kln-°m≥ Ignbq.
\mep kphn-ti-j-ßfpw At∏mkvXe]hrØn-IfpamWv Cu H∂mw
`mKØv Dƒs°m-≈n-®n- p-≈-Xv. kphn-ti-j-߃ Fßs\ GXp kml-
N-cy-Øn¬ cNn-°-s∏´p; Ah XΩn-ep≈ ]c-kv]-c-_‘w F¥v? Hmtcm
kphntijI-s‚bpw ssZh-im-kvX-]-c-amb ImgvN-∏mSv F¥v, F∂n-
ß-s\-bp≈ tNmZy-߃ ]T-\-hn-t[-b-am-°n-bn-´p-≠v. At∏m-kvX-e-]-
hr-Øn-Iƒ eqt°m-kns‚ kphn-ti-jsØ XpS¿∂mWp ]Tn-°p-∂-Xv.
ImcWw AXp kphn-ti-j-Øns‚ XpS¿®-bpw, eqt°m-kns‚ c≠mw
hmey-hp-am-Wt√m. \memw kphn-ti-j-sØ-°pdn-®p≈ ]T-\-tØm-sS-
bmWv Cu H∂mw mKw kam-]n-°p-∂-Xv. teJ-\-ß-sf-°p-dn®pw, shfn-
∏m-Sn-s\-°p-dn-®p-am-Wp c≠mw-`m-KØp ]Xn-]m-Zn-°p-∂-Xv.
Hmtcm ]pkvX-I-sØ-°p-dn®pw Ahiyw Adn-™n-cn-t°≠ Nne
hkvXp-X-Iƒ \¬IpI amXta Cu ]mT-߃ sIm≠p km[n-°p-I-
bp≈p. ]pkvX-I-ß-fpsS D≈-S°w ]Tn-°p∂-Xn-\pw, Bflo-b-aq-ey-
6 ]Imi-Øn-te°v
߃ Dƒs°m-≈p-∂-Xn\pw Bh-iy-amb ]tNm-Z-\w \¬Ip-I-bmWv
CXns‚ e£yw. "]Im-i-Øn-te°p' \bn-°p∂ Zo]-kvXw`w. CXn¬
\n∂p≈ ]Imiw Bg-amb ]T-\-Øn-te°p \bn-°s´ F∂m-iw-kn-
°p-∂p.
^mZ¿ ‰n. sP. tPmjzm
7]Imi-Øn-te°v
D≈-S°w
]kvXm-h\ 3
]km-[-I-°p-dn-∏v 4
hmMvapJw 5
bqWn‰v 1
]pXn-b-\n-b-a-Øn\v Hcp BapJw
1. ]g-b-\n-b-ahpw ]pXn-b-\n-b-ahpw XΩnep≈ _‘w 9
2. NcnX kmwkvIm-cnI ]›m-Ø-ew 12
3. ]pXn-b-\n-b-a-Øns‚ blq-Z-N-cnX]›mØew 17
4. bnkm-tb-ey-cpsS aX-]-c-amb ]›m-Ø-ew. 23
5. bnkm-tb-ens‚ `qan-im-kvXw 29
6. ]pXn-b-\n-b-a-Øns‚ hf¿®bpw \nb-X-cq-]hpw 34
bqWn‰v 2
ka-ho-£-W-kp-hn-ti-j-ßfpw
At∏m-kvX-e-]-hr-Øn-Ifpw
1. At∏m-kvX-e]tLm-jWw 40
2. kphn-ti-j-߃ 44
3. a¿t°m-kns‚ kphn-tijw: khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ 49
4. aØm-bn-bpsS kphn-tijw: "k`m' kphntijw 55
8 ]Imi-Øn-te°v
5. eqt°m-kns‚ kphn-tijw: km¿h-XnI c£m-k-tµiw 60
6. At∏m-kvX-e-]-hr-Øn-Iƒ: k`-bpsS ]mY-anI NcnXw 66
bqWn‰v 3
ka-ho-£-W-kp-hn-ti-j-ß-fnse
][m\ ktµiw
1. ssZh-cmPyw 73
2. ssZh-cm-Py-Øns‚ [m¿an-I-X ˛ Kncn-]-`mjWw 77
3. tbip-hns‚ D]-a-Iƒ 83
4. tbip-InkvXp Bcv? 87
5. tbip-hns‚ A¤p-X-]-hrØn-Iƒ 93
6. ]p\-cp-∞m\w ˛ G‰w henb A¤pXw 99
bqWn‰v 4
tbml-∂ms‚ kphn-tijw
1. kphn-ti-j-I\pw ]›m-Ø-ehpw 104
2. kphn-ti-j-Is‚ e£yw 110
3. hN\w PU-sa-SpØp 114
4. "AS-bm-f-߃' ˛ tbm-l-∂ms‚ kphn-ti-j-Øn¬ 120
5. amfn-I-bn¬ sNbvX ]`m-jWw 126
6. kphn-ti-j-Ønse IqZmim]-c-amb D]-tZiw 130
9]Imi-Øn-te°v
bqWn‰v 1
]pXn-b-\n-b-a-Øn\v
Hcp BapJw
]mTw 1
]g-b-\n-b-ahpw ]pXnb\nb-ahpw
XΩn-ep≈ _‘w
]g-b-\n-baw IqSmsX ]pXn-b-\n-b-a-]-T\w km[y-a-√ \nb-a-߃
F∂-Xns‚ A¿∞w c≠p `mK-ßfpw XΩn-ep≈ kmay-߃
]pXn-b-\n-ba cN-bn-Xm-°ƒ ]g-b-\n-baw F]-Imcw D]-tbm-Kn®p.
Hcp kvt\ln-X≥ Hc-h-k-c-Øn¬ ]kvXm-hn-®p: "Rm≥ ]g-b-\nbaw
hmbn-°m-dn√; ]pXn-b-\n-baw amXta hmbn-°m-dp-≈p.' Cu A`n-]mbw
]pe¿Øp-∂-h-cmbn thsd ]ecpw It≠-°mw. ]g-b-\n-baw sblq-Z-
P\-X-bpsS thZ-K-Ÿ-at√? AXv A\p-im-kn-°p-∂Xp \ymb-]-am-
Whpw, Ah-bpsS A\p-jvTm-\-ß-fp-at√? InkvXp-hn¬ hniz-kn-°p-
∂-h¿°v AXn-s\¥p ]k‡n? F∂n-ßs\ tNmZn-°p-∂-hcpw
ImWmw. Cu ]›m-Ø-e-Øn¬ ]g-b-\n-b-ahpw ]pXn-b-\n-b-ahpw XΩn-
ep≈ _‘-sØ-∏‰n \mw a\- n-em-t°-≠Xv G‰hpw Bh-iy-am-Wv.
AK-kvXot\mkns‚ ]kvXm-h\ hfsc ]k-‡hpw A¿∞]q¿W-
hpambn tXm∂p-∂p: "]pXn-b-\n-baw ]g-b-\n-b-a-Øn¬ ad™pInS-
°p∂p; ]g-bXp ]Im-in-X-am-Ip-∂Xp ]pXn-b-\n-ba-Ønepw.' c≠pw
XΩn-ep≈ _‘-atX Cu hmIy-Øn¬ ImWm-hp-∂-Xv. ]pXn-b-\n-b-a-
]-T\w icnbmbn \SØWsa¶n¬ ]g-b-\n-b-a-sØ-∏-‰n-bp≈ ]cn-
⁄m\w A]-cn-Xym-Py-am-Wv. ]gb-\nb-a-kw-`-h-ßfpw D]tZ-i-ßfpw
]q¿Øo-I-cWw Is≠-Øp-∂Xp ]pXn-b-\n-b-a-Øn-em-sW∂p a\- n-em-
°-Ww.
\nba-߃
]gb ˛ ]pXnb\nba߃ F∂p≈ ]tbmKw \ap°p ]cnNn-X-am-
Ip-∂p. F∂m¬ AXv Bi-b-°p-g∏w hcp-Øp-∂-Xm-Wv. "s_doØv'
F∂ F_mb ]Z-Øn\v DS-ºSn (Xp-ey-amb Ko°v ˛ "Ubm-Øn-°n')
F∂m-W¿∞w. AXns‚ eØo≥ ]cn-`mj "sSÃ-sa≥Sw' F∂m-Wv.
AXn¬ \n∂tX sSÃ-sa‚ v (Testament) F∂ Cw•ojpw, AXns‚
10 ]Imi-Øn-te°v
`mjm-¥-c-ambn "\nb-a-hpw' IS-∂p-h-∂-Xv. ]g-bXpw ]pXn-b-Xp-amb DS-
º-Sn-Iƒ F∂ A¿∞-Øn-emWv \mw a\- n-em-t°-≠-Xv. ko\mbv ae-
bn¬h®p btlmh bnkmtbepambn DSºSn sNbvXp (]p-d. 19).
AXn\p Xpey-ambn Im¬h-dn-bn¬ h®p tbip-InkvXp k`-bp-ambn
]pXnb DS-ºSn sNøp∂p (a¿t°m. 14:24). ]g-b-\n-b-a-Øn¬Øs∂
`mhn-bn¬ sNøp-hm-\p≈ ]pXn-b -D-S-º-Sn-sb-∏‰n ]cm-a¿i-ap-≠v. "Rm≥
bnkm-tb¬Kr-l-tØmSpw sblqZm Krl-tØmSpw ]pXn-tbmcp \nbaw
sNøp∂ Imew hcpw' (bn-sc-ay. 31:31). AXp tbipIn-kvXp-hn¬ \nh¿-
Øn-X-am-bn. AXp-sIm≠p ]utemkv ]d-bp∂p: ""ssZhw Rßsf
"]pXnb DS-º-Sn-bpsS' ipiq-j-I-∑m¿ BIp-hm≥ ]m]vX-cm°n'' (2
sImcn. 3:6).
]g-b-\n-b-ahpw ]pXn-b-\n-b-ahpw XΩn¬ ]e-Xnepw hyXym-k-߃
Ds≠∂ Imcyw hnkva-cn-°p-∂n-√. F∂m¬ Ah XΩn-ep≈ s]mcp-
Øhpw sFIy-hp-amWp \sΩ IqSp-X¬ BI¿jn-°p-∂-Xv. Ah Hcp
]pkvX-I-Øns‚ c≠p `mK-߃ amX-sa∂ [mcW \ap-°p-≠m-Ipw.
(a) c≠p `mK-ß-fnepw Htc ssZhsØ-∏‰n-bmWp ]Xn-]m-Zn°p-
∂Xv. A_-lm-an-s‚-bpw, bnkvlm-°ns‚bpw, bmt°m-_n-s‚bpw ssZh-
amWp ]pXn-b-\n-b-a-Øn¬ tbip-In-kvXp-hn¬°qSn kwkm-cn-°p-∂-Xv.
tbip-In-kvXp-hn¬°qSn c£-Wy-]-h¿Ø\w \nh¿Øn® ssZhw
Xs∂bmWp bnkm-tb-ens\ CuPn]vXn¬ \n∂p hnSphn®p I\m-\n-
tebv°p sIm≠p-h-∂Xpw ]hm-N-I∑m¿ aqew kwkm-cn-°bpw
sNbvXXv. krjvSn-I¿Ω-Øn¬ ]h¿Øn® ssZhw- X-s∂-bmWp tbip-
In-kvXp-hn¬IqSn hym]-cn-®-Xpw. "Ccp-´n¬ \n∂p shfn®w ]Im-in-
°Ww F∂v Acp-fn-s®bvX ssZhw tbip-In-kvXp-hns‚ apJ-Øn-ep≈
ssZh-tX-P- ns‚ ]cn-⁄m\w hnf-ßn-t°-≠-Xn\p RßfpsS lrZ-
b-ßfn¬ ]Imin-®n-cn-°p∂p' (2- sIm-cn. 4:6). bnkm-tb-ey-tcmSp hnhn-
[-ambpw `mKw-`m-K-ambpw kwkm-cn® ssZhw Xs∂ A¥y-k-a-bØp
]pX≥ apJm-¥cw Acp-fn-s®bvXp (F_m. 1:1).
F∂m¬ Cu kXyw \ntj-[n-®n´p-≈h¿ k -bn¬ Fgp-t∂-‰n- p≠v.
c≠mw \q‰m-≠n¬ Pohn® am¿°n-b≥ (Marcion) CXn-s\m-cp-Zm-l-c-W-
am-Wv. ]g-b-\n-b-a-Øn¬ ]Xy-£-s∏´ ssZhhpw, ]pXn-b-\n-b-a-Øn¬
tbip-In-kvXp-hn¬°qSn ]Xy-£-s∏-Sp∂ ssZhhpw c≠m-sW-∂tX
Abm-fpsS A`n-]mbw.
(b) c≠p mK-ß-fnepw sXc-s™-Sp-°-s∏´ Hcp P\-Xsb∏‰n ]Xn-
]m-Zn-°p∂p: ]g-b-\n-baw ssZh-P-\-amb bnkm-tb-en-s\-∏-‰n, Ah-cpsS
11]Imi-Øn-te°v
D¤-hw, Ncn-Xw, Pbm-]-Nb-߃, BXy-¥nI e£yw F∂nh hy‡-
am-°p∂p. ssZh-Øns‚ ZuXy\n¿h-l-W-Øn-\mbn temIØn¬ \ntbm-
Kn-°s∏- -h-cm-W-h¿. AtX-hn-[-Øn¬Øs∂ ]pXnb-\n-b-a-Øn¬ ssZh-
Øm¬ sXc-s™-Sp-°s∏´ P\-X-bmWp InkvXob k`. AXp ]pXnb
bnkm-tb-em-Wv. ]gb bnkm-tb-ens‚ XpS¿®bpw ]q¿Øo-I-c-W-hp-
am-Wv. tbip-In-kvXp-hn¬ tIµo-Ir-X-amb ]pXnb kaqlw ssZh-
Øns‚ sXc-s™-Sp-°-s∏´ P\hpw hnip≤ P\-hp-am-bn-Øo¿∂n-cn-
°p∂p (]p-d. 19:6; Xmc-X-ay-s∏-Sp-Øp-I. 1 ]tXm. 2:9). ssZh-Øns‚
c£-Wy-]-h¿Ø\w temI-Øn¬ XpS¿∂psIm≠p-t]m-Im≥ \nbp-‡-
cm-Wh¿.
(c) ]g-b-\n-ba kw`-h-߃ ]pXn-b-\n-ba kw`-h-ß-fpsS ZrjvSm-
¥ßfpw amXrIIfpamWv: tbipIn-kvXphns‚ PohnXØnepw
InkvXo-b-k-`-bpsS A\p-`-h-Øn-ep-ap≈ A\-h[n kw`-h-߃ ]gb-
\nb-a-N-cn-X-Øn¬ ap≥Ip-dn-Ifpw AS-bm-f-ß-fp-ambn ImWmw. tbip-
InkvXp CuPn-]vXn¬\n∂pw XncnsI h∂Xpw (in-ip-hm-bn-cn-°p-tºmƒ
Z¿i-\-]-Imcw butk v CuPn-]vXn-te°p sIm≠p-t]m-b-tijw Xncn-
®p-h-∂-Xv), acp-`q-an-bn¬ 40 Znh-k-߃ D]-hm-k-Øn¬ Ign-®-Xpw,
XpS¿∂p-≠mb ]tem-`-\-ßfpw F√mw bnkm-tb-ens‚ A\p-`-h-ß-
fn¬ kqNn-∏n-®n-cp∂p F∂p kphn-ti-j-I≥ hymJym\n°p-∂p. AXp-
t]mse k -bpsS A\p- -hØnepw ]eXpw ap≥Ipdn Bbn ]g-b\nba-
Øn¬ ImWmw (1 sImcn. 10:1˛13 t\m°p-I).
(d) ]g-b-\n-baw ]pXn-b-\n-b-a-Øn¬ \nh¿Øn-X-am-Ip-∂p: ]g-b-\nb-
a-Ønse A\-h[n ]h-N-\-ßfpw k¶o¿Ø-\-ßfpw ]pXn-bXn¬
]q¿Øo-I-cn-°-s∏-Sp-∂p. ]pXnb\nba Fgp-Øp-Im¿ F√mwXs∂ Cu
ho£Ww Dƒs°m-≠-h-cm-bn-cp-∂p. aØm-bn-bpsS kphn-ti-j-Øn¬
DS-\ofw ]g-b-\n-ba D≤-c-Wn-Iƒ \¬In-s°m≠p tbip-In-kvXp-hns‚
Pohn-X-Ønse Hmtcm kw`-h-hpw, ]h-N\ ]q¿Øo-I-c-W-ambn hnh-cn-
°p-∂p-≠v. a‰p kphn-ti-j-ß-fn¬ CXbpw hym]-I-am-bn-´n-s√-¶nepw
Cu ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-ep≈ ]e ]cm-a¿i-ßfpw ImWmw.
]utem-kns‚ teJ-\-ß-fn-epw, ]g-b-\n-ba D≤-c-Wn-Iƒ aqe-amWp
Xs‚ Bi-b-ßfpw D]-tZ-i-ßfpw \ymbo-I-cn-°p-∂Xpw ÿnco-I-cn-
°p-∂-Xpw. DZm. hnizm-k-Øm-ep≈ \oXo-I-cWw F∂Xp ]utem-
kns‚ ]pXp-Xmb Hcp kn≤m-¥a-s√-∂pw, ]g-b-\nb-a-Øn¬ A_-
lm-ans‚ Pohn-X-Øn¬ shfn-s∏-´-Xm-sW∂pw Dev]Øn 15:6 D≤-cn-®p-
sIm≠p ]kvXm-hn-°p-∂p (tdma. 4; tdma. 1:1; 4:23 ImWp-I).
12 ]Imi-Øn-te°v
]pXn-b-\n-ba Fgp-Øp-Im¿ ]gb\nbaØn¬ \n∂p≈ D≤-c-Wn-
Iƒ \S-Øn-bn-´p-≈Xv Ah-cpsS ]g-b-\n-ba ]mfinXyw ]I-S-am-°m-
\-√, ]ns∂tbm InkvXp-k` F∂p-≈-X-v, s]mSp-∂-\th s]m¥n-h∂
Hcp ]ÿm-\-a√ F∂pw, Zo¿L-amb Hcp-°-Øn-s‚-bpw, kpNn-¥n-Xhpw,
Bkq-Xn-X-hp-amb Hcp ssZh-]-≤-Xn-bp-sSbpw ]cn-W-X- -e-ambn cq]w
sIm≠-Xm-sW∂pw ÿm]n-°m-\-tX. ]g-b-\n-baw F∂Xp ]pXn-b-
\nb-a-Øn-\p -th-≠n-bp≈ kpZo¿L-amb Hcp-°-am-bn-cp-∂p. ]g-b-\nba
]Xo-£-Ifpw A`n-em-j-ßfpw ]qh-Wn™p ^e-]q¿W-am-bXp
]pXnb\nbaØn¬ tbip-In-kvXp-hns‚ Pohn-X-Ønepw Ahn-Sp-sØ
]h¿Ø\-Ønepam-Ip∂p.
tNmZy-߃
1. I¿Øm-hns‚ Pohn-X-Ønse GsX√mw kw`-h-߃ ]h-N\
km£m-Xv°m-c-ambn hnh-cn-°p∂p?
2. ]g-b-\n-b-a-Ønse IYm-]m-X-ß-fn¬ Bsc-sb√mw ]pXn-b-\nb-a-
Øn¬ D≤-cn-°bpw DZm-l-cn-°bpw sNbvXn-´p≠v? aq∂p t]sc-°p-
dn-s®-¶nepw ]cm-a¿in-°p-I.
3. ]g-b-\n-b-a ]T\w F¥p-sIm≠v Bh-iys∏-Sp∂p? hy‡am-°pI.
]mTw 2
Ncn-X -kmw-kv°m-cnI ]›m-Øew
tKt°m ˛ tdma≥ kwkv°mc ]›m-Øew
InkvXp-k` Bhn¿`-hn-®Xv Fß-s\-bp≈ ImeØpw ]›m-Ø-
e-Øn-ep-am-Wv? Ah-bpsS kzm[o\w k -tb-bpw, ]pXn-b-\n-ba IrXn-
I-tfbpw GsX√mwhn[-Øn¬ kzm[o-\n-®n-´p≠v? cmjvSo-bw, aXw,
kwkv°m-cw, XØz-Nn-¥-Iƒ F∂n-h-bpsS ]›m-Øe ho£-Ww.
Hcp sNSn-bpsS hf¿® \n¿W-bn-°p∂ ][m\ LS-I-amWv AXv
Fß-s\-bp≈ aÆn¬, GXp Np‰p-]m-Sn¬ hf-cp∂p F∂-Xv. AXp-
t]mse InkvXpk` hf¿∂-Xpw, "]pXn-b-\n-baw' cq]wsIm≠Xpw
Fß-s\-bp≈ kml-N-cy-Øn¬ F∂-dn-tb-≠Xv G‰w Bh-iy-a-tX.
kml-N-cy-ß-fpsS kzm[o\w hnhn[ Xc-Øn¬ D≠m-Imw. ]pXn-b-\nb-
13]Imi-Øn-te°v
a-Øns‚ thcp-Iƒ ]g-b-\n-b-a-Øn-em-sW∂p ap≥]-T-\-Øn¬ ImWp-
I-bp-≠m-bn. F∂m¬ B thcp-Iƒ Cd-ßn-s®-√p-∂Xp tKt°m tdma≥
temI-Øn-te°pw AXns‚ kmwkv°m-cnI ]›m-Ø-e-Ønte°p-am-
bn-cp-∂p. AXn-\m¬ B temI-Øns‚ khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ Adn-™n-cn-
t°-≠-Xm-Wv.
1. im¥nbpw kam-[m-\hpw \nd™ cmjvSobm¥co£w
A∂v A[n]XyØnencp∂ tdmamkmamPyw AXnhnkvXrXhpw
kpi‡hpw, kpkwLSnXhpambncp∂p. GItZiw 200 h¿jw \o≠p-
\n∂ c‡s®mcn®nens‚bpw, \nc¥camb t]mcm- ß-fp-sSbpw A¥yw
Ipdn-®p-sIm≠v AK-kvXp-kv ko-k-dpsS Ime-tØm-Sp-IqSn kam-[m-\-
Øn-s‚bpw sskzc-X-bp-sSbpw A¥-co£w ssIh-∂p. _n. kn. 27
apX¬ k-am-[m-\hpw, sFIyhpw Ifn-bm-Sp∂ sI´p-d-∏p≈ Hcp `c-W-
kw-hn-[m-\-ap-≠m-bn. kmam-Py-Øns‚ hnhn[ mK-ßsf t]mhn≥kp-
I-fmbn Xncn-®p-sIm≠p kpi-‡-amb Hcp c-W-am-bn-cp-∂p AXv. F√m
`mK-ß-fp-ambn t\cn-´p≈ \nb-¥Ww Kh¿W¿am¿, a‰p tdma≥ ]Xn-
\n-[n-Iƒ XpS-ßn-b-h¿ apJm-¥cw km[y-am-°n-Øo¿Øp.
hnkvXr-X-amb kmam-PysØ sFIy-Ønepw Z-X-bnepw kwc-£n-
°p-hm≥ t]mcp∂ A\-h[n LS-I-ß-fp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. A∂p-≠m-bn-cp∂
hn]p-e-amb bmXmkuIcy߃ FSpØp ]dtb≠XmWv. "F√m
tdmUp-Ifpw tdman-te°v \bn-°p∂p' (All roads lead to Rome) F∂p
]d-b-Ø-°-hÆw kmam-Py-Øns‚ F√m mK-ß-fp-ambn _‘n-°p∂
tdmUp-Ifpw \mhn-I-ku-I-cy-ßfpw D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. ]c-kv]cw Adn-bp-
∂-Xn\pw ASp-°p-∂-Xn\pw AXp-]-I-cn-®p. ]kn-≤-amb tdma≥ \nb-a-
kw-ln-Xbpw, Z-Xsb ]cn-t]m-jn-∏n-®p. kmam-Py-Øns‚ Ing-°≥ mK-
ß-fn¬ Ko°pw, ]Sn-™m-d≥ mK-ß-fn¬ eØo\pw ]Nm-c-Øn-en-cp∂p.
Cu `mj-Iƒ s]mXp-am-[y-a-ß-fmbn h¿Øn-®p. ]tXy-In®v A∂p
]Nmc-Øn-en-cp∂ sImbvs\ Ko°v (sImbvs\ = km[mc-W) kmam-
Py-Øns‚ F√m `mKØpw `mKn-I-am-sb-¶nepw hym]-n®ncp-∂p.
cmjvSo-b-ambn sI´p-d-∏p≈ c-W-kw-hn-[m\w, Bi-b-hn-\n-a-b-Øn-
\p≈ h¿≤n® km≤y-X-Iƒ, D¬°r-jvS-amb tdma≥ \nb-a-kw-ln-X-
Iƒ, s]mXp-hmb Hcp mj Ch-sb√mw kmam-PysØ sFIy-Ønepw
kam-[m-\-Ønepw ImØpkq£n-®p.
14 ]Imi-Øn-te°v
2. kmap-Zm-bn-I-amb Ak-a-Xz-ßfpw D®-\o-N-Xz-ßfpw \ne-
\n∂p
cmPy-߃ H∂p-tN¿s∂-¶n-epw, `c-W-NIw kpi-‡-am-bn-cps∂-
¶nepw, kmap-Zm-bn-Ihpw kmaq-ly-hp-amb Ak-a-Xz-ßfpw D®-\o-N-Xz-
ßfpw Nqj-W-ßfpw kmam-Py-Øn¬ tX¿hmgvN \S-Øn. D≈-h\pw
C√m-Ø-h\pw XΩn-ep≈ hnShp cq£-am-bn-cp-∂p. ASn-aXz kº-Zmbw
km¿h-Xn-I-am-bn-cp-∂p. kmaq-ly-hy-h-ÿn-Xn -Xs∂ ASna-XzØn¬
A[n-jvTn-X-am-bn-cp∂ H∂m-Wv. hy‡nXzw \ntj-[n-°-s∏´p tIhew
arK-Xpeyw ]cn-K-Wn-°-s∏´ ASn-a-I-fpsS Ahÿ AXn-Z-b-\o-b-am-
bn-cp∂p. Hcp Iqen-°m-c\p e`n-®n-cp∂ thX\w hfsc Xp—w. hni-∏-S-
°m≥t]mepw A]-cym]vXw. amX-a-√, Ah≥ ]e-t∏mgpw Nqj-W-hnt[-
b\p-am-°-s∏´p.
tdmam-°m-cpsS \nIp-Xn- mcw km[m-c-W-°m-cmb P\-߃°p Zp¿h-
l-am-bn-Øo¿∂p. Cu ]›m-Ø-e-Øn¬ "Zcn-Z-cmb \n߃ `mKy-hm-
∑m¿' F∂p Keo-e-bn¬ apg-ßn-t°´ kZvhm¿Ø P\-߃°v Bizm-
k-hpw, ]Xym-ibpw ]I-cp-∂-Xm-bn-°m-Wmw. "A≤zm\n°p-∂-h¿°pw
`mcw Npa-°p-∂-h¿°pw Bizmkw \¬Ip∂' £Ww AXy¥w kzmK-
Xm¿l-am-bn-cp-∂p.
3. A\-h[n aX-߃ H∂n®v
cmjvSo-b-amb sFIyw Zriy-am-bn-cp-s∂-¶nepw aX-]-c-amb sshhn-
[yhpw _lp-hn[ hnizm-khpw \ne-\n-∂p. C∂pw `mc-X-Øn-se∂-
t]mse, A∂pw tdmam-k-am-Py-Ønepw sshhn-[y-am¿∂ aX-߃
\msº-Sp-°p-Ibpw ]pjvSn -]m-]n-°bpw sNbvXp. A`y-kvX-hn-Zycpw
km[m-c-W-°m-cpw XΩn¬ C°m-cy-Øn¬ Nne hyXym-k-߃ ]I-S-
am-bn-cp-∂p. km[m-cW P\-߃ _lp-ssZ-h-ß-fn¬ hniz-kn®p. Fhn-
sSbpw t£X-ßfpw ]qPm-ÿ-e-ßfpw ImWmw. tK°-cpsS tZh-∑m-
scØs∂ tdmam-°mcpw kzoI-cn-∏m≥ aSn-®n-√. Pohn-X-Øns‚ Hmtcm
afi-ehpw, Hmtcm tZh-s‚tbm tZhn-bp-sStbm B[n-]-Xy-Ønepw \nb-
¥-W-Øn-ep-am-sW∂v Ah¿ Icp-Xn, ]qP-Ifpw Bcm-[-\bpw \S-Øn.
NI-h¿Øn-bm-cm-[-\bpw ]Nm-cØn¬ h∂p. Ae-Ivkm-≠sd
ssZh-sa∂p IcpXn Ko°p-Im¿ Bcm-[n°p-hm≥ Hcp-sº-´Xpt]mse
tdma≥ NI-h¿Øn-am-cpsS t]cn¬ t£X߃ ]e -ÿ-eØpw ÿm]n-
°-s∏-´p. Ahsc Bcm-[n-°p-∂-Xn\p t]m’m-l\w \¬In. AK-
kvXqkv NI-h¿Øn°p th≠n ]Xn-jvTn°-s∏´ t£X-߃ kmam-
15]Imi-Øn-te°v
Py-Øns‚ ]e- `m-K-Øp-ap-b¿∂p. a‰p NI-h¿Øn-amcpw B NphSp
]n¥p-S¿∂p.
anÃdn aX-߃ (Mystery Religions)
tKt°m tdma≥ aX-hn-izm-k-Øn¬ hfsc ][m-\-s∏´ Hcp ÿm\-
amWp \nKq-V-a-X-߃°p-≈-Xv. Ko°p cmPm-°-∑m-cpsS Iogn¬ kpc-
£n-XXzw \jvS-s∏-´-t∏mƒ P\-߃°p cmjvS-Øn-ep≈ hnizmkw
C√m-Xm-bn. Ah¿ hy‡n-\njvT-amb aX-Nn-¥-bn-te-°pw, A\p-`q-Xn-
bn-te°pw Xncn-™p. Ah¿ tZh-∑m-sc-∏‰n Nn¥n-®pw, Ah-cpsS hoc-
]-hr-Øn-Iƒ \mSI-cq]-Øn¬ AhX-cn∏n-®pw, tZh-∑m-cpsS-Xs∂ A\p-
`q-Xn-bn¬ ]¶p]‰m≥ ian-®p. F√m-‰nepw Hcp \nKq-V-Xzw Ah¿
]men®p. ]uc-kvXy-tZ-i-ß-fn-se√mw CØ-c-Øn-ep≈ \nKq-V-aX-߃
hf¿® ]m]n-®p. ][m-\-s∏´ \nKq-V-a-X-߃, C n- ns‚ ]qP (IsisCult), anXm-bnkw (Mithra Cult), Ub-\o-jykv ]qP (Deonysius Cult),Hm¿^n-°p-aXw (Orphic Religion), H n-dnkv ]qP (Osiris Cult) XpS-ßn-
b-h-bm-Wv. Cu \nKq-V-a-X-ß-sf√mw GsX-¶nepw tZh-\n¬ hniz-kn-
®n-cp-∂p. tZhs‚ A\p-`hw Xs∂ hnizm-kn-Iƒ°p-ap-≠m-Ip-sa∂p
]Xo-£n-®p. tZh-t\m-Sp -IqSn acn-°bpw Dbn¿°p-Ibpw, B\-µn-°p-
Ibpw, Aa¿XyX B¿Pn-°bpw sNøp-sa∂v Ah¿ Icp-Xn. F√m \nKq-
V-a-X-߃°pw ]th-i-\-I¿a-߃ AYhm D]-\-b\I¿a-߃
(kv\m\w XpS-ßn-b-h) D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. IqSmsX ip≤o-I-c-W-I¿a-ßfpw
BN-cn-®p-t]m-∂p. ‡P\߃°v B\µm\p`qXn hmKvZm\w sNbvXp.
s]mXpth temtIm√mkßtfmSp hnc‡n ]ISn∏n®p. InkvXpk`-
bpsS ]mcw`ImeØv Cu \nKqVaXßfn¬\n∂p≈ kzm[o\hpw
sh√phnfnbpw hfsc hep-Xm-bn-´p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. Ah-bpsS ]e Bi-
b-ßfpw D]tbmKn®p-sIm≠p InkvXob ktµiw ]N-cn-∏n-°m≥
Ign™p F∂p-≈Xv Hcp t\´-am-Wv. A\p-jvTm-\-߃ ]eXpw kzoI-
cn®v Ahbv°p InkvXo-b-amb A¿∞-hpw, ]k-‡nbpw \¬In.
⁄m\aXw
\nKqVaXßtfmSp hfsc _‘s∏´ as‰mcp aXNn¥bmWp Kvt\m
Ãn-knkw (Gnosticism) AYhm ⁄m\-hm-Zw. CXns‚ kzm[o\w i‡-
am-bXp c≠mw \q‰m≠n-em-sW-¶nepw BZy-i-X-I-Øn¬ Xs∂ Cu
Nn¥ \msºSpØXmbn IcpXmw. Cu aXØn¬ ap‡n t\Sp∂Xv
"PvRm\w' (Gnosis) aqeam-Wv. bp‡nNn¥bn¬°qSntbm imkvXob-
hn-iI-e\-Øn¬ IqSntbm t\Sp∂ ⁄m\-a-√, \nKqV-am¿K-Øn¬IqSn
ssIhcp∂ AdnhmWp c£bv°p \nZm\w. CØcØnep≈
16 ]Imi-Øn-te°v
B≤ymfln-I-⁄m-\Øn\v Ch¿ henb hne I¬]n-°-bpw, AXp
]m]n-°m≥ D’mln°bpw sNbvXp. XmXznI hnNn¥\hpw, Xm]k-
PohnXhpw Ah¿ ][m\ambn°cpXn.
sblqZaXhnizmknIƒ t]mepw ⁄m\hmZNn¥bpsS kzm[o\-
Øn¬ Ipsdsbms° hcm≥ CSbmbn. ]pXnb\nba FgpØpIm¿
]ecpw Cu aXØns\Xncmbn i_vZapb¿ØpIbpw ]tcm£ambn
hmZapJ߃ D∂bn°bpw sNbvXn´p≠v. ]utemkv Xs‚ teJ\-
ßfn¬ "Kvt\mknkv' F∂ ]Zw Xs∂ kzoIcn®psIm≠v AXn\p
InkvXobamb A¿∞hpw ]k‡nbpw \¬Ip∂p. ]usemkns‚
InkvXphn⁄m\obw CXp ]kv]jvSam°p∂p≠v.
4. hnhn[ XØzNn¥IfpsS Hcp temIw
a\p-jys‚ A`n\nthi-ß-sf-bpw, At\z-j-W-_p-≤n-tbbpw Xr]vXn-
s∏-Sp-Øm≥ A\h[n XØzNn¥Ifpw A∂p ]NmcØnep≠mbn-
cp∂p. _p≤nPohnIƒ°v BI¿j-Iamb Hcp thZnbmbnØo¿∂p AXv.
_n. kn. A©mw \q‰m≠n¬ Pohn® ]vtft‰mbptSbpw, tkmI´okn-
s‚bpw kzm[o\߃ hn´pamdnbncp∂n-√. Zriyamb temIØn\m[mcw,
AZriyamb "Bib'ßfpsS (The world of ideas) temIamsW∂ Nn¥
FSpØp ]dtb≠Xm-Wv. ]mcXnI temIØns‚ \nXyXbpw bmYm¿-
∞yhpw Db¿Øn∏nSn®p.
tÃmbn-knkw
D¤hw _n. kn. \memw \q‰m≠n¬. hf¿®bpw kzm[o-\hpw hym]-
Iambncp∂p. F¥mWp [\yPohnXw? ]]©hpambn s]mcpØs∏-
´p≈ Hcp PohnXamWv. ]]©w apgph\pw hym]n®p \n¬°p∂ ssNX-
\yamWp ssZhw. B ssZhØnemWp a\pjy≥ Pohn°bpw, Ncn-
°bpw, \ne\n¬°bpw sNøp∂Xv. [m¿anI t_m[\Øn¬ "tÃmbn-
knkw' sblqZaXNn¥-tbmSv ASpØp\n¬°p∂p.
F∏n°pdnb\nkw
D¤hw _n. kn. \memw \q‰m≠n¬Øs∂. temIsØ∏‰nbp≈
Nn¥bpw, [m¿anI-X-sb-∏-‰n-bp≈ ho£-W-hp-amWv CXn¬ ][m-\-ambn
i≤nt°≠Xv. ]]t©mXv]Øn AWp°fpsS (atom) kwL¿j-
Øn¬ \n∂mWv. Aß-s\ temIhpw a\p-jy\pw bmZr-—nIambn D¤-
hn®XmsW∂p hcp∂p. AhnsS ssZhØn\p bmsXmcp ]k‡nbp-
an-√. F∏n°p-dnb-kns‚ [m¿an-IX-sb-∏-‰n-bp≈ Nn¥ hfsc kzm[o\w
sNep-Ønbn´p≈-Xm-Wv. ss\k¿KnIm`nemjßsf ]n≥]-‰p-∂Xmbn-
17]Imi-Øn-te°v
cn°Ww PohnXe£yw. BlvfmZhpw B\µhpw A`nImayw; thZ\-
]-cnXyPnt°≠Xpw. bYm¿∞ B\µw e`n°p∂Xv kpIrX]cnio-
e\Øn¬ Iq-SnbmWv; a\xkm£n Ip‰-s∏-Sp-Øm-\n-Sbm-I-cpXv. F∂m¬
BXy-¥nIambn F∏n°qcnb≥ kn≤m¥w PUntIm√mkßfnte°p
hgpXnt∏mbn.
ta¬∏-d™ kn≤m-¥-ß-fp-sSbpw, XØzNn¥I-fp-sSbpw ASnsbm-
gp°v H∂mwiXIØnse tKt°m ˛ tdma≥ temI-Øn¬ hym]vXam-
bn´p≠mbncp∂p. Ah-bpsS aninXamb Nn¥mKXnbpw kzm[o\hpw
AhKWn°m≥ ]mSn√mØ XcØnembncp∂p.
tNmZy-߃
1. H∂mw \q‰m-≠n¬ \ne-hn-en-cp∂ cmjvSo-bm-¥-co-£w- In-kvXob-
k-`bv°v FX-amXw A\p-Iq-e-am-bn-cp∂p?
2. In-kvXob-k-`bv°v aX]-cambn t\cn-tS≠ sh√phnfnIƒ Fs¥-
√mam-bn-cp∂p?
3. aX-_m-lp-ey-ap≈ mc-X-Øn¬ InkvXobkm£yw F]-Imcw \n¿
h-ln°mw?
]mTw 3
]pXnb\nbaØns‚
blqZ NcnX]›mØew
H∂mw \q‰m-≠n\p sXm´papºp≈ Ncn-Xw NcnX ]›m-Øew
GsX√mwhn[-Øn¬ kphn-ti-j-sØ-bpw, InkvXob k`-sbbpw
kzm[o-\n-®n-´p≠v?
InkvXobk -, Ncn-X-Øn\v Hcp henb ÿm\w \¬Ip-∂p-≠v. Ncn-
X-Øn¬ ]h¿Øn-°p-∂, Ncn-XsØ \nb-¥n-°pIbpw \bn-°p-Ibpw
sNøp∂ Hcp ssZh-sØ-bmWp hniz-kn-°p-∂-Xv. InkvXp-N-cnXw Hcp
Ncn-X-kw- -h-am-Wv. AXp a\- n-em-°m≥ AXn\p apºp≈ Ncn-X-]›m-
Øew \mw Adn-™n-cn-°-Ww.
H∂mw \q‰m-≠n¬ Ckm-tb¬P\w Hcp hntam-N-I-\p-th≠n ]Xo-
£m]q¿hw ImØncn°bmbncp∂p. hntZim[n]XyØn¬ s\Sp-ho¿-
18 ]Imi-Øn-te°v
∏n´p Ign™ Ah¿ ssZh-Øm¬ Ab-bv°-s∏-Sp∂ ain-lm-bpsS BK-
a\w ]Xo-£n-®p. B ainlm Fß-s\-bp≈ Np‰p-]m-Sn-te-°mWp h∂-
sX-∂pw, F]-Im-c-ap≈ kml-N-cy-Øn-emWp ]h¿Øn-®-sX∂pw Adn-
tb-≠-Xm-Wv.
hntZ-im-[n-]-Xy-Øns‚ Zo¿L-N-cnXw
Ckm-tb¬ ssZh-Øns‚ kz¥P\ambncp∂p. F¶nepw Ah¿
sshtZ-in-Im-[n]-Xy-Øn-em-hp-Ibpw ]oU-\-߃ A\p-`-hn-°bpw
sNtø≠nh-∂p.
bh-\-ta-[m-hnXzw
-_n. kn. \memw \q‰m≠p apX¬ DZn-®p-b¿∂ bh-\-ta-[m-hnXzw
bnkm-tb¬ P\-Xsb ]e-hn-[-Øn¬ _m[n-®p. ]tXy-In®p kndn-b≥
cmPyw bnkm-tb-ens\ Iogvs∏-SpØn bh\ ta¬t°mbva ASn-t®¬∏n-
°p-hm≥ ian®p. _n. kn. c≠mw \q‰m-≠n¬ kndn-b≥ cmPm-hmb
At¥ym°kv F∏n-^m-\-kns‚ ImeØv (_n. kn. 175-˛157) blq-Z-
P\X AXy-[nIw IjvS-\-jvS-߃ klnt°-≠nh∂p. Zp¿h-l-amb
\nIpXn Npa-ØpI amX-a√, blq-Z-aXsØ \in-∏n-®v, bh\ kwkv°m-
chpw bh\ aXhpw hyh-ÿm-]n-X-am-°p-hm≥ DZy-an-®p. CXmWp a°m-
_n-b-cpsS hnπ-h-Øn\p Imc-W-am-°n-b-Xv.
F∏n-^m-\kv sNbvX ISpw-ssI-Iƒ ]e-Xm-Wv. sbcp-itew tZhm-
ebw Aip-≤-am-°p-Ibpw hnK-lm-cm-[\ \S-∏n-em-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.
tZhm-eb-Ønse AXn-hn-ip≤ ÿeØp ]∂n-Isf bmKw Ign®v Aip-
≤-am°n (Zm-\n. 9:27 CtX-∏‰n kqNn-∏n-°p∂p). cmPy-Øp-S-\ofw hnK-
lmcm[\ ]Ncn∏n®p. tamssi-I- \ym-b-]-amWw BN-cn-°p-∂-Xn¬-
\n∂p P\-ßsf hne-°n. Aßs\ im_-Xv, ]cn-tO-Z\ apX-em-bh
\ntcm-[n-°-s∏-´p. alm-]p-tcm-ln-X-ÿm-\n-Isf CjvSw t]mse \o°p-
Ibpw, Ah-tcm-[n-°bpw sNbvXp. bh-\- kw-kv°m-c-Øns‚ AS-bm-f-
amb Imbn-Im-`ym-k-im-e-Ifpw Ifn-ÿ-e-ßfpw D≠m-°n. Cßs\
\oßn-s°m-≠n-cp∂ ]h¿Ø-\-ßsf A\p-Iq-en-°p-∂-h¿ blq-Zy-cpsS
CS-bn¬ Npcp-°am-bn-´p≠mbn.
F∂m¬ tZio-b-t_m-[hpw, aX-Xo-£vW-X-bp-ap-≈-h¿, \ymb-]-am-
W-tØm-Spw, tamssi-I-]m-c-º-cy-tØmSpw Iqdp≈h¿ Cu \o°sØ
sNdp-°p-hm≥ aptºm´ph∂p. ]nXm-°-∑m-cpsS hnizm-k-߃ ImØp
kq£n-°p-hm≥ Acbpw Xebpw apdp°n cwK-Øn-d-ßn. Ah¿°p
t\XrXzw sImSp-ØXp livtam\y hwi-P-\mb a‰m-Øn-bkv F∂
19]Imi-Øn-te°v
]ptcm-ln-X-\m-bn-cp-∂p. kndn-b≥ ssk\y-tØmSv FXn¿Øp\n¬°p-
hm-\p≈ i‡nbn√m-Xn-cp-∂-Xn-\m¬ blq-Zy-a-e-I-fn¬ tIµo-I-cn®p
Hfn-t∏mcp bp≤w kwL-Sn-∏n-®p. _n. kn. 166-˛¬ a‰m-Øn-bkv acn-s®-
¶nepw At±-l-Øns‚ ]pX-∑m¿ hotcm-Nn-X-ambn hntam-N\kacw
XpS¿∂p. aqØ-]p-X≥ bqZmkv ("a°m_nbkv' F∂p adp-\m-aw ˛ B
t]cn¬\n∂v B IpSpw-_Øn¬s∏´-hsc a°m-_n-b¿ F∂p hnfn-°-
s∏-´p) A_-lm-ans‚ hnizm-k-tØm-Spw, Gen-bm-bpsS Xo£vW-X-
tbmSpw Zmho-Zns‚ ss[cy-tØmSpw t]mcm´w \S-Øn. _n. kn. 165-˛¬
kndn-b≥ ssk\ysØ ]cm-P-b-s∏-Sp-Øn-s°m≠p aq∂p h¿j-ambn
Aip-≤-am-bn-°n-S∂ tZhm-ebw ho≠pw hnip≤o-I-cn®p ]Xn-jvtTm-
’hw BN-cn-®p. a‰p ]e t\´-ßfpw bqZmkv ssIh-cn-®p. ho≠p-
ap≈ G‰p-ap- -en¬ bqZmkv acn-°bpw ]Icw ktlm-Z-c≥ tbm\m-Ym≥
t\XrXzw G¬°bpw sNbvXp. Abmƒ \mep h¿j-°mew bnkm-
tb-ens‚ kzmX¥yw kwc-£n-®p-sIm≠p bh-\kw-kv°m-csØ i‡-
ambn FXn-cn-´p. cmjvSo-bm-[n-Imcw amX-a√ ]ptcm-lnXÿm\hpw
Cbmƒ Itø-‰p. AXp ]cm-P-b-Øn-te°p hgn-\-S-Øn. XpS¿∂p h∂
sska¨ (_n. kn. 143-˛135) Hcp-Øa tbm≤mhpw _p≤n-im-en-bp-am-bn-
cp-∂p. bnkm-tb-ens‚ kzmX¥yw Ipsd-sbms° km[y-am-°n. cmPyw
hf-sc-b-[nIw ]ptcm-KXn ssIh-cn-®p. F∂m¬ kndn-b≥ ssk\y-hp-
am-bp≈ G‰p-ap-´-en¬ Abmƒ acn-®p. ]pX-\mb tPm¨ alm-]p-tcm-
ln-X-ÿm-\hpw cmP-ÿm-\hpw Hcp-an®p Gs‰-Sp-Øp. kz¥w t]cp-
h® \mWbw ]kn-≤-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw, bnkm-tb-ens‚ hy‡nXzw
ImØpkq£n-°p-hm≥ bXv\n°bpw sNbvXp. C°m-e-b-f-hn-emWv
blq-Z-a-X-Øn¬ ]n∂oSp hfsc kzm[o\w hcn-®n-´p≈ ]co-i-∑mcpw
kmZq-Iycpw DZbw sNøp-∂-Xv. Nmhp-I-S¬ XocØp Bÿm-\-am-°nb
Ipwdm≥ k\ym-kn-I-fpsS Bhn¿`m-hhpw Cu Ime-L-´-Øn¬Ø-s∂.
tPmWns‚ Ime-tijw A¥x-On-Z-ß-fp-sSbpw IpSpw-_-I-e-l-Øn-
s‚-bpw, tNcn-t∏m-cp-I-fp-sSbpw cwK-ambn bnkm-tb¬ amdn. ]co-i-∑m¿
a°m-_nb c-W-I¿Øm-°sf shdpØp; kmZq-Iy¿ A\p-Iq-en-°pIbpw
sNbvXp. alm-]p-tcm-ln-X-ÿm-\-Øn-\p -th-≠n-bp≈ X¿°-ßfpw hSw-
h-en-Ifpw A¥-co£w Iem-]-IepjnX-am-°n. Hcp hn`mKw tdmam-°m-
cpsS klmbw A`y¿∞n-®p. Aß-s\ _n. kn. 65-˛¬ tdmam-°m¿
cwK-]-thiw sNbvXp. kndnbm tdmam-°m-cpsS A[o-\-Ønembncp-∂p.
XpS¿∂v Ah¿ ]e-kvXo-\n-te°pw IS-∂p-h-∂p.
a°m-_nb hnπ-h-sØ-∏‰n Hcp hne-bn-cp-ج ChnsS ÿm\-ÿn-
X-am-Wv.
20 ]Imi-Øn-te°v
t\´-߃:
1. Ipsd-\m-ftØbv°p cmjvSob kzmX¥yw ImØp-kq-£n-°m≥
Ign-™p. 2. kmº-Øn-Ihpw, cmjvSo-b-hp-amb ]ptcm-KXn t\Sn. 3.
P\sØ sFIy-t_m-[-Øn-te°p sIm≠p-h-∂p. 4. sbcqitew \Kcw
kpc-£n-X-am°n. 5. ]pd-Pm-Xn-a-X-Øns‚ apt∂-‰sØ sNdp-Øp-sIm≠v
]nXm-°-∑m-cpsS hnizmkw ImØp-kq-£n®p. 6. apS-ßn-t∏mb ssZhm-
e-bm-cm-[-\bpw bmK-ßfpw ]p\x-ÿm-]n-®p. 7. aX-Xo-£vW-X-bp≈ Nne
hn`m-K-߃ Db¿∂p-h-∂p. 8. Nne k¶o¿Ø-\-߃ Ch-cpsS ImeØp
cNn-°-s∏-´-h-bmbn Icp-Xp-∂p. DZm. 78, 83, 85, 89. etc. 9. hnizm-k-Øn-
\p-th≠n c‡-km-£n-a-cWw hcn-°pI F∂ \qX-\m-ibw kzoIr-X-
am-bn.
tdma≥ B[n-]Xyw (_n. kn. 63 ˛ G. Un. 66)
a°m-_n-b-cpsS t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ Ipsd-sbms° kzmX¥yw A\p-`-
hn® blq-Z-P\w ho≠pw as‰mcp hntZ-im-[n-]-Xy-Øn-em-bn-Øo¿∂p.
AXv Hcp \q‰m-≠p- Imew \o≠p-\n-∂p. tdmam-°m¿ c-W-]c-ambn hfsc
ka¿∞-cm-bn-cp-∂p. ]mtZ-in-I-ambn c-Wm-[n-]-∑msc \nb-an®p-sIm≠p
tdmans‚ \nb-¥Ww Ah¿ kpi-‡-am-°n. blq-Z-aXw kzoI-cn®
GtZmay hwiP\mbncp∂p A¥n-]-t‰¿. Cbmƒ tdmam-°m-cpsS
]n¥pW t\Sn-s°m≠v blq-Zy-bnse tZim-[n-]-Xn- Bbn. Abm-fpsS
]pX-\mWp Ip]-kn-≤-\mb tltcm-tZkv H∂m-a-≥. Cbmƒ ]e-
kvXos‚ apgp-h≥ `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-bmbnØo¿∂p. _n. kn. 37-˛¬ `c-
Wm-[n-Im-cn-bmbn \nb-an-°-s∏´ Abmƒ _n. kn. 30-˛¬ cmP-ÿm\w
kzoI-cn-®p.
tbip-InkvXp P\n-°p-tºmƒ ]e-kvXo≥cmPyw `cn-®n-cp∂Xv Cu
tltcm-tZkv Bbn-cp-∂p. Abm-fpsS `c-W-]m-Shw FSpØp]d-tb-≠-
Xm-Wv. tdmam NI-h¿Øn-bpsS ]≤-Xn-Ifpw \b-]-cn-]m-Sn-Ifpw \S-∏n-
em-°p-∂-Xn¬ i≤ ]Xn-∏n-®p. tdmam- ˛ -b-h-\ -kw-kv°mcw ]N-cn-∏n-
°p-∂-Xn¬ AXoh X¬∏-c-\m-bn-cp-∂p. AXns‚ LS-I-ambn NI-
h¿Øn Bcm-[\ ]N-cn-∏n-®p. ]pXnb ]´-W-߃ ]WnXv Ahbv°p
NI-h¿Øn-bpsS t]cp \¬In. in¬]-I-e-bn¬ X¬∏-c-\mb tltcm-
tZkv sbcp-itew tZhmebw ]pXp°n∏Wnbp∂ AXn-_rlØmb
Hcp ]≤Xn Bcw-`n-®p. tIm´-Iƒ, sIm´m-c-߃, \K-c-߃ F∂nh
\n¿an-°p-∂-Xn¬ hnPbn-®p. Abmƒ kz¥w B[n-]Xyw \ne-\n¿Øp-
hm≥ F¥p- lo-\-Ir-Xyhpw sNøm≥ aSn-°m-Ø-h-\m-bn-cp-∂p. AXp-
sIm-≠m-Wt√m c≠p hb n\p Xmsgbp≈ ]n©pIp™pßsf sIme
21]Imi-Øn-te°v
sNøm≥ I¬∏\ sImSp-ØXv (a-Øm. 2:16). ac-W-Øn\p apºv cmPyw
aq∂p ]pX-∑m¿°mbn mKn-®p-sIm-Sp-Øp. A¿°m-em-thm-kns\ blq-
Zy-bpsS A[n-]-Xn-bmbpw A¥n-∏m-kns\ Keo-e, s]dnb apX-em-b-h-
bpsS tZim-[n-]Xn Bbpw, ^nen-∏n-s\, CXqcym, Xrt°m\nIy ]tZ-
i-ß-fnse A[n-]-Xn-bmbpw \ntbm-Kn-®p.
A¿°-em-thmkv (_n. kn. 4 ˛ -G. Un. 6)
Iqc-X-bnepw ITn-\-]-hr-Øn-bnepw ]nXm-hns\ Ih®ph®p. iXp-
°-sf-sb√mw \njv°-cpWw Aa¿® sNbvXp. tkzOm-\p-k-cWw alm-
]p-tcm-ln-Xs\ am‰pIbpw \nb-an-°bpw sNbvXp. kzm[o-\-i-‡n-bp≈
IpSpw-_-߃ Abmƒs°-Xnsc KqVm-tem-N\ \S-Øp-Ibpw Abmsf
ÿm\ -jvS\m°Wsa∂mhiys∏´psIm≠p NIh¿Øn-bpsS ]°¬
\nth-Z\w \S-Øp-Ibpw sNbvXp (eq-t°m. 19:22-˛27 tbip-hns‚ D]a
Cu Ncn-X-]-›m-Ø-e-Øn¬ ImWpI). Ah-km\w AK-kvXqkv NI-
h¿Øn A¿°-em-thm-kns\ ^m≥kn-te°p \mSp-I-S-Øn. X¬ÿm-
\Øp tdma≥ t]m°p-td-‰sd \nb-an-®p.
A¥n-∏mkv (_n. kn. 4 ˛ -G. -Un. 39)
Cbmsf CS-]`p (Tetrarch) F∂mWp kphn-ti-j-ß-fn¬ hnfn-®n-
´p-≈Xv (a-Øm. 14:1) kz¥-ÿm\w `Z-am-°p-hm≥ F¥pw sNøp-am-bn-
cp-∂p (eq-t°m. 13:31). tbip-hns\ sIm√p-hm-\pw Cbmƒ C—n-®-Xmbn
ImWmw. F∂m¬ I¿Ømhv Abmsf "Ipdp-°≥' F∂mWv hnfn-®n-´p-
≈-Xv.
tbml-∂m≥ kv\m]-Is\ h[n-®Xv Cbm-fm-Wv. AtX∏‰n kphn-
ti-j-ß-fn¬ hnh-cn-®n-´p-≠v. AtcØm cmPm-hns‚ aIsf hnhmlw
sNbvXn-cp-∂p-sh-¶nepw, ktlm-Z-cs‚ mcy tltcm-Zysb kz¥-am°n
hnhmlw sNbvXp. CXp Atc-Øm cmPmhpam-bp≈ G‰pap´en\pw,
BXy-¥n-I-ambn Abm-fpsS hogvN-bv°p-an-S-bm-bn. NI-h¿Øn A¥n-
∏m-kns\ "tKmƒ' (B-[p-\nI ^m≥kv) F∂ ÿe-tØbv°p \mSp-
I-SØn.
^nen∏v (_n. kn. 4 ˛- G. Un. 34)
a‰p c≠p t]tc-°mƒ DØ-a-\mb c-Wm[n]-\m-bn-cp-∂p. ssIk¿
NI-h¿Øn-bpsS ]oXn-°mbn "]m\ob' F∂ ]gb ]´Ww ]pXp°n
]Wn-Xp. "ssIkcy' (^n-en∏ns‚) F∂ t]cp \¬In (a-Øm. 16:12,
a¿t°m. 8:21). G. Un. 34-˛¬ Cbmƒ acn-®-t∏mƒ Abmƒ `cn-®n-cp∂
]tZ-i-߃ tdmam ]hn-iy-bmb kndnbmtbmSp tN¿Øp. AKn∏m
22 ]Imi-Øn-te°v
H∂m-a≥, c≠m-a≥ F∂p c≠p t]sc IqSn tltcmZy IpSpw-_-Ønse
`c-Wm-[n-]-∑m-cmbn \mw Adn-bp-∂p-≠v. Ch-cn¬ H∂m-a≥ InkvXym-
\n-Isf ]oUn-∏n-®n-cp-∂-Xmbn (A. ]. 12) ImWmw. ]e-kvXo-\n¬ hfsc
Xo£vW-X-bp≈ blq-Z\mbn Abmƒ h¿Øn-®p. ]co-i-∑m¿°pw a‰p
blq-Z-∑m¿°pw Abmsf hfsc _lp-am-\-am-bn-cp-∂p. AKn∏m c≠m-
a≥ tdmam-°m-cp-ambn kJy-ap-≠m-°m≥ ian-®-bm-fmWv. Cbm-fpsS apºn-
emWp ]utemkv ]Xn-hmZw \S-Øn-b-Xv (A. ]. 25:26). Cbm-fpsS
A¥y-Imew tdman¬ sNe-hn-´p.
tdma≥ t]m°p-td-‰¿am¿
blq-Zy -]-hniy tdma≥ t]m°p-td-‰-cpsS Iogn¬ hcp-Ønb Imcyw
\mw apI-fn¬ I≠p. Aßs\ H∂n-\p-]p-dtI ]e Kh¿W¿am¿ cWw
\S-Øn. Ch-cn¬ A©m-a-Ø-h-\m-bn-cp∂p s]m¥n-tbmkv ]oem-
tØmkv. t]m°p-td-‰¿am¿ s]mXpth tdma≥ ta[m-hn-Xz-Øn¬ Al-
ΩXn ]q≠-hcpw blq-Zsc ]pOn®p shdp°p∂hcpambncp-∂p. Ch-
tcm-Sp≈ FXn¿∏p ]e-t∏mgpw blq-Z-∑m¿ ]I-S-am-°n.
G. Un. 66- ap-X¬ blq-Z-∑m¿, ]tXy-In®p Xoh-hm-Zn-I-fmb "Fcn-
hp-Im-cpsS' t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ tdmam-°m¿s°-Xn-cmbn Xpd∂ bp≤w Bcw-
`n-®p. Ah¿°p th≠X kwLm-S\ i‡n-tbm, Bƒ_-etam C√m-
bn-cp-∂-Xn-\m¬ tdmam-°m-cn¬\n∂p ISpØ \mi-\-jvS-߃ A\p-`-
hn-t°≠n h∂p. shkvt]-jy-s‚bpw ]pX-\mb ssS‰-kn-s‚bpw t\Xr-
Xz-Øn¬ G. Un. 70-˛¬ sbcqitew XI¿Øp-X-cn-∏-W-am°n. tZhm-
ebw Xobv°n-c-bm-°n. It√m-SpI√p tijn-°-bn√ F∂p I¿Ømhv
AXn-s\-∏‰n ]d™ ]h-N\w \nd-thdn (a¿t°mkv 13:2). \otdm-bv°p-
tijw h∂ SmP≥, lmUn-b≥ F∂ NI-h¿Øn-am-¿ Ah-ti-jn®
blq-Z-∑msc Zb-\o-b-ambn ]cm-P-b-s∏SpØpIbpw ]oUn∏n°bpw
sNbvXp. Aßs\ blq-Z-P-\X cmPy-an-√m-sXbpw; sbcqitew tZhm-
ebw \jvS-s∏´pw, temI-Øns‚ \m\m-`m-KØpw iq\y-in-jvSam-bn.
]n∂oSp 1947- -emWv "eoKv Hm^v t\j≥' blqZ cmjvS-sØ-∏-‰n-bp≈
]tabw ]m m-°p-∂-Xv. 1948 -˛¬ cmjvSw cq]w ]m]n-®p.
tNmZy-߃
1. a°m-_nb hnπ-h-Øn¬ \n∂p blq-Z-P-\-X-bv°p-≠mb t\´-߃
hne-bn-cp-Øp-I.
2. tdma≥ ta[m-hnXzw blq-Z-P-\-X-sb Fßs\ _m[n®p?
23]Imi-Øn-te°v
]mTw 4
Ckm-tb-ey-cpsS aX-]-c-amb
]›m-Øew
blq-Z-a-X-Øns‚ hnizm-k-aq-ey-߃ ssZhm-e-bhpw aXm-\p-jvTm-
\-ßfpw blq-Z-a-X-Ønse Ahm-¥-c-hn-`m-K-߃
blq-Z-∑m-cpsS Ncn-X-]-c-amb ]›m-ØeamWp Ign™ ]mT-Øn¬
\mw I≠Xv. Ah-cpsS hnizm-km-Nm-cm-\p-jvTm-\-ß-sf-∏-‰n-bmWv Cu
]mT-Øn¬ ]Xn-]m-Zn-°p-∂-Xv. tbip-In-kvXp-hns‚ D]-tZ-i-ß-fnepw,
At∏m-kvX-e-∑m-cpsS ]t_m-[-\-Ønepw ImWp∂ ]e ]cm-a¿i-ßfpw
a\- n-em-°m≥ Cu ]T\w Bh-iy-a-tX. InkvXobk` Fß-s\-bp≈
Hcp aX-]-›m-Ø-e-Øn-emWp ]nd-∂Xv F∂p \n›-b-ambpw Adn-™n-
cn-°-Ww. ]pXn-b-\n-baw a\- n-em-°m≥ CXp hf-sc-b-[nIw D]-I-
cn°pw.
NmhpIS¬ Npcp-fp-Iƒ e`n-®-Xn-\p-tijw _n. kn. H∂mw \q‰m-
≠nse blq-Z-k- -sb-°p-dn®pw, hnizm-km-Nm-c-ß-sf-°p-dn®pw IqSp-X¬
Adnhp km[y-am-bn- p-≠v. blq-Z-d-_n-am-cpsS anjv\m-Iƒ, X¬aqZp-Iƒ
F∂n-hbpw C°m-cy-Øn¬ shfn®w hoip-∂-h-bm-Wv. F∂m¬ Ah-
bn¬ IqSp-X-embpw ]n¬°m-e-a-X-Øns‚ NnX-amWp ImWp-∂Xv F∂
Imcyw hnkva-cn-°p-∂n-√.
1. hnizm-k-߃
H∂m-a-Xmbn Ah-cpsS ASn-ÿm\hnizm-k-߃ ]cn-tim-[n-°mw.
(F) GI-ssZhw: GI-ssZ-h-hn-izmkw cqV-aq-e-am-bn-cp-∂p. ]hm-k-
Øn-\p-tijw hnK-l-ßsf Ah¿ ]cn-]q¿W-ambn h¿Pn®p. amX-a-√,
[m¿an-I-]-am-W-߃°p ap≥Xq°w \¬Ip∂ Hcp ssZhsØ Ah¿
I≠p. ssZh-Øns‚ Bf-Øw, hnip-≤n, \oXn F∂n-hbv°p Du-∂¬
\¬In. ssZh-Øns‚ A]-ta-b-Xzhpw alm-]-cn-ip-≤-Xbpw \nanØw,
"blvth' F∂ \maw-t]mepw Ah¿ D®-cn-°p-am-bn-cp-∂n-√. AXn-hn-Zq-
c\pw, (transcendent) AK-ay-tX-tPm-a-b-\p-amb ssZhw Xs‚ km∂n≤yw
`qan-bnepw Xs‚ P\-Øns‚ \Sp-hnepw km[y-am-°n-bXv "sj°o\m'
(tXP v) bn¬ IqSn-bm-Wv. Imh¬ amem-J-amsc \ntbm-Kn®p ssZhw
Xs‚ P\sØ kq£n-°p-∂p.
(_n) ssZh-Øns‚ kz¥-P\w: ktXyI ssZhhpw Xs‚ kz¥-
P\-amb bnkm-tb-ep-ambn Hcp ]tXyI _‘w \ne-\n¬°p-∂p. ssZh-
24 ]Imi-Øn-te°v
Øns‚ shfn-]mSp Ah¿°p ]tXy-I-am-bp-≠m-bn. CuPn-]vXn¬\n∂p
A¤pXIcambn hos≠-SpØv Ah-cp-ambn DS-º-Sn-bn-d-ßn. AXp-
sIm≠p bnkmtb¬ ssZh-Øns‚ kz¥-P\w; aW-hm´n; BZy-PmX≥
˛ CsXm-s°-bm-Wv. a‰p≈ P\-ß-sf-∏‰n Ah¿ F¥p Nn¥n®p? BXy-
¥n-I-ambn kIePmXn-Ifpw btlm-h-bpsS c£-bn¬ hs∂-Øp-sa∂v
Nne ]hm-N-I-∑m¿ Icp-Xn. PmXn-IfpsS ]Im-i-ambn Ahsc sXc-
s™-Sp-Øn-cn-°p∂p F∂ Nn¥ Nne-t∏mƒ ]I-S-am-Wv.
(kn) \ymb-]-am-W-Øns‚ ÿm\w: btlm-hbpw bnkm-tbepw
XΩn-ep≈ _‘w "tXmdm' (Law) bn¬ IqSn-bmWp ]pe-cp-∂-Xv. ssZh-
Øns‚ lnXw "tXmdm'bn¬°qSn Ahn-Sp∂p shfn-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p∂p.
krjvSn-°p- aptº Xs∂ tXmdm D≠v. AXns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-emWp
krjvSn \S-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂Xv ˛ CXm-bn-cp∂p Ah-cpsS hnizmkw.
\ymb]-am-WsØ (Torah) ∏‰nbp≈ hnizmkw, ]hm-k-Øn-\p-
tijw IqSp-X¬ i‡-am-bn. \ymb-]-amWw icn-bmbn ]Tn-°p-Ibpw
BN-cn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXm¬ ssZh-cmPyw kwÿm-]n-X-ambn-Øo-cp-sa∂p
]Xo-£n-®p. Aßs\ \ymb-]-am-W-Øn\p IqSp-X¬ ]m[m\yw Iev]n-
®-t∏mƒ AXp ]Tn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-\pw, hymJym-\n-°p-∂-Xn\pw ]m]vXn-
bp≈ skmt]-∑m¿ (Sopherim), imkvXnam¿ (]p-Xnb ]cn-`m-j-bn¬
"[¿tam-]-tZ-jvSm-°-∑m¿') Db¿∂p-h-∂p.
\ymb-]-amWw enJn-X-cq-]-Øn¬ amX-a-√, hmsam-gn-bm-bn, AYhm
]mc-º-cy-ambn ]I¿∂p-h-∂n-´p-≈Xpw Dƒs°m-≈p-∂p. c≠pw H∂p-
t]mse ]m[m-\y-a¿ln-°p∂p F∂p ]co-i-∑mcpw a‰pw Icp-Xn. kp\-
tKm-Kp-I-fpsS ]m[m-\yw-Xs∂ \ymb-]-amWw ]mcm-bWw sNøp-Ibpw
]Tn-∏n-°bpw sNøp∂ tIµw F∂ \ne-bv°m-Wv.
(Un) aviolm-sb-°p-dn-®p≈ ]Xo£: Ncn-X-Øn¬ ]h¿Øn-°p∂
Hcp ssZh-Øn¬ hniz-kn-®p. CuPn-]vXn¬ \n∂v Ahsc hntam-Nn-∏n®
ssZhsØ Hm¿Øp. AXn-\m¬ hntZ-im-[n-]-Xy-Øn¬ IjvS-a-\p- -hn®p
Ign-bp-tºmƒ Ah¿ `mhn-bn-te°p ]Xo-£-tbmsS t\m°n. ssZhw
Hcp hntam-N-Is\ ˛ aviolmsb ˛ Ab-bv°p-sa∂pw, Ah≥ bnkm-
tb-ens\ B¥-cn-I-ambpw _mly-ambpw D≈ F√m Zpcn-X-ß-fn¬\n∂pw
hntam-Nn-∏n®p ssZh-Øns‚ B[n-]Xyw km¿∆-Xn-I-am-°p-sa∂pw
IcpXn. aviolm ssZh-Øns‚ cmPXzw ÿm]n-°p-Ibpw P\-sa√mw
hnip-≤n-bnepw A\p-k-c-W-Ønepw Iogvs∏-Sp-Ibpw sNøpw.
aviolm-sb-∏‰n ]g-b-\n-b-a-Øn¬ GI-cq-]-Øn-ep≈ ]Xo-£-I-f√
ImWp-∂-Xv. At∏m-°-en-]v‰n-°¬ IrXn-Iƒ (`m-hnsb A\m-h-cWw
25]Imi-Øn-te°v
sNbvXp ImWn-°p∂ hn[-Øn-ep-≈) _n. kn. c≠mw \q‰m-≠p- ap-X¬
cq]-s∏´-tXm-Sp-IqSn `mhn-sb-°pdn-®p≈ ]Xym-ibpw aviolm-sb-°p-
dn-®p≈ hnizm-khpw cqV-am-bn-Øo¿∂p. tamsi-sb-t∏mse Hcp henb
t\Xm-hv, As√-¶n¬ Zmho-Zn-s\-t∏m-se, Hcp henb cmPmhv F∂ ]Xo-
£-bmWp Nne-t∏mƒ. Aam-\p-jn-I-\mbn taL-Øn-t∑¬ hcp∂ Hcp-
h-s\-∂p≈ Nn¥bpw hnc-f-a-√.
aviolm-sb-∏‰nbp≈ ]Xo-£- D¬°-S-am-bn-cp-∂-Xn-\m-emWp tbml-
∂m≥ amwZm-\mtbmSp "\o Xs∂tbm aviolm' F∂p tNmZn-°m≥
P\sØ t]cn-∏n-®-Xv. tbip-hns\ aviolm Bbn _lp-`q-cn-]-£-
Øn\pw AwKo-I-cn-∏m≥ Ign-bm-™Xv Ah-cpsS ]Xo-£-Iƒ°p hn]-
co-X-ambn kuay-\pw, im¥-\pw, IjvS-s∏-Sp-∂-h-\p-ambn Ahn-Sp∂p
h∂Xp sIm≠-tX.
(C) Dbn¿sØgp-t∂¬]v: ac-Wm-\-¥c Pohn-X-sØ-°p-dn®p ]g-b-
\n-b-a-ß-fn¬ A[nIw kqN-\I-sfm-∂p-an-√. XpS¿®-bmb Pohn-X-ap-s≠-
∂p-≈-Xn-s\-∏‰n Nne `mK-ß-fn¬ kqN-\-I-fp-≠v (k¶o. 16, 17, 49, 73;
Ctøm. 14:13˛15; 19:25- 29). F∂m¬ AXp \ng¬t]mse aqIhpw ]h¿Ø-
\-c-ln-X-hp-amb Hcp Ah-ÿ-bm-bn-cn-°pw. ac-Wm-\-¥cw Bfp-Iƒ
"jntbm-fn¬' ÿnXn-sN-øp∂p F∂p hniz-kn-®p.
F∂m¬ ]oU-\-ß-fn¬ (a-°m-_n-b-Im-eØpw a‰pw) cmjvS-Øn\pw
aX-Øn-\p-w th≠n kz¥w Poh-\¿∏n-®-h-cpsS `mhn F¥m-bn-cn°pw
F∂ Nn¥°p ]k-‡n-bp-≠mbn. hy‡n-Xz-Øns‚ A\-iz-c-X-sb-°p-
dn®p IqSp-X¬ hy‡-amb Nn¥ hf¿∂p. CXns‚sb√mw ^e-ambn
ico-c-Øns‚ Dbn¿sØ-gp-t∂-ev]nepw, `mhn-\ym-b-hn-[n-bnepw D≈
hnizmkw Df-hm-bn.
a°m-_nb ImeØp ico-cØns‚ ]p\-cp-∞m-\-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈
Nn¥ i‡n-s∏-´p. Zm\o. 12:2 ImWp-I. I¿Øm-hns‚ ImeØp ]co-i-
∑m¿ ]p\-cp-∞m-\-Øn¬ hniz-kn-®p. F∂m¬ kmZqIy¿ AXp \ntj-
[n-®p (a-Øm. 22:23˛33; A. ]. 23:6).
2. Bcm-[-\bpw BNm-c-ßfpw
blq-Z-a-X-Ønse hnizm-k-ß-sf-∏-‰n-bm-Wt√m CXp-hsc I≠-Xv.
btlm-h-tbmSv Ah¿°p ]tXy-I-amb Hcp _‘hpw IS-a-bp-ap-≈Xp
\mw I≠p. "btlmh F\n°p sNbvX kIe D]-Im-c-߃°pw Rm≥
Ah\v F¥p- ]-Icw sImSp°pw' F∂p≈ Nn¥ Ahsc `cn-®-Xns‚
^e-amWv Bcm-[\ A¿∏n-°p-hm-\p≈ t]c-W.
26 ]Imi-Øn-te°v
sbcp-itew tZhm-ebw: Fkm, s\l-aym-am-cpsS Imew apX¬ tZhm-
e-b-Øns‚ \Sp-\m-b-IXzw AwKo-Ir-X-am-bn. F¥mWv AXns‚
]m[m\yw? ssZh-Øns‚ tXP v (Shekinah) AhnsS hkn-®p. ssZh-
Øns‚ km∂n≤yw Cu `qan-bn¬ Fhn-sS-sb-¶nepw tIµo-Ir-X-am-bn-
´p-s≠-¶n¬ AXp ssZhm-e-bØn¬, ]tXy-In®v AXns‚ AXn-hn-ip≤
ÿe-Øm-Wv. Ahn-sS-bmWp ssZhw Xs‚ P\-Øn\p ]m]-tam-N\w
\¬In-b-Xv. AXn-\p-th≠n bmK-ßfpw ]mb-›n-Ø-ßfpw A¿∏n-°-
W-sa-∂p- am-Xw. tZhm-e-bm-cm-[-\-bpsS ][m-\ -L-SIw bmK-ßfpw
hgn-]m-Sp-Ifpw A¿∏n-°p-∂-Xm-Wv.
blq-Z-a-Xw hniz-kn-®-Xv, Nne ]tXyI kµ¿`-ß-fn¬ ssZhw
A¤p-X-I-c-ambn Ah-tcmSv ASpØp CS-s]-Sp-Ibpw, Ah¿°p-th≠n
]h¿Øn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp F∂m-Wv. Aß-s\-bp≈ kw`-h-ßsf
A\p-kva-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\p-th-≠n-bmWv Ah¿ s]cp-∂m-fp-Iƒ (festivals)BN-cn-®-Xv. CuPn-]vXn¬ \n∂p≈ hntam-N\w A\p-kva-cn-°p-hm≥
s]k-lm-bpw, ko\m-bva-e-bn¬ h®p \ymb-]-amWw e`n®Xv A\p-
kva-cn-°p-hm≥ s]¥n-t°m-kvXnbpw (hm-tcm-’-hw), acp- q-an-bnse IqSm-
c-hmkw Hm¿°p-hm≥ IqSm-c-s∏-cp-∂mfpw (kq-t°m-Øv) BN-cn-®p. qX-
Ime kw`-hßsf h¿Ø-am-\Im-em\p-`-h-ß-fm°n-Øo¿°p-I-bmWv
Cu s]cp-∂mƒ BN-c-W-Øn¬°qSn. ]qcnw s]cp-∂m-fpw, ]Xn-jvtTm-
’h s]cp-∂mfpw Cu hn[-Øn¬ \S-Øp∂p. ]m]-]-cn-lmc Znhkw
(Day of Atonement ˛ tbmw In∏q¿) D]-hm-k-Øn-s‚bpw, ]›m-Øm-]-
Øn-s‚bpw, _en-b¿∏-W-Øn-s‚bpw Znh-k-amWv; ssZh-hp-ambn A\p-
c-RvP-\-s∏-Sp∂ A\p-`-hw.
sbcqitew tZhm-ebw IqSmsX kp\-tKm-Kp-Iƒ Bcm-[-\m-tI-µ-
am-bn-cp-∂p. kp\-tKm-Kns‚ D¤hw ]hmk-Im-e-Øm-sW-∂p Icp-X-
s∏Sp-∂p. tZhm-e-b-Øn¬ _en-b¿∏-W-amWp ][m-\ I¿aw. kp\-
tKm-Kn¬ \ymb-]-amWw hmbn®ptIƒ°p-I-bpw, ]Tn-°p-I-bpw, ]m¿-
∞n-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂-Xm-Wv. ]Øp blq-Z-∑m¿ FhnsS ]m¿Ømepw
AhnsS Hcp kp\tKmKv D≠m-°mw. im_-Xnse Bcm[-\-bmWp apJy-
am-bn-´n-hnsS \S-°p-∂-Xv. d_n-am¿ ss]X-߃°p aX-t_m-[\w \¬-
Ip∂ hnZym-ebhpw kp\-tKm-Kn¬ Bbn-cp-∂p. kp\-tKm-Kn-s\-°p-dn®p
Pn. F^v. aq¿ Fgp-Xn-bn-cn-°p-∂Xv "AXp ]pcm-X-\-Im-esØ Hcp
\nkvXpey ÿm]-\hpw AXns‚ k¿h-]-[m-\-amb Dt±-iyw P\-ßsf
aX-sØ-°p-dn®p ]Tn-∏n-°p-∂-Xp-am-bn-cp-∂p.' kp\-tKmKv Bcm-[\
InkvXo-b-k-`-bpsS Bcm[-\mIaw cq]o-I-cn-°p-∂-Xn¬ \n¿WmbI
]¶p hln-®n-´p≠v F∂p ImWmw.
27]Imi-Øn-te°v
3. blqZ aX-I-£n-Iƒ
blq-Z-∑mcpsS PohnXw tIµo-I-cn-®n-cp∂-Xv, \ymb-]-am-Ww, tZhm-
e-bw, s]cp-∂m-fp-Iƒ, kp\-tKmKv F∂o-°m-cy-ß-fn-em-Wv. Ch-tbm-
Sp≈ Ah-cpsS at\m-`m-hhpw, Ch-sb-∏-‰n-bp≈ hnizm-khpw Ahsc
hnhn[ X´p-I-fn-em-°n. \ymb-]-am-W-sØ-∏-‰n-bp≈ hnizmkwXs∂
Ahsc hyXykvX tNcn-I-fn-em-°p-∂-Xm-bn-cp-∂p.
Awlm-sdkv (= aÆns‚ a°ƒ / People of the land).
Ch-cm-bn-cp∂p _lp- q-cn-]-£-hpw. Ah¿°p \ymb-]-am-Wm-\p-jvTm-
\-ß-fn¬ AX \njvTtbm Xmev∏cytam C√m-bn-cp-∂p. Ch-sc-∏‰n aX-
ta-[m-hn-Iƒ°p ]p—hpw shdp-∏p-am-bncp-∂p. Np¶-°m-tcm-Sp-IqSn "]m]n-
Iƒ' F∂p hnti-jn-∏n®n-´p-≈Xv Ch-sc-bm-Wv. Ah-cmWv bnkm-tb-
ense ImWmsX t]mb BSp-Iƒ. tbip-In-kvXp-hns‚ lrZ-bhpw
hm’-eyhpw Ah-cn-emWp ]Xn-™-Xv.
]co-i-∑m¿
th¿Xncn°s∏-´-h≥ AYhm th¿]mSpImc≥ F∂mWp t]cn-
\¿∞w. Ah-cpsS D¤-h-sØ-∏‰n ap≥ A≤ym-b-Øn¬ kqNn-∏n-®n- p≠v.
\ymb-]-am-W-Øn\v Ch¿ k¿∆-]-[m-\-amb ÿm\w \¬In. ssZh-
lnXw \ymb-]-am-W-Øn¬ shfn-s∏-´n-´p-≠v. AXp a\p-jy-Po-hn-X-
Øns‚ F√m afi-e-ß-sfbpw cn-t°-≠-Xm-Wv. enJn-X-ß-fm-bh amX-
a√ \ymb-]-am-W-Øn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-∂-Xv. Fgp-X-s∏-SmØ ]mc-º-cy-ßfpw
Xpey-]-[m\amWv. \ymb-]-am-W-sØ Imem-\p-kr-X-am°n hymJym-
\n-°p-hm≥ Ah¿ D’m-ln-®p.
acn-®h-cpsS ]p\-cp-∞m-\w, ZqX∑m-cp-sSbpw Bflm-°-fp-sSbpw
AkvXn-Xz-w, a\p-jys‚ kzmX¥yw F∂n-hbpw Ah¿ hniz-kn-®p.
kphn-ti-j-ß-fn¬ Ah-sc-∏‰n A]-lm-ky-ambn \¬In-bn- p≈ NnXw,
Ah-cpsS s]mXp-hmb Ah-ÿsb shfn-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-X-√.
kmZq-Iy¿
km-tZm°v F∂ t]cn¬ \n∂m-bn-cn-°Ww kmZq-Iy¿ F∂ \maw
D¤hn-®-sX∂v Duln°-s∏-Sp-∂p. Ch¿ Db¿∂ ]ptcm-lnXh¿K-°m-
cm-bn-cp-∂p. D¤hw _n. kn. c≠mw \q‰m-≠ns‚ DØ-cm¿≤-Øn¬ Bbn-
cn-°-Ww. ]co-i-I-£n-I-tfmSv Ah¿ Ft∏mgpw FXn¿Øp-\n-∂p. tZhm-
eb ipiq-j-I-fnepw I¿a-ßfnepw G¿s∏- p-Ign™XpsIm≠p s]mXp-
P-\-ß-fn¬\n∂v AI∂p Pohn-®p.
28 ]Imi-Øn-te°v
Ah¿ enJn-X-ß-fmb \ymb-]-amWw amXta kzoI-cn-®p-≈p. Fgp-
X-s∏-SmØ ]mc-º-cy-ßsf Ah¿ \ntj-[n-®p. AXn\p≈ ImcWw
hy‡-am-Wv. Ah¿ kmº-Øn-I-ambpw kmaq-ly-ambpw `ZX A\p-`-
hn-®p. AXn¬ Ah¿ kwXr-]vX-cm-bn-°-gn-™p. ]≠v Fgp-Xn-h® \ymb-
]-amWw Ah¿ AwKo-I-cn-®p. F∂m¬ amdn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p∂ Poh-\p-
≈Xpw kwK-X-hp-amb ]am-WsØ Ah¿ Xnc-kvI-cn-®p. \ymb-]-am-
W-Øn¬ h¿Ø-am-\-Ime Pohn-Xhp-ambn henb ]k‡n Ah¿ Iev]n-
®n-√. acn-®-h-cpsS ]p\-cp-∞m\w Ah¿ kzoI-cn-®n-√. Chn-sS-Øs∂
B\-µn-°m\pw Biz-kn-°m-\p-ap-≈-t∏mƒ as‰m-cp- PohnXØn\p
ÿm\-an-√. amem-J-am-tcm, Bflm-°-tfm D≈-Xmbn Ah¿ hniz-kn-
®n√. a\p-jy≥ Xs∂ Ahs‚ ]iv\-߃°p ]cn-lmcw Is≠-Øp-
hm≥ ian-°-W-sa∂pw hmZn-®p. tdma≥ `c-W-tØmSv Ah¿°v
FXn¿s∏m-∂p-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√. adn-®v, Ah-tcmSp kl-I-cn-°-W-sa∂v
A`n-]m-b-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. Iø-∏mhv Hcp kmZq-Iy\mbn-cp-∂p.
Hcn-°¬ Ch-cn¬ Nne¿ tbip-hns\ kao-]n®p acn-®-h-cpsS ]p\-
cp-∞m-\w C√ F∂p ÿm]n-°p-hm≥ tZh-c-hn-hm-l-]-Imcw Ggp
ktlm-Z-c-∑m-cpsS `mcy-bm-bn-cp∂ kvXo acn®pIgn™p ]p\-cp-∞m-
\-Øn¬ BcpsS mcy-bm-bn-cn°pw F∂p tNmZn-°p-∂p-≠t√m (a-Øm.
22:23˛33). tXmdm amXw Ah-ew-_-am-°nb Ah-sc, tXmdm-bn¬\n-∂p-
Xs∂ D≤-cn®p I¿Ømhp ]cm-P-b-s∏-SpØn ]d-™-b-®p.
Ftk-\y¿ (The Essenes)
Nmhp-I-S-en\p ]Sn-™msdXocØp acp-`q-an-bn¬ hkn-®n-cp∂ Hcp
hrµw k\ym-kn-am-cmWv Ch¿. ss^tem-bp-sSbpw tPmk-o^kns‚bpw
Fgp-Øp-I-fn¬°qSn Ch-sc-∏‰n Adnhp e`n®ncps∂-¶nepw Nmhp-I-
S¬ Npcpƒ (1947-˛¬) Is≠-Sp-Ø-tXm-sS-bmWv Ahsc-∏‰n IqSp-X¬
Adnhp e`n-®-Xv. Ipwdm-\n¬ Xma-kn-®n-cp∂ k\ym-kn-Ifpw Ft -\ycpw
Htc kaqlw Xs∂-bm-sW∂p ]fin-X-temIw Icp-Xp-∂p.
"\oXn-bpsS Kpcp' F∂ t]cn¬ Adn-b-s∏-Sp∂ BfmWp ÿm]-
I≥. "DS-º-Sn-°m¿', "]Im-i-Øns‚ a°ƒ' F∂n-ßs\ ]e t]cnepw
Cu kaq-lsØ hnti-jn-∏n-°p-∂p. ZpjvS-]p-tcm-ln-Xs‚ Ic-ß-fm¬
ÿm]-I≥ h[n-°-s∏´tijw Ch¿ Za-kvtIm-kn-te°p ]em-b\w
sNbvXn-cn-°mw. ho≠pw Ah¿ Xncn-s®Øn Ipwdm-\n¬ Bÿm-\-am°n
F∂p Icp-Xmw. G. Un. 70- ¬ tdmam°m¿ sbcqitew \in-∏n-®-tijw
Ch-cpsS Bÿm-\hpw BI-an®v A·n-°n-c-bm-°n. AtXmsS B
]ÿm-\hpw \in-®p.
29]Imi-Øn-te°v
\ymb-]-am-W-sØ-∏-‰n-bp≈ Ch-cpsS ho£Ww ]co-i-∑m-cp-tS-Xn-
t\-°mƒ I¿°-i-am-bn-cp-∂p. AXm-bn-cn°mw Chsc acp- q-an-bn-te°pw
k\ym-k-Po-hn-X-Øn-te°pw \bn-®-Xv. ‡n-sshcm-Kn-I-fmb Ah¿ kI-
ehpw s]mXp-h-I-bmbn KWn®p; kz]-b-Xv\-Øm¬ Pohn-®p. Zn\-IrXy-
߃ hfsc \njvT-tbmsS BN-cn-®p. \ymb-]-amWw icnbmbn ]Tn-
°p-Ibpw BN-cn-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂-Xp-hgn aviolm-bpsS BK-a\w
kpkm-[y-am-°m-sa∂v Ah¿ Icp-Xn. Cu kaq-lhpw, Ah-cpsS Bi-
bm-Z¿i-ßfpw InkvXp-a-X-sØbpw, ]pXnb\nba-sØbpw kmc-ambn
kzm[o-\n-®n-´p≠v F∂p ]d-bmw.
ta¬∏d™ ][m\ aX-I-£n-Isf IqSmsX "FcnhpIm¿' (Zeal-ots) F∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp∂ Xoh-hm-Zn-Iƒ, tltcm-tZm-kns‚ IpSpw-_sØ
A\p-Iq-en® hn`m-K-amb "tltcm-Zy¿' F∂n-hcpw D≠m-bn-cp-∂p.
tNmZy-߃
1. H∂mw \q‰m-≠n¬ Ckm-tb¬P-\X ]pe¿Ønb hnizm-k-ßfpw
]Xym-i-Ifpw FX-amXw InkvXob k`-bnepw, ]pXn-b-\n-b-a-
Ønepw ]Xn-^-en-®n´p≠v?
2. InkvXob Bcm-[-\-bpsS hf¿®bv°v sblq-Z-k`-tbm-Sp≈ IS-
∏mSv FX-amXw?
3. kmZq-Iycpw ]co-i-∑mcpw XΩn-ep≈ hyXym-k-߃ Fs¥-√mw?
4. Ft -\y-sc-∏‰n e`n-°p∂ Adn-sh¥v?
]mTw 5
bnkm-tb-ens‚ `qan-imkvXw
bnkm-tb¬ Fhn-sS, Fß-s\-bp≈ cmPyw kphn-tij kw`-h-
ß-fpsS _‘-Øn¬ ÿe-߃ a\- n-em-°pI Imem-h-ÿ.
kphn-tij-߃ tbip-In-kvXphns‚ ]h¿Ø-\-ß-sf°p-dn®p
]Xn-]m-Zn-°p-∂p. Ah-bn¬ ]´-W-߃, tdmUp-Iƒ, ae-Iƒ, XSm-I-
߃, kap-Zw, \Zn-Iƒ XpS-ßn-b-h-sb-∏‰n [mcmfw ]cm-a¿i-߃
ImWmw. Ah Fhn-sS-sb∂pw Fß-s\-bp-≈h-sb∂pw a\- n-em-t°-
≠Xv Bh-iy-a-tX.
30 ]Imi-Øn-te°v
t]cp-Iƒ
]e t]cp-I-fn¬ Cu cmPyw Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. "I\m≥\mSv' CXp
]pcmX-\-amb t]cv. apºv AhnsS A[n-h-kn-®n-cp-∂-h-cn¬\n∂p e`n®
t]cm-Wv.
]e-kvXo≥:˛ \ap°p IqSp-X¬ ]cn-Nn-X-amb Cu \maw tK°¿
(Ko-°p-Im¿) \¬In-b-Xm-Wv. s^en-kvXy-cpsS \mSv F∂¿∞-Øn¬.
Ckm-tb¬:˛ thZ-]p-kvX-I-Øn¬ A[n-I-ap-≈-Xpw, B[p-\n-I-ambn
Adn-bs∏-Sp-∂Xpw Cu \ma-Øn-em-Wv. ssZhØns‚ kz¥-P\-ambn
bnkm-tb-ey¿ hkn-°p∂ ]tZiw F∂m-W-¿∞w. "]mepw tX\pw
Hgp-Ip∂ tZiw' F∂pw "hmKvZ-Ø-tZi'sa∂pw D≈ t]cp-Iƒ thZ-]p-
kvX-IØn-ep-≠v.
hnip-≤-\mSv:˛ blq-Z∑m¿°pw InkvXym\n-Iƒ°pw ap…o-ap-Iƒ°pw
Cu tZi-tØmSp aX-]-c-amb _‘hpw B`n-ap-Jyhpw D≈-Xp-sIm≠v
CXns\ "hnip≤ \mSv' F∂p hnfn-°p-∂p.
FhnsS
bnkm-tb¬cmPyw bqtdm-∏v, Gjy, B^n-° F∂o `qJ-fi-ß-
fpsS at≤y ÿnXnsNøp-∂p. qan-im-kvX-]-c-amb Cu InS∏v Cu cmPy-
Øns‚ `mK-t[-bsØ hf-sc-b-[nIw _m[n-®n-´p-≠v. "CXp sbcq-i-te-
amIp∂p; Rm≥ AXns\ PmXnIfpsS at≤y h®n-cn-°p∂p; AXn\p
Np‰pw cmPy-ß-fp-≠v' (sb-l. 5:5). s]mXp-hmbn ]d-™m¬ hS°p
"Zm\pw' sX°v "t_¿si-_'bpw, ]Sn-™mdp a≤y-[-c-Wn-°-S-epw, Ing°v
_mim≥tZ-i-hp-amWv AXn¿Øn-Iƒ. hnkvXo¿Ww GI-tZiw 15000
N. In. \ofw 217 In. an. G‰w IqSnb hoXn (sXt° A‰w), 150 In. an.
Ipd-™-hoXn (h-S-°v) 67 In. ao. BIp-∂p. tbm¿Zm-\-°sc (Transjordan)F∂p hnfn-°p∂ tbm¿±m≥\-Zn-bpsS Ingt° Ic-bnepw blq-Z-∑m¿
]m¿Øn-cp-∂p. c≠p mK-߃°qSn IW-°m-°n-bmepw tIc-f-tØ-°mƒ
sNdnb Hcp cmPy-am-bn-cp-∂p.
`q]-IrXn
AXn-]p-cm-X-\-Im-e-Øp-≠mb k¶o¿W-ß-fmb q]-cn-Wm-a-ß-fn-eq-
sS-bmWp ae-Ifpw Xmgvhc-Ifpw \nd™ C∂sØ bnkm-tb¬ cq]w
sIm≠-Xv.
`q]-IrXn ASn-ÿm-\-am°n \mep mK-ß-fmbn Xncn-°mw. (1) kap-
Z-Xew: a≤y-[-c-Wn-°-S-ens‚ Xoc-Ømbn ÿnXnsNøp-∂p. CXns‚
31]Imi-Øn-te°v
hoXn°v GIcq]Xbn√. ^n\njy kaXew, imtcm≥ kaXew,
s^enkvXy ka-Xew F∂o aq∂p mK-߃ CXn¬s∏-Sp-∂p. ]e Xpd-
apJ ] -W-ßfpw Chn-sS-bp-≠v (tbm-∏m, ep±, dmwse, tkm¿, kotZm≥
apXembh). n\n-jy°pw imtcm≥ ka-X-e-Øn\pw at≤y-bmWv Im¿-
ta¬Kn-cn. (2) a[y-a-e-\mSv: ka-X-e-߃°p Ing°mbn Ip∂pIfpw,
taSp-I-fpw Dƒs°m≈p∂ Cu `mK-ØmWv blq-Zy, ia-cy, Keoem
F∂o aq∂p ]tZ-i-߃. Chn-SpsØ Imem-hÿ s]mXpth lnX-I-
c-am-Wv. sXt° A‰Øp s\tK_v acp-`qan; AhnsS hc≠ Imem-h-
ÿ-bm-Wv.
(3) tbm¿±m≥ Xmgvhc: hS°p se_-t\m≥ Xmgvhc apX¬ sX°p
sN¶-S-ens‚ Hcp inJ-c-amb A°m-_m -Dƒ°-S¬hsc 500 In. ao‰-
dn¬ A[nIw \o≠pInS-°p∂ Hcp ]nf¿∏mWv Cu Xmgvhc. Cu Xmgvh-
cbv°p aq∂p apX¬ A©p In. ao. hsc hoXn-bp-≠v. `qK¿`-Ønse
kwL¿jw \nanØw Dƒh-enhv D≠mbn cq]w ]m]n-®-Xm-Wv. CXv
`qap-JsØ G‰w Xmgv∂ ]tZ-i-a-tX. CXns‚ at≤y IqSn-bmWv tbm¿-
±m≥\Zn hf-™p-]p-f™v sXt°m´v Hgp-Ip-∂-Xv. sl¿tams‚ ASn-hm-
c-Øn¬ \n∂p ]pd-s∏´v lqfm XSm-I-Øn-se-Øp-∂p (C∂v AXp NXp-
∏p-]-tZi-am-Wv). ho≠pw sXt°m´v HgpIn Keo-em-X-Sm-IØn¬ ebn-
°p-∂p. ho≠pw ]h-ln®p Nmhp-I-S-en¬ sN∂ptNcp-∂p.
4. tbm¿±m-\-°-sc-bp≈ ae-Iƒ: \mem-asØ apJy-ta-J-e-bmb
Sm≥kv ˛ tbm¿±m\p thZ-]p-kvX-I-Øn¬ ]d-bm-dp-≈Xv "tbm¿Zm-∂-
°sc' F∂mWv; AXm-bXv tbm¿±ms‚ Ingt° ]tZiw. CXv `mKo-
I-ambn ^e-`qbn-jvT-hpw, `mKn-I-ambn acp-`q-an-bp-amb Hcp D∂-X-X-S-
atX. im¥-amb Imem-hÿ, ]Sn-™m-dp-\n-∂p≈ ioX-f-amb Im‰v,
]›na tbm¿Zm-t\-°mƒ IqSp-X¬ ag Ch Cu ]tZ-i-Øns‚ ]tXy-
IXIfmWv. [mcmfw ta®n¬∏p-d-ßfpw ^e-k-ar-≤n-bp-≈- h-b-ep-I-fp-
ap-≠v. ]pcm-X-\-cmPy-amb tamhm-_v, DØ-c-Kn-e-bmZv F∂nh Cu ]tZ-
i-Øm-Wv. Chn-SpsØ G‰w ][m-\-amb \Zn "bm¿ap°v' BWv. CXn\p
hS-°p≈ tZisØ ]g-b-\n-b-a-Øn¬ _mbm≥ F∂p hnfn-®n-cn-°p∂p.
tdma≥ t]mhn≥kp-Iƒ: tdmam-°m¿ Ckm-tb-ens\ `cn-®-t∏mƒ
\mep t]mhn≥kp-I-fmbn hn`-Pn-®p: (1) blq-Znb (2) ia-cy (3) Keoe
(4) s]dn-b.
blq-Znbm
sXt° A‰Øv ÿnXnsNøp-∂p. Db¿∂ Ip∂p-Ifpw Bg-ap≈
Xmgvhc-Ifpw \nd-™n-cn-°p-∂p. Xmgvhc-Iƒ ^e-]p-jvSn-bp-≈-Xm-Wv.
32 ]Imi-Øn-te°v
ae©cnhpIƒ BSp-am-Sp-I-fpsS ta®n¬∏p-d-ß-fm-Wv. Chn-SpsØ
][m\ \K-c-߃ sbcp-itew (X-e-ÿm-\w), sbdo-tlm, t_Xve-tlw,
slt_m≥, t_¿si_m F∂n-h-b-tX. kqb-kv, ko\m-bv, A°m-_m
F∂o ÿm\-ß-fn-te-°p-≈ ]mX-Iƒ t_¿si-_m- hgn IS-∂p-t]m-
Ip-∂p. slt_m-\n¬ BWv tKmX-]n-Xm-°-∑m-cpsS ih-Ip-So-c-߃
ÿnXn-sN-øp∂ aIvt]-e-Kp-l. Ct∏mƒ AhnsS at\m-l-c-amb Hcp
ap…ow tZhm-e-b-am-Wp-≈-Xv. t_Xvetlw ]´-Whpw AXns‚ kao-]-
ap≈ Xmgvhcbpw ]Ir-Xn-a-t\m-l-c-a-tX. t_Xve-tl-an\v 10 In. ao.
hS°v sbcq-itew \Kcw ÿnXnsNøp∂p. \nc-h[n Ncn-X-kw-`-h-ß-
ƒ°p km£yw \n∂n-´p≈ Cu \Kcw blq-Z-∑m¿°pw, InkvXym-\n-
Iƒ°pw, ap…o-߃°pw H∂p-t]mse kp]-[m-\-a-tX.
iacy
CXv Hcp D∂X ]tZ-i-am-Wv. ChnsS aq∂p ]pcm-X\ Xo¿∞-ÿm-
\-߃ ÿnXn-sN-øp-∂p ˛ s_tY¬, iotemhv, titJw (\m-ªp-kv).
Ing-°p-\n∂pw ]Sn-™m-dp-\n∂pw Npc-߃ hgn ChnsS FØmw. hS-
t°m´p t]mIpt¥mdpw Cu ae\mSv IqSpX¬ hnkvXrXhpw ^e]p-
jvShp-ambn ImWmw.
G_m¬, Kcn-kow F∂o Kncn-bp‹w Chn-sS-bm-Wv. Ch-bpsS at≤y-
bmWv titJw. bmt°m-_ns‚ ]pcm-X\amb InW¿ Chn-sS-bp-≠v.
hSt° cmPy-amb bnkm-tb-ens‚ Bÿm-\-am-bn-cp∂ ia-cy-]´-W-
Øns‚ Ah-in-jvS-߃ Ncn-X-Øns‚ km£n-I-fmbn Ahn-sS-bp-≠v.
Keoe
hSt° A‰-ØmWv Keo-e. ChnsS Nne ]¿hX-\n-c-I-fp-≠v. Kn¬-
t_m-h, Xmt_m¿, I¿tΩ¬, sl¿tΩm≥ F∂o Kncn-i-rw-K-߃
]tXyIw kvac-Wo-b-am-Wv. sX°v A°m-_m-bn-te°pw, hS°v sZa-
kvt°m-kn-te°pw, Ing°v s]√m F∂ ÿe-ß-fn-te°pw t]mIp∂
kp][m\ ]mX-Iƒ Keo-esb a‰p ÿe-ß-fp-ambn _‘n-°p-∂p.
Keo-e-bn¬ ae-\n-c-Ifpw ka-X-e-ß-fp-ambn CShn´p InS°p-∂p.
lrZy-amb Imem-h-ÿ-bmWv. ]IrXn I\n™-cp-fnb ÿe-amWp
Keoe. AXn-\m¬ AhnSw IqSp-X¬ sFiz-cy-k-ar-≤hpw P\-\n-_n-U-
hp-am-bn-cp-∂p. hnkvXr-X-amb FkvZ-tem¨ ka-Xew e-]p-jvSn-bp≈
Irjn-]-tZ-i-am-Wv. Keoem XSm-I-Øns‚ XocØp Np‰p-ambn P\-_m-
lp-ey-ap≈ ]e ] -W-ßfpw Db¿∂p-h∂p. K∂-k-tc-Øv, Xn_tcymkv,
Keoe F∂o t]cp-I-fn¬ Adn-b-s∏-Sp∂ XSmIw ip≤-P-e-hmln-bmWv.
33]Imi-Øn-te°v
22 In. ao. \ofhpw 13 In. ao. hoXn-bp-an-Xn-\p-≠v. kap-Z-\n-c-∏n¬\n∂p
686 ASn XmWp InS-°p-∂-Xp-sIm≠p hmbpkΩ¿±w aqew A]-Xo-
£n-X-ambn, sImSp-¶m‰pw Xnc-am-e-I-fpsS t£m`hpw A\p-`-h-s∏-Sm-
dp≠v.
kphntijßfn¬ ]cm-a¿in-®n-´p-≈, I∏¿∂-lqw, tImc-ko≥,
t_Xvk-bn-Z, aKvZ-e, Xn_-tcym-kv, Z¬a-\q-Ym, KZc apX-emb ]´-W-
߃ Keo-eØ-Sm-I-Øns‚ XocØp ÿnXn sNbvXn-cp∂p. Xn_-tcymkv
HgnsI a‰p≈h F√mw Xs∂ C∂p iq\y-in-jvS-ß-fm-Wv.
Imem-hÿ
sshhn-[y-am¿∂ q]-Ir-Xn-t]mse bnkm-tbens‚ Imem-hÿbpw
hyXy-kvX-am-Wv. ac-hn-∏n-°p∂ XWp∏v hS-°p≈ sl¿tΩm\y ]m¥-
Øn¬ A\p-`hs∏Sp-tºmƒ, hc≠pt]mIp∂ DjvW-am-bn-cn°pw
sX°p≈ s\tK_v acp-`q-an-bn¬. sbcp-i-te-an¬ a™p s]øp∂
kabw, AhnsS \n∂v 23 In. ao. Ing-°p≈ sbdotlm ka-`q-an-bn¬
ka-io-tXm-jvWm-h-ÿ-bm-bn-cn-°pw. q]-Ir-Xn-bmWp Imem-h-ÿsb
\nb-¥n-°p-∂Xv.
bnkm-tb-en-s\-∏‰n s]mXpth ]d-bp-tºmƒ Pq¨ a≤yw- ap-X¬
sk-]v‰w-_¿ a≤yw- hsc hc≠ Ime-am-Wv. A∂p A¥-co£w kp]-
k-∂-ambn-cn-°pw; taLm-hr-X-am-bncn°bn-√. ]`m-X-Øn¬ e`n-°p∂
a™pw Cu¿∏hpw hr£-e-Xm-Zn-Iƒ°p D]-Icn-°pw. Cßs\ e`n-
°p∂ a™p-sIm-≠mWp ap¥n-cn-s®-Sn-Iƒ hf-cp-I. th\-ens‚ BZy-
L-´-Øn-emWp sImbvØv. Ingt° Dƒ]-tZ-i-ß-fn-te°p hoin-b-Sn-
°p∂ IS¬°m‰v NqSns\ kao-I-cn-°p-∂p. Pq¨ a[y-Øn¬ DjvWw
G‰hpw Db¿∂n-cn-°pw. sk]v‰w-_¿ a[yw- hsc hcƒ® \o≠p
\nev°p∂p. C°m-eØp sX°p≈ acp-`-qan-bn¬ \n∂-Sn-°p∂ DjvW-
°m‰v Zp¿h-l-am-bn-cn-°pw. "sX°≥Im‰v ASn-°p-tºmƒ DjvW-ap-
≠mIpw F∂p \n߃ ]d-bp-∂p. A]-Imcw kw`-hn-°p-Ibpw sNøp-
∂p' (eq-t°m. 2:˛55).
HIvtSm-_-dn¬ agbpw XpS¿∂p ioX-Im-e-hp-amWv. BgvN-bn-sem-cn-
°¬ F¶nepw i‡n-bmb Npg-en-°m‰pw XpS¿∂p agbpw ho≠pw ]Im-
i-ap≈ A¥-co-£-hp-am-bn-cn-°pw. Im‰n\p apºp A¥-co-£w s]mSn-
\n-d-™-Xm-bn-cn-°pw. ]Sn-™mdp\n∂p≈ Im‰-Sn-°p-tºmƒ kqcys‚
DZ-bm-kvX-a-b-߃ AXy¥w tNtXm-l-c-ß-fm-bn-cn°pw (aØm. 16:2˛3
hmbn-°pI).
34 ]Imi-Øn-te°v
a™p-Imew Ign™p am¿®v ˛ G]n¬ BIp-tºm-tgbv°p hk-
t¥m-’hw h∂-W-bpIbmbn. a™p-Im-eØv Ce-I-sf√mw sImgn™p
arX]mbamb hr£-e-XmZn-Iƒ, hk¥w hs∂-Øp-tºmƒ Xmcpw
Xfncpw AWn™v ]IrXn apgp-h≥ ]pXp-Po-hs‚ XpSn∏v ]I-S-amIpw.
Cu Ime-L-´-Øn-emWp ]pXp-Po-hs‚ ktµ-i-hp-ambn Dbn¿∏p-s]-cp-
∂mƒ BtLm-jn-°p-hm≥ CS-bm-Ip-∂-Xv. ]e-kvXo-\n-seßpw C°m-
e-L-´-Øn¬ tNtXm-l-c-ß-fmb ]pXp-]p-jv]-߃ hnS¿∂p \n¬°p-
∂Xp ImWmw. tbip-hns‚ P∑-\mSv At∏mƒ Hcp \µ-t\m-Zym\w
t]mse ImW-s∏-Spw. ]n∂oSv th\¬°mew Bcw-`n-°p-I-bm-bn.
tNmZy-߃
1. bnkm-tb-ens‚ Hcp NnXw hc®v AXn¬ ][m-\-s∏´ t]mhn≥kp-
Iƒ, ]´-W-߃, Pem-i-b-߃ apX-em-bh AS-bm-f-s∏-Sp-ØpI.
2. bnkm-tb-ens‚ `q]-Ir-Xn, AhnsS hkn® P\-ß-fpsS Ncn-Xw,
Pohn-X-ho-£Ww F∂n-hsb Fßs\ kzm[o-\n-®n-´p≠v F∂p
I≠p-]n-Sn-°p-I.
3. kphn-ti-j-ß-fn¬ bnkm-tb-ens‚ Imem-h-ÿsb Ipdn-°p∂ ]cm-
a¿i-߃ GsX-√m-sa∂p I≠p-]n-Sn-°p-I.
4. "bnkm-tb¬ sshhn-[y-ß-fpsS \mSv' Cu ]kvXm-h\ FX-amXw
icn-sb∂v Ahn-SsØ qan-imkvXw, Imem-h-ÿ F∂nh hnh-cn®p-
sIm-≠p -sh-fn-s∏-Sp-Øp-I.
]mTw 6
]pXn-b-\n-b-a-Øns‚ hf¿®bpw
\nb-X-cq-]hpw
]pXnb\nbaØns‚ Ncn-X-]-c-amb hf¿® a\- n-em-°p-∂-Xn¬°qSn
Hmtcm ]pkvX-I-Øn-s‚bpw Ncn-X-]-›m-Øew Kln-°mw ]pXn-b-
\n-baw InkvXob k`-bv°p-th≠n k`-bm¬ cq]o-I-cn-°-s∏-´n-´p≈
H∂v. Zpcp-]-tZ-i-ßsf XcWw sNbvXp ktXym]-tZiw \ne-\n¿Øp-
∂-Xn¬ ]cn-ip-≤m-flmhv F]-Imcw ]pXnb\nba tImUo-I-c-W-
Øn¬°qSn ]h¿Øn®p?
tbipInkvXphn\pw At∏m-kvXe∑m¿°pw thZKŸambn´v
F¥mWv D≠m-bn-cp-∂Xv? \nehn-en-cp∂ ]g-b\nbaw amXw (A∂v
35]Imi-Øn-te°v
"]gb'\nbaw F∂ t]cn-√m-bn-cp-∂p). as‰m∂v Fgp-Xp-hm≥ Ah¿ Dt±-
in-®n-cp-∂n-√. tbipInkvXp Fs¥-¶nepw Fgp-Xn-b-Xmtbm, Fgp-Xn-
hbv°p-hm≥ A\p-KmanItfmSp \n¿t±-in®Xmtbm ImWp∂n√.
At∏mƒ ]ns∂ Fß-s\-bmWp kphn-ti-j-ßfpw a‰p ]pXnb
\nba]pkvX-I-ßfpw cq]wsIm≠Xv? ]e-hn-[-Ønepw ]tbm-P-\-]-Z-
amb Hcp ]T-\-am-Wn-Xv. k`bpw thZ-K-Ÿhpw XΩn-ep≈ _‘w a\-
n-em-°m≥ CXp-]-I-cn-°pw. "k`-bm¬, k`-bv°p-th≠n cNn-°-s∏´
]pkvX-I-ß-fmWv' F∂p≈ ]kvXm-h-\-bpsS hmkvX-hn-IX shfn-
s∏Spw. thZ-]p-kvXIw kw_-‘n-®p≈ ]e A‘-hn-izm-k-ßfpw sX‰p-
[m-c-W-Ifpw Zpco-I-cn-°p-hm\pw Cu ]T\w klm-b-I-am-Wv.
]pXn-b-\nb-a-Ønse BZy-ambn Fgp-Xs∏´ IrXn-Iƒ ]utemkns‚
teJ-\-ßfm-Wv. Ah thZ-K-Ÿambn AwKo-Icn-°s∏-Sp-sa∂ ]Xo-
£-tbm-sStbm e£y-tØm-sStbm Fgp-X-s∏-´-h-b-√. ]Xyp-X, Xm≥
ÿm]n-®-Xpw, X\n°p _‘-s∏-´-Xp-amb k`Ifn¬ Db¿∂p-h∂
]iv\-ßfpw Bh-iy-ß-fp-amWv Ah Fgp-Xp-hm≥ At±-lsØ t]cn-
∏n-®-Xv. Zpcp-]-tZ-i-߃, Zpcm-Nm-c-߃ Db¿Ønb ]iv\-ßfpw, `n∂-
X-I-fpw, ]nf¿∏pIfpw hcp-Ønb sshj-ayß-fp-amWp teJ-\-߃ Fgp-
Xp-hm≥ Imc-W-am-°n-b-Xv. F∂m¬ Ah ]cn-ip-≤mfl t]cn-X-ambn
Fgp-X-s∏- -Xn-\m¬ GXp Ime-Øp-ap≈ GXp P\-Xbv°pw Ah kwK-
X-am-bn-Øo¿∂p. Ah Hmtcm∂pw Hmtcm k`bvt°m hy‡nt°m Dt±-
in®v FgpXn. F∂m¬ At∏m-kvX-es‚ Ime-Øn-\p-ti-j-amWv Ah
Hcp-an®p tiJ-cn-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. ]tXm-kns‚ c≠mw teJ\w Fgp-X-
s∏´t∏mtgbv°pw ]utem-kns‚ teJ-\߃ s]mXp-]-Nm-c-Øn¬
h∂p F∂p ImWmw (2 ]tXm. 3:15 hmbn-°p-I).
kphn-ti-j-߃ Fßs\ cq]o-Ir-X-ambn?
BZn-a-L- -Øn¬ kphn-tijkXy-߃ Fgp-Xn-h-bv°p-hm≥ Bcpw
DZy-an-®n-√. AXn\p Imc-W-߃ ]-e-XmWv.
1. FgpXn ]N-cn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-t\-°mƒ, ]d™pw, ]kw-Kn®pw ]N-
cn-∏n°pIbmbncp∂p At∏m-kvXe∑mcpsSbpw a‰p kphn-ti-j-I-∑m-
cp-sSbpw Xmev]-cyw. I¿Øm-hns‚ Iev]-\bpw A]-Im-c-am-bncp-∂t√m
(aØm. 28:18; 2 tbml. 12). 2. I¿Øm-hns‚ ]p\-cm-K-a\w Bk∂
`mhn-bn¬ kw -hn-°p-sa∂p ]Xo-£n-®ncp-∂-Xn\m¬ hcpwXe-ap-dbv°v
Fgp-Xn-h-bvt°≠ Bh-iy-IX Ds≠∂p Icp-Xn-bn-√.
AXn-\m¬ BZysØ aq∂p Zi-I-ß-fn¬ kphn-tijw hmsam-gn-
bmbn ]N-cn-°p-I-bm-bn-cp∂p. tbip-InkvXp sNbvXXpw D]-tZ-in-®-
36 ]Imi-Øn-te°v
Xp-amb hkvXp-X-Iƒ hnizkvX-XtbmsS ZrIvkm-£n-Iƒ a‰p-≈-h¿°p
]I¿∂p-sIm-Sp-Øp. 1 tbml. 1:1˛2. ImWp-I. k`, "At∏m-kvX-e-∑mcpsS
D]tZiw tI´p' kphn-tijw Kln-°p-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p (A. ]. 2:42).
]n∂oSv "D]-tZ-jvSm-°-∑m¿' ]mtZ-inI k`-I-fn¬ Cu Npa-Xe \n¿h-
ln-®p (F-t^. 4:11). Aßs\ hmsam-gn-bmbn kphn-ti-j-]m-c-ºcyw
kaq-l-Øn¬ ]N-cn-°m≥ XpS-ßn. "BZn-ap-X¬Xs∂ hN-\-Øns‚
ZrIvkm-£n-Ifpw ipiq-j-Icpw Bbn-cp-∂-h¿ \ap°v Gev]n-®p-X-∂n-
´p-≈-X-\p-k-cn-®mWv' F∂p eqt°mkv ]kvXm-hn-°p-tºmƒ (eq-t°m.
1:2) C°mcyw hy‡-am-Wv. kphn-ti-jw hmsam-gn-bmbn \ne-\n-∂n-cp-
∂-Xn-s\-∏‰n ]utemkpw kqNn-∏n-°p∂p (1- sIm-cn. 15:3). i≤m-]q¿hw
kphn-tijw hmbn-°p∂-h¿°v Hcp Imcyw Kln-°mw. Ah-bn¬
teJ\ ssien-tb-°mƒ ap∂n´p\n¬°p-∂Xp hmNn-I-ssi-en-bm-Wv.
km[m-cW kw`m-j-W-ß-fn-ep-]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ Xcw hmN-I-L-S\ ap‰n
\n¬°p-∂p.
Cu hmNnI ]mc-ºcyw (Oral tradition) C∂p IqSp-X¬ ]T-\-Øn\pw
Kth-j-W-Øn\pw hnt[b-am-bn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p-∂p. X∑qew kphn-ti-j-
k-Xy-ß-fn-te°p ]pXnb Dƒ°mgvN e`n-®n-´p-≠v. kphn-tij ]tLm-
j-I¿ ÿe-Im-e-a-\p-k-cn®p tbip-hns‚ hN-\-ß-sfbpw sNbvXn-I-
sf-bpw kzIo-b-amb coXn-bn¬ A\p-cq-]Ww \S-Øn-bn-´p-≠v. Htc D]-
tZiw hyXykvX cq]-Ønepw kµ¿ -Ønepw kphn-ti-j-ß-fn¬ ImWp-
∂-Xns‚ ImcWa-XmWv. Htc kw`hw hyXykvX kµ¿`Ønepw
ImWmw. DZm. aØmbnbpsS kphntijØn¬ "Dd-∏p≈ ]md-bn¬
]WnX hoSns\' (7:27˛29) °pdn®p ]d-bp-∂p. Im‰pw agbpw sh≈-
s∏m-°hpw D≠m-Ip∂ ]e-kvXo\nb≥ kmlN-cy-Øn¬ hoSv ]md∏pd-
ØmWp \n¿an-°p-I. B kml-Ncyw Adn-bm-hp-∂-h¿°v AXp kpKm-
ly-am-Wv. eqt°m-kns‚ kphn-ti-j-Øn¬ At¥ym-Iy≥ kml-N-cy-
Øn\v A\p-k-c-W-amw-hÆw ]mT-t`Zw ImWmw. ]md-bn¬ ]Wn-bp-∂-
Xn\p ]Icw hm\w \∂mbn XmgvØn ASn-ÿm-\-an´p hoSp ]Wn-bp-
∂-Xmbn hnh-cn-°p-∂p. At¥ym-Iy≥ ]›m-Ø-ehpw, Ahn-SpsØ \Zn-
bnse sh≈-s∏m-°hpw Adn-bm-hp-∂-h¿°v Cu hnh-cWw IqSp-X¬
A\p-tbm-Py-am-bn-cn-°pw. ta¬]-d-™-Xn¬ shfn-s∏-Sp∂ Hcp kXyw
kphn-ti-j-I-∑m¿ InkvXp-hns‚ XØz-ßsf A\p-hm-N-I-cpsS ]cn-
tXm-h-ÿbv°v A\p-k-c-W-ambn Bhn-jv°-cn®p F∂m-Wv (C-tX-∏‰n
]n∂o-sSmcp ]mT-Øn¬ IqSp-X¬ ]Xn-]m-Zn-°p-∂p-≠v).
kphntijw FgpXphm\p≈ kml-Ncyw: ZrIvkm£nIfmb
At∏m-kvX-e-∑m-cpsS Imew thK-Øn¬ IS∂pt]mbn. Ah-cn¬\n∂p
37]Imi-Øn-te°v
t\cn´p tIƒ°phm≥ kml-Ncyw Ipd-™-t∏mƒ Ah-cpsS hm°p-Iƒ
tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-h-bv°p-hm≥ t]c-W-b-p≠mbn. amX-a√ k` IqSp-X¬
hf-cpIbpw hym]n-°bpw sNbvXt∏mƒ A∏-kvtXm-e-∑m¿°pw kl-
]h¿ØI¿°pw F√m kaq-l-ß-fnepw k∂n-lnX-cmbncn°m≥ km[y-
a-√-t√m. AXp-t]m-se-Xs∂ InkvXp-hns‚ c≠m-asØ hchv BZyw
Ah¿ ]Xo-£n-®-t]mse Bk-∂-am-bn-cn-°-bn√ F∂p≈ Nn¥bpw
Db¿∂p-h-∂p. Ch-sb-√m-amWp kphn-ti-j-߃ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-hm≥
t]cn-∏n® LS-I-߃. A∏-kvtXm-e-∑m-cpsS Hm¿a-°p-dn-∏p-I-fm-bn-t´m,
kaq-l-Øns‚ hnizmk kwln-X-bm-bn-t´m, thtZm-]-tZ-i-k-lm-bn-I-
fm-bnt´m tbip-hns‚ D]-tZ-i-ßfpw ]hr-Øn-Ifpw Fgp-X-s∏-Sp-hm-\n-
S-bm-bn.
H∂mw \q‰m-≠ns‚ Ahkm\ambt∏m-tgbv°pw, ]utem-kns‚
teJ-\-߃, \mep kphn-ti-j-߃, A∏kvtXme ]hr-Øn-Iƒ, a‰p
teJ-\-߃, shfn-]mSv F∂nh Fgp-X-s∏´p (Nne IrXn-Iƒ c≠mw
\q‰m-≠ns‚ ]q¿hm¿≤Øn¬ amXta Fgp-X-s∏-´p≈p F∂p Nn¥n-
°p-∂hcp≠v). F∂m¬ Ch-sb√mw Hcp-an®p tN¿Øv C∂p ImWp∂-
hn-[-Øn¬ Hcp ]pkvX-I-ambn tImUo-I-cn-®n-cp-∂n-√, Xncp-sh-gpØv
F∂ hn[-Øn¬ B[n-Im-cnI KŸ-ambn AwKoI-cn-°-s∏-Sp-∂Xv
AXn\p- ti-j-am-Wv.
]pXn-b-\n-ba Imt\m≥: c≠mw \q‰m≠v Bb-t∏m-tgbv°pw Ct∏m-
gp≈ ]pXn-b-\n-ba ]pkvX-I-߃°p ]pdta a‰p ]e IrXn-Ifpw kaq-
l-Øn¬ ]Nm-c-Øn¬h-∂p. Ah-bn¬ ]eXpw thZ-hn-]-co-Xn-Iƒ Ah-
cpsS kn≤m-¥-߃ ]N-cn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn\v Fgp-Xn-bn- p-≈-h-bm-Wv. A]-
Imcw ]cn-ip-≤m-fl -\n-izm-kn-X-ßfpw ktXym-]-tZiw Dƒs°m-≈p∂-
Xpamb IrXn-Ifpw Aß-s\-b-√m-Ø-hbpw ]Nm-c-Øn¬ h-∂p. CXp
hnizm-kn-Iƒ°p Nn¥m-°p-g-∏-ap-≠m-°p-∂-Xmbn. thZ-K-Ÿ-sa∂v
At∏mgpw k` Icp-Xn-bn-cp-∂Xp ]g-b-\n-b-a-am-sW-t∂m¿°-Ww.
F∂m¬ Bcm-[-\m-k-aq-l-Øn¬ ]utem-kns‚ teJ\-ßfpw kphn-
tij-ßfpw hmbn-°p∂ A\p`-h-Øn¬ Ah ItaW ]gb-\n-ba
KŸ-ß-tfm-sSm∏w ][m-\-s∏-´Xpw hne-s∏-´Xp-sa∂p k` ImWp-I-
bm-Wp-≠m-bXv.
]pXnb\nb-a-]p-kvX-I-߃ sXc-s™-SpØv B[n-Im-cn-I-ß-fmbn
\n›-bn-°-s∏-Sp-hm-\n-S-bm-bXv AYhm ]pXnb\nba Imt\m≥ cq]o-
Ir-XambXp thZ-hn-]-co-Xn-I-fpsS ]h¿Ø-\sØ ]Xn-tcm-[n-°p-hm-
\mWv. AtX-k-abw ]g-b-\n-b-a-Øns‚ ZrjvSm¥w k`sb kzm[o-\n-
®n-cn-°-Ww. blqZk -bv°p-≈-Xp-t]mse D]-tbm-Kn-°p-hm≥ B[n-Im-
38 ]Imi-Øn-te°v
cn-I-X-bp≈ Hcp KWw enJn-X-߃ thW-sa∂p InkvXym-\n-Iƒ
Nn¥n®p.
"Imt\m≥' F∂ Ko°p hm°n\p "hc-tIm¬' (measuring rod)F∂mWv hmNym¿∞-sa-¶nepw "ASn-ÿm-\-]-amWw' AYhm "am\-
Zfiw' F∂v A¿∞w \¬Imw. "]pXn-b-\n-ba Imt\m≥' F∂p-≈Xv
ASn-ÿm-\-]-am-W߃ Dƒs°m≈p∂ B[n-Im-cnI KŸßƒ GsX-
√m-sa∂pw \n¿W-bn-°p-∂-X-tX. CXp Zo¿L-amb Hcp NcnXw Dƒs°m-
≈p-∂-Xm-Wv. Hcp kp]-`m-X-Øn¬ Cu ]pkvX-I-ß-sf√mw Hcp-an®p
tN¿Øp ]pXn-b-\n-ba KŸ-ambn ]Jym-]-\-ap-≠m-hp-I-b√; ]e sXc-
s™-Sp-∏p-I-fn¬ IqSn-bpw, Ita-W-bmb AwKo-I-c-W-Øn¬ IqSnbpw
]e \q‰m-≠p-I-fpsS Ncn-X-]p-tcm-K-Xn-bpsS ^e-am-Wv.
Imt\m-\n¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn\p ][m-\-ambn aq∂p am\-Z-fi-߃
D]tbmKn-®p. (1) Hcp ]pkvX-I-Øn\p ]c-kym-cm-[-\-bn¬ hmbn®p
Zo¿L-amb AwKo-I-cWw t\Sn-bn-cn-°-Ww. (2) AXnse D≈-S°w hmb-
\-°m¿°p ]tbm-P-\-]-Zhpw ktXym-]-tZ-i-Øn\p \nc-°p-∂-Xp-am-bn-
cn-°-Ww. (3) IrXn-bpsS B[n-Im-cnI kz`m-hw A∏-kvtXm-e-∑mtcm,
Ah-tcmSv D‰-_-‘-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂-htcm Fgp-Xn-b-Xm-bn-cn-°-Ww.
Cu am\-Z-fi-߃ h®p \mep kphn-ti-j-߃ BZyw AwKo-I-cn-
°-s∏-´p. AtX ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ ]utem-knt‚Xmbn Icp-X-s∏-Sp∂
]Xn-aq∂p teJ-\-߃°pw Imt\m-\n¬ ]th-i\w e`n-®p. a‰p ]pXnb-
\n-ba KŸ-߃°p Iam-\pK-X-ambpw sshIn-bp-amWp AwKo-I-cWw
e`n®-Xv. F¶nepw Ah-km\w Ah kzoI-cn-°-s∏- p. AXv A∏-kvtXm-
e-∑m-cp-ambn Ahbv°v Ds≠∂p k¶¬∏n-®n-cp∂ _‘-Øns‚ ASn-
ÿm-\-Øn-em-Wv.
F_m-b-te-J-\w, bmt°m-_v, bqZm, shfn-]m-Sv; 1, 2 ]tXm-kv; 1, 2,
3 tbml-∂m≥ F∂o H≥]Xp IrXn-Iƒ°p km¿h-Xn-I-amb AwKo-
I-cWw sshIn amX-amWp e`n-®-Xv. Ch-bn¬ c≠ns‚ Ncn-Xw F_m-
b¿, shfn-]m-Sp -˛ -]-tXyIw it≤-b-am-Wv. F_m-b-te-J\w ]uc-
kvXy-k-`m-hn-`m-K-Øn¬ t\csØ AwKo-I-cWw e`n®p F¶nepw,
]m›m-Xy-k-`-bn¬ AwKo-I-cn-°-s∏-Sp-∂Xv \memw \q‰m-≠ns‚ Ah-
km\w amX-am-Wv. AXp-t]mse shfn-]mSp ]pkvXIw ]m›m-Xy-k-`-
bn¬ BZy-ta-Xs∂ ÿm\w t\Sn. F∂m¬ ]uckvXy¿ AXns\
Xg™p. ss_k‚n-b≥]m-c-ºcy-Øn-ep≈ Hm¿ØtUm-Ivkp-k-`-Iƒ
AXns\ ]n∂oSp kzoI-cn-s®-¶nepw ]uckvXy kndn-b≥ k -Iƒ AXv
C∂pw kzoI-cn®n-´n-√.
39]Imi-Øn-te°v
Ncn-X-]-c-amb At\z-jWw \S-Øp-tºmƒ ]pXn-b\n-b-a-K-Ÿ-ß-
fpsS Hcp ]´nI BZy-ambn D≠m°n ]kn-≤-s∏-Sp-Øn-bXp thZ-hn-]-
co-Xn-bmb am¿kn-b≥ (Marcion) Bbn-cp-∂p. CXp c≠mw \q‰m-≠ns‚
a≤yL´Ønem-Wv. Abmƒ ]gb\nbaw A∏msS XnckvIcn®p. AXn-
s‚ ÿm\Øp eqt°m-kns‚ kphn-ti-jhpw ]utem-kns‚ 10 teJ-
\-ßfpw Ah-tcm-[n-®p. Cu IrXn-I-fn¬ Abm-fpsS D]-tZ-i-߃
ÿm]n-°p-hm≥ X° ]mT-t`-Z-߃ hcp-Øp-Ibpw sNbvXp.
]g-b-\n-b-atØm-sSm∏w ]pXn-b-\n-b-a-Øn\pw ÿm\w \¬Im-\p≈
k∂-≤X k`-bv°p-≠m-bXp am¿kn-b-\n¬ \n∂m-bn-cn-°-Ww. amX-
a√, k -bpsS HutZym-Kn-I-amb Hcp enÃv ]kn-≤o-I-cn-°p-hm≥ \n¿_-
‘n-X-am-bn-Øo-cp-Ibpw sNbvXp. Aßs\ tdmanse k` ]kn-≤o-I-
cn® Imt\m≥ Bbn-cn-°Ww aqd-t‰mdn 18-˛mw \q‰m-≠n¬ C‰-en-bn¬
I≠p]nSn® ]pcm-X\ enJnXw. k`m-]n-Xm-°-∑m¿ ]ecpw Ah-cpsS
]mc-º-cy-Øn¬ ]pXn-b-\n-ba ]pkvX-I-߃ Gh-sbms° F∂p tcJ-
s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≠v. Hmdn-K≥, Ae-Ivkm-≠n-bm-bnse ¢nΩo-kv, bqko-
_n-b-kv, sbdp-i-te-anse am¿ Iqdn-temkv, AØm-\m-tkym-kv, Ptdmw
F∂o k`m-]n-Xm°-∑m¿ \¬In-bn- p≈ Imt\m≥ i≤m¿l-am-Wv. Ah
F√mw H∂p-t]m-se-b-√. ]eXpw hyXym-k-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p.
Ae-Ivkm-≠n-bm-bnse AØm-\m-tkymkv G. Un. 365-˛¬ Ab®
NmIn-I-te-J-\-Øn¬ ]pXn-b-\n-ba Imt\m≥ hnh-cn-°p-∂p. AXn¬
C∂p≈ 27 ]pkvX-I-ß-fp-≠v. F∂m¬ sbdp-i-te-anse am¿ Iqdn-tem-
kns‚ enÃn¬ shfn-]m-Sp-]p-kvXIw Dƒs∏-Sp-Ønbn- n-√. s]mXp-kp∂-
l-tZm-kp-Iƒ H∂pw Xs∂ thZ-]p-kvXI Imt\m-s\-∏‰n \n¿h-Nn-®n-
´n-√. F∂m¬ ]m›m-Xy-k- -bn¬ Im¿tØ-Pnse Iu¨kn¬ (G. Un.
397) \n›-bn® enÃn¬ C∂p≈ 27 ]pkvX-I-ß-fp-ap-≠v. ]uc-kvXy-
k`-bn¬ G. Un. 340-˛¬ IqSnb ehp-ZnIy Iu¨kn¬ sNbvXn-´p≈
\n›-bhpw ]kvXm-hy-am-Wv.
tNmZy-߃
1. kphn-ti-j-Øns‚ hmNn-I-]m-c-ºcyw F∂m¬ F¥v?
2. ]pXn-b-\n-ba Imt\m≥ Fßs\ cq]o-I-cn°-s∏´p?
3. thZ-]p-kvXIw "ssZh-Øns‚ hN-\-amWv' F∂p ]d-bp-∂-Xns‚
hnh£ hnh-cn-°p-I.
40 ]Imi-Øn-te°v
bqWn‰v 2
ka-ho-£-Wkphn-ti-j-ßfpw
A∏-kvtXm-e-]-hr-ØnIfpw
]mTw 1
A∏-kvtXm-e ]tLm-jWw
A∏kvtXm-e ]tLm-jWØn¬\n∂p kp-hn-ti-j-߃ Dcp-Øn-
cn™p InkvXo-b-k-`-bpsS ASn-ÿm-\-hn-izm-k-߃ ]tLm-jW-
Øn¬ AS-ßn-bn-cn-°p∂p.
H∂mw \q‰m-≠nse blq-Z-k-`-bn¬ \n∂m-W-t√m InkvXo-b-k-`-
bpsS D¤-hw. ]mcw-`-L-´-Øn¬ c≠pw XΩn¬ _mly-amb hyXym-
k-߃ AX Xs∂ ]I-S-a-√m-bn-cp-∂p. Bcm-[-\bv°v Ah¿ Hcp-
an®p tN¿∂p; sbdp-itew tZhm-e-b-Øn-epw, kp\-tKm-Kp-I-fnepw ]gb
s]cp-∂m-fp-Iƒ Ah¿ Hcp-an-®m-N-cn-®p. Htc `mjbpw, Htc kwkv°m-
chpw Ah¿ apdpsI∏nSn®p. F∂m¬ A∏kvtXme-∑m-scbpw, Ah-
tcm-Sp-Iq-Sn-bp≈ sNdnb ssIkvXh kaq-l-sØ-bpw, CXc blq-Z-
∑m-cn¬\n∂p th¿Xn-cn-®p \ndp-Øp∂ H∂p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p ˛ tbip-hn-
s\-∏‰n-bp≈ \n¿W-b-hpw, D∞n-X-\mb InkvXp-hn¬°qSn kwe-`y-
amb Bflm-h-t_m-[-hpw.
tbip-hn-s\-∏‰n Ah¿°p hy‡-amb Hcp t_m[y-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p.
AXp _p≤n-]-c-amb Adn-hp-sIm-t≠m, a\x-im-kvX-]-c-amb A]-K-Y-
\-Øn¬\nt∂m cq]wsIm≠-X-√. ssZhm-flmhp shfn-s∏-Sp-Øn-s°m-
Sp-Ø-Xpw, kzPo-hn-X-Øn¬ A\p-`-h-th-Zy-am-bn-Øo¿∂n-´p-≈-Xp-am-Wv.
tbip-hn-s\-∏-‰n-bp≈ Cu Bfl-mh-t_m[w Ah¿ apdp-sI-∏n-Sn-°p-Ibpw
Ah-cpsS DØ-a-t_m[yw kp[ocw temI-tØmSv, ]Jym-]n-°p-Ibpw
sNbvXp. Ah-cpsS ]Jym-]\w F¥m-bncp∂p F∂p ]pXn-b-\n-b-a-
Øns‚ t]Pp-I-fn¬\n∂p kwK-ln-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. auen-I-amb
ktµiw H∂p-X-s∂-bm-bn-cps∂-¶nepw, Ime-tZ-i-߃°\p-k-c-W-
ambpw, Bh-iy-߃°-\p-kr-X-am-bpw, cq]-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cp∂p F∂p
IcpXmw.
]utemkv A∏-kvtXm-e≥ "Fs‚ kphn-tijw' (tdm-a. 2:16; 16:15)
F∂pw, "Rß-fpsS kphn-tijw' (2 sImcn. 4:3; 1 sX . 1:5) F∂pw
]kvXm-hn-°p-∂Xv A∏kvtXm-enI kaqlw s]mXp-hmbn ]tLm-jn-
41]Imi-Øn-te°v
®n-cp∂ kXy-sØbm-Wv. Hmtcm A∏-kvtXm-e-\pw, kphn-ti-jI\pw
X\-Xmtbm ]tXy-I-amtbm kphn-ti-j-an-√. ASn-ÿm-\-]-c-ambn F√m-
h¿°pw ]tLm-jn-°p-hm-\p-≈Xv H∂p-X-s∂. AX-h¿ ]m]n-°-bpw,
hniz-kvX-X-tbmsS ]I¿∂p-sIm-Sp-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.
]pXn-b-\n-b-a-Øn¬ ]e-bn-S-Ømbn NnX-dn-°n-S-°p∂ mK-߃ ]cn-
tim-[n-®m¬ ]tLm-j-W-k-tµiw F¥m-bn-cp∂p F∂p Kln-°mw.
Nne `mK-߃ t\m°pI: 1 sImcn. 15:1˛11; A. ]. 2:14˛36; 3:12˛16; 4:8-
˛12; 10:34˛43; 1 ]sXm. 1:10˛12; 2:21-˛24. Ch-bn¬ A∏kvtXm-enI k`-
bpsS hnizm-k-Øns‚ kØ Zriy-am-Wv.
A∏kvtXm-enI ]tLm-j-W-Øns‚ D≈-S°w GXm≠p Xmsg-
°m-Wp∂ ]Imcw \ap°p kam-l-cn-°mw. 1. tbipInkvXp Ncn-X-
Øn-te°p h∂Xp ]h-N-\-ß-fpsS ]q¿Øo-I-c-W-am-bn-´m-Wv. ]g-b-
\n-b-a-Øn¬ shfn-s∏´p e`n-®n-cn-°p∂ ssZthm-t±-iy-Øns‚ ]q¿Øo-
I-c-W-amWv tbip-In-kvXp. AtXm-sSm∏w Hcp ]pXnb XpS-°hpw Ipdn-
°p-∂p. ssZthm-t±-iy-Øns‚ Hcp ]pXnb NI-hmfw Ahn-Sp∂p Xpd-
°p-Ibpw Hcp ]pXnb krjvSn kam-cw-`n-°p-I-bp-am-Wv. tbip-In-kvXp-
hn¬ blq-Z-∑m¿ ]Xo-£n-®n-cp∂ "hcm-\n-cn-°p∂ bpKw' Bhn¿ -hn®p
Ign-™p.
2. ]pXnb bpK-Øns‚ D¬Lm-S\-Øn-epw, Bhn¿`m-h-Ønepw tbip-
In-kvXp-hn\p \nkvXp-e-yamb Hcp ÿm\-ap-≠v. Ahn-Sp∂p a\p-jy-
]pX\pw, aviolm-bpw, ZmhoZp]pX\pw Hs°-bm-Wv. X∂n-emWp kI-
eXpw ]q¿Øo-I-cn-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.
3. tbip-In-kvXp-hn-s\-∏‰n ]kvXm-hn-°p-tºmƒ, Ahn-SpsØ
sFln-Iip-iq-j-sb-∏‰n ]cm-a¿in-°pw. \∑ -sNbvXp sIm≠p Kmaw-
tXmdpw ]´-Ww-tXmdpw k©-cn-®Xpw tcmKn-Isf kuJy-am-°n-b-Xpw,
kz¿Kob ktµ-i-߃ kc-f-ambn ]I¿∂p-sIm-Sp-ØXpw F√mw
AXn¬s∏-Spw.
4. tbip-hns‚ ]oUm-\p-`-h-Øn\p IqSp-X¬ i‡o-I-cWw \¬In.
Iqip bmZr-›n-Itam, BI-kvan-Itam Bbn D≠m-b-X-√. ssZthm-t±-
iy-Ønepw ]≤-Xn-bnepw Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cp-∂-Xm-Wv. Xs‚ ]oUm-\p-`-
h-sØ-∏‰n IjvS-s∏-Sp∂ Zmk-\n¬°q-Snbpw (sbi. 53) a‰p ]h-N-\-
ß-fn¬°q-Snbpw shfn-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cp-∂p. aviolm F∂ \ne-bn¬ Ahn-
Sp∂p IjvSw A\p-`-hn-t°-≠n-bn-cp-∂p.
42 ]Imi-Øn-te°v
5. tbip Xncp-sh-gp-Øp-I-fn≥]-Imcw IjvSw A\p-`-hn®p F∂p
amX-a-√, Xncp-sh-gp-Øp-I-fn≥]-Imcw Dbn¿sØ-gpt∂¬°bpw sNbvXp
(1 sImcn. 15:3f). CXp i‡-ambn A∏kvtXm-e-∑m¿ ]tLmjn-®p.
]pXnb-\nba-Øns‚ ÿmbn-bmb Hcp hnizm-kam-W-Xv. BZn-tbmS¥w
AXns‚ ]Xn-[z\n a\- n-em-°mw.
6. InkvXp-hns‚ ]oUm-\p-`-hw, Dbn¿∏v F∂n-h-bn¬ IqSn Ahn-
Sp∂p ssZh-Øns‚ he-Øp- m-K-tØ°p Db¿Ø-s∏- p. AXm-bXv Ahn-
Sp∂p kI-e-Øn-t∑epw A[n-Im-chpw I¿Ør-Xz-hp-ap-≈-h-\mbn Ah-
tcm-[n°s∏-´p. ]pXnb krjvSn-bpsS i‡n-tIµ-hpw, \nbm-a-I-i-
‡nbpw Ahn-Sp-∂p-X-s∂.
7. tbip-In-kvXp- aqew kwPm-X-amb ]pXnb a\p-jy-k-aq-l-Øn-
s‚-ta¬ ssZhw Xs‚ ]cn-ip-≤m-flm-hns\ Ab-®p. Aßs\ Ah¿
]pXp-i-‡nbpw ]pXnb e£y-hp-ap-≈-h-cm-bn-Øo¿∂p. Cu ]pXnb
kaqlw (k-`) ssZh-Øns‚ P\-amWv; km£m¬ bnkm-tb¬.
8. ssZh-Øns‚ Cu ]pXnb bnkm-tben¬ ]m]-tam-N-\hpw A\p-
c-RvP-\hpw e`y-am-Wv. AXn-\mbn F√m-h-scbpw Blzm\w sNøp∂p.
9. ]nXm-hns‚ he-Øp-`m-KØv Ccn-°p∂ I¿Øm-hmb InkvXp-
Xs∂ temIsØ \ymbw hn[n-∏m≥ ho≠pw hcpw. Aßs\ Ahn-
Sp∂p D¬Lm-S\w sNbvX ]pXnb bpKhpw, ]pXnb krjvSnbpw kºq-
¿W-X-bn-te°p sIm≠p-h-cpw. At∏m-gm-bn-cn°pw Ahn-SpsØ ]hr-
Øn-bpsS ]q¿Øo-I-c-Ww.
ta¬∏-d™ LS-I-߃ F√mw-Xs∂ Hmtcm ]kw-K-Ønepw D≠m-
bn-cn-°-W-sa-∂n-√. F¶nepw Ah-bn¬ an°Xpw Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-s°m≠p
timXm-°-fpsS ]›m-Ø-eØn\pw kml-NcyØn\pw A\p-k-c-W-ambn
i‡o-I-cWw \¬In Ah-X-cn-∏n-°pIbmbn-cp∂p sNbvX-Xv. Cu
]tLm-j-W-Øn\p Ko°n¬ "sIdp‹m' (Kerugma) F∂pw kpdn-bm-
\n-bn¬ "tImdq-kqtkm' F∂pw ]d-bpw (Gh≥tKen-tbm≥ hmbn-°p-
∂-Xn\p apºp≈ BapJ hm°p-I-fn¬ ]´-°m-c≥ ]d-bp-∂-Xv "Poh≥
\¬Ip∂ ]tLm-jWw' F∂-tX). kphn-ti-jsØ°pdn-®p≈ B[p-
\nI ]T\w Cu "sIdp‹m'bv°p henb ]m[m\yw \¬Ip-∂p.
ta¬∏-d™ LS-I-߃ A∏kvtXm-enI ]tLm-j-W-Øns‚ Hcp
"Aÿn-]-RvPcw' (Skeleton) amX-am-Wv. a÷bpw, amwkhpw \¬In
AXns\ kPo-hhpw, kmµ¿`n-I-hp-amb ktµ-i-am-°n-Øo¿°p-am-bn-
cp-∂p. Ahn-sS-bmWp ]cn-ip-≤m-flm-hns‚ ]h¿Ø-\hpw Ir]m-h-chpw
43]Imi-Øn-te°v
D≠m-Ip-∂-Xv. k -bpsS Pohn-X-Øn¬\n∂pw, Bflm-hn-ep≈ AXns‚
A\p-`-h-Øn¬\n∂pw A\y-amb Hcp ]tLm-j-W-am-bn-cp-∂n-√. k`-
bpsS apgp-h\mb ipiq-j-bpsS ]›m-Ø-eØn¬ ˛ kuJy-am-°p-I,
]Tn-∏n-°p-I, ]m]-tamN\w \¬IpI apX-em-bh ˛ amXta ]tLm-j-
WsØ ImWmhq. A∏-kvtXm-enI k` ]tLm-jn-®Xp InkvXp-hns‚
Pohn-Xw, ac-Ww, Dbn¿∏v apX-emb Imcy-ßsf tIhew KX-Im-e-kw`-
h-ß-fm-bn´√. ]XypX, Xß-fpsS Pohn-X-Øn¬ Aen-™p-tN¿∂Xpw,
Pohn-XsØ cq]m-¥-c-s∏-SpØn \bn-°p-∂-Xpamb bmYm¿∞y-am-bn-´m-
bn-cp∂p.
InkvXp-hn¬ hniz-kn-°p-∂Xpw, X∂n¬ hkn-°p-∂-Xp-amb
InkvXo-b-k-`bv°p kphn-tijw Hcp ktµ-i-a√; `qX-Ime kw`-h-
ß-fpsS A\p-kva-c-W-bp-a-√. A\p- -h-th-Zyambn-Øo¿∂n- p≈ BfloI
bmYm¿∞y-am-Wv. Hcp Ip™ns‚ acWw \mw ]X-Øn¬ hmbn-°p-
Itbm, tI´-dn-bp-Itbm sNøp-tºmƒ \Ωn-ep-≠m-Ip∂ ]Xn-I-cWw
F¥m-bn-cn°pw? F∂m¬ B kw`hw B Ip™ns‚ amXm-]n-Xm-°-
fnepw kz¥w IpSpw-_mw-K-ß-fnepw D≠m-°p∂ ]Xn-I-cWw \n›-b-
ambpw \ap-°p-≠m-Ip-∂-Xn¬\n∂pw XnI®pw hyXy-kvX-am-bn-cn-°pw.
GXm≠v AXp-t]mse "InkvXp-kw-`hw' (Christ - event) A¿∞-
]q¿Whpw \nkvXp-e-hp-am-bn-Øo-cp-∂Xp InkvXp-hn¬ hkn-°p∂
hnizm-kn-Iƒ°mWv. B bmYm¿∞y-atX Ah¿ hm°n-epw, Bcm-[-
\-bnepw Pohn-X-Ønepw F√mw ]tLm-jn-°bpw km£o-I-cn-°bpw
sNøp-∂-Xv.
]tLm-j-W-Øn¬ qX-Ime kw`h-ß-fpsS Bhnjv°-cWw amX-
a√; Ah-bpsS A¿∞hpw ]k-‡nbpw Db¿Øn°mWn°p-I-bm-Wv.
At∏m-gtX AXp bYm¿∞-Øn¬ "sIdpKvam' Bbn-Øo-cpI. "InkvXp-
kw- hw' ssZh-Øns‚ Zo¿L-amb Dt±-iy-Øn-s‚bpw ]≤-Xn-bp-sSbpw
]›m-Ø-e-Øn¬ a\- n-em-°p-Ibpw, kz¥w Pohn-X-Øn¬ AXp hcp-
Øp∂ A\p- hw shfns∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw sNøptºmgmWp "]tLm-jWw'
i‡-hpw, Zo]vX-hp-am-bn-Øo-cp-∂-Xv.
tNmZy-߃
1. A∏kvtXme ]tLmj-W-Øns‚ D≈-S°w F¥m-bn-cp∂p?
2. ]pXn-b-\n-b-a-Øn¬ ]tLmjWØn\p henb ÿm\w \¬In-bn-
cn-°p-∂-Xmbn ImWmw. C∂p \ΩpsS k -bn¬ AXn-\p≈ ÿm\-
sa¥v? C∂sØ t]mcm-bva-Iƒ Fs¥√mw? ]cn-l-cn-°m-\p≈
\n¿t±-i-߃ \¬Ip-I.
44 ]Imi-Øn-te°v
3. A∏-kvtXme ]hr-Øn-I-fn¬ ]tXm-kv, ]utemkv F∂n-h-cpsS
]kw-K-߃ ]cn-tim-[n-®v, Ah-bnse ][m\ hnj-b-߃ I≠p-
]n-Sn-°p-I.
]mTw 2
kphn-ti-j-߃
kphn-ti-jw -F-∂m¬ F¥v? \mep kphn-ti-j߃ Dt≠m?
\mep kphn-ti-jßfpw XΩn-ep≈ kmay-hy-Xym-k-߃ ka-
ho£W kphn-ti-j-߃
A∏-kvtXme]tLmjWw F¥m-bn-cp∂p F∂p Ign™ ]mT-
Øn¬ \mw I≠p. "kphn-tijw' F∂Xv A∏kvtXme ]tLmjW-
Øn¬ \n∂pcpØn-cn-™-Xm-Wv. AXp tIhew Poh-N-cn-X-a-√. IYm-
hn-jvIcWa-√; A\p-kva-c-W-°pdn-∏p-I-fp-a-√. F∂m¬ Ch-bpsS F√mw
Awiw kphn-ti-j-Øn¬ D≠p- Xm-\pw.
"kphn-tijw' F∂Xv "Gh≥tK-en-tbm≥' F∂ Ko°p-]-Z-Øn¬
\n-∂mWv. A¿∞w, "kphm¿Ø,' "kZvhm¿Ø' F∂tX. a\p-jy-h¿K-
Øn\p apgp-h\pw th≠nbp≈ kZvhm¿ØbmWp AXpƒs°m-≈p-∂Xv.
AXp Ncn-X-Øn¬ ]h¿Øn® ssZh-]p-X-\mb tbip-In-kvXp-hn¬
tIµo-Ir-X-am-bn-cn-°p-∂p (tdm-a. 1:1˛2). InkvXp-hn¬°qSn A\p-`-h-
th-Zy-am-Ip∂ ]pXnb A\p-`-h-Øns‚ shfn-®-Øn¬, Ahn-Sp∂v Bcm-
Ip∂p F∂pw, F¥p-]-tZ-in-°bpw, ]h¿Øn-°bpw sNbvXp-sh∂pw
shfn-s∏-Sp-Øp-I-b-tX. BZy-L- -Øn¬ kphn-tijw hmNn-I-cq-]-Øn¬
(hmsamgn) ]N-cn-®p. InkvXp-hn-\p-tijw GXm≠p aq∂c Zi-I-Øn\p-
tijw amX-amWp enJn-X-cq-]-Øn¬ kphn-tijw ]Xy-£-s∏-Sp-∂Xv.
Aßs\ D≠m-Ip-∂-Xn-\p≈ Imc-Whpw kml-N-cyhpw ap≥ A≤ym-
b-Øn¬ hnh-cn-®n- p-≠v. H∂mw \q‰m-≠ns‚ Ah-km-\-tØm-Sp-IqSn \mep
kphn-ti-j-ßfpw ]Nm-c-Øn¬ h∂p. "\mep kphn-ti-j-߃' F∂p
hntijn∏n°p-∂Xv bYm¿∞-Øn¬ sX‰m-Wv. kphn-tijw Ht∂-
bp≈p. AXp ssZh-]p-X-\mb InkvXp-hns\ Ipdn-°p-∂-Xm-Wv.
F∂m¬ AtX-∏-‰n-bp≈ \mep ho£-W-ßfpw \mev Ah-X-c-W-ß-fp-
amWp \mep kphn-ti-j-ß-fn¬ ImWp-∂Xv: Ah Ime-tZ-i-߃°-
\p-k-cWam-bn ]I¿∂p-h∂ ]mc-º-cy-ß-fn¬\n∂p cq]w ]m]n-®-
45]Imi-Øn-te°v
XmWv: k`-bpsS kPo-h-]m-c-º-cy-ß-fm-Ip∂p kphn-ti-j-c-N-\-bpsS
]nºn-ep-≈-Xv. Hmtcm Fgp-Øp-Im-c-\pw, Xt‚-Xmb kml-N-cy-ßfpw
Bh-iy-ßfpw a\- n-em°n kz¥-amb hne-bn-cp-Øepw, hni-I-e-\hpw
sNbvXmWp ]mc-º-cyhkvXp-X-Isf tImUo-I-cn®v Ah-Xcn-∏n-®n-cn-°p-
∂-Xv.
kphn-ti-j-߃ XΩn-ep≈ hyXymkw
ÿmbn-bmb cq]hpw ktµ-ihpw kphn-ti-j-ß-fn¬ H∂m-sW-
¶nepw kphn-ti-j-߃ XΩn¬ ]Xy-£-amb hyXymkw ImWmw.
BZyw i≤-bn¬s∏-Sp-∂Xv BZysØ aq∂p kphn-ti-j-ß-fpw (k-a-
ho-£W kphntij߃) tbml-∂ms‚ kphn-ti-jhpw XΩn-ep≈
hyXymkamWv. hfsc ka-K-ambn amXw ChnsS ]Xn-]m-Zn-°mw.
1. tbip-hns‚ ipiqj: Hcp h¿jw sIm≠-h-km-\n-°p∂ hn[-
amWp ka-ho-£W kphn-ti-j-ß-fn-te-Xv. tbml-∂m-\n¬ Ipd-™Xp
aq∂p h¿jw \o≠p\n¬°p-∂p. aq∂p s]k-lm-bn¬ tbip kw_-
‘n°p∂Xmbn tbml∂m≥ hnhcn°p∂p; amX-a-√, tbip ]e
]mhiyw sbdp-i-te-w kµ¿in-°p-∂p-ap-≠v.
2. D]-tZ-i-ß-fn-ep≈ hyXymkw: kam-¥c kphn-ti-j-ß-fn¬ \nin-
Xhpw Du¿÷kz-ehp-amb ]kvXm-h-ßfpw Poh-kp‰ D]-a-Ifpw Z¿-
in°mw. tbml-∂m-\n¬ kpZo¿Lhpw, k¶o¿W-hp-amb ]`m-j-W-
ß-fm-Wv. D]-a-I-tf-bn-√. ]Xn-]m-Zy-hn-j-b-ßfpw hyXy-kvX-ß-f-tX.
ka-ho-£W kphn-ti-j-ß-fn¬ ssZh-cm-Py-Øn\v Du∂¬ sImSp-°p-
tºmƒ tbml-∂m-\n¬ InkvXp Bsc∂pw, X\n°p ]nXmhn-t\m-Sp≈
_‘-sa-s¥∂pw shfn-s∏-Sp-Øp-I-bm-Wv.
3. A¤p-X-ß-fpw AS-bm-f-ßfpw: kam-¥c kphn-ti-j-ßfn¬
A¤p-X-ß-fpw hocy-]-hr-Øn-Ifpw NnX-dn-°n-S-°p-∂p. tbml-∂m≥
GsgÆw amXw sXc-s™-SpØv Ahsb "AS-bm-f-ß-fmbn' NnXo-I-
cn-°-bpw, Ah-bn¬°qSn InkvXp-hns‚ Bf-XzsØ Ipdn-°p∂ kXy-
߃ hy‡-am-°p-I-bp-am-Wv (a-Whmf\mb InkvXp, c£-I\mb
InkvXp, Pohs‚ A∏-amb InkvXp, ]Im-i-amb InkvXp, D∞m-
\hpw Poh-\p-amb InkvXp). tbml-∂m-\n¬ qtXm-®m-S\w H∂pw Xs∂-
bn-√.
aq∂p kphn-ti-j-ß-fp-b¿Øp∂ ]iv\w
BZysØ aq∂p kphn-ti-j-ß-sf ka-ho-£W kphn-ti-j-߃
(Synoptic Gospels) F∂p hnfn-°p-∂p. ImcWw Ah kam-¥-c-ambn
46 ]Imi-Øn-te°v
Htc ho£-W-Øn¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. Ch XΩn-ep≈
kmayhpw ]c-kv]c _‘hpw kphn-tij ]Tn-Xm-°sf BI¿jn-°m-
Xn-cn-°-bn√. X¬^-e-ambn Db¿∂p-h∂ ]iv\-amWp (Synoptic prob-lem) \man-t∏mƒ N¿® sNøp-∂-Xv.
1. Ah XΩn¬ ]e Xc-Øn-ep≈ kmay-߃ Z¿in-°mw.
(a) D≈-S°w: a¿t°m-kns‚ kphn-ti-j-Ønse (Ko-°v) samØw
661 hmIy-ß-fn¬ 606 FÆw aØm-bn-bnepw 302 FÆw eqt°m-knepw
ImWmw. a¿t°m-kns‚ kphn-tijw a‰p c≠nepw hf-sc-b-[n-I-ambn
Dƒs°m≈n®n-cn-°p-∂p.
b) s]mXp cq]-tcJ: aq∂p kphn-ti-j-ßfpw tbip-hns‚ ipiq-
jsb Htc-hn-[-Ønepw Ia-Øn-ep-amWv Ah-X-cn-∏n®n- p-≈-Xv. tbm¿±m≥
\Zn-bnse kv\m\w, acp-`q-an-bnse D]-hm-kw, Keo-e-bnse ]c-ky-
ipiqj, sbdp-i-te-an-te-°p≈ bmX, ]oUm-\p-`-hw, ac-Ww, Dbn¿∏v
F∂n-ß-s\-bm-Wv. ]e kw`-h-ßfpw Htc Ia-Ønepw XpS¿®-bn-ep-
am-Ip-∂p.
c) ]Zm-\p-]Z s]mcpØw: aqe-`m-j-bn¬ amXta C°mcyw hy‡-
ambn a\- n-em-Iq. Htc mj-bnepw ssien-bnepw Htc kw`hw hnh-cn-
°p-∂Xp i≤-bn¬s∏-Sm-Xn-cn-°-bn-√. DZm. a¿t°m. 2:10, aØm. 9:6,
eqt°m. 5:24. aq∂nepw Htc hmNI LS-\bpw ssien-bp-am-Wv. CXp-
t]mse a‰-t\Iw `mK-ß-fp-ap≠v (a¿t°m. 1:16; aØm. 4:13; a¿t°m.
2:21, aØm. 9:15, eqt°m. 5:35). A¢n-jvS-ß-fmb Nne `mjm-]-tbm-K-
߃ aq∂nepw Htc-hn-[-Øn¬ ImWmw.
2. hyXym-k-߃: aq∂p kphn-ti-j-ßfpw XΩn-ep≈ hyXym-k-
߃ kmay-ß-tf-°mƒ ]T-\m¿l-am-Wv. amtam-Zo-km, ]tem-`-\w, adp-
cq]w, ]p\-cp-∞m\w Ch-sb-∏-‰n-bp≈ hnh-c-W-ß-fn¬ ]e hyXym-k-
ß-fpw ImWmw. AXp-t]mse Ah-X-c-W-I-a-Ønepw hyXymkw ]I-
S-am-Wv. DZm. aØm-bnbpw eqt°mkpw, tbip-hns‚ c≠m-a-sØbpw
aq∂m-a-sØbpw ]tem-`\w Htc Ia-Øn-e√ \¬Ip-∂-Xv.
Hmtcm kphn-ti-j-I\pw a‰p-≈-hcn¬ ImWmØ X\-Xmb Nne
`mK-߃ tN¿Øn- p-≠v. eqt°mkn¬ CXp IqSp-Xembn ImWmw. tbip-
hns‚ P\-\sØ kw_-‘n® IY-Iƒ aØm-bn-bnepw eqt°m-knepw
hn`n-∂-am-Wv. a¿t°mkv Ah-sbm∂pw kzoI-cn-®n-´n-√. Cßs\ ]e-
Xp-ap-≠v.
47]Imi-Øn-te°v
At∏mƒ \ΩpsS apºn¬ Db¿∂phcp∂ ]iv\-߃ (1) F¥p-
sIm≠p aq∂p kphn-ti-j-ßfpw XΩn¬ CX-b-[nIw kmay-hy-Xym-
k-߃? (2) F¥p-sIm≠p c≠p kphn-ti-j-߃ (a-Øm-bn, eqt°mkv)
XΩn¬ IqSp-X-emb kmay hyXym-k-߃? (3) Fßs\ Hmtcm-cp-
Ø¿°pw ]tXy-I-amb `mK-߃ D≠mbn?
Chbv°p ]cn-lmcw \n¿t±-in-°p-I-btX "ka-ho-£-W-]iv\w'
ssIImcyw sNøp-∂-Xv. AXp Xmsg-∏-d-bp∂ hn[-Øn-em-Wv. (a) hmNn-
I-cq-]-Øn¬ kphn-tijw ]N-cn-®n-cp-∂-Xn-\m¬ "kphn-ti-j-ß-fn¬'
kmay-hy-Xym-k-߃ kzm`m-hn-I-am-Wv. Hmtcm kphn-ti-j-I\pw s]mXp-
hmb ]mc-º-cy-Øn¬\n∂p kzoI-cn-®-Xn-\m¬ kmayhpw hyXy-kvX-
ssI-h-gnI-fn¬°qSn ]m]n-®Xn-\m¬ hyXymkhpw \ymboI-cn-°mw.
F∂m¬ Htc Ia-Ønepw, Htc `mj-bnepw Htc ssien-bnepw ]e
`mK-ßfpw Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-tºmƒ hmsam-gn-bm-bp≈ ]mc-º-cy-Øn¬-
\n∂p AXp kw`-hn-°pI km[y-a-√. enJn-X-cq-]-Øn-ep≈ ]c-kv]c
_‘-Øn-te°p hnc¬ Nq≠p-∂p.
ZzntcJm kn≤m¥w: hni-Z-amb ]T-\-Øns‚ shfn-®-Øn¬ aØm-
bn-bpw, eqt°mkpw, a¿t°m-kns‚ kphn-ti-jsØ Bi-bn®pw, D]-
tbm-Kn-®pamWv Fgp-Xn-bn-´p-≈Xv F∂ \nK-a-\-Øn-se-Øn. At∏mƒ
BZyw Fgp-X-s∏-´n-´p-≈Xp a¿t°m-kns‚ kphn-ti-j-sa∂p hcp-∂p.
CXn¬\n∂v hyXy-kvX-amb A`n-]m-bhpw C√m-Xn-√. AXm-b-Xv, BZyw
cNn-®Xp aØm-bn-bp-tS-Xm-sW-∂pw, a¿t°mkv AXns‚ kwt£-]-cq]-
am-sW∂pw; eqt°mkv, a¿t°m-kn-s\bpw a‰p Nne ZrIvkm£n hnh-
c-Wßtfbpw D]-Po-hn®p Xs‚ kphn-ti-j-Øn\p cq]w \¬In. ASp-
ØImew hscbpw tdmam-k- -bn¬ \ne-\n∂pt]m∂ A`n-]m-b-an-XmWv.
F∂m¬ C∂p IqSp-X¬ imkvXo-b-amb ]T-\-Øns‚ shfn-®-Øn¬
a¿t°m-kns‚ ]mY-an-IXzw F√mhcpw AwKo-Icn-°p-∂p. amX-a-√,
a‰p c≠p kphn-ti-j-I-∑mcpw a¿t°m-kns\ D]-tbm-Kn-®n-´p≠v F∂p-
≈-Xpw.
a¿t°m-kn¬ I¿Øm-hns‚ D]-tZ-i-`m-K-߃ Xmc-X-tay\ Ipd-
hmWv. aØm-bnbnepw eqt°mknepw CXp hfsc Zo¿Lambn´p≠v;
AXn\p hfsc kmay-hp-ap-≠v. AXn¬ \n∂v A\p-am-\n-°m-hp-∂Xv Cu
c≠p kphn-ti-j-I-∑m-cpw, a¿t°m-kns‚ enJn-X-cq]w IqSmsX as‰mcp
tcJ D]-tbm-Kn®p F∂m-Wv. D]-tZ-i-ßfpw Acp-f-∏m-Sp-I-fp-amWv
CXnse D≈-S-°w. Cu tcJ \mfn-Xp-hsc I≠p-]n-Sn-®n-´n-√. P¿Ω≥
]fin-X-∑m¿ "aqew' (Source) F∂¿∞-ap≈ "Quelle' (Np-cp-s°-gpØv
= Q) F∂-Xn\p t]cp \¬In. Cu Q kn≤m¥w AwKo-I-cn-°mØ
48 ]Imi-Øn-te°v
]e-cp-ap-≠v F¶nepw _lp-`q-cn-]-£hpw AXv AwKo-I-cn-®n-´p-≠v. Ncn-
X-Im-c-\pw ssIk-cy-bnse _nj-∏p-am-bn-cp∂ bqko-_n-bkv (G. Un.
260- 340) tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn- p-≈Xv CXn-s\-°p-dn-®m-bn-cn-°ptam? "aØmbn
F_m-b-`m-j-bn¬ (A-d-am-b) Acp-f-∏m-Sp-Iƒ (logia) tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-
Ibpw Hmtcm-cp-Øcpw Ah-c-h-cpsS Ign-h-\p-k-cn®v AXp `mjm-¥-c-
s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw sNbvXp.' Gjym-ssa-\-dnse t]∏n-bmkv (G. Un. 60-
˛130) C]-Imcw ]kvXm-hn-®-Xm-bn- mWp ]d-bp-∂-Xv. Cu D≤-c-Wn-bpsS
hymJym\w hmZ-]-Xn-hm-Z-߃ Df-hm-°n-bn-´p-≈-XmWv. amX-a-√, Cu
k¶-ev]-Ir-Xn-bpsS (Q) hni-Zmw-i-ß-sf-∏-‰nbpw A`n-]m-bm-¥-c-ap-≠v.
F¶nepw I¿Øm-hns‚ Znhy-sam-gn-I-fmWp ][m-\-amb D≈-S-°-sa∂p
Icp-Xp-∂p. GXm-bmepw a¿t°m-kns‚ kphn-ti-jhpw "Q' tcJ-bp-
amWp ][m-\-s∏´ c≠p aqe-߃ F∂p Nn¥n-°p-∂p.
NXp¿tcJm kn≤m¥w: Zzntc-Jm-kn-≤m¥w F√m Imcy-ßfpw
hy‡-am-°m≥ ]cym-]vX-a-√. aØm-bn-bn-epw, eqt°m-knepw, Ah-c-
h¿°p amX-ap-≈ `mK-߃ D≠v. Ahbv°v F¥p hni-Zo-I-cWw
\¬Ipw? AXn\p adp-]-Sn-bmbn aØm-bn°p ]tXy-I-amb Hcp aqehpw
(M) eqt°m-kn\p X\-Xmb (L) as‰mcp aqehpw D≠m-bncp-∂n-cn-°Ww.
At∏mƒ a¿t°mkv Q, aØm-bn°p amX-ap-≈-Xv, eqt°m-kn\p amX-
ap-≈Xv F∂n-ßs\ \mep aqe-ß-fmWp kam-¥c kphn-ti-j-ß-fpsS
]nºn-ep-≈-sX∂ A\p-am-\-Øn¬ FØn-t®cp∂p.
ta¬°m-Wn® NnXw AXp D∂-bn-°-s∏-´-t∏mƒ hfsc kzoIm-cy-
ambn ]e¿°pw tXm∂n-bn-cp-∂p. F∂m¬ CXp kw_-‘-amb F√m
tNmZy-߃°pw AXp Xr]vXn-I-c-amb DØ-c-am-Ip∂p F∂p Xo¿Øpw
]d-bm-hp-∂-X-√. ]pXn-b-\n-ba ]fin-X-∑m¿ IqSp-X¬ hni-Zhpw,
imkvXo-b-hp-amb ]T\w XpS¿∂psIm≠n-cn-°p-∂p. NXp¿tcJm kn≤m-
¥-Øn-\p-a-∏p-d-ambn IqSp-X¬ aqe-tc-J-Iƒ Is≠-Øp-hm≥ Ign-bptam
F∂p≈ iaw Hcp hiØp \S-°p-∂p. AtXkabw Hmtcm kphn-ti-
j-I\pw kz¥w thZ-im-kvX-]-camb e£y-߃ t\Sp-∂-Xn-\p-th≠n
Fßs\ Hmtcm IrXnbpw cq]-s∏-Sp-Øn-sb∂p I≠p-]n-Sn-°m-\p≈
iahpw \S-°p-∂p-≠v. enJn-X-cq-]-Øn-ep≈ kphn-ti-j-ß-fpsS aqe-
\n-cq-]-W-tØ-°mƒ (Source Criticism) C∂p IqSp-X¬ i≤bpw Xm¬∏-
cyhpw, hmNn-I-cq-]-Øn-ep≈ ]cn-Wm-a-Øn-em-Wv. cq]-hn-a¿i-\hpw (Fo-rm Criticism) cN-\m-N-cnX \ncq-]-Whpw (Redaction Criticism) Cu taJ-
e-bn¬ ]h¿Øn-°p-∂p. kphn-tij cN-\-sb-∏-‰n-bpw, kphn-ti-j-I-
cpsS Dƒ°m-gvN, e£yw F∂n-h-sb-°p-dn®pw IqSp-X¬ Adnhp
]kvXpX ]T-\-ß-fn¬ \n∂p e`n-°p-∂p-≠v.
49]Imi-Øn-te°v
tNmZy-߃
1. tbml-∂ms‚ kphn-ti-jhpw kam-¥-c-kp-hn-ti-j-ßfpw XΩn-ep≈
kmay-hy-Xym-k-߃ Fs¥√mw?
2. BZysØ aq∂p kphn-ti-j-߃ XΩn-ep≈ kmay-hy-Xym-k-߃
I≠p-]n-Sn-°p-I.
3. "ka-ho-£-W-]iv\w' F¥v F∂p kw£n-]vX-ambn ]d-bpI; AXn-
\p≈ G‰w Xr]vXn-I-c-amb hni-Zo-I-cWw \¬Ip-I.
]mTw 3
a¿t°m-kns‚ kphn-tijw:
k-hntijXIƒ
K-Ÿ-I¿Ømhv; Fgp-Xnb kml-Ncyw e£yw kp-hn-ti-
jØns‚ khn-ti-j-XIƒ ssZh-imkvX ho£-Ww InkvXp
kl-\-Øns‚ DØa amXrI
]Yaambn Fgp-X-s∏´ kphn-tijw a¿t°m-kn-t‚Xv F∂p \mw
I≠p. kPohhpw kXyk‘hpamb Ah-X-cW-atX AXn-ep-≈Xv.
Bscbpw BI¿jn°p∂ bYm¿∞amb Cu IrXn Fgp-Xn-bXv
BcmWv? KŸ-Im-cs\-∏‰n Cu IrXnbn¬ hy‡-amb bmsXmcp kqN-
\-bp-an-√. F∂m¬ 14:51- ˛¬ A⁄mX\mamhmb Hcp bphmhv `b-
NInX-\mbn hkvX-ap-t]-£n®v \·-\mbn HmSn-t∏m-Ip∂ NnXw \¬Ip-
∂Xv Bfl-N-cn-X-sa∂p Nne¿ Icp-Xp-∂p.
]pXnb-\n-b-a-Øn¬ a¿t°m-kn-s\-∏‰n ]e mKØpw ImWp-∂p≠v
(A. ]: 12-:12˛25; 13:5, 15:36. sImtem. 4:10, ^nte. 2:4. 2 Xnsam. 4:11).
sbcq-itean¬ h-\-ap≈ adn-bm-ans‚ aI≥ (Cu h-\Øn-em-bn-cp∂p
I¿Ømhpw injy∑mcpw ktΩ-fn-®n- p-≈-Xv); _¿∂-_m-kns‚ _‘p;-
]utem-kns‚ BZysØ anj-\dnbmX-bn¬ kl-Im-cnbpw ]n∂oSv
tdmanse _‘-\-Øn¬ kl-hm-knbpw; ]tXm-kns‚ h’-e≥ Cu
\ne-I-fn-sem-s°-bmWp ImWp-∂-Xv. Ct±lw Ae-Ivk-≠n-bm-bn¬
k` ÿm]n-®psh∂mWp ]mcº-cyw. tIm]v‰n-Ivk` a¿t°mkns‚
knwlm-k\w Ah-Im-i-s∏-Sp-∂p-≠v.
50 ]Imi-Øn-te°v
Cu a¿t°mkp Xs∂bmWp kphntijw FgpXnbsX∂v
GXm≠p km¿h-Xn-I-ambn hniz-kn-°p-∂p. c≠mw \q‰m-≠nse t]∏n-
bm-kns‚ D≤cWn Ncn-XImc≥ bqko_nbkv \¬Inbn´p≈Xp
Ign™ A≤ym-bØn¬ tN¿Øn- p-≠v. AXn¬ ]d-bp-∂-Xv: (1) ]tXm-
kns‚ kl-Nm-cnbpw, Zzn`m-jn-bp-am-bn-cp∂p a¿t°m-kv. (2) ]tXm-
kn¬ \n∂p tI´ ]kw-K-ß-fmWv a¿t°m-kns‚ kphn-tijØn-\m-
[mcw. (3) F∂m¬ Ah Ia-am-bn-´√ a¿t°mkv Fgp-Xn-b-Xv.
]tXmkns‚ c‡km£nacWØn\ptijw a¿t°mkv kphn-
tijw Fgp-Xn-sb∂p a‰p k`m-]n-Xm-°-∑mcpw tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp∂p
(PÃn≥ am¿´n-b¿, sFtd-\n-bkv, Ptdmw). B¥-cn-I-amb ]e sXfn-
hp-Ifpw _mly-amb ]mcºcyßfpw a¿t°mkmWv CXns‚ Fgp-
ØpImc≥ F∂p sXfn-bn°p∂p. A∏kvtXme\√mØ Hcm-fpsS
kphn-tijw BZn-a-k- -bn¬ B[n-Im-cn-I-ambn AwKo-I-cn-°-s∏-Sp-hm≥
CS-bm-bXv CXn\p ]tXm-kp- «olm-bp-am-bn-´p≈ _‘-Øns‚ ASn-
ÿm-\ØnemWv.
cN-\mIm-ehpw ÿehpw
s]mXp-hmb A`n-]m-bw, F. Un. 70 \p apºpw (A-∂mWv sbcq-i-
te-ans‚ \miw) ]tXm-kns‚ c‡-km£nacWØn\p -tijhpw
FgpXs∏´p F∂mWv. At∏mƒ G. -Un. 65-˛\pw 67-˛-\p-an-Sbv°p cNn-
°-s∏´p F∂p ]d-bmw. tdmanse sblq-tZ-Xc InkvXym-\n-Iƒ°p
th≠n tdman¬ h-®p -X-s∂-bmWv FgpX-s∏-´-Xv. blqZ]mc-º-cy-߃
]eXpw hni-Zo-I-cn®p sImSp-°p-∂-Xn¬\n∂v A\p-hm-N-I¿ blq-Z-c-
√m-bn-cp∂p F∂p ImWmw (7:3-˛4; 14:12; 15:42). amX-a-√, eØo≥ ]Z-
ß-fpsS kzm[o\w tdma≥P-\-X-bv°mWv FgpXnbsX∂p kqNn∏n-
°p∂p. ]oU\w A\p`-hn®psIm≠n-cn°p∂ Hcp k`sb-∏‰n CXn-
ep≈ kqN-\-Ifpw A¿∞-K¿`-amWv (8:34-˛38, 10:38, 39; 13:9-˛13).
e£yw
1. sRcp°w A\p-`-hn-°p∂ ssIkvXh ktlm-Z-c-ßsf ss[cy-
s∏-SpØn Biz-kn-∏n-°p-hm\pw ssIkvX-h-Po-hn-X-Øn¬ kl-\-Øn-
\p≈ ]m[m\yw Fs¥∂p shfn-s∏-Sp-Øp-hm\pw ian-°p-∂p.
2. Iqins‚ kXyw ]pd-Øp-≈-h¿°v A⁄m-Xhpw XS-߬]m-d-
bp-am-bn-cp-∂p. Iqiv Hcp ]cm-P-b-am-bn-cp∂pthm? A√ F∂p ImWn-
°p-hm\mWp a¿t°mkv DZy-an-°p∂Xv. AXn-\m¬ tbip-hns‚ ]oUm-
\p`h-sØ∏‰n hnkvXr-X-ambn ]Xn-]m-Zn-°p-∂p. Iqiv ssZh-kvt\-
51]Imi-Øn-te°v
lsØ shfn-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p. At\-I¿°p-th≠n adp-hn-e-bmbn tbip
Xs‚ Pohs\ A¿∏n-°btX sNbvX-Xv. AXp-hgn ]nXm-hns‚ Xncp-
hnjvSw \ndth‰pIbmbncp-∂p. tbip-hns‚ ]p\-cp-∞m\w ssZh-
Øns‚ BXy-¥n-I-hn-Pbw Ipdn-°p-∂p. Cu kXyw hnizm-kn-I-fpsS
lrZ-b-Øn¬ ]Xn-°p-hm≥ a¿t°mkv ian°p-∂p.
kphn-ti-j-Øns‚ ]tXy-I-X-Iƒ
1. a¿t°m-kns‚ kw -h-hn-h-c-W߃ Xmc-X-tay\ angn-hp-‰-h-bmWv.
Hcp ZrIvkm£n hnh-c-W-Øns‚ ta∑-b-Xn-\p-≠v. tbip Ip™p-ßsf
ssII-fn-se-SpØv AW-bv°p∂p (9:36; 10:13-˛16); ]pcp-jmcsØ Aº-
Xpw \qdpw hoX-ap≈ ]¥nI-fm-bn-cpØp∂p (6:40); h©n-bn¬ Aa-
cØp Xe-bn-W-h®v Dd-ßp∂p (4:38); tbip injy-∑m¿°p apºmbn
\S∂p (10:32). Chsbms° ]tXmkns‚ kvacWI-fn¬\n∂p a¿t°m-
kn\p e`n-®-h-bm-Wv.
tbiphns‚ mh-ßfpw hnNm-c-ßfpw hc-®p-Im-Wn-°p-∂-Xnepw a¿-
t°mkv hnP-bn-®n´p-≠v. tbip Bg-am-bn s\Spho¿∏n´p (7:34; 8:12);
Ahn-Sp∂p a\ -en™p (6:34); AhnSptØ°p [m¿anItcmjap-≠mbn
(3:5; 8:33; 10:14). [\n-I\mb bphm-hns\ I≠-t∏mƒ D≈n¬ kw]oXn
tXm∂n "hm’-ey-]q¿hw ISm£n®p' (10:21). a‰m-tcbpwt]mse tbip
hnImchn-Nm-c-߃ D≈ Hcp ]q¿Wa-\pjy≥ F∂ NnXw Dcp-Øncn-
bp-∂p.
2. Ko°n¬ kphn-tijw Fgp-Xnsb¶n-epw, Ad-amb mj-bn-emWp
a¿t°mkv Nn¥n®ncp∂-Xv. \Ωn¬ ]ecpw aebmfØn¬ Nn¥n®v Cw•o-
jn¬ Fgp-Xp-∂-Xp-t]mse. ]e Ad-amb ]Z-ßfpw hni-Zo-I-c-W-
klnXw tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≠v. DZm: XeoØm Iqan (_mte Fgp-
t∂¬°) 5:41; F^Øm (Xp-d∂p hcn-I) 7:34; sIm¿_m≥ (hgn]mSv)
7:11; (]n-Xmth) A∫m. 14:36; Gtem-ln, Gtemln eΩm i∫-‡m\n
(Fs‚ ssZhta Fs‚ ssZhta Fs∂ ssIhn-´-sX-¥v) 15:34. ]e-
kvXo-\n¬ P\n-®p-hf¿∂ FgpØp-Im-cs‚ amXr`mj Ad-amb Bbn-
cp∂p F∂v Ch kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p. eØo≥]-Z-ßfpw Aßn-ßmbn
ImWmw. Ah-sb-√mw-X-s∂ kmt¶-Xn-I-]-Z-ß-fm-Wv. hmb-\-°m-cmb
tdmam-°m¿°v Ah kp]-cn-Nn-X-am-bn-cp-∂p. DZm. Zot\m-dm, eoPn-b≥,
sk©q-dn-b≥, t]t‰m-dnbw XpS-ßn-b-h. hn≥k‚ v sSbve¿ ]d-bp-∂Xv,
"kØm-]-cambn blqZInkvXy≥ ]mcºcyamsW¶nepw sblq-tZ-Xc-
In-kvXym-\n-Iƒ°pth≠nbmWv Cu kphn-tijw hnc-Nn-Xamb-Xv.'
52 ]Imi-Øn-te°v
3. A∏kvtXme-∑mcpsS _e-lo\X-Iƒ ad-®p-h-bv°p-hm≥
bmsXmcp iahpw ImWp-∂n-√. t\sca-dn®p bYmXY-ambn Ah-Xcn-
∏n-°-btX sNøp-∂-Xv. DZm. 4:40; 5:31; 6:49, 52; 9:19; 14:27-˛31. Nne
hyXym-k-߃ hcpØn aØmbn AhXcn∏n°p∂Xp it≤bamWv. -
D-Zm. sk_-Zn-]p-X-∑m¿ tbip-hns\ kao-]n-®v, ssZh-cm-Py-Øn¬
heØpw CSØpw Ccn-∏m-\p≈ Ah-Imiw At\z-jn-°p-tºmƒ, aØm-
bn-bpsS kphn-ti-j-Øn¬ Ah-cpsS AΩ tNmZn-°p-∂-Xm-bn-´mWv
(a¿t°m. 10:35; aØm. 20:21).
a¿t°m-kns‚ ssZh-imkvXw
ssZh-]p-X≥: tbip ssZh-]p-X-\mb aviolm BsW∂p≈ k`-
bpsS hnizm-k-amWp a¿t°m-kns\ BZy-h-km\w cn-°p-∂-Xv. ]Xo-
£-tbmsS B¿°p-th≠n ImØn-cp-∂pthm B aviolm Xs∂-bmWv
tbip. Ahn-Sp∂v Ah-Im-i-s∏´ A[n-Imcw Cu kXyw shfns∏Sp-
Øp-∂p. Hcp Kpcp F∂- \n-e-bn¬ Ahn-Sp∂p "imkvXn-am-sc-t∏m-se-
b√ A[n-Im-c-ap-≈-h\m-bn-´tX D]tZ-in-®Xv' (a¿t°m. 1:21). \ymb-
]-am-W-Øn-t∑epw X\n°v A[n-Im-cap≠m-bncp∂p (7:1˛13). ]mcº-
cy-ßsf ]eXpw Ahn-Sp∂p \nc-kn-°p-∂p. im_-Xnt∑epw tbip-hn\v
A[n-Im-c-ap-≠v. a\p-jy-]p-X≥ i_-Øn\pw I¿Øm-hm-Ip-∂p (2:27˛28).
tZhm-ebØnt∑¬ A[nIm-c-ap≠v F∂v Hmim\Zn-hkw ssZhmeb-
Øn¬ sNbvX ]hr-Øn-Iƒ sXfn-bn-®p (11:15-˛18). ssZh-Øn¬ amXw
\n£n-]vX-amb ]m]-tam-N-\m[n-Imcw tbip ]tbm-Kn®p (2:5˛12). Zpcm-
flm-°-fp-sS-ta¬ Ahn-Sp∂v A[n-Im-c-a-h-Im-i-s∏-Sp-Ibpw Ahsb
_ln-jvI-cn-°bpw sNbvXp (3:19-˛27). ]Ir-Xn-i-‡n-bpsSta¬ A[n-
Imcw shfns∏SpØnb kµ¿`ßfpw hnc-f-a√ (4:41˛45; 6:45˛52). ]g-b-
\n-b-a-Øn¬ ssZh-Øn\pamXw Ah-Im-i-s∏´ A[n-Im-c-ß-fmWp ta¬
ImWn-®-h. Ah-bn¬°qSn tbip bYm¿∞ ssZh-]p-Xs\∂pw
hmKvZØ aviolm F∂pw sXfn-bn°p-∂p. kphn-tijw Bcw-`n-°p-
∂Xp Xs∂ "ssZh-]pX-\mb tbip-hns‚ kphn-tijw' F∂mWv
(1:1). amtam-Zo-km-bpsS ka-bØp tI´ Ai-cocn ssZh-]p-X-s\∂
kXyw ÿncoI-cn°p-∂p. Ah-km\w Iqins‚ Nph´n¬ \n∂ iXm-
[n-]≥ km£o-I-cn-°p-∂p, "Cu a\p-jy≥ ssZh-]p-X-\m-bn-cp∂p
kXyw' (15:39).
F¶n¬ F¥psIm≠mWv blq-ZaXta[mhnIƒ tbiphns\ hmKv-
ZØ aviolm Bbn AwKo-I-cn-°m-™Xv? Ah¿ ]Xo-£n-®n-cp∂
aviolmsb F¥p-sIm≠mWv tbip-hn¬ ImWm-™Xv? cmjvSob-
53]Imi-Øn-te°v
ho£W-ap≈ kmZqIycpw tltcm-Zycpw amX-a-√, aX-Xo-£-vW-X-bp-
≈ ]coi-∑mcpw tbip-hns\ Xnc-kvI-cn-®-t√m. Cu ]iv\w A∂pw
]e-scbpw Ae-´p∂ H∂m-bn-cp-∂p. AXn\v a¿t°mkv Xs‚ kphn-
ti-j-Øn¬IqSn DØcw \¬Im≥ ian-®n´p-≠v. H∂m-aXv A∂sØ
blq-Z-ta-[m-hn-I-fpsS lrZbw ITn-\-s∏-´p-t]m-bn. bmYm¿∞yw Kln-
°m-X-hÆw a\ v ac-hn-®pt]m-bn. Ah¿°p X∑qew tbip Db¿Ønb
sh√p-hnfn kzoI-cn-∏m≥ Ign-™n-√. tbip Ah¿°p XS-߬∏m-dbm-
bn-cp∂p F∂p a¿t°mkv Nq≠n-°m-Wn-°p-∂p. AXv aqe-°√v Ah¿°v
CS¿®-°-√m-bn-cp∂ A\p-`-h-am-bn-Øo¿∂n-cp-∂p.
F∂m¬ tbip F¥p-sIm≠mWp Xs‚ "aviolm- ˛ -c-lkyw' ]-c-
ky-ambn Ah-tcmSp shfn-s∏-SpØm-™Xv? ]et∏mgpw AXp tKm]y-
ambn hbv°p-hm≥ A\p-im-kn-°p∂p-≠v. AS-bmfw ImWn®v aviolm
BsW∂p sXfn-bn-°p-hm≥ Bh-iy-s∏- -t∏mgpw AXp \nc-kn°-btX
sNbvX-Xv.
Xm≥ aviolm BIp∂p kXyw. F∂m¬ Ah¿ ]Xo-£n® hn[-
ap≈ aviolm A√. Ahn-Sp∂p IjvS-s∏-Sp∂ a‰p≈-h¿°p-th≠n
Xs‚ Pohs\ adp-hnebmbns°mSp°p-∂, Hcp aviolm BIp∂p
(8:27˛34). Ahn-Sp∂p k¿∆-i-‡s‚ he-Øp-`mKØv Ccn-°p∂-h\pw
BIm-i-ta-L-ß-fn¬ hcm-\n-cn°p-∂h-\pamWv (14:61˛63). ]t£
Ct∏mƒ IjvS-s∏-tS-≠-h-\m-Wv (9:12). AXp Xncp-sh-gp-Øn≥ ]Im-c-
ambn-cp∂p.
a\p-jy-]p-X≥: aviolm BsW-¶nepw Xs‚ "aviolm clkyw
(Messianic Secret) tKm]\w sNøp-hm≥ Ahn-Sp∂p kzb-ambn D]-tbm-
Kn® t]cv "a\p-jy-]p-X≥' F∂m-bn-cp∂p. CXv Adamb mj-bnep≈
"_¿\mi' (kpdnbm\n-˛-_¿t\mtim) F∂ ]ZØns‚ hnh¿Ø\-
amWv. AXns‚ A¿∞w a\p-jy≥ F∂p amX-am-Wv. k¶o. 8:4. ]hm-
N-I-\mb slsk-°n-tb¬ "a\p-jy-]p-X≥' F∂mWp hnfn-°-s∏-Sp-
∂Xv (sb-sl. 2:2; 3:24). Zm\ntb-ens‚ ]pkvX-I-Øn¬ "a\p-jy-]pX≥'
bnkmtb¬ P\-Øns‚ ]Xo-I-amWv (Zm-\n. 7:13˛14). As∏m-In^m
]pkvXI-amb "lmt\m°n's‚ ]pkvX-I-Øn¬ "a\p-jy-]pX≥' kz¿Ko-
b\pw ]Xm-]-hm-\pw, temIm-h-km-\-Øn¬ \ymbm-[n-]-\mbn ]Xy-
£-s∏-Sp∂ aviolm Bbn´pamWv. At∏mƒ "a\p-jy-]p-X≥' F∂Xp
aviolm-bpsS Hcp t]cm-Ip-∂p. F∂m¬ At±lw ssZhØns‚ Zmk-
\mbn IjvS-s∏-Sp∂ Hcp-h-\m-bn-´tX Gimbm NnXoI-cn°p-∂Xv
(Gim. 52:13; 53:12). Gim-bmbpsS "btlm-h-bpsS Zmks‚' NnXoI-
54 ]Imi-Øn-te°v
cWw ]pXn-b-\n-ba Fgp-Øp-Im-sc-sb√mw hfsc kzm[o-\n-®n-´p-≈-
XmWv (G-im. 53:3-˛6). a‰p-≈-h¿°p-th≠n IjvS-s∏-Sp∂ AXnse
NnXw tbip-hn¬ amX-amWv Ah¿ A\z¿∞-ambn I≠Xv.
a¿t°mkns‚ kphnti-j-Øn¬ tbip-hns\ "a\p-jy-]p-X-\mbn'
Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-tºmƒ c≠p Imcy-߃ AXn¬ shfn-s∏-SpØp-∂p. (a)kzbw iq\yam°n Zmk-thjw [cn®p tkh-\-Ønepw kl-\-Ønepw
PohnXw ka¿∏n® tbip (8:31; 9:11; 10:33; 14:21). (b) temIm-h-km-\-
Øn¬ a\p-jysc hn[n-°m≥ hcp∂ A[n-Im-cnbpw ]Xm-]-hm-\pamb
InkvXp (8:38; 13:26-˛27; 14:62).
]c-kv]-c-hn-cp-≤-ß-fmbn tXm∂m-hp∂ Cu c≠v Bi-b-ßfpw a\p-
jy-]p-X≥ F∂ t]cn¬°qSn InkvXp-hn¬ A\z-bn-°-bmWp sNbvXn-
´p-≈Xv.
InkvXp- ˛ -k-l-\-Øns‚ DØa amXrI
a¿t°mkns‚ kphntijØn¬ i‡oIcWw \¬Inbncn°p-∂Xp
InkvXp-hns‚ kl-\-Øn-\m-Wv. AXns‚ AXyp®tImSn-bmWp Iqiv.
]m]-an-√mØ Hcphs‚ IjvSX-bpsS ]mcayXbm-Wv. ss__nƒ ]fin-
X-∑m¿ Cu kphn-ti-jsØ Hcm-ap-JtØm-Sp -Iq-Snb tbip-hns‚ ]oUm-
\p-`-h-N-cnXw F∂p hnfn-°m-dp-≠v. Cu kphn-tijw cNn®ImeØp
IjvSXbpw kl\hpw InkvXob Po-hn-X-Øns‚ Ahn-`mPy LS-I-
am-bn-cp-∂p. ]e-kvXo-\n-epw, tdmanepw F√mw InkvXo-b-hn-izm-kn-Iƒ
]oU A\p`-hn-t°≠ kml-Ncyw. ]tXmkpw ]utemkpw c‡-
km£nXzw hcn-®p. Cu Np‰p-]m-Sn¬ "hnizm-k-Øns‚ \mb-I-\pw,
]q¿Øn-h-cp-Øp-∂-h-\p-amb tbip-hns\' t\m°n-s°m≠v Bfl-
ss[cyhpw DtØ-P-\hpw ]m]n°bmWp th≠-Xv. Iqsi-SpØv
InkvXphns\ ]n≥]-‰phm≥ a¿t°mkv kphn-ti-j-Øn¬°qSn
Blzm\w sNøp-∂p.
tNmZy-߃
1. a¿t°m-kns\∏‰n e`n-°p∂ hnh-c-߃ Fs¥√mw?
2. a¿t°m-kns‚ kphn-ti-j-Øn¬ \nßsf ]tXy-I-ambn BI¿
jn® LS-I-߃ Fs¥√mw?
3. a¿t°mkv tbip-hns\ ssZh-]p-X\pw a\p-jy]p-X-\p-ambn Ah-
Xcn-∏n-°p-∂p. tbip-hns‚ bYm¿∞ a\p-jyXzw Db¿Øn-∏nSn-t°-
≠-Xns‚ Bh-iy-I-X-sb¥v?
55]Imi-Øn-te°v
]mTw 4
aØm-bn-bpsS kphn-tijw:
"k`m' kphntijw
F-gpØpIm-c-\pw, Fgp-Xn-b kml-Ncyhpw F-gp-Øp-Im-cs‚
e£y-߃ kp-hn-ti-j-Øns‚ khn-ti-j-XIƒ kp-hn-ti-j-
Is‚ ssZh-imkvXw
a¿t°mkns‚ kphntijw FgpXnb kmlN-cyhpw AXns‚
e£y-hp-sa-s¥∂p \mw I≠p. AXn¬\n∂p hyXy-kvX-amb kml-
Ncyhpw e£yhpamWp aØmbnbpsS kphn-tijØn\p ]nºnep-≈Xv.
a¿t°m-kns‚ kphn-ti-jhpw "Iyp' F∂p ]d-bp∂ tcJ-bpw, Fgp-
Øp-Im-c\p ]tXy-I-ambn e`n® ]mcº-cyhpw ka\z-bn-®mWp aØm-
bn-bpsS kphn-tijw cq]-s∏-Sp-Øn-b-Xv. hkvXp-X-I-fpsS sXc-s™-
Sp-∏nepw, Ah-X-c-W-Øn-epw, Fgp-Øp-Im-cs‚ ]tXyI ssZh-imkvXw
]I-Sn-Xam-Wv.
aØmbn: Np¶w ]ncn-hp-Im-c\pw tehn F∂p adp-\m-a-ap≈ (eqt°m.
5:27; a¿t°m. 2:14) h\p-amb aØmbn tbip-hns‚ 12 injy-∑m-cn¬
Hcmfm-Wv. At±lw Cu kphnti-j-sa-gpXn F∂p ]mcº-cy-ambn hniz-
kn-°p-∂p. ""InkvXp-in-jy-\mb aØmbn "tbip-hns‚ samgnIƒ'
(logia) tiJ-cn®v F_mb`mjbn¬ (Adamb) FgpXn; AXn\p hnhn[
]cn- m-j-I-fp-≠mbn'' F∂p≈ ]m∏n-bm-kns‚ ]kvXm-h-\-bmWp ]mc-
º-cyØns‚ apJy B[m-cw. c≠mw \q‰m-≠n¬ Pohn-®n-cp∂ sFtd-
\n-tbmkpw CtX Bibw ]I-Sn-∏n-°p-∂p.
C∂sØ kphntijw ta¬∏d™ "Adamb kphn-tij-'-Øns‚
Ko°p]cn-`m-j-bmsW∂v Bcpw Icp-Xp-∂n-√. Hcp hnh¿Ø\IrXn-
bpsS ssienbpw coXn-bp-a√ aØm-bn-bpsS kphn-ti-j-Øn-\p-≈-Xv.
amX-a-√, Ko°p`mj-bn¬ amXw I≠p-h-cp∂ A\-h[n hm°p-Iƒ
Cu kphn-ti-j-Øn¬ ImWmw. Hcp]t£ aØmbn Fgp-Xnb Ad-
amb kphn-ti-j-Øns‚ Ko°p ]cn-`m-jbpw, a¿t°m-kns‚ kphn-
ti-jhpw, a‰p Nne tcJ-Ifpw D]-tbm-Kn®v Cu kphn-tijw Fgp-Xn-
b-Xmbn Icp-Xmw. F∂m¬ AXv Bcv F∂p-≈Xv A⁄m-Xam-Wv.
aØmbnbpsS ]mcºcyw Ah-Imi-s∏-Smhp∂-Xp-sIm≠p aØmbn-bpsS
kphntijw F∂p hnfn-°p∂Xn¬ bmsXmcp A]mIXbp-an√.
56 ]Imi-Øn-te°v
Fgp-Xnb kml-Ncyw
a¿t°m-kns‚ kphn-tijw hnc-Nn-X-am-b-Xn\p c≠p Zi-I-߃°p-
tijw kndn-bm-bnepw ]e-kvXo-\nepw Db¿∂ph∂ kml-N-cy-amWv
CXn\p ]nºn-ep-≈-Xv. F. Un. 70-˛¬ bdp-itew tZhm-ebw \in-∏n-°-
s∏-´p. blq-Z-a-X-Øn¬ ]co-i-∑m-cpsS t\XrXzw Db¿∂p-h-∂p. Ah-
cpsS Im]-Sy-hpw, I¿°-iamb BNm-c-hn-[n-Ifpw kXya-X-Øn¬\n∂-
hsc hyXnNen-∏n-®p. Icp-Wbpw kvt\lhpw ]pdw-X-≈n-bn´v _mly-
amb A\p-jvTm-\-߃°v AanX ]m[m\yw \¬In. Ah¿ hmKvZØ
aviolmsb \nc-kn-°bpw sNbvXp. Ah¿ InkvXob k`bv°v Hcp
sh√p-hn-fn-bm-bn-Øo¿∂p.
k`-bv°p-≈n¬ Xs∂ hf¿∂ Hcp Nn¥, tbiphns‚ BK-a\-
tØmsS \ymb-]-amWhpw ]hm-NI-∑mcpw A]-k‡-ambn F∂mWv.
tbip-hns‚ \ma-Øn¬ ]h-Nn-°m\pw, qX-ßsf ]pd-Øm-°m\pw Ign-
bp-sa∂-h-Im-is∏-´p-sIm≠p ]Xy-£-s∏´ "I≈-]-hm-NI-∑m¿'
(aØmbn 7:15 ap.) ]iv\w krjvSn-°m-Xn-cp-∂n-√. Cu kmlN-cy-ß-fn-
embn-cn-°Ww Fgp-Øp-Im-c≥, Hcp `mKØp ]coi aXsØ `’n-
°m\pw AXns‚ A]-ISw Nq≠n-°mWn-°m\pw ian-°p-∂-tXm-sSm∏w
\ymb-]amWsØ \o°p-hm\√ \nh¿Øn∏m-\tX tbip h∂Xv
F∂p ÿm]n°m\pw DZy-an-°p∂Xv (a-Øm-bn. 5:18 ap). "I¿Ømth!
I¿Ømth! F∂p hnfn-°p-∂h-\√ ssZh-Øns‚ CjvSw sNøp-∂-
h≥ AwKo-I-cn-°-s∏Spw' F∂p kqNn-∏n-°p∂p (7:21).
k`, kwL-S-\m-]-c-ambn IqSp-X¬ hf¿®-bpw, hym]vXnbpw ]m]n-
®n- p≈ Ah-ÿ-bm-Wn-Xn-ep-≈-Xv. CXn¬\n-s∂√mw Duln-°m-hp-∂Xv
G. Un. 80 \pw 90 -\pw CS-bv°p≈ ImeØp kndn-bm-bn¬ h®p Ko°p
kwkm-cn-°p∂ blqZ ssIkvX-h¿°p-th≠n Fgp-X-s∏´p F∂mWv.
e£yw
1. blq-Z-a-Xhpw tbip-In-kvXphpw XΩnep≈ _‘w ÿm]n-®p-
sIm≠p \ymb-]-am-Whpw ]hm-N-I-∑mcpw tbiphn¬ \ndthd-s∏´p
F∂p sXfn-bn°p-I. 2. InkvXob k`bmWv bYm¿∞ bnkm-tb¬.
tbip-hn¬ Hcp ]pXnb tamisb ImWmw. ssZhm-ebw \in-∏n-°-s∏-
´-t∏mƒ AXns‚ Bcm-[-\bv°p ]Icw InkvXob k`-bn¬ ]pXnb
Bcm-[\ km[yam-Wv. 3. tbip-hns‚ D]tZ-i-߃ ]g-b\n-batØ-
°mƒ FX D¬IrjvShpw, B[nImcnIhpsa∂p ImWn-°pI. 4. k`m-
]-c-amb Xmev]cyhpw Fgp-ØpIm-c-\p≠v. k`-bpsS ASnÿm\sØ-
57]Imi-Øn-te°v
∏‰n sX‰mb Nn¥-Iƒ ]N-cn-®ncp∂-Xn\m¬, AXns‚ bYm¿∞
kz`mhw, e£yw F∂n-h-sb-∏‰n shfn-s∏Sp-ØpI. 5. Db¿∂ph∂
]e tNmZy߃°pw DØcw \¬tI≠ (apologetic motive) Bh-iy-
hpap-≠m-bn. tbip F¥p-sIm≠v tbml-∂m-\m¬ amtam-Zokm G‰p?
tbiphns‚ icocw injy-∑m¿ I√d-bn¬\n∂pw am‰n Hfn®ph®-Xt√?
tbiphns‚ P\-\sØ kw_-‘n®pw A]-Jym-Xn-Iƒ ]N-cn-®p. Ch-
bv°p-Øcw \¬Ip-hm≥ Fgp-ØpIm-c≥ ]tXyIw i≤n-°p∂-Xmbn
ImWmw.
kphn-ti-j-Øns‚ ssZh-imkvXw
1. InkvXp ]gb\nbaØns‚ ]q¿ØoIcWw: ssZhw hmKvZm\w
sNbvXncp∂ aviolmbmWv tbip. ]nXm°∑mcpw ]hmNI∑mcpw
]Xo£n®ncp∂h≥ AhnSp∂mWv. F∂m¬ blqZ ta[mhnIƒ
Ahs\ XnckvIcn®p. Aßs\ kz¥P\Øm¬ XnckvIrX\mb
tbip Xs∂bmIp∂p bYm¿∞ InkvXp. tami F]Imcw bnkm-
tb¬P\Xsb ^dthm\n¬\n∂p hntamNn∏n®pthm A]Imcw
InkvXphmWp a\pjyh¿KØns‚ hntamNI≥.
tamibv°p kam¥cambn, AtXkabw, tamitb°mƒ anI®h-
\mbn tbiphns\ aØmbn AhXcn∏n°p∂p. tami aebn¬h®v
bnkmtben\p \nba߃ \¬In. AXpt]mse "]pXnb tamibm-
Ip∂' InkvXphpw aebn¬h®p Xs‚ ]t_m-[\w \¬In. F∂m¬
tamsi-sb-t∏mse a≤y-h¿Øn Bbn- \n∂p \nbaw hmßns°mSp-°p-
I-b√; ]g-b-\nb-a-ß-fpsS Ipd-hp-Iƒ \nIØn Ahn-Sp∂p- Xs∂
kq‡-߃ \¬Ip-I-bm-Wv. "\nb-a-ßsf C√m-Xm-°m-\√ ]q¿W-am-
°m-\mWp Rm≥ h∂n-cn-°p-∂Xv' (aØm. 5:17). "]q¿hnI∑m-tcmSp ]d-
™n´p≈Xp \n߃ tI´n-´p-≠-t√m. Rmt\m \nß-tfmSp ]d-bp-∂Xv,'
F∂m-h¿Øn®v B[n-Im-cn-I-ambn ]Jym-]n-°p-∂p.
tami Xs‚ D]-tZi-߃ 5 ]pkvXI-ß-fn-embn \¬In-bn-cn°p∂p.
"]pXnb tamibpw' Xs‚ D]-tZi-߃ 5 `mK-ß-fmbn \¬Ip-∂p. 1.
Kncn-]-`mjWw (A. 5˛7). 2. t]jn-X ]t_m-[\w (A. 10). 3. ssZh-
cm-Py-sØ-°p-dn-°p∂ D]-a-Iƒ (A. 13) 4. k`min-£Ww (A. 18) 5.
bpKm-¥y-]-c-amb ]t_m-[\w (A. 24-˛25). Ch Hmtcm `mKhpw
Ahkm\n-°p∂Xp Htc XcØnep≈ hmNIL-S-\bn-em-Wv. "Cu hN-
\-ßsf ]d™p Xo¿∂-t∏mƒ,' F∂p ImWmw (7:28; 11:1; 13:53; 19:1;
26:1).
58 ]Imi-Øn-te°v
InkvXp-hns‚ PohnXØnse sNdpXpw hepXpamb F√m kw`-
hßfpw ]hN\ßfpsS ]q¿ØoIcWsa∂p sXfnbn°p∂p. AXn-
\pth≠n \mev]sØm∂p ]mhiyw ]gb\nbaw D≤cn°p∂p≠v.
Hmtcm mKhpw D≤cn°p∂Xv "Acpfns®bvXXp \nhrØnbmIphm≥'
F∂ hniZoIcWtØmsSbmWv. Aßs\ XncpshgpØpIfpsS
km£yØn¬IqSn tbip km£m¬ ainlm BsW∂pw ]gb\n-baw
apgph\pw X∂n¬ ]q¿ØoIcWw ]m]n®psh∂pw kphnti-jI≥
ÿm]n°p∂p.
ZmhoZp hwiP-\mb cmPmhv: tbip bYm¿∞-Øn¬ aviolm
Xs∂. Fs¥∂m¬ AhnSp∂p ZmhoZp hwiP\mbn hmKvZØw
sNøs∏´h-\mWv. bnkmtbens‚ hntam-N-I\pw \ymb-]me-I\pw
kam-[m\ kwc£I\pam-bh≥ ZmhoZp hwiØn¬\n∂p P\n°p-
sa∂p ]Xo£n®p (bncaym 23.5; sbi. 11:2; aoJm. 5:1). Aßs\
tbip ZmhoZphwiP-\mbn (1:1, 16). ZmhoZns‚ ]´Wamb t_Xve-
tlan¬ P\n®p (2:1). AhnSpsØ ]c-kyipiqjm°meØv At\I¿
"ZmhoZp]pXm' F∂p Xs∂ hnfn-°p∂p (9:27; 12:33; 15:23). ]oem-
tØmkv, "\o blqZ∑mcpsS cmPmthm' F∂p tNmZn-®-t∏mƒ "Rm≥
BIp∂p' F∂p tbip ]Xn-h-Nn®p (27:11). AhnSp∂p cmPmhmWv.
]t£, Xs‚ cmPyw sFlnIas√∂p amXw. AhnSp∂p ]kwKn®Xpw
]Tn∏n®Xpw Agn™pt]mImØ kz¿K-cmPysØ°pdn®mbncp∂p.
AXns‚ A[n]\tX AhnSp∂v. "kz¿K-Ønepw qanbnepap≈ k¿∆
A[nImchpw X\n°p \¬Is∏´ncn-°p∂p' (28:16-˛20).
2. k` - -]pXnb bnkmtb¬: kphntijsØ "k`m kphntijw
(Ecclesiastical Gospel: Church Gospel) F∂p hnfn°mdp≠v. AXp ]e
ImcWØmemIp∂p. "k`' (ecclesia) F∂ ]Zw Xs∂ kphntij-
Øn¬ amXtabp≈q (16:18; 18:17). k`bnse Bcm[\bv°v (Rmbdm-
gvN-tXm-dp-ap≈ hmb-\∏-Sn) Cu kphntijØn¬ \n-∂mWv A[n-Ihpw
hmbn®psIm≠ncp∂Xv. k`bnte°p hcp∂ hnizmk]-TnXm°ƒ°p
(Catechumens) ]t_m[\w \¬Ip∂Xn\v Cu kphntijw G‰w D]-
bp‡ambncp∂p.
]pXnb bnkmtbemb k`sb ÿm]n°p∂Xns‚ BZy]Snbmbn
tbip ]gb Ckmtbens‚ 12 tKmXßsf ]Xn\n[m\w sNøm-
s\t∂mWw Xs‚ injykaqlØn¬\n∂pw 12 t]sc ]tXyIw Xnc-
s™SpØp (10:1˛4). Ahsc ssZhcmPyw ]tLmjn°phm≥ Ahn-
Sp∂p \ntbmKn°p∂p. Ah¿ t]mbn "kIe PmXnIsfbpw injy-
59]Imi-Øn-te°v
cm°ns°mƒhm≥' (28:20) A¥yimk\w \¬In. k` Cu ZuXyw
\n¿hln∏m≥ ]Xn⁄m_≤amWv.
ssIkcy^nen∏ybn¬ h®v tbip ]tXmknt\mSp ]dbp∂p: "\o
]mdbmIp∂p; Cu ]mdta¬ Rm≥ Fs‚ k`sb ]Wnbpw; ]mXm-f-
tKm]pc߃ AXns\ Pbn-°bn√' (16:18). Cu hmIysØ∏‰n hyXy-
kvX-amb hymJym\߃ D≠v. ]tXmkv G‰p]d™ hnizmkØn-
t∑emWp k` ]Wnbs∏´ncn°p∂Xv F∂p≈XtX G‰w kzoIm-
cyambn´p≈Xv.
k`min£WsØ∏‰n (18:15-˛20) bpw ]Xn]mZn°p∂p. k`sb
tIƒ°mØh≥, Np¶°mcs\t∏msebpw, ]pdPmXn°mcs\t∏m-
sebpw Bbncn°s´ (18:17). k`bpsS Ia]cn]me\hpw kwLS\m-
hf¿®bpw ]m[m\ya¿ln°p∂p.
k`bpsS ssNX\ytIµw InkvXp Xs∂bmIp∂p. "CΩm\p-th¬'
(ssZhw \tΩmSpIqsS) BIp∂ InkvXp k`bn¬ k∂nln-X\mWv.
"Fs‚ \maØn¬ ct≠m aqt∂m t]¿ IqSn hcpt∂SsØm-s°bpw
Rm≥ AhcpsS \Sphn¬ D≠v' (18:20). amXa√ "temImh-km\tØmfw
F√m \mfpw Rm≥ \nß-tfm-SpIqsS D≠v' (28:20) F∂ hmKvZØhpw
k`bv°p \¬Inbncn°p∂p. k`bpsS alXzhpw sshinjvSyhpw,
AXp InkvXp hkn°p∂, kaqlw F∂XnemIp∂p. k`bpsS
k¿Ki‡n, Pohn°p∂ InkvXp AtX.
tNmZy-߃
1. aØmbnbpsS kphnti-j-sØ "k`mkphntijw' F∂p hnti-
jn∏n°p∂Xv F¥psIm≠v?
2. kphn-ti-j-Is‚ e£y-߃ Fs¥-√mw? AXv C∂v F]-Imcw
k`bv°v \ndth‰m≥ Ignbpw?
3. Cu kphntijØn¬ tbipInkvXphns\ Hcp ""]pXnb
tami''bmbn NnXoI-cn-°p-∂p. Fßs\?
60 ]Imi-Øn-te°v
]mTw 5
eqt°mkns‚ kphn-tijw:
km¿hXnI c£mktµiw
kp-hn-ti-j-sØ-∏‰n s]mXp-hmb ]kvXm-h\ K-Ÿ-Im-c≥
FgpXnb ÿehpw Imehpw k-hn-ti-j-X-Iƒ ssZ-h-imkvXw
a¿t°m-kv, ]oU-\-Øns‚ ]›m-Ø-e-Øn¬ InkvXphns\ kl-
\Øn\p amXrIbmbn AhXcn∏n®psh¶n¬, aØm-bn, sblqZ-˛-
ssIkvXh kwhmZØns‚ ]›mØeØn¬ tbiphns\ bYm¿∞
ainlm Bbpw, ]gb\nba]q¿ØoIcWambpw AhXcn∏n®p.
eqt°mkv \¬Ip∂ InkvXpZ¿i\w "temIØns‚ apgph≥ c£I-
s\∂' \ne-bv°mWv. emfnXyØnepw, kmlnXy`wKnbnepw anI®p-
\n¬°p∂ Cu kphntijw H‰s∏´ IrXnb√. CXns‚ c≠mw`m-Kw,
(A-∏kvtXme]hrØnIƒ) CXnt\mSp tN¿∂p hmbnt°≠-Xm-Wv.
F¶n¬ amXta Fgp-ØpIm-cs‚ Dƒ°mgvNsb∏‰nbpw e£y-sØ-
∏‰nbpw icnbmb Aht_m[w e`n°pIbp≈p. At±lw Hcp \√
NcnXImc\pambncp-∂p. kphntijØns‚ BapJhm°pIƒ AXp
shfns∏SpØp∂p (1:1˛4). e`yambncp∂ kIe tcJIfpw aqeßfpw
hkvXpXIfpw ]cntim[n®p XymPyKmlyhnthN\tØm-sS, HuNnXy-
]q¿∆w At±lw kphntijw AhXcn∏n°p∂p.
eqt°mkv
Cu KŸØns‚ FgpØpImc≥ eqt°mkv BsW∂p≈Xn\v
B¥cnIambpw _mlyambpw D≈ km£y߃ D≠v. 1. kphnti-
jØns‚bpw A∏kvtXme]hrØnIfpsSbpw XpS°w XmcXay-
s∏SpØnbm¬ Ch c≠pw Hcmƒ Fgp-Xn-bsX∂p sXfn-bpw. amX-a√
c≠n-s‚bpw `mj-bpw, ]Xn-]m-Z-\hpw CXn\v Dt]m-Xv_-e-Iam-Wv. 2.
A∏-kvtXm-e-]-hr-Øn-Iƒ c≠mw- mKw (16- 28) ]cn-tim-[n-®m¬ AhnsS
]e `mKØpw "R߃' F∂ _lp-h-N\w ]tbm-Kn-®n-cn-°p∂Xp
ImWmw (16:10-˛17; 20:5˛21; 27:1 ˛ 28:16). Cu `mK-߃ Fgp-Øp-Im-cs‚
Ub-dn°p-dn-∏n¬\n∂v FSpØn- p-≈-h-bm-sW-¶n¬, anj≥ bmXIfn¬
At±lw ]utem-kns‚ klbmXnI\mbncp-∂p. Ah-km\w ]utem-
kn-t\m-Sp -IqsS tdman-te°p t]mhp-Ibpw At±-l-tØmSp-IqsS ]m¿°p-
Ibpw sNbvXp. CXp eqt°mkmbncn°m-\mWv km[y-X. "sshZy-\mb
]nb eqt°mkv' Xt∂mSpIqsS tdman¬ D≈ Imcyw ]utemkv A\p-
kvacn°p∂p≠t√m (sImtem. 4:14; ^nte. 24).
61]Imi-Øn-te°v
3. c≠p KŸ-ß-fnepw sshZy-`m-j-bpsS kzm[o\w Nne ]fin-X-
∑m¿ Is≠-Øp-∂p. ]tXm-kns‚ AΩmbnAΩ-bpsS ]\n "Ie-i-
embn'cp∂p F∂pw (4:38), IpjvTtcm-Kn-bpsS hnh-c-WØn¬ "icocw
apgp-h≥' IpjvTw _m[n-®-h-s\∂pw (5:12) hntijn-∏n-°p∂p (A. ].
9:18; 28:8). sshZy∑m-cpsS t\sc-bp≈ hna¿i\w ab-s∏-SpØn ]d-
bp∂p (a¿t°m. 5:26 Xmc-X-ay-s∏-Sp-ØpI eqt°m. 8:43). ]t£ Cu
sXfn-hp-I-sfm∂pw At±lw Hcp sshZy-\m-bn-cp∂p F∂p Jfin-X-
ambn ÿm]n-°p-hm≥ ]cym-]vX-a√ F∂v ]e ]fin-X-∑mcpw Nq≠n-
°m-Wn°p-∂p. ImcWw CXp-t]m-ep≈ `mjm-]tbmKw ka-Im-eo-\-
amb sshZy-∑m-c-√m-Ø-h-cpsS Fgp-Øp-I-fnepw Is≠-Ømw. 4. c≠mw
\q‰m≠p apXep≈ ]mcºcyw KŸ-Imc≥ eqt°mkv BsW-∂-tX.
aqd-t‰m-dn-b≥ Imt\m-\n¬ (c≠mw \q‰m-≠v) eqt°m-kns‚ IrXn-sb∂p
]dbp-∂p. Ae-Ivkm-≠n-bm-bnse ¢nΩo-kv, Hmdn-P≥, sX¿Øp-ey≥
apX-emb k`m-]n-Xm-°-∑mcpw CtX A`n-]m-b-°m-cm-Wv.
]utem-kns‚ klNmcnbpw kl]h¿ØI\p-amb eqt°mkv
Xs∂ Fgp-Xnb F∂v BZn-a-k` ZrV-am-bn- hn-izkn-®-Xp-sIm≠m-bn-
cn-°-W-a-t√m, a‰phn-[-Øn¬ A]-[m-\-\mb eqt°m-kns‚ Cu IrXn
k¿∆-k-Ω-X-ambn k` AwKo-I-cn-°p-hm≥ CS-bm-bn-Øo¿∂-Xv.
eqt°mkn-s\-∏‰n ]pXn-b-\n-ba-Øn¬ aq∂p ]cm-a¿i-ßtf D≈q.
(sImtem 4;14; ^nte. 24:2 Xntam. 4:11). Ch-bn¬\n-∂pw, a‰p ]mc-º-
cy-ßfn¬\n-∂p-ambn At±-l-sØ-∏‰n \ap°v a\ nem°mhp∂Xv;
P∑\m Hcp ]pd-PmXn (kp-hn-ti-j-I-cn¬ Ct±lw amX-amWp ]pd-Pm-
Xn-°m-c≥. sImtem. 4:10-˛14), sXmgn¬hgn Hcp `nj-Kz-c≥, am\-km-
¥cw aqew Hcp InkvXym-\n, ]h¿Ø-\Øn¬ ]utem-kns‚ kvt\ln-
X\pw kl-Im-cnbpw. At±l-sØ-∏‰n IqSp-X¬ Adn-bW-sa-¶n¬ At±-
l-Øns‚ IrXn-Iƒ (kp-hn-ti-j-hpw- A∏kvtXme-]-hr-Øn-Ifpw)
hmbn-®p -a-\- n-em-°p-Ibm-Wp -th-≠-Xv.
Fgp-Xnb ÿehpw Imehpw
]mcºcyw A\pkcn®v Kokn¬ h®v G. Un. 85 t\mSv ASpØ
ImeØp cNn®p F∂p IcpXp∂p. sbcqiteans‚ \misØ∏‰nbp≈
hnhcWØn¬ (eqt°m. 21:20) B kw`hw \S∂Xns‚ A\pkvac-
Wbn¬\n∂v hnhcn°p∂-Xpt]mse tXm∂nt∏mIp∂p. a¿t°m-kns‚
kphntijw At±lw I≠n´p≠v; AXp]tbmKn®n´pap≠v. amXa√
a‰p ]e tcJIfpw ]cntim[n°phm≥ X°hÆw e`yambncp∂p
(eqt°m. 1:1˛4). AXn¬\n∂pw GXm\pw ZiI-߃ k`mNcnXØn¬
]n∂n´Xmbn°cpXmw.
62 ]Imi-Øn-te°v
e£yw
"cmPio sXtbm^ntemkn\v' InkvXp-hns‚ PohnXsØ-°pdn®pw,
D]tZißsf°pdn®pw, hkvXp\njvTamb Hcp hnhcWw \¬IpIbm-
bncp∂p e£yw. Bcmbncp∂p Cu sXtbm^ntemkv? kmaqlyambn
hfsc Db¿∂ Hcp tdma≥ cWm[nImcn Bbncp∂n-cn°mw. F∂m¬
Hcp hy‡nsb amXa√ eqt°mkv ap∂n¬ ImWp-∂-Xv. sXtbm^ntem-
kns\t∏mse kmaqlyhpw kmwkv°mcnIhp-amb ]ptcmKXn ]m]n®
At\Isc ImWp∂p≠v; ]tXyIn®v ]pd-PmXnIfn¬ \n∂v InkvXob
-k`bnte°p tN¿∂n-´p-≈-h¿. Ah¿°p a\ nemIØ° `mjbpw
ssienbpw D]tbmKn®ncn°p∂p. AXn-\m¬ Adamb ]Z߃
\nt»jw Dt]£n®n´p≠v. F_mb ]Z-߃°p ]Icw XØpey-
ßfmb Ko°p ]ZßfmWv tN¿Øncn°p-∂-Xv.
DZm. "I\m\y\mb (F-_mb) siatbms\', "FcnhpImc≥' (Zealot)Bbn amdn. "tKm¬tKmØm' ˛ "Im\ntbm≥' F∂m°n. "d_n',
"Kpcphpw' Bbn. ]hN\ßfpsS ]q¿ØoIcWambn tbiphns\ Ah-
Xcn∏n°p∂n√. AXn\m¬ ]gb\nbaØn¬ \n∂p≈ D≤cWn-Iƒ
hfsc hncfambnt´ D≈q. PmXnIfn¬ \n∂p≈h¿°v bYm¿∞-amb
InkvXphn⁄m\obw \¬IpI F∂Xmbncp∂p eqt°mkns‚ apJy
e£yw.
khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ
]mcºcya\pkcn®v eqt°mkv Hcp NnXImc\m-Wv. hnia ka-
bßfnsems° At±lw NnXw hc®ncp∂pt]m-epw. GXmbmepw
hm°pIƒ sIm≠v at\mlcNnXw cNn°m≥ Ignhp≈ Hcp Iem-
\n]pW\mbncp∂p At±-lw. sd\≥, eqt°mkns‚ IrXnsb hnti-
jn∏n°p∂Xv "temIØnse G‰hpw at\mlcIrXn' F∂mWv. kpµ-
camb ssienbpw, lrZyamb AhXcWhpw Cu ]pkvXIsØ hnin-
jvSI-em-kr-jvSnbm°n am‰n-bn- p-≠v. CXn¬ ]I-S-am-bn- p≈ Nne khn-
ti-j-X-Iƒ ]cn-tim-[n-°mw.
1. kmaqlyZ¿i\w: kºØns\∏‰nbpw kº∂sc∏‰nbpap≈
ho£Ww it≤bamWv. kmaqly\oXnbpsS i‡-\mb h‡mhm-
Wt±lw. DZm. aØmbnbn¬ "Bflmhn¬ ZcnZcmbh¿ mKyhm∑m¿'
F∂p≈Xp eqt°m-kn¬ "ZcnZcmb \n߃ (Bflmhn¬ A√) mKy-
hm∑m¿' F∂mWv (aØm. 5:3; eqt°m. 6:20). `mKymhÿmh¿Æ\-
tbmSp eqt°mkv "lm IjvS'sa∂p≈ mKhpw Iq´nt®¿°p∂p. "kº-
63]Imi-Øn-te°v
∂cmb \n߃°p lm IjvSw... -Ct∏mƒ Xr]vX∑mcmb \n߃°v
Atøm IjvSw' (eq-t°m. 6:24-˛26). [\w "A\oXnbp≈' amtΩm\m-Wv.
[\Øns‚ A]ISsØ shfn-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ ]e D]-a-Ifpw Iq´n-t®¿Øn-
´p-≠v (16:1˛31). Zm\-[¿Ωw sNøp-∂-Xns\ t]m’m-ln-∏n-°p-∂p. "AI-
Øp-≈Xp n£-bmbn sImSp-∏n≥' (11:41). "\n߃°p-≈Xp hn‰p n£
sImSp-∏n≥' (12:33). eqt°m-kn\p a‰m-scbpwImƒ hy‡-amb Hcp kmº-
Øn-I-ho-£W-ap-≠mbncp-∂p.
2. ]m]n-I-tfmSpw ]Xn-X-tcm-Sp-ap≈ tbiphns‚ B¿ZX: ssZh-
kvt\l-tØbpw Icp-Wsbbpw shfns∏Sp-Øp∂ D]-a-Iƒ ]e-Xp-≠v.
apSn-b-\mb ]pXs‚ D]a (15:11ff). ]co-i-s‚bpw Np¶-°m-c-s‚bpw
D]a (18:9 ap). \√ iacym-°m-cs‚ D]a (19:30 ap.).
kaq-l-Ønse G‰w \nIr-jvS-sc-∂pw, `jvS-sc∂pw IcpXnbh-
sc∏‰n tbiphn\p ]tXyIw Icp-X-ep-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. ]m]n-\nbmb
kvXo°v Ahn-Sp∂p tamN\w \¬Ip∂p (7:37 ap). kaq-l-Øn¬ shdp-
°-s∏´ Np¶-°mc≥ k°m-bn-bpsS BXnYyw Ahn-Sp∂p kzoI-cn-
°p∂p (19:1 ap). A\p-X-]n® I≈\p ]dp-Zokm hmKvZm\w sNøp∂p
(23:43).
ia-cym-°msc "AbnØ'ap≈-h-cm-bn- IcpXn Ahsc blq-Z-∑m¿
shdp-Øn-cp-∂p. F∂m¬ tbip-hn\v Ah-tcmSp ]tXyI Xmev]-cy-
ap≠v. Xs∂ _ln-jvI-cn® iacyKmasØ tbip i]n-°p-∂n√ (9:55).
\µn-sI´ sblq-Z-∑m¿°p≈ imk-\-bmWp \µn-bp≈ iacym-°m-c≥
(17:18). \ymbim-kvXn-bpsS kwibw Xo¿°p-∂Xp \√ ia-cym-°m-
cs‚ IYbn¬ Iq-Sn-bm-Ip∂p (10:25˛37).
3. kvXoI-fpsS t£a-Øn-ep≈ Xmev]-cyw: A∂p kaq-l-Øn¬
kvXoIƒ°p bmsXmcp ÿm\-hpan√mbn-cp∂p. h\n-Xmhn-tam-N-\-°m¿
eqt°m-kns\ Ah-cpsS henb h‡m-hmbn AwKo-I-cn®p F∂p hcmw.
tbip-hns\ A\p-K-an-°p∂ injy-cpsS Iq -Øn¬ kvXoIfp-ap-≠v.
"Ah¿ XßfpsS hkvXp-h-I-I-sf-s°m≠p ipiqj sNbvXp-t]m∂p'
(8:3). eqt°mkv amXta I¿Øm-hn\p am¿Øm, adnb F∂ ktlm-Z-
cn-I-tfm-Sp≈ kulrZw hc-®p-Im-Wn-°p-∂p≈q (10:38˛42). eqt°mkn¬
tbip-hns‚ ZnhyIm-cpWyw t\cn-´-\p-`-hn® aq∂p kvXoIƒ (7:11; 7:37;
13:11) D≠v. Nne D]-a-I-fnse IYm-]m-X-߃ kvXoIfmWv (15:8 ap.
18:3 hsc). bdp-itew ]pXnam¿ tbip-hns‚ IjvS-X-bn¬ hne-]n-°p∂p
(23:28). kvXoIƒ tbip-hns\ Iqin-¶-temfw A\pK-an-°p∂p (23:27).
64 ]Imi-Øn-te°v
]mcw-`-Im-eØv Gen-k-t_-Øv, adnbw l∂m XpS-ßnb hninjvS
kvXoI-sf∏-‰nbpw tcJs∏-Sp-Øn-bncn-°p-∂p.
4. ]m¿∞\-bv°p≈ ÿm\w: ]e-t∏mgpw thdn- p-t]mbn ]m¿∞n-
°p∂ tbip-hns‚ NnXw eqt°mkv \¬Ip-∂p. amtam-Zo-kmbv°p
apºpw (3:2), ]¥n-cp-hsc sXc-s™-Sp-°p-∂-Xn\p apºpw (6:12), ]co-
icp-ambn hmKzmZw \S-Øp∂-Xn\p apºpw, Xmt_m¿a-ebn¬ cq]m-¥-
c-s∏-Sp-tºmgpw (9:29). KXviotam≥ tXm´-Ønepw (22:42), Im¬hdn
Ipcnint∑¬ InS°ptºmgpw (23:40) ]m¿∞n-°p∂ tbiphns\
ImWmw. ]m¿∞\sb°p-dn°p∂ aq∂p at\mlcamb D]aIƒ
eqt°mkv \¬In-bn-cn-°p-∂p. (a) Np¶°mc\pw ]co-i\pw (18:10˛14),
(b) \ymbm-[n-]\pw hn[hbpw (18:2-˛8), (c) A¿≤-cm-Xn-bn¬ ap´n-hn-fn-
°p∂ kvt\ln-X≥ (11:5-˛8).
]m¿∞\-bpsS mK-am-Wt√m kvtXmXhpw kvXpXn-bpw. eqt°mkv
amXta \mep ]m´p-Iƒ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≈p: (1) adn-bm-ans‚ ]m´v
(1:46 ap). (2) skJ-cym-hns‚ ]m´v (1:68 ap). (3) amemJ-am-cpsS ]m´v
(2:14). (4) ina-tbms‚ ]m´v (2:29 ap).
5. ]cn-ip-≤m-flm-hns‚ kphn-tijw: ]cn-ip-≤m-fl-hym-]mc-Øn\v
Du∂¬ sIm-Sp-Øp-sIm≠p tbip-hns‚ Pohn-X-Ønepw ]h¿Ø-\-
Ønepw AsX]Im-c-am-bn-cp∂p F∂p shfn-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p. c£-Is‚
hchn-\mbn ImØn-cp-∂-h-cnepw (1:41; 1:67 ap) Ahn-Sp∂p h∂t∏mƒ
Xs∂ Xncn-®-dn-™-h-cnepw Bflmhp ]h¿Øn®p (2:25). ssZh-Øns‚
G‰hpw hnin-jvS-Zm-\-ambn ]cn-ip-≤m-flm-hns\ eqt°mkv Z¿in-°p∂p
(11:43). "eqt°mkns‚ ssZhhn⁄m\obØn¬' CtX-∏‰n IqSp-X¬
ImWpI.
6. kphn-ti-j-Øns‚ km¿∆-eu-InI Z¿i\w: tbip Ckm-tb-
ens‚ amXw c£-I-\-√, k¿hP-\Øn-s‚bpw BWv (2:29˛32). BZy-
h-km\w Cu kXyw ]kv]-jvS-am°p-∂p. ina-tbm≥ tbip-°p-™ns\
Icß-fn¬ hln-®n´p "PmXn-Iƒ°p shfn-s∏Sp-hm-\p≈ ]Imi'sØ
ImWp-∂p. AhnSpsØ \ma-Øn¬ kI-e-Pm-Xn-I-tfmSpw ]›m-Øm-
]hpw ]m]tamN\hpw ]kwKn°Ww (24:4). ]pdPmXn aX-Øn¬\n∂p
InkvXob hnizm-k-Øn-tebv°p IS∂ph∂ eqt°mkv kphn-ti-j-
Øn\p km¿h-eu-In-I-amb ]k‡n ImWp-∂-Xn¬ AXn-i-bn-∏m-\n√.
eqt°m-kns‚ ssZh-hn-⁄m-\obw
(1) PmXn-Iƒ°v CXn¬ \¬In-bn- p≈ ÿm\w apI-fn¬ kqNn∏n®n-
65]Imi-Øn-te°v
´p-≈-Xm-Wv. km¿h-Xn-I -c-£m-kn-≤m-¥-amWv CXn¬°qSn eqt°mkv
hn`m-h\w sNøpI. A∏kvtXm-e-]-hr-Øn-I-fpsS XpS°w Xs∂
s]¥n-t°m-kvXn-bn¬ ]cn-ip-≤m-flmhns‚ Bhm-ktØm-sS-bm-Wv.
CXp _mt_-ense (D-ev]. 11) A\p-`-h-Øns‚ adp-hiw BIp-∂p.
A∂p a\p-jys‚ Al-¥- aqew `mj-Iƒ Ießn kaqlw On∂-
`n∂-am-bn. s]¥n-t°m-kvXn-bn¬ Bflmhp e`n-®-t∏mƒ, sFIy-Øn-
s‚bpw ]c-kv]c Iq´m-bva-bp-sSbpw A\p`hw ssIh-∂p. Bflm-hns\
\¬In-bn-cn-°p-∂Xp Xs‚ \maw hnfn-®-t]£n°p∂ Gh¿°p-am-Wv.
eqt°mkv C°mcyw c≠mw hmey-Øn¬ hy‡-am-°p-∂p. kphn-tijw
"sbcq-i-te-an-epw, blq-Zy-bn¬ F√m-bn-S-Øpw, `qtem-I-Øns‚ A‰-
tØmfw FtØ-≠-Xm-Ip-∂p. AXp kzoI-cn-°p-∂hcn¬ ia-cym-°m-
c\pw, jfi-\pw, tdmam°mc\pw XØz-Nn-¥-Icpw F√mw Dƒs∏-Sp∂p.
(2) eqt°m-kns‚ bpKm-¥y-imkvXw: ap≥ kp-hntijI∑m-sc-
t∏mse eqt°mkpw hnizkn°p∂Xv Cu temIØns‚ NcnXw
AXns\ hos≠-SpØ InkvXphn¬IqSn ]cnkam]n°psa∂mWv.
F∂m¬ a¿t°mkns‚ bpKm¥yNn¥bpambn XmcXays∏SpØp-
tºmƒ eqt°mkv Nne hyXnbm\߃ hcp-Øn-bn´p≈Xmbn ImWmw.
"Bk∂ambncn°p∂p' F∂ Nn¥mKXn°v Abhp hcpØnbn´p≠v.
"ssZhcmPyw kao]ambncn°p∂p' F∂p a¿t°mkn¬ ImWp∂
ktµiw hn´p-I-f-™ncn°p∂p. "kabw Bk-∂-ambn-cn°p∂p' F∂p
]dbp∂h¿°v Hcp Xm°oXp \¬Inbn´p≠v (21:8 ap). ssZhcmPyw
DS≥Xs∂ ]Xy£s∏Sphm≥ CSbn√ (19:11). "BtKmfhym]Iamb
kw`h߃' Cu‰pt\mhns‚ Bcw`ambn eqt°mkv ImWp∂n√.
BZyL´Ønse bpKm¥yhnizmkw eqt°mkv hyXymks∏Sp-Øn.
c≠masØ hchp sshIp∂Xp-sIm≠p eqt°mkv k`mNcn-XØn-
tebv°p IqSpX¬ i≤ h®p. k`bpsS ZuXysØbpw Ncn-XØn-
ep≈ AXns‚ ÿm\-sØbpw hy‡am°m≥ eqt°mkv ian-°p∂p.
tNmZy-߃
1. eqt°mkv a‰v c≠p kphn-ti-j-I-∑m-cn¬ \n∂v GsX√mw Imcy-
ß-fn¬ hyXy-kvX\m-bn-cn-°p∂p?
2. ]m¿∞-\bv°v ]tXyI ]m[m\yw \¬In-bn-´p≠v F∂ Imcyw
ka¿∞n-°pI.
3. eqt°m-kns‚ km¿heu-InIZ¿i\w hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-I.
66 ]Imi-Øn-te°v
]mTw 6
A∏-kvtXm-e-]-hr-Øn-Iƒ:
k -bpsS ]mY-anI NcnXw
]p-kvX-I-Øns‚ t]cn-s\-∏‰n ]p-kvX-I-Øns‚ ]m[m\yw
]p-kvXI cN-\-bpsS e£yw D-≈-S°w ssZ-h-imkvXw
kphn-ti-j-߃ tbip-In-kvXp-hns‚ D]-tZ-i-ßfpw ]hr-Øn-I-
fp-amWv Dƒs°m-≈p-∂-sX-¶n¬ A∏-kvtXm-e-]-hr-Øn-I-fn¬, A∏-
kvtXme-∑m-cp-sSbpw kl-Im-cn-IfpsSbpw D]-tZ-i-ßfpw ]hrØnI-
fp-amWp≈-Xv. "]h¿Ø-\-߃' (]-Ivko-kv) F∂ t]cv bh-\-`mjm
]tbm-K-Øn¬\n∂p hcp-∂Xm-Wv. alm-∑m-cpsS sNbvXn-I-sf hnh-cn-
°phm\pw a‰pw cNn-°p∂ IrXn-Iƒ°v C]-Im-c-ap≈ t]cp \¬In-
bn-cn-°p-∂p.
eqt°m-kns‚ kphn-ti-jØns‚ XpS¿®-bm-bn-´mWp Cu IrXn
Bcw-`n-®n-´p-≈-Xv. c≠p -IrXnIfpw sXtbm-^n-tem-kn\v kwt_m-[\
sNbvXncn°p-∂p. kphntijw Dbn¿sØ-gp-t∂‰ InkvXp kz¿Km-tcm-
lWw sNøp∂ kw`-h-tØmsS kam-]n-°p-∂p. A∏-kvtXm-e -]-hr-
Øn-Iƒ, kz¿Km-tcm-l-W-Øn-\p-tijw Ahn-Sp∂p A∏kvXtXme-∑m¿
hgn XpS¿∂p ]h¿Øn-°p-∂Xv hnh-cn°p-∂p. F√m A∏-kvtXm-e-
∑m-cpsSbpw ]h¿Ø-\-ß-sf-∏‰n CXn¬ ImWp-∂n-√. BZy-`m-KØp
]tXm-kn-s‚-bpw, c≠mw-`m-KØv ]utem-kn-s‚bpw ]h¿Ø-\-ß-
sf∏‰n amXta ]Xn]m-Zn°p∂p≈q. F√m A∏-kvtXme∑mcp-sSbpw
]h¿Ø-\N-cnXw kwK-ln-°pI Bbn-cp-∂n√ Fgp-Øp-Im-cs‚
e£yw.
eqt°mkv Hcp Ncn-X-Im-c-\m-bncp-∂p. AtX-k-abw ssZh-im-kvX-
⁄\pambncp∂p. AXn-\m¬ Cu IrXnsb B ASn-ÿm\Øn¬
amXta hnebncp-Øm≥ Ign-bq. kphn-ti-jcN\bn¬ Ah[m-\-]q¿∆w
aqe-߃ D]-tbm-Kn® eqt°mkv Cu IrXn-bpsS cN-\-bnepw A]-
Imcw sNbvXn-cn-°Ww. D]-bp-‡-amb aqe-߃ GsX-√m-sa∂p Xn´-
s∏-Sp-ØpI ]bm-kam-Wv. F¶nepw \ap°v A\p-am\n°mhp∂-Xv,
]utem-kns‚ bmXm-hn-h-cWw Dƒs°m-≈p∂ Ub-dn-°p-dn∏v c≠mw
`mKØv D]-tbm-Kn -®p. BZy-`m-K-Øv, sbdp-i-tew, ssIk-cy,
At¥ymIym Cu k`m- tI-µ-ßfn¬\n∂v e`n® hkvXp-XIfpw ]mcº-
cy-ßfpw B[m-c-am-°n-bn-cn-°-Ww. eqt°mkv Cu tIµ-߃ kµ¿in-
°bpw AhnsS Xma-kn-°bpw sNbvXn-´p-≈-XmW-t√m.
67]Imi-Øn-te°v
]m[m\yw
A∏-kvtXme-]-hr-Øn-I-fpsS ]T\ ]›m-Ø-e-Øn¬ amXta A∏-
kvtXm-e-∑m-cpsS teJ-\-߃ icn°pw a\- nem-°m≥ Ign-bq. BZna
k`bpsS kq£vaamb Hcp NnXw A∏-kvtXme]hrØnI-fn¬\n∂p
e`n-°p-∂p. BZysØ k`m-N-cn-X-sa∂v CXns\ hnfn-°mw. k`-bpsS
D¤-hw, hf¿®, LS\ F∂n-h-sb-∏‰n amX-a√ AXns‚ kmaq-lyhpw,
BflnI-hp-amb Ah-ÿ-sb-°p-dn®pw CXp shfn-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p. Bcm-
[-\m-]-c-hpw, kwL-S-\m-]-c-hp-amb A\p-`-h-sØ-°p-dn®pw CXn¬
\n∂mWv Kln°mhp∂-Xv. k`bn¬ Db¿∂p-h∂ ]utcm-ln-Xy-Iaw,
IqZm-im-]-c-amb A\p-jvTm-\-߃ F∂n-h-bpsS D¤-h-N-cnXw \n›-
b-ambpw ]m[m\yw A¿ln-°p-∂-Xm-Wv.
e£yw
1. A∏kvtXmen-Ik`-bpsS hf¿®-sb hc®p ImWn-°pI-bmWv
][m\ e£yw. bdpitean¬ Hcp sNdnb kaqlambncp∂ InkvXob
k` Fßs\ h¿KØns‚bpw h¿ÆØns‚bpw AXn¿hcºpIsf
ewLn®psIm≠v, kmam-PyØns‚ Xeÿm\amb tdmam hsc
hf¿∂p hym]n®p F∂v CXn¬ ImWmw. ]pkvXIØns‚ IpdnhmIy-
Øn¬ "\n߃ i‡n e`n®n´v, bdpiteanepw, blqZybn¬ F√m-
SØpw iacybnepw `qanbpsS A‰tØmfhpw Fs‚ km£nIƒ
BIpw' (1:8) F∂p≠v. F]-Imcw B hmKvZm\w \ndth‰m≥ Ign™p
F∂mWv Cu IrXnbn¬ shfns∏SpØp∂Xv. ]pkvXIw Ahkm\n-
°p∂Xv, hnLv\w IqSmsX ssZhcmPyw ]kwKn°p∂Xpw, kphn-
tijw hym]n°p∂Xpamb NnXtØmsSbmWv.
2. ]pdPmXnIfpsS CSbnte°p≈ k`bpsS hf¿®, PmXob
InkvXym\n Bbncp∂ eqt°mkn\v Xm¬]cyap≈ Imcyambncp-∂p.
AXp-sIm≠v ]pd-PmXn t]jn-XXzhpambn _‘-s∏´ hkvXp-X-Iƒ°p
IqSp-X¬ ]m[m\yw \¬Ip-∂p. BZysØ ]pdPmXnIp-Spw-_-Øns‚
˛ sIm¿∂-teym-kns‚ am\-km¥chpw, amtamZokmbpw hfsc hniZ-
ambn ]Xn]mZn®n´p≠v (A. ]. 10). Cu kw`hsØ-∏‰n bdpitew
ktΩ-f\Øn¬ ]cma¿in°p∂p. PmXnIfpsS A∏kvtXme\mb
]utem-kns‚ am\-km-¥cw aq∂p ]mhiyw hnh-cn-°p∂p (9, 22, 26).
]pdPmXnItfmSp kphntijw Adnbn°m≥ ]utemkn\p e`n®
ssZhnI hnfnbmWt√m CXnse ][m\ ]Xn]mZyw. ]pkvX-IØns‚
c≠mw `mKØn¬ ]pdPmXnIfpsS CSbnep≈ ]utem-kns‚ ]h¿-
Ø\NcnXamWv.
68 ]Imi-Øn-te°v
3. tdmam Kh¨sa‚n¬ \n∂p≈ ]oU\w k`bv°v A`napJoI-
cnt°≠nh∂p. `cWIqSsØ FXn¿°p∂ Hcp kaqlambn
InkvXobk`sb iXp°ƒ NnXoIcn°pIbpw, X¬^eambn ]e
]oU-\-ßfpw IjvSßfpw hnizmknIƒ°v A\p`hnt°≠nbpw h∂p.
F∂m¬ k`mwK߃ Iem]ImcnItfm cWIqSØns‚ iXp-°tfm
A√ F∂p sXfnbnt°≠Xv Bhiyambncp∂p. Cu IrXn-bn¬°qSn
eqt°mkv ian°p∂Xv A°mcyamWv. tdma≥ `cWm[n-]-∑mcpambn
\√ _‘w ]pe¿Ønsb∂pw, Ah-cpsS ]oXn-bpw, k∑-t\m`mhhpw
k`bv°p klmbIambncp∂p F∂pw ImWn°p∂p. DZm. sImcn¥nse
kw`hw (18:12 ap). Ft^kqkn¬ (19:35 ap).
4. PmXnIfpsS A∏kvtXme\mb ]utemkns‚ ÿm\w Db¿-
Øn°mWn°p∂Xn\pw, At±lw ]tXmknt\°mƒ H´pw Ipd™-
h\√ F∂p sXfnbn°p∂Xn\pw eqt°mkn\p Xmev]cyap≈Xmbn-
tXm∂nt∏mIp∂p. ]tXmkv sNbvX XcØnep≈ A¤pXßsfms°
]utemkpw sNøp∂p≠v. ]tXmkv £pZ°mc\mb iotams\ imkn-
°p∂Xpt]mse ]utem-kv, Genakv F∂p adp\maap≈ _¿tbip-
hns\ imkn°bpw in£n°bpw sNøp∂p. ]tXmkv acn® Hcmsf
Dbn¿∏n®p F¶n¬ (X_oYm) ]utemkpw Hcmƒ°v (F-hp-Ønt°mkv)
Poh≥ \¬Ip∂p.
hnI-k\ NcnXw
BZnak`bpsS hnI-k\ NcnXamWnXnep≈Xv F∂p \mw I≠p.
AsXßs\, bdpitew apX¬ temIØns‚ A‰tØmfw hym]n-
°p∂p F∂v D≈S°w ]cntim[n®p I≠p]nSn°mw.
(1) bdpiteanse k` (1:1˛6:7): k`bpsS XpS°w bdpitean-
emWv. AhnsS ]cnip≤mfl Zm\Øn\p th≠n ImØncn°p∂ k`sb
ImWmw. s]¥nt°mkvXnZn\Øn¬ Bflhcw e`n®tijw A∏-
kvtXme∑m¿ i‡ntbmsS km£yw hln°p∂p; FXn¿∏pIsfbpw,
sh√phnfnIsfbpw AXnPohn®psIm≠v. Aßs\ hfcp∂ bdpi-
teanse k`bpsS NnXw kam]n°p∂Xv "ssZhhN\w ]c∂p, bdp-
i-te-an¬ injy∑mcpsS FÆw G‰hpw s]cpIn, ]ptcmlnX∑mcnepw
hentbmcp Iq´w hnizmkØn\[o\cm-bnØo¿∂p' (6:7).
(2) blq-Zym, iacy tZißfnte°p hym]n°p∂p (6:8˛9:31):
kvtX^mt\mkns‚ cwK]thiw ]m[m\ya¿ln°p∂p. AXp PmXn-
IfpsS A∏kvtXme\mb ]utemkns‚ ]h¿Ø\Øn\p ]›m-
Øesamcp°p∂Xpt]msebmWv. ssZhØns‚ ]hrØn tamssiI
69]Imi-Øn-te°v
\ymb-]amWØntem bdpitew tZhmebØntem HXp°n\ndpØm-
hp∂X√. bYm¿∞amb Ckmtb¬ InkvXob k`bmWv. Hcp km¿-
hXnIk`sb∏‰n At±lw hn`mh\w sNøp∂p. ]t£, AXp-aqew
c‡km£nXzw- hcnt°≠nh∂p. F∂m¬ XpS¿∂p≠mb ]oU\w
k`bpsS hf¿®bv°pw hnImkØn\pw CS\¬In. blq-Zym, iacy
]tZ-ißfnte°p k` hym]n®p. ]utemkns‚ am\km-¥chpw k`m-
]thi\hpw NcnXw Ipdn-°p∂ kw`hambncp∂p. ]pd-PmXnIfpsS
A∏kvtXme\mbn I¿Ømhp sXcs™SpØXv At±-lsØbmWv.
k`bpsS hf¿®bv°v B°w Iq´nb kw`hambncp∂p ]utemkns‚
am\km¥cw.
Cu c≠mw mKw Ahkm\n∏n°p∂Xv "Aßs\ blqZym, Keoe,
iacy F∂o tZißfn¬ Hs°bpw k`bv°p kam[m\ap≠m-bn, AXv
BflnIh¿≤\ ]m]n®pw I¿Ømhnt\mSp≈ ‡nbnepw ]cnip≤m-
flmhns‚ ]t_m-[-\-bnepw \S∂pw s]cpIn-s°m-≠ncp∂p' (13:31).
(3) At¥ymJymbnse k` (9:32-˛12:24): k`bpsS hf¿®bn¬
Hcp ]pXnbL´w Ipdn°p∂p. ]pdPmXnIsf k`-bn¬ tN¿°p-∂Xv
hfsc ssha\kyap≈ Imcyambncp∂p. F∂m¬ kz¿KobZ¿i\w
hgn ]tXmkn\v AXn\mhiyamb am¿K\n¿t±iw e`n®p. Aßs\
sIm¿∂teymkns\bpw IpSpw_tØbpw k`bn¬ ]thin∏n®p.
]n∂oSv At¥ymJybn¬ k` ÿm]nXamIp∂p. AsXmcp henb
]pdPmXn tIµambncp∂p. ]utemkns‚ t]jnX ]h¿Ø\Øns‚
XpS°w Xs∂ AhnsSbmWv. PmXnIfn¬\n∂v At\I¿ hnizmkw
kzoI-cn®p. Cu mKw Ahkm\n°p∂Xp "ssZhhN\w ta¬°p-ta¬
]c∂psIm≠ncp∂p' (12:24) F∂ ]kvXmh\bnemIp∂p.
(4) Gjymssa\dnse k` (12:25˛16:5): ]cnip≤mfl \ntbmK-
tØmsS ]utemkv Xs‚ the \SØp∂p. Gjymssa\dnse ]e
]pdPmXn tIµßfpw kµ¿in®p k` ÿm]n®p. F√mbnSØpw
BZyw blqZ∑mtcmSpw ]n∂oSp ]pdPmXnItfmSpw kphntijw Adn-
bn-°pI F∂-Xm-bn-cp∂p ]cn-]m-Sn. Aßs\ Ipt]m-kvZzo]nepw,
]nknZy, ehpZnIy ]tZißfnse ]´Wßfnepw k` hym]n®p. ]pd-
Pm-XnIfmbhsc ]cntOZ\ IqSmsX k`bnte°p tN¿°pI Bbn-
cp∂p ]utemkpw IqsSbp≈hcpw sNbvXXv.
]t£ CXv Hcp ]Xnk‘n krjvSn®p. ]pdPmXnIfmbhsc ]cn-
tOZ\ IqSmsX k`bn¬ tN¿°p∂Xp icnb√ F∂ A`n]mbw
s]m¥nh∂p. AtX∏‰n N¿® sNbvXp Xocpam\n°m≥ A∏kvtXm-
70 ]Imi-Øn-te°v
e∑m¿ bmt°m_ns‚ t\XrXzØn¬ bdpitean¬ ktΩfn®p.
]tXmkpw, ]utemkpw Cu ktΩf\Øn¬ kw_‘n®p kwkm-
cn®p. hmZ]XnhmZ߃°p tijw ]cnip≤mfl\ntbmKØm¬ GI-
I-WvTamb Xocpam\ØnseØn. PmXnIƒ ]cnt—Z\ Gevt°≠-Xn√.
Ah¿ a‰p Nne Imcy߃ i≤n®m¬ aXn. B Xocpam\w InkvXob
k`sb blqZk`bpsS Hcp A\p_‘sa∂ \n-ebn¬\n∂v Hcp km¿-
hXnIk-`bpsS \nebn-te°v Db¿Øphm≥ ]cym-]vXambn.
]pXn-b- D’mltØmSpw DW¿thmSpw ]utemkv Xs‚ anj≥
XpScp∂p. Cu L´sØ eqt°mkv AhXcn∏n°p∂Xp ImWpI:
"X∑qew k`-Iƒ hnizmkØn¬ Dsdbv°bpw, FÆØn¬ Znhtk\
s]cpIpIbpw sNbvXp' (16:5).
(5) bqtdm∏nse k` (16:6˛19:20): BflssNX\y-tØmsS
]utemkv ]pXnb theÿeßfnseØn. Aßs\ bqtdm∏nte°p
IS∂p ][m\ßfpw ]ikvXßfpamb ^nen∏y, sX tem\nIy,
tImcn-¥v, BX≥kv F∂o ]´Wßfn¬ k` ÿm]nXambn. ]utem-
kns‚ thebn¬ ]Xn_‘߃ AhnShnsS D≠mbn. F¶nepw,
Ahsb F√mw AXnewLn®p hN\w ]c°pIbpw k` hym]n°p-
Ibpw sNbvXp.
aq∂masØ bmXbn¬ Gjy≥t]mhn≥knte°p h∂p Ft^-
kqkv Bÿm\am°n ]h¿Øn®p. AXns‚ Np‰pap≈ ÿeßfn¬
hnPbIcambn theIƒ \-S∂p. AXns‚ kam]\ambn eqt°mkv
tcJs∏Sp-Øp-∂p: "Cßs\ I¿Øm-hns‚ hN\w i‡n-tbmsS ]c∂p
]_es∏´p' (19:20).
(6) kphntijw tdmambn¬ (19:21˛28:31): hnImkØns‚ Bdmw
L´Ønte°p \mw IS°p∂p. hfsc Zo¿L-amb Cu `mKØp \mS-
Iobhpw kmlknIhpamb ]e kw`hßfpw Dƒs°m≈p∂p.
AXns‚ XpS°w Xs∂ hfsc it≤bamWv. "CXp Ign™n´p
]utemkv a°tZm\ybnepw, AJmbbnepw IqSn IS∂p sbdpitean-
te°p t]mIWw F∂p a\ n¬ \n›bn®p; Rm≥ AhnsS sN∂
tijw tdmabpw ImtWWw F∂p ]d™p' (19:21).
Xs‚ Kpcphns‚ amXrI ]n≥]‰n ZrV\n›btØmsS ]utemkv
bdpitean¬ FØn. AhnsS \S∂ KqVmtemN\-bpsS ^eambn
]utemkv _‘\ÿ\mbn. XpS¿∂p hnkvXmcw, Pbn¬hmkw Ch-
bv°ptijw tdmante°v Abbv°-s∏Sp∂p. AhnsS FØnbtijw
Pbn¬hmkn F¶nepw hN\w ]mK¤ytØmsS kwkmcn°p∂p.
71]Imi-Øn-te°v
kphntijØn\p XS- -an√ F∂ NnXtØmsSbmWp eqt°mkns‚
NcnXmhnjvIcWØn\p Xnc»oe hogp∂Xv.
ssZhhn⁄m\obw
eqt°mkv tIhew Hcp NcnXImc-\√mbncp∂p. X\Xmb ho£-
W߃ D≈ Hcp ssZhimkvX⁄≥ IqSn Bbncp∂p. At±l-
Øns‚ c≠p IrXnIfpw Hcpan®p hmbn-®m¬ AXp hy‡amIpw
(kphntij]T\Øn¬ CtX∏‰n ]Xn]mZn®n´p≠t√m). ChnsS A∏-
kvtXme ]hrØnIfn¬ \n∂p Npcpfgnbp∂ Nne hnjbßsf
Nq≠n°mWn°p∂p.
1. ]cnip≤mflmhns‚ ]h¿Ø\w: aØmbnbpsS kphntij-
Øn¬ D∞nX\mb InkvXp hmKvZm\w sNøp∂Xv "temImhkm\-
tØmfw Rm≥ \nßtfm-SpIqsS Ccn°pw' F∂mWv. eqt°mkns‚
`mjyØn¬ D∞nX\mb InkvXphns‚ km∂n≤yw ]cnip≤mflm-
hn¬°qSn ÿnXnsNøp∂p. InkvXphns‚ ipiqj Bfl\ndhn¬
Bcw`n®Xpt]mse k`bpsS ipiqjbpw Bfl\ndhnemWp XpS-
ßp∂Xv.
DS\ofw Bflhym]mcsØ∏‰n hnhcn°p∂p. Cu ]pkvXIsØ
Nne ]finX∑m¿ "]cnip≤mflmhns‚ kphntijw' (Gospel of theHoly Spirit) F∂p hnfn®n´p≠v. BflssNX\yØn¬ [ocamb
km£oIcWw k`bn¬ \S°p∂p. c‡km£nXzw hcn°m\p≈
ss[cyhpw BflhcØmemWv. ]utemkns\bpw _¿∂_mkn-
s\bpw sXcs™SpØXpw \ntbmKn®bbv°p∂Xpw AhcpsS ]h¿-
Ø\ afiesØ \nb¥n®p \bn-°p∂Xpw ]cnip≤mflmhmIp∂p.
kp]-[m\amb Xocpam\߃ FSp°phm≥ k`sb \bn°p∂Xv
Bflm-htX (15:28).
]cnip≤mflmhp tIhew Hcp ssNX-\ytam i‡ntbm A√. Xocp-
am-\n°m\pw, \bn°m\pw, \nb-¥n°m\pw in£n-°m\pw F√mw Ign-
hp≈ Hcp BfØamWv. k`bpsS kIe i‡nbpw ssNX\yhpw
]cnip≤mfl hym]mcØn¬ ASnÿm\s∏´ncn°p∂p.
2. bpKm¥y ho£Ww: kphntij]T\Øn¬ CtX∏‰n A¬∏-
ambn \mw ImWpIbp≠mbn. tbiphns‚ ]p\cmKa\w sshIp∂p
F∂p I≠t∏mƒ, BKa\Øn\p apºp≈ L´w k`bpsS ]h¿Ø-
\Imeambn eqt°mkv ho£n°p∂p. Cu CS°me-Øv, k` temI-
Øns‚ A‰tØmfw InkvXphns‚ km£yw hln°pIbmbncp∂p
72 ]Imi-Øn-te°v
AXns‚ NpaXe. Cu ZuXy\n¿hlWØn\p≈ i‡n ]cnip≤m-
flmhn\m¬ e`n°pw.
k`bpsS ZuXyØn\pw, I¿Øhy \n¿hlW-Øn\pw henb
]m[m\yw eqt°mkv \¬Ip∂Xv At±-lØns‚ ta¬∏d™ ho£-
WØn¬ \n∂tX.
3. bdpitean\p≈ ÿm\w: kphntijØnepw A∏kvtXme
]hrØnbnepw bdpitean\p kp][m\amb Hcp ÿm\w eqt°mkv
\¬Ip∂p. ssZhnI t]cWbm¬ \bn°s∏´p bdpitean¬ sN∂-
tijamWp InkvXpkw`h߃ \S°p∂Xv. InkvXphns‚ ipiq-
jbn¬ bdpitean\p henb ÿm\ap-≠v.
AXpt]mse k`bpw ]cnip≤mflhcØn\mbn bdpitean¬
ImØncn°Ww. bdpiteanse k` hfcp∂p. ChnsSbp≈ A∏-
kvtXmekaqlw k`bpsS ]h¿Ø\ßsf \nb¥n°p∂p. A∏-
kvtXme∑mcpsS ktΩf\w IqSp∂Xv AhnsSbmWv. F∂m¬ ]n∂oSv
B \KcØns‚ ÿm\w \jvSs∏´pt]mbn F∂p amXw.
tNmZy-߃
1. ]cnip≤mfl hym]mcØm¬ hfcp∂ k`sb A∏kvtXme]hr
ØnIfn¬ ImWp∂p. C∂sØ "Imcnkvam‰n°v ]ÿm\sØ'
CXns‚ shfn®Øn¬ Fßs\ hnebncpØpw?
2. bdpitew kp∂ltZmkns‚ ]m[m\yw shfns∏SpØpI.
3. A∏-kvtXme ]hrØn-I-fnse bpKm¥y ho£Wsa¥mWv?
73]Imi-Øn-te°v
bqWn‰v 3
ka-ho-£-W-kp-hn-ti-j-ß-fnse
][m\ ktµiw
]mTw 1
ssZhcmPyw
hm°ns\∏‰n k-aho£Wkphntijßfnse apJyhnjbw
]gb\nba ]›mØew tbiphns‚ D]tZiØn¬ ssZh-
cmPyhpw k`bpw
kaho£W kphntijßfpsS ]ckv]c_‘w, Ah Hmtcm-
∂ns‚bpw ]tXyIkz`mh߃, ssZhhn⁄m\obw F∂nßs\
s]mXphmb ]T\w \mw \SØn°gn™p. Cu kphntijßfnse
D≈S°Ønte°p IS∂v AhnsS°mWp∂ ][m\s∏´ Nne hnj-
b߃ Hmtcm∂mbn ]Tn°pIbmWv ASpØXmbn \mw sNøp∂Xv.
ssZhcmPyw
tbiphns‚ D]tZisØ H‰hm°n¬ ]dbmsa¶n¬ AXp "ssZh-
cmPyw' F∂mbncn°pw. D]aIfn¬ apgßn tIƒ°p∂ ktµiaXm-
Ip∂p. hocy]hrØnIfpw A¤pXßfpw sXfnbn°p∂Xv Cu
bmYm¿∞yamWv. apt∂mSnbmb kv\m]Itbml∂m≥ sblqZyacp-
`qanbn¬ ]kwKn®p, "am\km¥cs∏Sphn≥; kz¿KcmPyw kao]n-®n-
cn°p∂p' (aØm. 4:1˛2). tbiphpw Cu ktµiamWp ]Jym]n-°p∂Xv
"am\km¥cs∏Sphn≥ kz¿KcmPyw kao]n®ncn°p∂p' (a-Øm. 4:17).
KeoebnepS\ofw Np‰nk©cn®Xp kz¿KcmPyØns‚ kphntijw
]kwKn®psIm≠tX. Xs‚ timXm°fpsS i≤sb ]nSn®p]-‰m≥
G‰hpw A\ptbmPyamb hnjbambncp∂p AXv.
ssZhcmPyw F∂ ]Zw c≠p ]mhiyw amXta aØmbn D]tbm-
Kn°p-∂p≈q (12:28; 19:24). as‰√m kµ¿`ßfnepw "kz¿KcmPyw' F∂
hm°mWv At±lw kzoIcn®n´p≈Xv. c≠ns‚bpw A¿∞w H∂p
Xs∂. blqZsc Dt±in®p kphntijsagpXnbXpsIm≠v aØmbn
"kz¿KcmPyw' F∂ ]Zw kzoIcn®p. ImcWw, ssZh\matØmSp≈
AXy[nIamb _lpam\w sIm≠p Ignbpsa¶n¬ ssZhw F∂ ]Zw
blqZ∑m¿ ]tbmKn°pambncp∂n√. "]nXmhns‚ cmPyw' (a-Øm. 13:43)
74 ]Imi-Øn-te°v
"a\pjy]pXs‚ cmPyw' (13:41; 16:28) F∂o ]tbmKßfpw ImWmw.
Chsb√mw A¿∞-am°p∂Xv a\pjy¿°p \nXyc£ ]Zm\w sNbvXp
sIm≠p≈ ssZhØns‚ ]nXr`cWamWv.
"a¬°qXv' (a¬°qtkm -kpdnbm\n) F∂ F_mb]Zw hyRvPn-
∏n°p∂Xv, "cmPXzw,' "`cWw', "k¿hm[n]Xyw' (Sovereignty) Fs∂-
√mamWv. A√msX ÿetØmSp _‘s∏SpØnb Hcmiba√ ][m-
\ambp≈Xv.
tbiphns‚ kaImeo\¿°p ]nbwIcamb Hcp ]Zambncp∂p
ssZhcmPyw. F¥mWv AXns‚ ]gb\nba ]›mØew? ]gb-
\nbaØn¬ Cu ]Zw hfsc hncfambn amXta ImWp∂p≈q. AXv
bnkmtb¬ cmjvSsØ°pdn°p∂Xn\mWv D]tbmKn®n´p≈Xv.
F∂m¬ `uanIamb cmjvSØn¬\n∂p hyXykvX-ambn `mhn-bn¬
]Xy-£s∏Sm\p≈ Hcp bmYm¿∞yambn Zm\ntb¬ ]hN\Øn¬
ImWmw (2:44; 7:27). `uanIcmPy߃ DZn°bpw AkvXan°bpw
sNøp∂p. ssZhcmPyw F∂pw \ne\n¬°pw.
"ssZhcmPyw' F∂ hm°p ]gb\nbaØn¬ hncfamsW¶nepw
ssZhw cmPmhmIp∂p F∂ Bibw kpe`amWv. skan‰nIv Nn¥m-
KXnbmWv CXns‚ Bib]›mØew. ssZhw I¬∏n°p∂p; P\-
߃ A\pkcn°Ww. ssZhw Ahsc kwc£n°bpw, ]pe¿Øp-
Ibpw sNøp∂p. ssZh-`cWw \nXyamWv. "btlmh F∂p-sa-t∂°pw
`cn°pw' (]p-d. 15:18; k¶o. 145:10˛13; 146:10). ssZhØns‚ cWw Xs‚
P\amb bnkmtbent\mSp _‘s∏´mIp∂p. AhcpsS cmPmhv
ssZhw amXamWv. AXpsIm≠v Ah¿°v Hcp cmPmhns\ hmgn®p
In´phm≥ At]£n®t∏mƒ ssZhØn\v AlnXambnØo¿∂p (1 iap.
8; 12:12). Ah¿ X∂n¬ hnizkn®pw, Xs∂ A\pkcn®pw, Pohn-®n-
cp∂t∏msg√mw ssZhw Ahsc `cn°pIbpw, ]cn-]men°pIbpw
sNbvXp. F∂m¬ Ah¿ Xs∂ [n°-cn-®-t∏mƒ ssZhw Ahsc
XyPn®p-I-f-™p. AXns‚ ^e-ambn Zpc-¥-߃ kw`-hn-®p. sshtZ-
in-I-i-‡n-Iƒ Ahsc Iog-S-°n, ]oUn-∏n-®p. B kml-N-cy-Øn¬
ssZhw Xs‚ B[n-]Xyw ho≠pw ÿm]n®v Ahsc D≤-cn-°p-sa-∂p≈
]Xo-£-Iƒ \msº-Sp-Øp. ssZh-cmPyw mhn-bpsS Hcp ]Xo£ Bbn-
cp∂p (G-im. 24:21˛23; sk^. 3:14˛18: kJ. 14:16). ssZhw h¿Ø-am-\-
Im-e-Ønepw cmPm-hm-sW-¶nepw Xs‚ cmPXzw ]Xy-£-ambn ]I-S-
am-bn-cp-∂n√; AXp ad-™n-cp-∂p. F∂m¬ `mhn-bn¬ AXp i‡n-
tbmSpw hy‡-ambpw ]Xy-£-am-Ipw.
75]Imi-Øn-te°v
ssZh-cmPyw F∂ ]tabw tbip-hns‚ ka-Im-eo-\¿°pw ]nbw-
I-c-am-bn-Øo¿∂Xp ta¬∏-d™ kml-N-cy-Ønem-Wv. A∂p≈ blq-
Z-∑m¿ Ah-cpsS kp\-tKm-Kn¬ C]-Imcw Biw-kn-°p-am-bn-cp∂p
(Ct∏mgpw AXp-≠v): "Ahn-Sp∂p Xs‚ cmPyw \nß-fpsS Pohn-X-
Ønepw, \nß-fpsS Znh-k-ß-fnepw, bnkm-tb¬ h-\-°m-cpsS F√m
\mfp-I-fnepw thK-Øn¬ Bk-∂am-°n-Øo¿°s´! BΩo≥.'
ssZh-cmPyw hs∂-Øp-tºmƒ Fs¥ms° kw`-hn-°p-sa∂p-≈Xv
Ah-cn¬ ]ecpw ]ehn-[-Øn¬ ]Xo-£n-®p. Nne ]Xo-£I-fmWp
adn-bm-ans‚ ]m´nepw (eq-t°m. 1:46-˛55), kJ-cn-bm-hns‚ ]m´nepw
(eqt°m. 1:68˛79) ]Xn- -en®p ImWp∂-Xv. Nmhp-I-S¬ Npcp-fpI-fnepw
CXp-t]m-ep≈ ]Xo-£-Iƒ ]I-Sn-X-ambn´p-≠v.
tbip-InkvXp IS-∂p-h-∂Xp ssZhcmPyw kam-K-Xambn F∂
]Jym]-\tØmsSbmIp-∂p. AhnSpsØ BK-a\hpw, ]h¿Ø-\-hpw,
ssZh-cmPyw ssIh-cpØp-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p. ]Xo-£n-®n-cp∂ c£-I≥
Ahn-Sp∂p Xs∂. "ssZhm-flmhn\m¬ Rm≥ qXßsf ]pd-Øm°p∂p
F¶ntem ssZhcmPyw \nß-fpsS ASp-°¬ hs∂Øn-bn-cn-°p∂p
kv]jvSw' (a-Øm. 12:28; eqt°m. 17:21). tbip-hns‚ ]kw-K-Øn¬
ssZh-cmPyw hs∂-Øn-sb∂v Adn-bn°p-Ibpw A¤pX-ß-fn¬°qSn
AXp sXfn-bn-°p-I-bp-atX sNbvX-Xv. `qX-ßsf _ln-jvI-cn-°p∂-
Xn¬IqSn-bpw, tcmK-ßsf ZpcoI-cn-°p∂-Xn¬°q-Snbpw ssZh-Øns‚
i‡n-bpw, B[n-]-Xyhpw IS-s∂-Øn-sb∂p sXfnbn-®p. ssZh-cmPyw
Hcp h¿Ø-am-\-Ime bmYm¿∞y-am-sW∂p hy‡-am-°n.
Aß-s\sb-¶n¬ Xn∑-sb-¥p-sIm≠v XpScp∂p? ssZh-cmPyw Hcp
bmYm¿∞ysa∂v Fßs\ AhImis∏Smw? AXn\pØcw kphn-ti-
j-I∑m¿ \¬Ip-∂Xp ssZh-cmPy-Øns‚ ]q¿Wna h∂pIgn-™n-´n√
F∂m-Wv.
ssZh-cm-Pyhpw `mhnbpw
InkvXphns‚ BKa\hpw c£Wy]hrØnbpw Hcp ]pXnb
bpKmcw`w Ipdn®p. AXns‚ kºq¿Øn `mhnbnemWv. AXpsIm-
≠mWp ssZhcmPyw hcphm\p≈ H∂mIp∂p F∂pw ]dbp∂Xv.
"ssZhcmPyw i‡ntbmsS hcp∂Xp ImWpthmfw acWw BkzZn-
°mØ Nne¿ Cu \n¬°p∂hcn¬ D≠v' (a¿t°m. 9:10) F∂p tbip
]kvXmhn®p. I¿Ømhp ]Tn∏n® ]m¿∞\bn¬ "\ns‚ cmPyw htc-
Wta' F∂p sNm√p∂p (a-Øm. 6:10). kz¿KcmPyw Ahkm\\mfp-I-
fn¬ amXta ]q¿Wambn km£m¬°cn°s∏SpIbp≈q F∂mWv
76 ]Imi-Øn-te°v
CXp kqNn∏n°p∂Xv. `mhntbmSp _‘s∏SpØn ssZhcmPysØ-
∏‰n ]dbp∂`mK߃ kphntijßfn¬ hfscbp≠v.
ssZh-Øns‚ lnXw kºq¿W-ambn \nd-thdp∂ hyh-ÿn-XnbmWv
ssZhcmPyw. ssZhcmPyØnte°p ]thin°pI F∂Xp ssZh`c-
WØn\p kºq¿Wambn hnt[bam°pI F∂mWv. ssZhØns‚
I¿ØrXzw ]q¿Wambn AwKoIcn°ptºmƒ Hcp hy‡n ssZh-
cmPyØnte°p ]thin°pIbmbn. ssZhcmPyw ]mYanIambn B¥-
cnIamb Hc\p`hamIp∂p. a\pjylrZbßfn¬ AXp ÿm]nX-
amIpw, AXns‚ _ln¿kv]pcWw kmaqlyPohnXØn¬ D≠mImXn-
cn°bn√. kvt\lhpw, kmtlmZcyhpw, kaXzhpw, \oXnbpw \ne-
\n¿Øp∂ Hcp kaqlw cq]s∏SpØm\p≈ Bthiap≠mIpw. lrZ-
bØn¬ amXw HXpßn\n¬°pIbn√. "ssZhcmPyw h∂ncn°p∂p;
am\km¥cs∏Spho≥' F∂p I¿Ømhpw injy∑mcpw ]kwKn®-
t∏mƒ, ssZhcmPyØn¬ ]thin°p∂Xn\v ]mYanIambn D≠m-
tI≠ A\p`hsØbmWv kqNn∏n®Xv. _≤∑m¿°p hnSp-X-epw, Ipcp-
S-∑m¿°p ImgvNbpw ]kw-Kn-∏m-\pw, ]oUnX-∑msc hnSphn®b∏m\pw
ZcnZ∑mtcmSp kphntijw Adnbn∏m\pamWv (eq-t°m. 4:18˛19) I¿-
Ømhp h∂sX∂p ]dbptºmƒ ssZhcmPyØns‚ kmaqlyhpw
kmºØnIhpamb am\ßfnte°p hnc¬ Nq≠pIbmWv.
k`bpw ssZhcmPyhpw
c≠pw XΩn¬ _‘ap≠v. ssZhcmPyamWv k`sb∂p Nn¥n®n-
cp∂ Imeap≠mbncp∂p. C∂mcpw Xs∂ ssZhcmPysØ k`-
bv°p≈n¬ ]cnanXs∏SpØpIbn√. ssZhcmPyØns‚ BZy^e-ambn
k`sb ImWmw. ssZhcmPym\p`hw ssIhcpØm≥ k` \ntbmKn-
°s∏´ncn°pIbmWv. k` tIhew Hcp kmapZmbnI kwLS\b√.
AXp kz¿KcmPyØns‚ ap≥Ipdnbpw, kz¿KcmPym\p`hØns‚
i‡amb km£nbpamWv.
tbip XpSßnsh® ssZhcmPyw ÿeImeßfn¬ km£m¬°--
cn-°-s∏- n-cn-°p-∂Xp k -bn-eq-sSbm-Ip-∂p. temImhkm\-Øn¬ shfn-
s∏Sphm\ncn°p∂ ssZhcmPyØns‚ uanI XeamWp k`. InkvXp
AXns‚ ÿm]-I≥ amXa√, `cWm[n]\pw hn[nI¿Ømhpw
BIp∂p. ssZhØns‚ `cWw k`bnepw k`bn¬°qSnbpamWp
temIØn\p ImWs∏tS≠Xv. ssZhcmPysØ temIØn\p shfn-
s∏SpØpIbmWv k`bpsS auenIamb I¿Øhyw. AXn\m¬
temIØn¬\n∂v Hgn™pamdm≥ km[ya√. Nnet∏mƒ temIsØ
77]Imi-Øn-te°v
hn[n-t°≠Xmbpw hna¿int°≠Xmbpw hcpw. F∂m¬ AXp
sNøW-sa¶n¬ k` kzbw XncpØphm\pw hnip≤n \ne\n¿Øm\pw,
ssZh-`-cWØn\p IqSpX¬ IqSpX¬ hnt[b-am°m\pw k∂-≤amsb-
¶nte km[n°q.
tNmZy߃
1. ""ssZhcmPyw'' F∂ hnj-b-Øns‚ ]gb-\n-ba-]-›m-Øew hnh-
cn-°p-I.
2. ssZh-cmPyw h∂p F∂-Xns‚ sXfnhp-Iƒ F¥m-bn-cp∂p?
3. ssZh-cm-Pyhpw k`bpw XΩn¬ F]-Imcw _‘-s∏-´n-cn-°p∂p?
]mTw 2
ssZh-cm-Py-Øns‚ [m¿Ωn-I-X:
Kncn-]- m-jWw
Hcp ]kw-K-a-√ -D-]-tZ-i-k-am-lm-cw -eq-t°m-kn¬ ka-Xe
]kwKw C-Xns‚ ]k-‡n-sb-∏-‰n-bp≈ A`n-]m-b-߃ D≈-
S°w
kphntij`mKßfn¬ almflmKm‘nsb G‰hpw BI¿jn®Xp
Kncn]`mjWambncp∂p (a-Øm. 5-˛7). At±lw A\pZn\w AXp
hmbn°pItbm hmbn®ptIƒ°pItbm sNøpambncp∂p. alm\mb
tSmƒtÃmbnbpsS PohnXho£WsØ kzm[o\n® ][m\ t]cI-
i‡nbpw CXmbncp∂p. ssIkvXhcpw AssI-kvXhcpamb At\-
Isc BI¿jn®n´p≈Xpw kzm[o\n®n´p≈Xpamb H∂tX Kncn-
]`mjWw.
ssZhcmPysØ∏‰n \mw I≠pIgn™p. B ssZhcmPyØns‚
[m¿anI]amWamWp Kncn]`mjWØn¬ Db¿∂p-\n¬°p∂Xv.
ssZhcmPyØnse AwKßfpsS PohnXhnip≤nbpw [m¿anIXbp-amWv
AXns‚ A¥kØ. BZnak`bn¬ CXp kv\m\m¿∞nIfp-sSbpw
(catechumens) \hmKXcptSbpw ]T\hnjbambncp∂p. hen-bt\mºp
ImeØmbncp∂p Ahsc hnizmkw ]Tn∏n®ncp∂Xv. kpdn-bm\n
k`bn¬ t\mºpImesØ Zn\wtXmdpap≈ Gh≥tKentbm-\n¬
78 ]Imi-Øn-te°v
hmb\m`mKambn Kncn]`mjWw tN¿Øn´p≈Xv Cu ]mcº-cyØn¬
\n∂mbncn°mw.
Kncn]`mjWw tbiphns‚ Hcp ]kwKa√. AhnSp∂p sNbvX
]e ]kwKßfpsS ]k‡`mK߃ Iq´nt®¿ØXmWv. eqt°m-
kns‚ kphntijw ]cntim[n®m¬ CXp hy‡amIpw. CXns‚ D≈-
S°w eqt°mkn¬ ]e `mKØmbn NnXdn°nS°p∂p. aØmbnbn¬
aeta¬ Ibdn \SØp∂ ]kwKambn AhXcn∏n°p∂p. eqt°m-
kn¬ kaXeØn¬ \S-Øp∂ ]kwKambpw (6:22˛49). c≠pw Bcw-
`n°p∂Xp `mKymhÿsb∏‰n (Beatitudes) bp≈ ]kvXmh\tbm-
sSbmWv; Ahkm\n°p∂Xv `h\\n¿amXmhns‚ D]-a-tbm-Spw.
Kncn]`mjWtØ°mƒ hfsc lkzamWp kaXe]kwKw. c≠p
kphn-tijIcpw Htc aqeØn¬ (Q) \n∂mbncn°Ww sXcs™Sp-
Øn´p-≈-Xv.
Kncn]`mjWw tImUoIcn®t∏mƒ AXn\v Hcp ]tXyI ]k‡n
D≠mbncp∂p. blqZaXhpambp≈ kwhmZw CXns‚ ]nºnep-≠v.
tami-bpsS \nb-a-ß-tfmSpw ]hm-N-I-∑m-tcmSpw tbiphns‚ at\m-
`mhsa¥mWv F∂ tNmZyapb¿∂p. At±lw Ah \nckn®pthm?
]gb ]amWß-tfmSp H´pw _‘-an√mØ \qX\kn≤m-¥-ßfmtWm
At±lw ]Tn∏n®Xv? CXns\mcp adp]Sn \mw ChnsS ImWp∂p. "Rm≥
\ymb]amWsØtbm ]hmNI∑msctbm \ot°≠Xn\p h∂p
F∂p \ncq]n°cpXv; \o°phm\√ \nh¿Øn∏m\tX Rm≥ h∂Xv'
(a-Øm. 5:27). ]gb ]amW߃°p ]pXnb hym]vXnbpw ]k‡nbpw
\¬IpIbmWv tbip sNbvXXv. AXpsIm≠tX AhnSp∂p ]d™Xv
"\nßfpsS \oXn imkvXnamcpsSbpw ]coi∑mcpsSbpw \oXnsb
Ihnbp∂n√ F¶n¬ \n߃ kz¿KcmPyØn¬ IS°bn√ F∂p
Rm≥ \nßtfmSp ]dbp∂p' (aØm. 5:20). \nbaw C√mXm-°pIb√,
]ns∂tbm AXns\ ]q¿Wam°pIbmbncp∂p tbiphns‚ ZuXyw.
]gbXns\ \n¿am¿P\w sNøpIb√, AXn\p ]pXnb am\hpw Bghpw
Is≠-ØpIbmbncp∂p AhnSp∂p sNbvXXv.
Kncn]`mjWw ]mtbmKnItam? Kncn]`mjW-Øns‚ Im¿°iyw
]e-scbpw \ncm-is∏-Sp-Øp-∂Xm-Wv. DZm. ktlmZct\mSp tIm]n-°p-
∂h≥ F√mw \ymbhn[n°p tbmKy\mIpw.......-\n mcm F∂p ]d-
™mtem \ymbm[n]k`bpsS apºn¬ \n¬t°≠nhcpw; aqVm F∂p
]d™mtem A·n\cIØn\p tbmKy\mIpw (aØm. 5:21) .....-h-e¶Æp
\n\°v CS¿®- hcpØps∂¶n¬ AXns\ Nqs∂SpØp Fdn™pIfI'
(a-Øm. 5:29), "iXp°sf kvt\ln-°Ww.' CsXms° Fßs\ ]mh¿-
79]Imi-Øn-te°v
ØnIam°mw! Akm[yamb Imcyßft√ Kncn-]`mjWØnep≈-Xv.
AXn\v F¥p \ymboIcWamWp≈Xv?
AtX∏‰n Db¿∂ph∂n´p≈ Nne A`n]mb߃
1. \n›bambpw ssZhcmPyØn¬ ]thin°p∂Xn\v Ch Bh-
iyamWv. \√ in£Whpw, A\pkcWhpw, \nba߃ ]men°p-hm-
\p≈ Xo£vWXbpw Bhiyw. "CSp°phmXneneqsSbmWt√m
]thint°≠Xv' (aØm. 7:13).
F∂m¬ ChnsS Hcp Imcyw Hm¿°-Ww, ssZhcmPyw Hcp Zm\hpw
Ir]bpamWv. AXp hmKvZm\w sNbvXn´p≈Xp "]m]nIƒ°mWv.' AXp
a\pjys‚ t\´Ømepw ]b-Xv\Ømepa√t√m. AXpsIm≠v H∂pw
sNtø≠ F∂p hcp∂n√.
2. eqYdpw a‰p ]e t]m -Âp Nn¥-Icpw \n¿t±in°p∂Xv, A]m-
tbmKnIßfmb C°mcy߃ H´pw Ab-hn√mØhn[w I¿°iambn
\¬Inbn´p≈Xp a\pjys‚ \n lmbXbpw, Ignhn√mbvabpw Ah≥
a\ nem°n ssZhØns‚ IcpW- (Grace) bn¬ kzbw A¿∏n°p-
hm≥th≠nbmWv. \ncmibpsS \o¿°bØn¬\n∂v Ah≥ Iqin-
¶te°p hnizmktØmsS t\m°n \oXoIcWw Is≠Øphm\nS-
bmIpw F∂tX.
CXp ]n¬°meØp t]m´Ã‚ v Nn¥Ifn¬ Db¿∂ph∂
kn≤m¥w Kncn]`mjWØns‚ta¬ ASnt®¬∏n°bmIp∂p.
ssZhXn-cpa\ v k^eoIrXam°m≥ a\pjy\p km[n°pIbns√-
∂p≈ Bibw AXnseßpw ImWp∂n√. Xs‚ I¬∏\Isf injy-
∑m¿ \n¿hln°phm≥ InkvXp ]Xo£n°p∂Xmbn´mWp Kncn]`m-
jWw shfns∏SpØp∂Xv.
3. CXnse ]amW߃ ÿeIme]cnanXnIƒ D≈ C°mebf-
hnte°p≈X√; BZ¿ikpµcamb Hcp `mhn temIØn\pth≠n-
bmWv.
]amWßfpsS Im¿°iysØ Cu A`n]mbw Imcyambns´Sp-
°p∂p F∂p ]dbmw. ]t£ tbiphns‚ D]tZiw Cu temIPohn-
X-tØmSp _‘s∏SpØnbpw ]k‡am°nbpw \¬Inbn´p≈Xm-Wv.
"hy`nNmcw sNøcpXv, tamjvSn°cpXv' F∂pw a‰pap≈ I¬∏\-Iƒ°v
Cu temIPohnXØnet√ ]k‡nbp≈p.
4. CXnse ]amW߃ k`bnse F√mh¿°p-ambn´√. I¿°-
80 ]Imi-Øn-te°v
ihpw, Xo£vWhpamb \nba߃ k`bnse th¿Xncn°s∏´ k\ym-
knIƒ°pw, Bfln-IthZnbn¬ Db¿∂pNcn°p∂h¿°pamWv. Ah¿
temItØbpw, AXns‚ tamZßsfbpw shSn™v CXnse ]amW-
߃°\pkcWambn Pohn°Ww. km[mcW°mcmb hnizmkn-
Iƒ°v CXv F√mw _m[Ia√. tdma≥ ItØmen°mk`bn¬ Hcp
ImeØp kzoI-cn®ncp∂ A`n]mb-am-WnXv. ]t£ CXv C∂p kzoIm-
cya√. ta¬∏d™ hn[Ønep≈ Hcp XcwXncnhv I¿Ømhv AhnsS
\¬In-b-Xmbn ImWp-∂n√. ssZhcmPyØnse AwK߃s°-√mambn
\¬Ip∂ ]amWßfmbn´mIp∂p.
5. B¬_¿´v ssjz‰vk¿ D∂bn®n´p≈ kn≤m¥a\pkcn®v,
bpKm¥yw ASpØpsh∂v tbip hnizkn®XpsIm≠v AXn\papºp≈
CS-°metØ°v (Interim period) hfsc ITn-\hpw I¿°-i-hpamb \nb-
a-߃ \¬In F∂tX (ASnb¥ncmhÿ°meØv \nba߃ I¿-
°iambncn°p∂Xpt]mse). AXpsIm≠v CXns\ "CS°me [m¿-
anI \nba߃' (Interim ethics) F∂p hnfn°p∂p.
\nbaßfpsS ]m[m\yw apJhnebv°v FSp°p∂p F∂ Hcp sa®-
anXnep≠v. ]t£ tbiphns‚ D]tZiØnseßpw, CXv Hcp Npcp-
ßnb kabtØ°p≈ I¿i\\nbasa∂p [z\n°p∂ bmsXm∂p-
an√. hnizmknIƒ InkvXobPohnXØn¬ A\p`hamt°≠ Imcy-
߃ Xs∂bmWv.
6. InkvXphns‚ [m¿anIimkvXw a\pjy]IrXnbne[njvTnX-
a√. Ah A\pjvTn∏m≥ km[mcW a\pjy\p km[n°bpan√.
F∂m¬ Cu "]pXnb]amWw' c£-bpsS A\p`hØn¬ "]pXnb
krjvSn'-bmbnØo¿∂n´p≈ a\pjy\p th≠nbmIp∂p (New law forthe New creation). kz¥ Ignhnepw t\´Ønepw Ah≥ Du∂¬ sImSp-
°p∂n√. Ah≥ ssZhIr]bn¬ F√m-bvt]mgpw Nmcp∂p. "a\pjy\v
Akm[ysa¶nepw ssZhØn\p kIeXpw km[yw' F∂v Ah≥
Hm¿°p∂p. ssZhIr] A\p`hn®n´p≈h\mbXpsIm≠v B Ir]
Ahs‚ PohnXØn¬ ]mh¿ØnIam°pIbmWp sNøp∂Xv.
F¥p e`n°psa∂p≈ ]Xn^eØns‚ e£ytØmsSb√, ssZhw
Ah\v F¥p sNbvXncn°p∂p F∂p≈ IrX⁄XbpsS at\m-
`mhØnemWv Ah≥ h¿Øn°p∂Xv. ssZhØns‚ ]pX∑mcpw ]pXn-
amcpw B°nØo¿Øncn°p∂Xn\m¬ AXn\\pkcWambn Pohn-
∏m\p≈ iaambncn°pw sNøp∂Xv.
81]Imi-Øn-te°v
D≈S°w
Kncn]`mjWØns‚ D≈S°w \mw Adn™ncn°Ww.
(1) AjvSku`mKy߃: ssZhcmPym-hIminIfpsS A\p`hamWv
AjvSku`m-Ky߃ (a-Øm. 5:3˛10). eqt°mkns‚ kphntijØn¬
CXp \mep amXamWv (6:20˛22). Cu ku`mKy߃ hc®pIm´p∂
kz`mh߃ F√mw Xs∂ ASnÿm\]cambn InkvXphns‚ kz`m-
hamWv. ssZhcmPyw tbiphn¬ tIµoIrXamWt√m. Cu `mKy-
h¿W\Iƒ D]cnπhambn _elo\XIƒ F∂p tXm∂nt∏mImw.
F∂m¬ Ah ]pXnb bpKsØ kzmKXw sNøptºmgp≠mIp∂ A\p-
`hßfmWv.
(2) InkvXpinjy¿ (k- ): temItØmSp≈ _‘Øn¬ Fßs\
Bbncn°Ww (5:13˛16). Ah¿ temIØns‚ D∏pw (tISp IqSmsX
kq£n°p∂Xv; Aen™ptN¿∂p cpNn hcpØp∂Xv) ]Imihpam-
Ip∂p (bmYm¿∞yw shfns∏SpØns°mSpØp kXyØnte°p \bn-
°p∂p).
(3) ]gb\nba߃°p ]pXnb `mjyw (6:17˛48): ]g-b\nb-
aßsf \o°n°fbpIb√, Ahbv°v ]pXnb A¿∞hpw hym]vXnbpw
Iev]n-°p∂p. sIme sNøcpXv hy`nNmcw sNøcpXv F∂p XpSßnb
Iev]\Iƒ, FSpØpsIm≠ _mlyamb ]hrØntb°mƒ D]cn
AXn\p t]c-I-amb Nn¥bpw \ncq]-W-hpamWp ][m\sa∂p ImWn-
°p∂p. hnhmltamN\w, I≈kXyw, ]XnImcw, iXp°tfmSp≈
kvt\lw F∂nhtb∏‰nbpw ]cma¿in°p∂p. kvt\lamWv F√m
Iev]\IfptSbpw ]q¿ØoIcWw.
(4) ]gb A\pjvTm\߃°p ]pXnb `mjyw (6:1˛18): Zm\-
[¿Ωw, ]m¿∞\, D]hmkw Ch aq∂pamWv BflnIPohnX-Øns‚
aq∂p kvXw`߃; ]gb\nbam\pjvTm\ßfn¬ ][m\s∏´h. ]coi
aX-Øn¬ Ah F]Imcw A\pjvTn®ncp∂p F∂p≈Xns‚ ASnÿm-
\ØnemWp ssZhcmPyØns‚ a°ƒ Fßs\ sNøWsa∂p
hy‡am°p∂Xv. ]m¿∞\sb∏‰nbp≈ ]cma¿iØn¬ Hcp amXrIm-
]m¿∞\bpw \¬Inbn´p≠v (CXp eqt°mkn¬ hyXykvXamb Hcp
kµ¿`ØnemWp tN¿Øn´p≈Xv 11:2˛4).
(5) PohnXØn¬ ]pe¿tØ≠ am\Zfi߃ (6:19˛7:23):
]mtbm-KnI PohnXØn¬ icnbmb B¥cnI Dt±iyw Xs‚ A\pKm-
an-Iƒ°p≠mbncnt°≠Xns‚ ]m[m\yw shfns∏SpØp∂p. temI-
82 ]Imi-Øn-te°v
Øn¬ Bbncn°bpw, euInI¿ A√mXncn°pIbpw sNøm\p≈
Blzm\a-tX. bYm¿∞amb \nt£]w kz¿KØnembncn°Ww.
aptº Ahs‚ cmPyhpw \oXnbpw At\zjn°m\p≈ k∂≤Xbm-
Wmhiyw. BIpehpw D¬°-WvT-bpan√mØ PohnXw km[n-°phm≥
ssZh-Øns‚ ]nXr]cn]me\w a\ nem°nbm¬ aXn.
A\ysc hn[n°phm≥ Xp\nbmsX kzbw XncpØen\p ian°Ww.
hnebp≈ aqeyßsf AKWyambn X≈cpXv. hnizmk]q¿∆-ap≈
kao]\ambncn°Ww ]m¿∞\bn¬ th≠Xv. ssZhhpw a\p-jy\pw
XΩnep≈ _‘w k¿h][m\amWv.
Kncn]`mjWw kam]n°p∂Xp ^ew Imbn°p∂ hr£Øn-
s‚bpw (7:15˛29) ]mdta¬ hoSp]WnX a\pjys‚bpw ZrjvSm¥ßtfm-
sSbmWv. GImKa\t msS ssZhØns‚ hN\w kzoIcn®v, AX-
\pkcn®p Pohn°phm\p≈ I¿Øhyw A\pkvacn°p∂p.
tNmZy߃
1. Kncn]`mjWØns‚ ]k‡nsb kw_‘n®p≈ A`n]mb-߃
Fs-¥√mw.
2. Kncn]`mjWØn¬ aØmbn tcJs∏SpØnbn´p≈h eqt°m-
kns‚ kphntijØn¬ FhnsSsb√msa∂p I≠p]nSn°pI.
3. InkvXphns‚ D]tZiØn\v (Kncn]`mjWw) Fs¥¶nepw
auenIX AhImis∏Sm\pt≠m? CXc aXßfnepw, XØzNn¥-
bnepw kmayap≈h Fs¥√mw?
]mTw 3
tbip-hns‚ D]-a-Iƒ
tb-iphns‚ D]tZiØns‚ khntijX D]amkt¶Xw D]bp-
‡am°p∂p D-]aIfpsS XcwXncnhv D]am hymJym\Øn¬ Hm¿-
t°≠ Imcy߃
tbiphpw D]-a-Ifpw
"Cu a\pjy≥ kwkmcn°p∂Xpt]mse Bcpw Hcp\mfpw kwkm-
cn®n´n√' (tbml. 7:46) F∂p tbiphns‚ kw`mjWsØ∏‰nbpw,-
83]Imi-Øn-te°v
D]tZisØ∏‰nbpw ]dbØ°hÆw Ah AXpeyßfmbncp∂p.
km[mcW°mscbpw ]finX∑m-scbpw H∂pt]mse BI¿jn°m≥
t]mcp∂h Bbncp∂p. Hcp khntijX At±lw [mcmfw D]aIƒ
D]tbmKn®p F∂XmWv. AhnSpsØ Znhyktµiw A[nI]¶pw D]-
aIfn¬°qSn ]I¿∂p-sImSpØp.
Cu t_m[\am¿Kw tbiphns‚ X\Xmbn´p≈XmtWm? As√∂p
ImWmw, ]gb\nba]T\w \SØptºmƒ. ]hmNI-KŸßfn¬ D]-
-aIƒ [mcmfap≠v (sbiøm 5:1˛7; bncay 23:1˛4; tlmti. 4:16; 13:5˛6;
\ymbm. 9:7˛15). ]n¬°meØv blqZdm_namcpw CtX kt¶Xw Ah-
ew_n®ncp∂p. dm_namcpsS IrXnIfmb anZmjnw, anjv\, Xm¬apZv
F∂nhbnse√mw [mcmfw D]aIƒ \ap°p Is≠Ømw. dm_nam-cpsS
D]amcq]w Xs∂ tbiphpw ]et∏mgpw kzoIcn®n´p≈Xmbn
tXm∂p∂p. D]am]mcºcyw ]cnNnXamsbmcp P\X-tbmSmWv tbip
D]aIƒ ]d™Xv F∂p hy‡w.
F¶n¬ tbiphns‚ D]aIƒ°v F¥p ]tXyIXbmWp≈Xv?
Ahbv°v Fs¥¶nepw ]pXpabpt≠m? \n›bambpw Xs‚ D]a-
Iƒ°v Hcp \ho\Xbpw hiyXbpap≠mbncp∂p. timXm°fpsS
]XnIcWØn¬ CXp ]ISamWv; "CsX¥v, ]pXnsbmcp ]t_m-
[\w' (a¿t°m. 1:27). A\pZn\ PohnXØnse km[mcW kw`hß-
fmWv D]aIfmbn AhXcn∏n®Xv. KmaoW PohnXhpw, Kma`wKnbpw
D]aIfn¬ ap‰n\n¬°p∂p. hbense Xmacbpw, tKmXºpw, ap¥n-
cnbpw, AØnbpw, BImiØnse ]dhIfpw F√mw tbiphns‚
i≤bn¬s∏-´p. \m´n≥]p-dsØ I¿jI\pw, B´nSb\pw, ao≥]nSp-
Ø°mc\pw, sXcphoYnIfn¬ Ifn°p∂ ss]Xßfpw `h\Øn¬
]mXw IgpIp∂Xpw, hkvXw Xp∂p∂Xpw amhp Ipgbv°p∂Xpamb
kvXoIƒ; Chsc√mw AhnSpsØ D]aIfn¬ ÿew ]nSn®n´p≠v.
]ns∂¥mWv ]tXyIXbp≈Xv?
1. AhXcWØnse ]pXpa
GXp \nebnep≈h¿°pw BkzZn°Ø°hÆw efnXhpw kcf-
hpamWv tbiphns‚ D]aIƒ. F∂m¬ tIƒhn°mcpsS khntij-
i≤ BI¿jn°m≥ ]cym-]vX-amb Hcwiw AhnSpsØ D]aIfn¬
D≠mhpw. DZm: ]nXmhns‚ CjvSw sNbvXp Pohn® aqØ]pXs\-
°mƒ \ΩpsS A\pIº ]nSn®p]‰p∂Xp apSnb\mb Cfb aI\mWv.
tehyt\°mfpw ]ptcmlnXt\°mfpw \ΩpsS _lpam\w "AbnØ'-
°mc\mb \√ iacym°mc≥ B¿÷n°p∂p. \jvSs∏-SmØ sXmÆq-
84 ]Imi-Øn-te°v
s‰m≥]Xv BSnt\°mƒ A[nIw B\µw CSb\p \¬Ip∂Xp
ImWmsX t]mb BSmWv (AXns\ Xncn-®p -In´nbt∏mƒ). Cßs\-
bp≈ "A]q¿∆XIƒ' i≤ BI¿jn°pI amXa√, Nn¥-Iƒ DW¿-
Øphm\pw ]cym]vXambncp∂p.
2. ktµiØns‚ ]pXpa
D]aIƒ AhnSp∂v D]tbmKn®Xv AhnSpsØ ]pXnb ktµiw
A\mhcWw sNøm\mWv. IYIƒ ]gbXpw, km[mcW kw`hyßfp-
amImw. F∂m¬ Ahbn¬°qSn "ssZhcmPyØns‚ clkyw' shfn-
s∏-SpØpIbmIp∂p sNbvXncn°p∂Xv. dm_namcpsS D]aIƒ [m¿-
anI ]t_m[\w kpKaam°phm≥ amXambncp∂p. F∂m¬ tbip-
hns‚ D]aIƒ AhnSpsØ BKa\tØmSpIqSn BhnjvIcn°s∏´n-
cn°p∂ ssZhcmPyØns‚ kz`mhsØbpw ]h¿Ø\sØbpw
][m\ambpw ]Xn]mZn°phm\mWv. AXpsIm≠v [m¿anI ]t_m-
[\w Ahbn¬ Cs√∂p hcp∂n√. ssZhcmPyw kzoIcn°m≥, hy‡n-
Isf sh√phnfn°p∂hbmWp an° D]aIfpw.
3. D]amImcs‚ ]pXpa
tbiphns‚ ktµiØns‚ tIµw At±lw Xs∂ Bbncp∂p.
X∂n¬\n∂v A\yamb GtXm H∂nte°p hnc¬ Nq≠p∂hb√;
AhnSpsØ hy‡nXzØnte°pw ZuXyØnte°pw shfn®w hoip-
∂hbmbncp∂p AhnSpsØ D]aIƒ. D]aIfneqsSbp≈ ]tLmj-
W-Øns‚ hnjbw AhnSp∂p Xs∂bmbncp∂p.
Cßs\ t\m°ptºmƒ tbiphns‚ D]aIƒ°v A\ymZriamb
BI¿j-WobXbpw A¿∞]pjvSnbpw D≠m-bncp∂Xmbn ImWmw.
D]aIƒ Fßs\ XcwXncn°mw
kaho£W -kphntijßfn¬ amXamWv D]aIƒ \mw ImWp-
∂Xv. tbml-∂ms‚ kphntijØn¬ cq]I߃ (allegory) amX-
tabp≈p. DZm. hmXn¬, ap¥ncnh≈n, CSb≥. kaho£W kphn-
tijØn¬ 65 D]aIƒ Ds≠∂mWv s]m^k¿ am≥k≥ A`n-
]mbs∏Sp∂Xv. Ahsb Fßs\ XcwXncn°msa∂p ]ecpw ]co-
£n®n´p≈XmWv. ]e am\Zfißfpw D]tbmKs∏SpØmw. hnjb-
Øns‚ ASnÿm\Øn¬ Ahsb hn`Pn°pIbmWv G‰w Ffp∏-amb
am¿Kw. ssZhcmPyØns‚ D]aIsf s]m^. tUmUv hn`Pn-®n´p≈Xp
ssZhcmPy]Xnk‘nbpsS D]aIƒ F∂pw, ssZhcm-PyØns‚
85]Imi-Øn-te°v
hf¿®bpsS D]aIƒ F∂pamWv. s]m^. am≥k≥ D]-aIsf
aq∂mbn hn`Pn®ncn°p∂p.
1. \∑bpsSbpw Xn∑bpsSbpw `mhßsf ]ISam°n a\pjy-
kz`mhw shfns∏SpØp∂ D]aIƒ. AhcpsS a\x m£nsb X´nbp-
W¿Øp∂Xn¬°qSn timXm°ƒ°v Bfltim[\ \SØp∂Xn\pw
kzbw Is≠Øp∂Xn\pw Ch D]Icn°p∂p.
DZm: _p≤nbp≈h\pw, _p≤niq\y\pamb `h\w ]Wn°m¿.
\√ iacy°mc≥, Hgn™pInS°p∂ `h-\w, [\hm\mb aqV≥,
A\oXnbp≈ ImcyhnNmcI≥, ]Øp I\yIam¿.
]coi\pw Np¶°mc\pw; bp≤Øn\p t]mIp∂ cmPmhv; tKm]pcw
]Wnbp∂h≥; tXm´Øn¬ thebv°v Ab°s∏Sp∂ c≠p a°ƒ.
2. ssZh`cWsØbpw, ssZh]h¿Ø\ßsfbpw ]kv]jvSam-
°p∂ D]aIƒ. km[mcW kw`hßsf am[yaam°ns°m≠v, ssZh-
kz`mhsØbpw, Znhy]-h¿Ø\ß-sfbpw hniZoIcn°p∂p. a\p-jy-
lr-Z-b-ß-fn¬ hnizm-khpw Bfln-I-amb Dƒ°m-gvNbpw ssIhcp-Øp-
IbmWv e£yw. ssZh-sØ-∏‰n hy‡n-]c-ambn a\- nem°p∂-Xn-\pw,
X∑qew, Bg-amb kvt\l-hpw `‡nbpw Pohn-X-Øn¬ Df-hm-Ip-∂-
Xn\pw km[n-°pw.
DZm: hnX-°m-c≥, cl-ky-Øn-¬ hf-cp∂ hnØv, ISp-Ipa-Wn, ]pfn∏v,
ad™ncn-°p∂ \n[n, hne-tb-dn-b- ap-Øv, hnØpw If-bpw, hnhn[ a’y-
߃ AI-s∏´ he, ap´n-∏mbn At]-£n-°p∂ hn[h, A¿≤cmXn-
bn¬ ap´nhnfn°p∂ kvt\ln-X≥, ImWmsX-t]mb BSv, \jvS-s∏´
Z“.
ta¬°m-Wn® D]-a-I-fn¬ ][m\ambn ssZhcm-Pyhpw ssZh-
Øns‚ ]h¿-Ø-\hp-amWv Bhn-jvI-cn®n-´p-≈Xv.
3. a\p-jy-kz-`m-h-hpw, ssZh-]-h¿Ø-\-hpw c≠pw Hcp-an®p _‘-
s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p≈ D]-a-Iƒ. a\p-jykz-`m-hsØ ssZh-Øns‚ kz`m-
hhp-ambn XmcX-ay-s∏-Sp-Øn-s°m-≠mWv Nne kXy-߃ shfn-s∏-
SpØp-∂Xv.
DZm: apSn-b≥]pXs‚ D]-a-bn¬, ]nXm-hns‚ Icp-Wmakr-W-amb
kvt\l-hpw, aqØa-Is‚ \n¿±-b-hpw, \njvTqc-hp-amb s]cp-am-‰hpw
ImWmw. Cu D]-a-I-fpsS Dt±iyw A\p-Xm-]-hpw, am\-km-¥-chpw Df-
hm-°p-I-bm-Wv. a\p-jys‚ [m¿Ωn-Ihpw, Bfln-I-hp-amb hi-ß-fn-
86 ]Imi-Øn-te°v
te°p shfn®w hoin-s°m≠v ]cn-h¿Ø-\-Øn-te°p \bn-°mXncn°-
bn-√. ssZh-Øns‚ bYm¿∞- kz-`m-hsØ a\- n-em-°n-s°m-Sp°p∂-
tXmsSm∏w a\p-jy≥ FØnt®cm-hp∂ Hu∂-Xyhpw ImWn-°p-∂-h-
bmWv tbip-hns‚ D]-a-Iƒ.
D]am hyJym\w
D]-a-I-fpsS kµ¿`-hpw, ]›mØehpw kphntijßfn¬\n∂p
kpKmlya√mØXn\m¬ D]amhymJym\Øn¬ ]bmk߃ t\cn-
Sp∂p. tbip FhnsSh®v, Ft∏mƒ, F¥n\pth≠n ]d™psh∂p
kphntijI∑m¿°p Xs∂ \n›ban√. AXpsIm≠v Ah¿ kz¥w
\nKa\Øn¬ FØn Hmtcm kµ¿`Ønepw tN¿Øv AhXcn∏n®ncn-
°bmWv. X∑qew Hcp D]abpsS Xs∂ kµ¿`hpw ]›mØehpw,
c≠p kphn-ti-j-ßfn¬ c≠p- hn-[-Øn¬ Is≠∂p hcpw. DZm: ImWm-
sXt]mb BSns‚ D]a. aØmbn 18, eqt°m. 15. kµ¿`߃ c≠nepw
hyXykvXamWv.
tbip ]kvXmhn®t∏mƒ Bsc e£yam°ns°m≠p ]d™p-
sh∂p ]n∂oSp \n›ban√msX h∂t∏mƒ A∂sØ k`tbmSp≈
_‘Øn¬ ]eXns\bpw ]p\cmJym\w sNbvXn´p≈Xmbn ImWmw.
D]aIfpsS A¿∞w Is≠Øm\p≈ \ΩpsS iaØn¬ i≤n-t°≠
Nne Imcyßfp≠v.
1. kphntijØn¬ B ]tXyI kµ¿`Øn¬ \¬Inbncn°p-∂-
Xns‚ Dt±iysa¥v? kphntijØns‚ a‰p mKßfpambn CsX-ßs\
tbmPn°p∂p F∂p I≠p]nSn°Ww.
2. kphntijI≥ D]tbmKn°p∂Xn\p apºv A∂p≈ k` B
D]asb Fßs\ ho£n®p? F¥¿∞aXn\p \evIn? InkvXob-
kaqlw AhcpsS D]tZiØnepw, ]t_m[\Ønepw AXv Dƒs∏Sp-
ØnbXv F¥p e£ytØmsSbmWv?
3. tbip CXp ]kvXmhn®t∏mƒ F¥¿∞w \evIn? tbip Dt±-
in®sX¥v? AhnSpsØ timXm°ƒ Bcmbncp∂p? Ahscßs\
AXp a\ nem°n?
Cu tNmZy߃°pØcw I≠p]nSn°m≥ ian°Ww. Hmtcm D]-
abv°pw ][m\ambn Hcp tIµ ktµiamWp≠mhpI. AsX¥m-
sW∂v I≠p]nSn°p-I-bm-Wv Bh-iyw. D]abpsS hnhn[ mK-߃°p
A¿∞w \¬Ip∂Xp tIµktµiw Is≠Ønb tijta BImhq.
87]Imi-Øn-te°v
tbiphns‚ D]aIƒ a\pjycmin°v F∂pw ktµihmlnIfm-
bnØs∂ \nesIm≈p∂p. AhbpsS ImenIamb ]k‡nbpw,
A¿∞hpw I≠p]nSn°p∂XnemWp \ΩpsS [ym\hpw ]T\hpw
tIµoIcnt°≠Xv.
tNmZy-߃
1. a¿t°mkv 4; aØmbn 13. Cu c≠v A≤ymbßfnsebpw D]a-
IfpsS ]Xn]mZ\Ønep≈ hyXymk߃ I≠p]nSn°pI.
2. ssZhcmPyØns‚ khntijXIsf shfns∏SpØp∂ D]a-Iƒ
GsX√mw?
3. bpKm¥ykw`hßtfmSp _‘s∏´ D]aIƒ GsX√mw?
4. D]amhymJym\w \SØp∂Xn¬ Hm¿Øncnt°≠ Imcy߃
Fs¥√mw?
]mTw 4
tbip-InkvXp Bcv?
kaho£W kphntijßfn¬ tbiphns\ Fßs\ NnXoI-cn®n-
cn°p∂p? D]tbmKn®n´p≈ t]cpIfpw A¿∞hpw
tbipInkvXphns‚ ktµisØ∏‰nbmWp apºp≈ ]mT߃
N¿® sNbvXXv. ssZhcmPysØ∏‰nbpw, AXns‚ [m¿anI \oXnsb-
°p-dn®pw \mw a\- n-em°n°gn-™p. D]am kt¶Xw hgn-bp≈ tbip-
hns‚ ]t_m[\sshinjvSyhpw \mw a\ nem°n. C\nbpw ]k-
‡amb Hcp tNmZyap≠v, Cu tbip Bcmbncp∂p? Xs‚ ZuXyw
F¥mbncp∂p? kaho£Wkphntij߃ tbiphns\ F]Im-
camWv AhXcn∏n®n´p≈Xv.
hnhn[ t]cpIƒ (Titles) tbiphn\p \¬Inbn´p≈Xmbn ImWmw.
Ahsb√mw ]gb\nba]-›m-ØeØn¬ amXta a\- nem°m≥
Ignbq.
1. aviolm (In-kvXp)
Cu t]cv tbiphns‚ A[cßfn¬\n∂v A]q¿∆ambn amXw tIƒ-
88 ]Imi-Øn-te°v
°p∂XmWv. F∂m¬ ka-ho-£W kphn-ti-j-I-∑m¿ tbip-hns\
"aviolm' Bbn AwKo-I-cn-°bpw B hn[-Øn¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-Ibpw
sNøp-∂p. Xmsg-∏-d-bp∂ `mK-߃ i≤n-°p-I: tbip-hns‚ ]tem-`-
\-߃ (a¿t°m. 1:11), tbml-∂m≥ kv\m]-I\p tbip \¬Ip∂ adp-
]Sn (a-Øm. 11:2˛6), bdp-i-te-an-te-°p≈ tbip-hns‚ al-Xz-]-th-i\w
(k-J-cy 9:9 ImWpI), alm-]p-tcm-ln-Xs‚ apºmsIbp≈ hnkvXmcw
Ch-sb√mw Ahn-Sp∂p aviolm BsW∂p shfn-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-h-bm-Wv.
"aviolm' F∂ hm°ns‚ A¿∞w "A`n-jn-‡≥' F∂m-Ip-∂p.
CXp bnkm-tb-ense cmPm-°-∑m¿°pw, alm-]p-tcm-ln-X-∑m¿°pw D]-
tbm-Kn-®n-cp∂ hnti-j-W-am-Wv. F∂m¬ tbip-hn\p \¬In-bn- p-≈Xv
Ah-cn¬ Hcmƒ F∂- t]m-se-b-√, ]ns∂tbm Ckm-tbey P\X-
bpsS ]Xo£ km^-ey-a-Wn™ hy‡n F∂ \ne-bn-em-Wv; ]h-N-
\-ß-fpsS F√mw \nhrØn X∂n¬ ssIh∂p F∂ A¿∞-Øn¬.
F¥mWp aviolm-sb-∏‰n blq-ZP\w hniz-kn-®Xv? Nne ]fin-
X-∑m-cpsS A`n-]m-b-Øn¬ (DZm: tPmk^v ¢ukv\¿) tami-sb-∏-‰n-
bp≈ [mc-W-bn¬ \n-∂mWp aviolm-sb-∏-‰n-bp≈ ]Xo£ hf¿∂Xv.
CuPn-]vXnse ASn-a-Xz-Øn¬\n∂v A¤p-X-I-cambn Ckm-tbeysc
hntam-Nn-∏n-®Xp tami-bm-bn-cp-∂p. AXp-t]mse `mhn-bn¬ kºq¿Æ
hntam-N\w \¬Ip∂ Hcp-h≥ Db¿∂phcpw. ZmhoZv Ckm-tb-ey¿°p
kzmX-¥yhpw Z-Xbpw ssIh-cp-Øn. AXp-t]mse mhn-bn¬ hcp∂
hntamNI≥ ZmhoZns‚ hwiP\mbncn°pw. aviolmsb-∏‰n-bp≈
hnizmkw cq]w]q≠Xv Ckm-tb-ense cmP-hm-gvN-bn¬ \n-∂mWv F∂p
Icp-Xp∂ ]fin-X-∑m-cp-ap≠v (D-Zm. au\n-°¬). cmPmhv A`n-jn‡-
\m-bn-cp-∂p. Abmƒ btlm-h-tbmSp ]tXyIw _‘w ]pe¿Øn; Znhy-
amb i‡nbpw A[n-Im-chpw B¿Pn-®p. F∂m¬ hcm\n-cn-°p∂
cmPmhv AYhm aviolm Bbn-cn°pw DØ-a\pw, BZ¿i-hm-\p-amb
bnkm-tb-ens‚ cmPm-hv. Ah≥ km¿heu-In-I-amb A[n-Im-c-ap-≈-
h-\pw, ]Xm]hm\pambncn°pw. avinlmsb∏‰nbp≈ ]Xo-£Iƒ
i‡ambn hf¿∂p h∂Xp bnkmtb¬°m¿ hntZim[n]-XyØn¬
sRcpßn°gn™t∏mgmWv. Akm[mcWamb hy‡n]- mhtØmsS
tbml∂m≥ kv\m]I≥ ]Xy£\mbt∏mƒ Ah≥ Xs∂ Bbn-
cn°pw aviolm F∂p P\w kwibn®p.
kaho£W kphntij߃ tbiphns\ bnkmtbens‚ bYm-
¿∞ aviolm Bbn´hXcn∏n°p∂p. F∂m¬ BflnIhpw, [m¿anI-
hpamb Hcp B[n]XyamWv AhnSptØXv; cmjvSoba√. tbip-
InkvXp BXy¥nI hntamNI\mWv. AhnSp∂p ]IrXni‡nI-
89]Imi-Øn-te°v
fpsStaepw A[nImcap≈h\mIp∂p (I-Sens\ imkn°p∂Xv). am-
Xa√ AZriytemIØp hym]cn°p∂ ss]imNnI i‡nIfpsS-
taepw AhnSptØbv°v A[nImcap≠v. H∂pw AhnSpsØ \nb¥-
WØn¬ s]SmØh Bbn´n√. ZmhoZns‚ k¥Xn F∂p hntijn-
∏n°p∂Xn¬IqSn bnkmtbeycpambn ]tXyI_‘w shfns∏Sp-
ØpIbpw, ]hN\ ]Xo£IfpsS ]q¿ØoIcWambn´mWv Ahn-
Sp∂p h∂Xv F∂p hy‡am°pIbpatX sNøp∂Xv.
2. ssZh]pX≥
]Xy£ambnt´m ]tcm£ambnt´m 24 ]mhiyw ssZh]pX≥
F∂ t]cv tbiphn\p kaho£W kphntijßfn¬ \¬Inbn´p-
≈Xmbn ImWmw. "AtX ]nXmth, Cßs\bt√m \n\°p ]kmZw
tXm∂nbXv. Fs‚ ]nXmhv kIehpw F¶¬ `ctaev]n®ncn°p∂p.
]nXmh√msX Bcpw ]pXs\ Adnbp∂n√; ]pX\pw ]pX≥ shfn-
s∏-Sp-Øns°mSp∏m≥ C—n-°p∂h\pa√msX Bcpw ]nXmhns\ Adn-
bp∂n√' (a-Øm. 11:27). "B \mfpw \mgnIbpw kw_‘nt®m ]nXm-
h√msX Bcpw, kz¿KØnse ZqX∑mcpw, ]pX\pw IqSn Adnbp-∂n√'
(a¿t°m. 13:32). ssZh]pX≥ F∂p kzbw hntijn∏n°p∂ ][m\-
s∏´ c≠p mKßfsXbnXv. Nne kµ¿`ßfn¬ "aviolm' F∂Xns‚
]cymbambn "ssZh]pX≥' F∂p hnfn°p∂p≠v (eq-t°m. 22:66˛70
ImWpI). AXn¬\n∂p a\ nemIp∂Xp aviolmbv°p ssZh]pX≥
F∂ t]cpw \¬Inbncp∂Xmbn´mIp∂p.
bh\]mcºcyØn¬ "ssZh]pX≥' F∂ ]tbmKw k¿hkm-
[mcWambncp∂p. F∂m¬ kphntijßfpsS ]nºn¬ F_mb-
]mcºcyamWp t]cIambn´p≈Xv. ]gb\nbaw ]cntim[n®m¬
"bnkmtb¬ P\X'bv°p ssZh]pX≥ F∂ \maw \¬Inbn´p≠v.
"bnkmtb¬ Fs‚ ]pX≥, Fs‚ BZyPmX≥ Xs∂. F\n°p
ipiqj sNøm≥ Fs‚ ]pXs\ hn´bbv°-Wsa∂p Rm≥ \nt∂mSp
Iev]n°p∂p' (]p-d. 4:22˛23). CXtX btlmhbpsS hm°pIƒ.
tlmtib ]hmNI\pw CXn\p kam\amb hm°pIƒ D≤cn-°p-∂p
(11:1, 3˛4). bnkmtb¬ P\sØ apgph\mbn "ssZh]pX≥' F∂p
hntijn∏n°p∂p (sbi. 1:2; 63:15˛16 ImWp-I). tbiphns\ ssZh-
]p-X≥ F∂p hnfn°p∂Xv GX¿∞-Øn-emWv? AhnSp∂p "bYm¿∞
bnkmtb¬' BIp∂p F∂ \nebnemtWm? bnkmtb¬ P\X-bpsS
]Xn\n[nbpw ]XoIhpw Ahn -Sp∂mbncp∂Xn\memtWm?
bnkmtb¬ P\XbpsS A\p`hw tbipInkvXphn\p≠mbXmbn hn.
90 ]Imi-Øn-te°v
aØmbn kqNn∏n°p∂p. CuPn]vXn¬ \n∂p Xncn®ph∂Xv (a-Øm.
2:15cf. tlmi. 11:1); acp`qanbn¬ Bbncp∂Xv, bnkmtben\p t\cn´
XcØnep≈ ]tem`\߃ tbiphn\pap≠mIp-∂Xv Ch-sbms°
AhnSp∂v bYm¿∞ bnkmtb¬ F∂p sXfnbn°m\mWv.
F∂m¬ AXnep]cnbmb Hc¿∞hpw, ÿm\hpw "ssZh]pX≥'
F∂ kw⁄bnep≠v. bnkmtbent\m, a‰m¿°ptam AhImis∏-
Sm≥ ]mSn√mØ Hcp ÿm\w tbiphn\v ssZhtØmSp≠mbncp∂-
Xmbn ImWmw. AØcØnep≈ Hcht_m[w tbiphn\p≠mbncp-
∂Xmbn kphntijI∑m¿ a\ nem°n. ssZhØns‚ ]nXrXzsØ
blqZ∑m¿ F√mhcpw A°meØp hnizkn®ncp∂p. F∂m¬ tbip
AXn¬\n∂p hyXykvXamb Hcp _‘amWp Xt‚-sX∂p IcpXn.
AXv \nXy\mb ]nXmhnt\mSp≈ Xs‚ \nXyamb Hcp _‘amWv.
AtX-∏‰n IqSp-Xembn \n¿hNn°phmt\m hniZoIcn°p-hmt\m kphn-
tijI∑m¿ HcpsºSp∂n√.
3. a\pjy]pX≥
kphntijßfn¬ tbip kzbambn hnti-jn∏n® km[mcWamb
kw⁄ "a\pjy]pX≥' F∂p≈XmWv. kphn-ti-j-߃°p]p-dØv
AXv A[n-I-ambpw \mw ImWp-∂pan√.
F_m-b, Adamb `mjI-fn¬ "a\pjy]pX≥' F∂p≈Xns‚
A¿∞w Hcp a\pjyhy‡n F∂p amXamWv. Cu A¿∞ØnemtWm
tbipInkvXp B ]Zw kzbw hnti-jWambn D]-tbmKn®Xv? As√-
∂pthWw ]gb\nba ]-›mØeØn¬ a\ nemt°≠-Xv. Cu
t]cn\v AXnt‚Xmb Hcp NcnXap≠v.
(a) k¶o. 8:4, 5. "a¿Xys\ \o Hm¿t°-≠-Xn\v Ah≥ F¥v? a\pjy-
]pXs\ kµ¿int°≠Xn\v Ah≥ F¥pamXw?' ChnsS a\pjy-
]pX\v "a\p-jy≥' F∂p amXamW¿∞w. ssZhap-ºmsI Ah≥ GXp-
an√ F∂pw, AtX-k-abw Ah≥ CXc krjvSn-I-fn¬ G‰w Hu∂-
Xy-ap-≈-h≥ F∂p-amWv ]d-bp-∂-Xv.
(b) sbl. 2:1, "a\p-jy-]pXm; \nh¿∂p-\n¬°; Rm≥ \nt∂mSp
kwkm-cn°pw.' Cu ]pkvX-I-Øn¬ F¨]-tØ-gp-]m-hiyw ]hm-N-
Is\ ssZhw kwt_m-[\ sNøp-∂-Xv, "a\p-jy-]pXm' F∂m-Wv. ssZ-
ha-lXzØns‚ apºn¬ a\p-jys‚ \n mcXsb ImWn-°p∂ Hcp
t]cp am-Xw.
(c) k¶o. 80:17 "\o \n\-°mbn hf¿Ønb a\p-jy-]pXs‚ta¬
91]Imi-Øn-te°v
Xs∂ Ccn-°-s´. F∂m¬ R߃ \ns∂ hn´p ]n∑m-dp-I-bn√.' ChnsS
"a\p-jy-]p-X≥' H‰-s∏´ hy‡n-b√; bnkm-tb¬ P\X apgp-h-\m-Wv.
(d) apI-fn¬ I≠ Bibw Ipsd-°qSn ]cn-]p-jvSn-s∏-´n-cn°p-∂Xv
Zm\n. 7:13˛14 -em-Wv. "cmXnZ¿i-\-ß-fn¬ a\p-jy-]p-X-t\mSp kZr-i-
\mb Hcp-Ø≥ BIm-i-ta-L-ß-tfmsS hcp-∂Xp I≠p....-k-I-ehw-i-
ß-fpw, PmXn-Ifpw, `mj-°mcpw Ahs\ tkhn-t°-≠-Xn\p Ah\v
B[n]Xyhpw al-Xzhpw cmP-Xzhpw e`n-®p. Ahs‚ B[n]Xyw
\oßn-t∏m-Im-ØXpw Ahs‚ cmPXzw \in-®p-t]m-Im-ØXpw BIp∂p.'
ChnsS hnh-cn-®n-cn-°p∂ "a\p-jy-]p-X≥' Bsc∂v Zm\o. 7:18, 22, 27
F∂o hmIy-ß-fn¬ ImWmw. "AXyp∂X\mb-hs‚ hnip≤∑m¿'
F∂p hnfn®n-´p≈ "bnkm-tb¬ P\amWv' a\pjy]p-X≥. Ah≥
]Xy-£-\m-Ip-∂Xp a‰p arK-߃ (cm-jvS-߃) \n¿am¿P\w sNø-
s∏-´Xn\p-ti-jam-Wv. NcnXØns‚ ]q¿ØoI-cW-Øn¬ ]Xy£-am-
Ip∂ Znhy-amb Hcp kaq-l-Øns‚ ]Xn-\n-[n-bpw, ]Xo-I-hp-amWp
a\pjy]pX≥.
(e) As∏m-In^m ]pkvX-I-amb lmt\m-°ns‚ IrXn-bn¬
(InkvXphn\p apºp≈Xv) "a\pjy]pXs\∏‰n'bp≈ hniZamb Hcp
NnXoIc-W-ap-≠v. al-Xz-]q¿W-amb Xs‚ cq]w hnh-cn®tijw "a\p-
jy-]p-X≥' Bcm-Ip∂p F∂ tNmZy-apb¿Øp∂p. Ah≥ B¿Z-
hm\pw, \oXnam\pw, Znhyclkyßsf shfns∏SpØp∂h\pw, krjvSn-
°p aptº Xncs™Sp°s∏´h\pw, kIe Bflm°tf°mfpw D∂-
X\pw, km¿hXnI \ymbhn[n \SØphm≥ A[nImcw e`n®h\p-amWv
(lmt\m°v 46˛47).
ChnsS hnhcn°p∂Xp Zm\ntb¬ ]hN\Øn¬ \¬Inbn´p≈
A¿∞ØnemtWm? ChnsS c≠nSØpw ImWp∂Xv Ah≥ qan-bn¬
\n∂p≈h\√; kz¿KØn¬\n∂p taLmcqV\mbn hcp∂h\mWv.
bnkmtb¬ P\XbpsS ]XoIsa∂Xnt\°mƒ, bpKm¥yØn¬
]Xy£s∏Sp∂ k¿hm[n]Xnbpw hn[nI¿Ømhpam-Wv.
ta¬°mWn® ]-cma¿i-ß-fn¬ \n∂v a\ nemIp∂Xv Cu t]cns‚
A¿∞Øn\v hf¿®bpw hym]vXnbpw ssIh∂p F∂mWt√m. ]Ya
ihWØn¬ tXm∂p∂ A¿∞tØ°mƒ Bghpw hymani-Xbpw
H∂mw \q‰m≠n¬ AXn\p≠mbncp∂p.
"a\pjy]pX≥' ssZhP\sØ AhcpsS tijvTm\p`hØn¬
]Xn\n[oIcn°p∂h\mWv; AtX-kabw bnkmtbens\ D≤cn°p-
hm\pw hntamNn∏n°phm\pw \nbp‡\mWv. Ah≥ A`uanI\pw,
92 ]Imi-Øn-te°v
Znhy\pw, BfloI]`mhap≈h\pamIp∂p. Cu ]d™hbpsS ASn-
ÿm\Øn¬ kaho£W kphntijßfnte°v \mw XncnbWw.
I¿Ømhv Ft∏mgpw kzbw hntijn∏n°p∂Xv B t]cnemWv.
ImcWw AXp timXm°sf Nn¥n∏n°phm\pw AhcpsS BtemN-
\sb X´nbpW¿Øphm\pw ]cym]vXambncp∂p. AhnSpsØ ipiq-
jbpsS clkyw Fs¥∂p I≠p]nSn°phm≥ AXp t]cW \¬In.
"a\pjy]pX\mb' Cu tbip XnI®pw `uanI\mb Hcph\mWv.
a\pjyXzØns‚ ]cnanXn°p≈n¬ ]hrØn®h≥. G‰hpw hn\o-
X\mbn Zmkcq]w FSpØh≥. IjvS∏mSpIfpw ]oU\hpw kln®-
h≥. AXnZmcpWamb IqipacWw hsc G‰h≥. Ah≥ P\ßsf
am\km¥cØn\mbn £Wn°p∂p. Ah≥ Xs∂bt√ NcnX-Øns‚
]cnkam]vXn ssIhcpØp∂h≥? Aht\mSp≈ _‘hpw ]Xn-
IcWhpamWp kIe- a\pjycptSbpw mKt[bw Ipdn°p∂Xv. "a\p-
jy]pX≥' F∂ kw⁄ a\pjylrZbßfn¬ kΩnihnImcß-
sf DW¿Øpw. AkzÿXIsf krjvSn°pw; icnbmb ]XnIcWw
Ahsc c£bnte°p \bn°pIbpw sNøpw.
ta¬ Nq≠n°mWn® ][m\s∏´ t]cpIƒ°p ]pdta "A_-lm-
ans‚ k¥Xn', "BZmans‚ k¥Xn' F∂o t]cpIfpw kaho-£W
kphntijßfn¬ hncfambn´p≠v. aØmbn «olm hwim-hen hnhc-
WØn¬°qSn (a-Øm. 1:2˛17) tbip A_lmans‚ aI≥ F∂p sXfn-
bn°bmWp sNbvXncn°p∂Xv.
blqZ ]›mØeap≈ InkvXob- k-`mwK߃°v FgpXp∂
aØm-bn, tbiphns\ A_lmay k¥Xn F∂p Nq≠n°mWn°p-
∂Xns‚ HuNnXyw a\ nem°mhp∂tXbp≈q. km¿heuInI
ho£Wap≈ eqt°mkv hwimhen hnhcn®psIm≠v tbip
"BZmans‚ k¥Xn' F∂p ImWn°p∂p (eq-t°m. 3:23˛33). AXmbXv
tbip \ΩpsS Aÿn-bn¬ \n-∂p≈ Aÿn-bpw, amwkØn¬ \n-∂p≈
amwk-hpamIp∂p. "BZmans‚ k¥Xn' F∂p≈ t]cp kphntijØn-
seßpw D]tbmKn®n´ns√¶nepw BZmant\mSp≈ _‘w shfns∏-Sp-
Øp∂ ]e `mKßfpap≠v. tbiphns‚ ]tem`\߃ Xs∂ BZm-
ans‚ ]tem`\ßfpambn kmayap≈hbmWv.
kaho£W kphntijßfn¬ tbiphns\ hnhn[ t]cpIfn¬-
IqSn AhXcn∏n®ncn°p∂Xp \mw I≠p. tbiphns\ F_mb
]›mØeØn¬ P\n® Hcp bYm¿∞ a\pjy\mbpw AtXkabw
`uanIamb i‡nbpw, A[nImchpw D≈ Hcph\mbpw, ]Xo£I-
93]Imi-Øn-te°v
fpsS F√mw ]q¿ØoIcWhpw, NcnXØns‚ hn[mXmhpw, bpKm¥y-
kw`hhpambn tbiphns\ Ah¿ a\ nem°n. Ahs‚ kz`mhw
hy‡amWv; tamNn°p∂h\pw kuJyam-°p-∂-h-\pw, hm°nepw ]hr-
Ønbnepw -i-‡nbp≈h\pamWv. AhnSp∂p ssZhcmPyw kapZvLm-
S\w sNbvXp. AXp Ir]bpsSbpw \ymbhn[nbpsSbpw kz`m-h-tØmSp
IqSnbXmIp∂p. AXp Zm\ambn XcnIbpw \tΩmSp NneXv Bhiy-
s∏SpIbpw sNøp∂p.
tNmZy-߃
1. "tbipInkvXp Bcv' F∂ tNmZy-Øn\v C∂sØ kaqlw \¬
Ip∂ DØ-c-߃ Fs¥√mw? ASn-ÿm-\-]-c-amb DØcw
F¥mWv?
2. ssIkcy ^nen-]y-bn¬ h®p ]tXmkv G‰p-]-d-™-Xn\v (a-Øm.
16:16˛20) F¥p ]m[m\yw Iev]n-°Ww?
3. `mc-Xo-b¿°v InkvXp-hns\ Fßs\ a\- n-em-°n-s°m-Sp-°p-hm≥
\ap°p km[n°pw?
4. Cu A≤ym-bØn¬ sImSpØncn°p∂ hnhn[t]cp-Ifn¬ GXmWp
][m-\-sa∂p \n߃°p tXm∂p-∂Xv? ImcWw ]d-bpI.
]mTw 5
tbip-hns‚ A¤p-X]hrØnIƒ
tbiphns‚ ]c-ky-ipiqj-bn¬ hen-b ]¶v A¤pX]hrØnIƒ-
°p≠v A-h-bpsS ]m[m\yw tb-ip-hns‚ BfXzw shfn-s∏-Sp-
Øp-∂p ]-h-N\ ]q¿Øo-I-c-Ww -tb-ip-hns‚ ZuXyw shfn-s∏-
Sp-Øp-∂p A-¤p-X-߃ Fs¥√mw? A-¤p-X-ß-fn¬ hniz-kn-
°-Wtam?
kphntijßfn¬ henb Hcp ÿm\w tbiphns‚ A¤pX-
]hrØnIƒ°p \¬Inbncn°p∂p. kaho£W kphntijßfn¬
A¤pX]hrØnIƒ (mighty works) F∂pw tbml∂ms‚ kphn-ti-
j-Øn¬ "AS-bm-f߃' (Signs) F∂p-amWp hnti-jn∏n®n-´p-≈Xv.
tbip-hns\ k -bpsS Bcw- -Imew apX¬ Ah-Xcn-∏n-®n- p≈Xv A¤p-
X߃ ]hr-Øn-°p-∂h≥ F∂ \ne-bn-em-Wv.
94 ]Imi-Øn-te°v
F¥mWv A¤p-X-]-hrØn (miracle) F∂p hntijn-∏n-°p-∂Xv?
km[m-c-W-a-√mØ Hcp kw`hw: ]Ir-Xn-\n-b-a-߃°-Xo-X-ambn kw -
hn-°p∂ H∂v; Aam-\p-jn-I-amb i‡n aqew Zriy-ambn kw`-hn-°p∂
Hcp ]hr-Øn ˛ CsX-√m-amWp \mw \¬Imdp≈ hni-Zo-I-cWw.
bp‡nbpw imkvX-hn-⁄m-\hpw A¤p-X-ßsf hne-bn-cp-Øm≥ ian-
°p∂p; ]e-Xn-s\bpw tNmZyw sNøm-\pw. A‘-hn-izm-k-ß-sfbpw
sX‰p-[m-c-WI-sfbpw Zqco-I-cn-°p-hm≥ H´p-h-fsc Ah klm-bn-®n-´p-
s≠-¶nepw, ]Ir-Xn-bn-ep≈ ]e ]Xn- m-k-ßfpw bp‡n-°pw, imkvX-
hn-⁄m-\Øn\pw A∏p-d-ambn C∂pw \ne-sIm-≈p-∂p. hnizm-k-Øns‚
IÆmSn-bn¬°qSn amXta Ahsb a\- n-em-°m≥ Ignbq.
tbip-hns‚ A¤p-X-]-hr-Øn-Iƒ a\- n-em-°n-Ø-cp∂ kXy-߃
Fs¥√mw?
1. tbip-hns‚ Bf-Xz-Øn-te°v Ah hnc¬ Nq≠p∂p: X∂n-ep≈
ssZh-Xz-amWv Ahbv°p \nZm-\w. "]nXmhv F∂n¬ hkn-®p-sIm≠v
Xs‚ ]hrØn sNøp∂p' (tbm-l. 14:10). ssZh-]p-X-s\∂ \ne-bn¬
X\n-°p≈ A[n-Im-chpw i‡nbpw Zriy-am-°p-∂p. AtXkabw Ahn-
SpsØ ]q¿W a\p-jy-Xz-sØbpw shfn-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p. ]nXm-hn-ep≈
Xs‚ ]cn-]q¿W hnizm-khpw, Bi-bhpw A¤p-X-]-hr-Øn-I-fpsS
]nºn-ep≠v (tbm-l. 11:41). emk-dn-s\ Dbn¿∏n-°p-tºmƒ Ahn-SpsØ
hnizm-khpw, ]m¿∞-\bpw \ap°p ImWmw. a\p-jy-]p-Xs\-∂ -\ne-
bn¬ Ahn-Sp∂p ]I-S-am-°nb ]cn-]q¿W-hn-izm-kw, A\p-k-c-Ww,
Bibw Ch-sb√mw Ahn-SpsØ A¤p-X-ß-fn¬ \mw ImWWw.
Db-cØn¬\n∂p \ap°p klmbw Ab®pXcn-I-tbm, sIm≠p-Xcn-
Itbm amX-a√ sNbvXXv; ]ns∂tbm \ΩpsS a\p-jy-Xz-Øns‚ ]cn-
an-Xn-bn-te°v Cd-ßn-h∂v, kºq¿Æ-a-\p-jyXzw kzoI-cn-®p-sIm≠v
Xs‚ hnizm-k-Øns‚ i‡n-sIm≠v A¤p-X-߃ ]h¿Øn-°-btX
sNbvXXv. tbip-hn-s\-°p-dn-®p≈ Adn-hnepw Ahn-SpsØ Znhy-kvt\-
l-Ønepw \mw hf-cp-tºmƒ amXta Ahn-SpsØ A¤p-X-]-hr-Øn-I-
sf-∏‰n \ap°p IqSp-X¬ Kln-°m≥ Ign-bq.
2. ]h-N-\-]q¿Øo-I-c-W-amWv: \q‰m-≠p-I-fmbn blq-Z-P\w avio-
lm-bpsS BK-a-\-Øn-\mbn ImØn-cn-°-bm-bn-cp∂p. ]hm-N-I-∑m¿ avio-
lm-bpsS Ime-sØ-°p-dn®p ap≥Iq´n Adn-bn-®p. A∂p Ipcp-S-∑m¿°p
ImgvN e`n°pw; _[n-c¿ tIƒ°p-am-dmIpw; apS-¥¿ am\n-s\-t∏mse
Xp≈n-®m-Spw, Dua¿ kt¥m-jm-[n-Iy-Øm¬ Io¿Øn°pw: ]Ir-Xnbn¬
Xs∂ ]e ]cn-h¿Ø-\-߃ kw -hn°pw: kmØms‚ B[n-]-XyØn¬
95]Imi-Øn-te°v
\n∂p temIw hnap-‡-amIpw; CØ-c-Øn-ep≈ ]Xo-£-I-fmWv Ah¿-
°p-≠m-bn-cp-∂Xv (sb-i-øm 26:18; 35:46; sbi-øm 11:6; 55:7; sbl-kvtI¬
34:11).
hcp-hm-\p≈ aviolm Ahn-Sp∂p Xs∂-bm-sW∂p shfn-s∏-Sp-Øp-
∂-Xm-bn-cp∂p \k-td-Ønse Xs‚ ]kw-Kw. sbi. 61:1-˛3 hsc-bp≈
]h-N\w hmbn-®p-sIm≠v, "C∂v Cu Xncp-sh-gp-Øn\p \nh¿Øn h∂n-
cn-°p∂p' F∂p ]kvXm-hn®p (eq-t°m. 4:21). tbml-∂m≥ kv\m]I≥-
c≠p injy-∑msc tbip-hns‚ ASp-°¬ Ab-®p-sIm-≠v, "hcp-hm-\p-
≈-h≥ \o Xs∂tbm' F∂p tNmZn-°p-tºmƒ, "Ipcp-S¿ ImWp∂p;
apS-¥¿ \S-°p∂p; IpjvT-tcm-Kn-Iƒ ip≤-cm-bnØo-cp-∂p, sNIn-S¿ tIƒ-
°p∂p; acn-®-h¿ Dbn¿°p-∂p. Zcn-Z-tcmSp kphn-tijw Adn-bn-°p∂p
F∂n-ßs\ \n߃ tIƒ°p-Ibpw ImWp-Ibpw sNøp-∂Xp tbml-
∂ms\ Adn-bn-∏n≥' (a-Øm. 11:4-˛5) F∂mWp adp-]Sn \¬In-b-Xv.
3. ssZh-cmPyw kam-K-X-ambn F∂p sXfn-bn-°p∂p: tbip-hns‚
ktµiw "ssZh-cmPyw kam-K-X-am-bn-cn-°p∂p' F∂m-bn-cp-∂-t√m.
AXns‚ sXfn-hmWv Ahn-Sp∂p sNbvX A¤p-X-]-hr-Øn-Iƒ. Ahn-
SpsØ ktµ-i-Øns‚ A\p-_-‘-am-bn- -√, Ahn- m-Py-L-S-I-am-bn- mWv
Ahsb ImtW≠-Xv. kz¿W-\m-hp-Im-c-\mb am¿ Cuhm-\n-tbmkv
CtX∏‰n ]d-bp-∂Xv "tbip Xs‚ D]-tZ-i-߃sIm≠v am¿K-sam-cp-
°p-Ibpw, XpS¿∂p≈ ]h¿Ø-\-߃s°m≠v Ahsb ÿnco-I-cn-
°bpw sNbvXp' F∂-tX.
]co-i-∑m-tcm-Sp≈ Ahn-SpsØ adp-]-Sn-bn¬ ]d-bp∂p "ssZhm-flm-
hn-\m¬ Rm≥ qX-ßsf ]pd-Øm-°p∂p F¶ntem ssZh-cmPyw \nß-
fpsS ASp-°¬ hs∂-Øn-bn-cn-°p∂p kv]jvSw' (a-Øm. 12:28; eqt°m.
11:20). kmØm-s\-Xn-cm-bp≈ ]Xn-tcm[w Bcw-`n®p F∂pw Ahs‚
]cm-Pbw kp\n-›n-X-am-sW∂pw A¤p-X-]-hr-Øn-Iƒ sXfn-bn-°p∂p.
Fgp-]-Xp-in-jy-∑m¿ Xncn-s®Øn Ah¿°p `qX-ßsf ]pd-Øm-°m≥
Ign-™p-sh∂p kt¥m-j-]q¿∆w ]kvXm-hn-°p-tºmƒ I¿Ømhp ]d-
™-Xv, "kmØm≥ an∂¬t]mse BIm-i-Øp-\n∂p hogp-∂Xp Rm≥
I≠p' (eq-t°m.10:17) F∂m-Wv. "_e-hms\ ]nSn®p _‘n® tijw
Ahs‚ hoSp Ih¿® sNbvhm≥ h∂n-cn-°p∂ _e-ta-dn-b-h≥' tbip-
X-s∂-sb∂v kqNn-∏n-°p∂p (a-Øm. 12:29).
A¤p-X-ßsf tIhew B›-cy-]-hr-Øn-I-fmbn Im◊m-\√
]XypX, ssZh-cm-Pym-K-a-\-Øns‚ "AS-bm-f-ambpw' sXfn-hmbpw
Kln°m-\tX. tbml-∂ms‚ kphn-ti-j-Øn¬ AXp-sIm-≠p-Xs∂
96 ]Imi-Øn-te°v
"AS-bmfw' F∂ hm°mWv D]-tbm-Kn-®n-´p-≈-Xv. ssZh-cm-Py-Øns‚
clkyw a\- n-em-°n-bn-´p-≈-h¿°p amXta A¤p-X-ßsf icn-bmb
A¿∞-Øn¬ Kln-∏m≥ Ign-bq.
a\p-jy-cpsS Pn⁄mk ian-∏n-°p-hm-t\m, Ah-cn¬ B›-cy-ap-f-
hm-°mt\m tbip Hcn-°epw A¤pXw ]h¿Øn-®n-´n-√. ]co-i-∑mcpw
kZq-Iycpw tbip-hns\ kao-]n®v "BIm-i-Øp-\n∂v AS-bmfw ImWn-
∏m≥' Bh-iy-s∏- -t∏mƒ Ahn-Sp∂v AXp \nc-kn-®p. "hI-Xbpw tIm -
hp-ap≈ Xe-apd AS-bmfw At\z-jn-°p∂p' F∂p adp-]Sn \¬In
(aØm. 12:39; a¿t°m. 8:11˛12). Ahn-Sp∂p sNbvX A¤p-X-]-hr-Øn-
Iƒ ssZh-Øns‚ kvt\l-Øn-te°pw Imcp-Wy-Øn-te°pw hnc¬
Nq≠p-∂-Xpw, hnizm-k-Øn-te°p \bn-°p-∂-Xp-am-bn-cp-∂p.
A¤p-X-߃ GsX√mw Xc-Øn¬s∏-Sp∂p?
][m-\-ambn aq∂p Xc-Øn-ep-≈h F∂p ImWmw.
(1) kpJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-h. Cu KW-Øn¬ ]e-X-c-Øn-ep≈ kuJy-
Zm\w ImWmw.
(a) qX-_m-[-bn¬ \n∂v k-a-ho-£W kphn-ti-j-ß-fn¬ amXta
`qtXm-®m-S\w ImWp-∂p-≈p. qX-_m-[-sb∂p hnti-jn-∏n-®n-cn-°p-∂h
]eXpw C∂p am\-kn-I-tcm-K-Øns‚ hI-t`-Z-ß-fmbn hni-I-e\w
sNøm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. A°m-eØv kI-e-tcm-K-ßfpw qXm-th-i-Ømse∂p
k¶-ev]n-®n-cp-∂p. a\-xim-kvXhpw sshZy-im-kvXhpw hf¿® ]m]n-
®-Xns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ Cu [mc-Wbv°p am‰w h∂n- p-≠v. F¶nepw
ss]im-NnI i‡n-Isf \ntj-[n-°p-hm≥ Ign-bm-X-hÆw Hcp bmYm¿-
∞y-sa∂p kΩ-Xnt® aXn-bm-hq. tbip-hn\p Ah-bp-sS-ta¬ i‡nbp-
s≠-∂mWp \mw hn-iz-kn-t°-≠-Xv.
(b) Ip‰t_m-[-Øn¬\n-∂pw, B¥-cnI kwL¿j-Øn¬\n∂pw Df-
hm-Ip∂ tcmK-Øn¬\n∂v ˛ imco-cn-I-amb ]e tcmK-ß-fp-tSbpw
ImcWw am\-kn-Ihpw; Bfln-I-hp-amb LS-I-߃ Bbn-cn-°pw. am\-
kn-I-kw-L¿j-hpw, Ip‰-t_m-[hpw ]e-X-c-Øn-ep≈ tcmK-ßsf Df-
hm-°p-∂p. Aß-s\-bp-≈-h-scbpw I¿Ømhp kuJy-am-°p-∂p. Xf¿hm-
X-tcm-Kn-tbmSp tbip ]d™ hm°p-Iƒ CXp kv]jvS-am-°p-∂-X-tX.
"aI-t\, \ns‚ ]m]-߃ tamNn-®n-cn-°p∂p' (a¿t°m. 2:5). Ahs‚
imco-cnI kuJyw e`n-°p-∂-Xn\p aptº ]m]-tam-N\w aqew Bfln-
I-hpw, am\-kn-I-hp-amb kuJyw Ah≥ ]m]n-t°-≠n-bn-cp-∂p.
sskt°m- ˛ skm-am-‰nIv NnIn-’m-]-≤-Xn-bn¬ am\-kn-I-hpw, B¥-cn-
97]Imi-Øn-te°v
I-hp-amb LS-I-߃°v A¿ln-°p∂ ]m[m\yw \¬In-bn-´p-≠v.
(c) km[mc-W-am-b, imco-cn-I-tcm-K-ß-fn¬\n∂v ˛ F√m Xc-Øn-
ep≈ tcmKn-I-sfbpw tbip-hns‚ ASp-°¬ sIm≠p-h∂p; Ah≥
Ahsc kuJy-am-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. Ahn-Sp∂p h∂Xv F√m-Øcw
hym[n-I-sfbpw \o°w sNøm-\-tX. Ipcp-S¿°p ImgvN \¬In: IpjvT-
tcm-Knsb kuJy-am°n; Iq\p-≈-hƒ°p kzÿX \¬In.
(2) AtN-X\ hkvXp-°-fp-sS-ta¬ \S-Øn-bn-´p≈ A¤p-X-߃
]Ir-Xn-h-kvXp-°-fp-sS-ta¬ \S-Øn-bn- p≈ A¤p-X-߃ ]e-Xp≠v.
IS-en-t∑¬ \S-°p-∂-Xv, Hmf-ßsf im¥-am-°p-∂-Xv, sh≈w
ho™m°n cq]m-¥-c-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xv, A∏w h¿≤n-∏n®p ]pcp-jm-csØ
kwXr-]vX-cm-°p-∂-Xv, a\p-jy-tem-I-Øn¬ amX-a-√, ]Ir-Xn-bp-sS-taepw
ssZh-Øn\v A[n-Im-chpw I¿Ør-Xz-hp-ap-s≠∂p Ch- aqew sXfn-
bp∂p. ]]-©sØ krjvSn-®-tijw hnZq-c-\mbn amdn-\n-ev°pI-b-√,
AXn¬ Ft∏mgpw Xm≥ hym]-cn-°p-Ibpw \nb-¥n®p \bn-°pIbpw
sNøp-∂p. ]]©w apgp-h≥ cq]m-¥cw ]m]n-®v, "]pXnb BIm-i-hpw-
]p-Xnb `qanbpw' Df-hm-Ip∂ bpKm¥y ]cn-Wm-a-Øn-te°p \ΩpsS
i≤ BI¿jn-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p (tdmam. 8:21 t\m°pI).
(3) acn-®-hsc Dbn¿∏n-°p-∂Xv.
aq∂p kw`-h-߃ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂p. (a) bmbotdm-kns‚
aIsf Dbn¿∏n-°p-∂Xv (a¿t°m. 5:22). (b) \bo≥ ]´-W-Ønse hn[-
h-bpsS aI≥ (eq-t°m. 7:11). (c) t_Ym\y-bnse emk¿ (tbm-l.11).
Cu A¤p-X-߃ shfn-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂Xv "tbip-InkvXp ]p\-cp-∞m-
\hpw Poh\pw BIp∂p' F∂m-Wv. ]m]w aqew acWw temI-Øn-
te°p IS-∂p-h∂p. tbip-InkvXp h∂Xp ]m]sØ \o°w sNøp-
hm\pw ac-W-Øn¬\n∂p a\p-jy-h¿§sØ D≤-cn-°p-hm-\p-a-tX. Ah-
km-\sØ iXp-hmb a-c-W-sØbpw (1- sIm-cn. 15:26) \o°w sNbvXp
\nXy-Po-hs‚ A\p-`-h-Øn-te°p \sΩ sIm≠p-h-cn-I-bmWp sNbvX-
Xv.
"]pXn-b-krjvSn' F¥m-bn-cn°pw F∂-Xn-te°p \ΩpsS [mc-Wsb
Xncn-®p-hn-Sp-∂p. acWw Hcn-°epw hmgmØ kz¿K-cm-Pym-\p-`-h-Øn-te-
°mWp \Ωƒ hnfn-°-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂-Xv. \mw Aa¿Xy-Xsb [cn-®p-
sIm≠p tXP-kvI-cn-°-s∏-´-h-cmbn Ahs‚ cmPy-Øn¬ \nXy-X-bn¬
hmgp-sa-∂-Xns‚ ap≥Ip-dnbmWp Cu A¤p-X-߃.
98 ]Imi-Øn-te°v
A¤p-X-߃ hniz-k-\o-btam?
B[p-\nI a\p-jy≥ A¤p-X-ßsf tNmZyw sNøp-∂p. ]IrXn \nb-
aßsf AXn-ew-Ln-°p-∂-XmWv A¤p-X-߃. AXn-\m¬ Ah km[y-
a-√. CXn\p adp-]Sn AK-kvXo-t\m-kns‚ hm°p-I-f-tX. "A¤p-X-߃
]Ir-Xn°p hncp-≤-a-√, ]ns∂tbm Adn-b-s∏´ ]IrXn\nb-a-߃°p
\nc-°m-Ø-sX∂p amXw' (Miracles are not contrary to nature, but to whatis known of nature). ]IrXnsb∏-‰n-bp≈ \ΩpsS Adnhv C∂pw FX
]cn-an-X-am-sW-t∂m¿°-Ww. 18- mw \q‰m-≠n¬ ]Ir-Xn-\n-b-a-߃ F∂p
Icp-Xn-b-hsb Cu \q‰m-≠n¬ adn-IS∂n´p≈ kw`-h-߃ ]e-Xp-≠v.
tbip-hns‚ A¤p-X-߃ hne-bn-cp-tØ-≠Xv Ahn-SpsØ kz`m-
hhpw Bf-Xzhpw IW-°n-se-Sp-Øp-sIm-≠p- th-Ww. Ahn-SpsØ∏‰n-
bp≈ \ΩpsS ASn-ÿm-\-hn-izm-k-sa-¥mWv? AXns\ Bi-bn-®mWv
Ahn-SpsØ A¤p-X-ß-fn¬ hniz-kn-°m≥ Ign-bp-∂-Xv. tbip a\p-
jy-\m-bn-Øo¿∂ ssZh-]p-X-s\∂p hniz-kn-°p-∂p-sh-¶n¬, X\n-°p-
Xp-ey-\mbn a‰mscbpw Nq≠n-°m-Wn-∏m-\n-√mØ hy‡n-Xz-am-bn-cp∂p
Xt‚-sX-¶n¬, Ahn-Sp∂p sNbvX A¤p-X-߃ Ahn-iz-k-\o-b-ß-f√.
G‰w henb A¤p-X-amb "a\pjymhXmcw' (Incarnation) hnizkn°m-
sa¶n¬ AhnSp∂p sNbvX ]hrØnIƒ hnizkn°phm≥ ]bmkap-
≠mhpIbn√.
tNmZy߃
1. tbiphns‚ A¤pX]hrØnIƒ°p≈ ]m[m\yw F¥v?
2. A¤pX]hrØnIsf Fßs\ XcwXncn°mw?
3. tbiphns‚ A¤pX߃ F¥psIm≠v hnizk\obßfm
Ip∂p?
4. tbip AØnsb i]n® kw`hw Fßs\ hniZoIcn°m≥ Ignbpw?
99]Imi-Øn-te°v
]mTw 6
]p\cp∞m\w: G‰w henb A¤pXw
]p\cp∞m\w AXns‚ bmYm¿∞yw Db¿Øp∂ kwib߃
AhbpsS adp]Sn F¥psIm≠v hnizkn°mw? ]p\cp∞m\-
icocw
Ign™ ]T\Øn¬ tbiphns‚ A¤pXßfmbncp∂p Nn¥m-
hnjbw. Ahtb°mƒ G‰hpw henb A¤pXsØ°pdn®mWv
Ct∏mƒ \mw Nn¥n°p∂Xv InkvXphns‚ ]p\cp∞m\w. k`bpsS
ASnÿm\w ]p\cp∞m\Ønep≈ hnizmkamWv. A∏kvtXme ]kw-
KØn¬ ap¥n\n∂ hnjbw AXpXs∂. ]pXnb\nbaØns‚ Hmtcm
`mKØpw Xkn®p\n¬°p∂ henb kXyw ]p\cp∞m\amIp∂p.
]utemkv ]dbp∂p, "InkvXp Dbn¿sØgpt∂‰n´n√ F¶n¬ Rß-
fpsS ]kwKw hy¿∞w. \nßfpsS hnizmkhpw hy¿∞w' (1 sImcn.
15:14).
acn®h¿ ]ecpw Pohn∏n°s∏´Xmbn thZ]pkvXIØn¬ hmbn-
°p∂p. ]pXnb\nbaØn¬ emk¿, \mbo≥ ]´WØnse hn[hm-
]pX≥, bmbotdmkns‚ aIƒ F∂nh¿ A]Imcw Dbn¿∏n°s∏-
´hcmWv. F∂m¬ InkvXphns‚ ]p\cp∞m\w AXn¬\n∂p hyXy-
kvXamWv. ta¬]d™hscms° ho≠pw acn®p aÆSn™hcmbn-
Øo¿∂p. tbiphmIs´ cq]m¥cw ]m]n®v, alXzoIcn°s∏SpI-
bmWp sNbvXXv. a\pjyNcnXØnse \nkvXpe kw`hamWXv. AXp-
sIm≠pXs∂ AXp k`bpsS henb AhImihmZambnØo¿∂p.
AtXmsSm∏w FXncmfnIfpsS henb BIaW hnjbhpw.
]p\cp∞m\w, Ft∏mƒ, Fßs\ \S∂p F∂Xns\∏‰n kphnti-
j߃ hnhcn°p∂n√. Bsc¶nepw AXn\p ZrIvkm£n Bbncp∂p
F∂pw ]dbp∂n√. B kabØv, "Hcp henb qIºw D≠mbn' (aØm.
28:2) F∂pw, I_dns\ kq£n® ]SbmfnIƒ bNInXcmbn F∂pw
amXw tcJs∏SpØnbn´p≠v. Dbn¿sØgpt∂‰ InkvXphns\ At\I¿
I≠p F∂p≈XmWv A\ntj[yamb hkvXpX. InkvXphns‚ icocw
AXnen√msX I√d iq\yambn´mWv AhnsSsbØnbh¿ I≠Xv.
]p\cp∞m\ bmYm¿∞yw Bcw`wapX¬ Xs∂ tNmZyw sNbvX
]ecp≠mbncp∂p. Ah¿°p≈ adp]Sn F∂ \nebnemWp ]pXnb-
\nbaØn¬ ImWp∂ ]e hnhcWßfpw. a‰mcpw I≠n√. injy∑m¿
amXta I≠p≈p F∂ hna¿i\Øn\p adp]SnbmWp ]tXmkv \¬-
100 ]Imi-Øn-te°v
Ip∂Xv. "kIe P\Øn\pa√, ssZhw ap≥Iq´n \nban® km£nI-
fmbn, Ah≥ acn®hcn¬\n∂v Dbn¿sØgpt∂‰ tijw Aht\mSp-
IqSn Xn∂p IpSn®hcmb R߃°pXt∂, ]Xy£\m°nØ∂p' (A.
]. 10:41). A∏kvtXme∑m¿ arXicocw tamjvSn®psIm≠pt]mbn
F∂p≈ hna¿i\Øn\pw adp]Sn aØmbn «olm \¬Ip∂Xmbn
ImWmw (aØm. 23:13cf.; 27:64). I_dn¶¬ ]SbmfnIsf Imh¬ \ndp-
Ønb Imcyw ]dbp∂p. Dbn¿∏ns‚ bmYm¿∞yw kwibteisat\y
ÿnXoIcn°phm\mWv tbip £Ww Ign®Xmbpw ssIIfpw hnem-
∏pdhpw ImWn®Xmbpw tcJs∏SpØnbn´p≈Xv.
]p\cp∞m\w F¥psIm≠p hnizkn°Ww
tbiphns‚ PohnXw IqipacWtØmSp IqSn Ahkm\ns®¶n¬
AsXmcp ZmcpW ]cmPbamIpambncp∂p. \n¿t±mjnbmb Hcph≥
\njvTqcambn sIme sNøs∏´psh∂p amXw. \oXnbpw kXyhpw,
\∑bpw AhnsS ]cmPbaSbpIbmbncp∂p; \√h\pw, kXyhm\pamb
ssZhw \njvImknX\mbnØocpIbpw. F∂m¬ kphntijw km£n-
°p∂Xv "A‘Imcw ]ImisØ ]nSn®S°nbn√' F∂mWv (tbml.
1:4). InkvXp Pbmfnbmbn acWsØ ]cmPbs∏SpØn D∞m\w
sNbvXp.
1. hnizk\obamb km£yap≠v
]p\cp∞m\sØ kw_‘n®v G‰w ]pcmX\amb tcJ hn. ]utem-
knt‚XmWv (1 sImcn. 15:3˛20). "Fs∂ `cta¬∏n® ]ca][m\amb
Imcyw Rm≥ \nßsf G¬∏n®p. B ktµiw CXmWv, thZenJnX-
ßfn¬ ImWp∂Xpt]mse InkvXp \ΩpsS ]m]߃°pth≠n
acn°pIbpw kwkvIcn°s∏SpIbpw sNbvXp. thZenJnXßfn¬
ImWp∂Xpt]mse Xs∂ aq∂mw \mƒ Dbn¿sØgpt∂¬°pIbpw
sNbvXp. ]tXmkn\pw, ]n∂oSp ]¥≠v A∏kvtXme∑m¿°pw
]Xy£\mbn; A\¥cw AhnSpsØ A\pbmbnIfmb A™qdn¬-
∏cw BfpIƒ Hcpan®pIqSnbncn°ptºmƒ Ah¿°pw ]Xy£\mbn
G‰hpw HSphn¬ AImePmXs\t∏msebp≈ F\n°pw AhnSp∂p
]Xy£s∏´p.'
Cu mKw i≤m]q¿∆w ]cntim[n®m¬, \nehnencp∂ Hcp hnizm-
k]amWw A∏kvtXme≥ D≤cn°pIbmbncp∂p F∂p t_m[y-
amIpw. ]_eamb B ]mcºcyw k`bnte°p ]cnh¿Ø\w sNbvX-
hsc F√mw ]Tn∏n®ncp∂p. AhnsS FSpØp ]dbp∂ Imcyw D∞n-
\mb InkvXp At\I¿°v ]Xy£\mbn F∂mWv. Ah¿ ]eXc-
101]Imi-Øn-te°v
Øn¬s∏´hcmWv. Ahcn¬ ]ecpw km£yw hln∏m≥ X°hÆw
A∂pw Pohn°p∂hcmWv. Ahsc√mw Xs∂ ojWnIsf hIshbv-
°msX ss[cy]q¿∆w Dbn¿∏ns\ km£oIcn®p. ]tXmkv, kvtX∏m-
t\mkv, ]utemkv F∂nhcpsS ]kwKßfn¬ ][m-\-ambn Du∂n-
∏dbp∂ Imcyw ]p\cp∞m\amWv. "R߃ tI´Xpw kz¥ IÆp
sIm≠p I≠Xpw, R߃ t\m°nbXpw, RßfpsS ssI sXm´pt\m-
°nbXpamb' Pohs‚ hN\amWv A∏kvtXme∑m¿ km£n®Xv.
k∂Znw kwLØns‚ apºmsI ss[cy]q¿∆w ]tXmkv ]kvXm-
hn®p. "Poh\mbIs\ \n߃ sIm∂pIf™p. Ahs\ acn®hcn¬
\n∂v ssZhw Fgpt∂¬∏n®p; AXn\p R߃ km£nIƒ BIp∂p'
(A. ]. 3:15).
2. Hgn™ I√dbpw, AhnSpsØ icocsØ Np‰nb
XpWnbpw
ta¬ ]kvXmhn® ]utemkns‚ ]cma¿iØn¬ Hgn™ I√d
(Empty Tomb) sb∏‰n H∂pw ]d™n´n√mØXn\m¬ BZyIme ]mc-
ºcyØn¬ Hgn™ I√dsb∏‰nbp≈ hnizmkw ÿm\w ]nSn®ncp-
∂n√ F∂p Nne¿ Nq≠n°mWn°p∂p. AXp icnb√. aq∂p kphnti-
jßfpw AtX∏‰n ]dbp∂p (a¿t°m. 16:4˛5; eqt°m. 24:2˛3; tbml.
20: 5˛8).
]tXmkpw tbml∂m\pw I√dbnte°v HmSn AIØp ]thin®p.
Ah¿ "ioeIƒ InS°p∂Xpw, Ahs‚ Xebn¬ Np‰nbncp∂ dqam¬
ioeItfmSpIqsS InS°msX thdn´v HcnSØp Npcp´nh®ncn°p∂Xpw
I≠p' (tbml. 20:7). Hgn™ I√dbpw, arXicocØn¬ s]mXn™
XpWnbpw I≠n´v "hnizkn®p' F∂mWp tcJs∏SpØnbn´p≈Xv.
icocw Bcpw FSpØpsIm≠pt]mbX√ F∂pw, XpWn°p≈n¬\n∂p
as‰mchÿbnte°p icocw cq]m¥cs∏SpIbmWp sNbvXsX∂pw
Ah¿°p t_m[yambn.
3. RmbdmgvN BNcWw
A∏kvtXme∑mcpw BZnainjy∑mcpw blqZaXØn¬ ASnbpd-
®hcmbncp∂p. im_XmNcWØn¬ hfsc \njvTbp≈ Hcp ]mcº-
cyamWv AhcptSXv. AXp hn´n v BgvNh´Øns‚ H∂mw \mƒ "I¿Ør
Znhkambpw' Bcm[\bv°p≈ Znhkambpw BNcn°m≥ XpSßnbXv
\n›ambpw Dbn¿∏nep≈ hnizmkw aqeamWv. A∏kvtXmenI
kaqlw RmbdmgvN BNcn®ncp∂p F∂Xn\p hy‡amb sXfnhp≠v.
102 ]Imi-Øn-te°v
"BgvNh´Øns‚ H∂mw \mƒ (RmbdmgvN) A∏w \pdp°phm≥ H∂n-
®pIqSnbt∏mƒ' (A. ]. 20:7) F∂p ImWmw. D∞nX\mb I¿Ømhp
injy∑m¿°p ]Xy£\mbXv Ah¿ Dbn¿∏ns‚ F´mw Znhkw Hcp-
an®pIqSn Ccn°ptºmgmWv (tbml. 20:26; 1 sImcn. 16:2; shfn. 1:10
ImWpI). Dbn¿∏v Hcp bmYm¿∞ya√mbncps∂¶n¬ RmbdmgvN
Znhkw Bcm[\bv°p≈ Znhkambn am‰pambncp∂n√.
4. k`bpsS D¤hw
G‰hpw henb sXfnhp InkvXob k`bpsS D¤hhpw \ne-
\nev]pamWv. I¿Ømhns‚ IqipacWw injy∑msc `·micm°n.
Ahsc√mw bNInXcmbn ]emb\w sNbvXp. AhcpsS ]Xo£Ifpw
hnizmkßfpsa√mw aÆSn™p. F∂m¬ Ahsc ho≠pw Hcpan®p
tN¿ØXpw Hcp ]pXnb kaqlambn \nesIm≈m≥ t]cn∏n®Xpw
]p\cp∞m\ bmYm¿∞yamWv. ]oU\hpw kΩ¿±ßfpw ojWnIfpw
F√mw D≠mbn´pw Ah¿ ss[cy]q¿∆w \nesIm≠p. AhcpsS
hnizmkhpw Dd∏pw kaqlØn¬ ]Iº\w sIm≈n°Ø°Xmbn-
cp∂p. "Ch¿ temIsØ Iogvta¬ adn°p∂hsc∂p' a‰p≈h¿
km£n∏m≥ X°hÆw AhcpsS ss[cyhpw hnizmkhpw AX
i‡ambncp∂p. AXn\p≈ ImcWw, Pohn°p∂ InkvXphn¬
hnizkn®p F∂p≈XmWv.
5. ]pXnb\nbaØns‚ D¤hw
Iqin¬ acWaS™ Hcp c‡km£n amXambncp∂p tbipsh-
¶n¬ tbiphns\ kw_‘n®p≈ Cu tcJIƒ tImUoIcn°m≥
Bcpw Xp\nbpambncp∂n√. Dbn¿sØgpt∂‰p Pohn°p∂ InkvXphn-
ep≈ hnizmkamWp ]pXnb\nba FgpØpImsc kzm[o\n®n´p≈Xv.
sU∂n ]dbp∂Xv: "]pXnb\nbaØn\v AXpw CXpa√ ASnÿm\w;
Hgn™ I√dsb∏‰nbp≈ IYbpa√; bdpiteanepw Keoebnepw
tbip ]Xy£s∏´ hkvXpXbpa√ (]p\cp∞m\Øns‚ ]mYanI
sXfnhv AXmWv). ]ns∂tbm ]pXnb\nbaw Xs∂bmWv G‰hpw
henb sXfnhv. BZntbmS¥w AXn¬ Xkn®p\n¬°p∂ Poh≥,
AXns‚ t]PpIƒ \mw hmbn°ptºmƒ \sΩ B›cyw sIm≠p
\ndbv°p∂ B Poh≥ Xs∂bmWv D∞nX\mb c£I≥ \Ωn¬
]I¿∂ncn°p∂Xv.'
]p\cp∞m\Øns‚ A¿∞hpw ]k‡nbpw
tbiphns‚ ssZhXzw sXfnbn°p∂Xn\p≈ Hcp apJm¥cambn
103]Imi-Øn-te°v
amXa√ ]p\cp∞m\sØ ho£nt°≠Xv. AXp \ΩpsS c£m cl-
kyamWv. \ΩpsS c£sb∏‰n Nn¥n°ptºmƒ tbiphns‚ acW-
Øm¬ \ap°p hntamN\hpw c£bpw D≠mbn F∂p ]dbmdp≠v,
Dbn¿∏ns\ ]‰n ]cma¿in°msX AXp sX‰mWv. acWhpw Dbn¿∏pw
c≠p kw`hßfmsW¶nepw Htc c£m]hrØnbmWv. acWØn-
\mepw Dbn¿∏n\mepw AtX \ap°p Poh\pw c£bpw e`yambXv.
Hcp \mWbØns‚ c≠phiw t]mse Ah Ahn`mPyamWv. acWhpw
Dbn¿∏pw Hcpan®p amXta Nn¥n°m≥ Ignbq. I¿Ømhv Ft∏mgpw
Aßs\bmWp ]kvXmhn®n´p≈Xv.
]p\cp∞m\w aqeamWv tbip bYm¿∞Øn¬ aviolm Xs∂-
sb∂v A∏kvtXme∑m¿ hnizmkØn¬ ÿncoIcn°s∏´Xv. "acn®n v
Dbn¿sØgpt∂¬°pIbm¬ hnip≤nbpsS Bflmhp kw_‘n®p
ssZh]pX≥ F∂p i‡ntbmsS \n¿Æbn°s∏SpIbpw sNbvXp'
(tdma. 1:5). ]p\cp∞m\w H‰s∏´ Hcp kw`ha√. hnizmknIƒ°v
AXpaqew InkvXphnt\mSp sFIys∏Sphm\pw ]p\cp∞m\ Poh≥
A\p`hn°m\pw kwKXn hcp∂ bmYm¿∞yamWv.
tNmZy߃
1. ]p\cp∞m\sØ Jfin°p∂ Nne hmZ߃ bp‡nhmZnIfpw
a‰pw Db¿Øp∂p. Ahbvs°ßs\ adp]Sn \¬Imw?
2. ]uckvXyk`Iƒ Dbn¿∏p s]cp∂mfn\p henb ]m[m\yw I¬
∏n°p∂p. ImcW߃ I≠p]nSn°pI?
3. Dbn¿∏ns‚ ImXemb ktµisa¥v? C∂sØ kaqlØn¬
AXn\v FXamXw ]k‡nbp≠v.
104 ]Imi-Øn-te°v
bqWn‰v 4
tbml∂ms‚ kphntijw
]mTw 1
kphntijI\pw ]›mØehpw
kphntijØns‚ KŸImc≥ _mlyhpw B¥cnIhpamb sXfn-
hpIƒ \nKa\w c≠p ]›mØe߃ blqZ ]›mØehpw
bh\ ]›mØehpw
kaho£W kphntij߃ ]Tn®tijw hn. tbml∂ms‚ kphn-
tijØnte°p \mw IS°ptºmƒ Hcp ]pXnb A\p`hamWp≠m-
hpI. ]Ya ZrjvSnbn¬ hfsc efnXsa∂p tXm∂msa¶nepw hfsc
]uVhpw Kl\hpamb BibßfmWp CXn¬ A\mhcWw sNbvXn-
´p≈Xv. ]pXnb\nba ]pkvXIßfn¬ tbipInkvXphns\ kw_-
‘n®v CXbpw ]Zo]vXamb Nn¥ as‰m∂nepan√. `mcXob Zm¿i\n-
I¿ G‰hpw hneaXn°p∂Xpw, Ah¿ A[nIambn D≤cn°p∂Xpw
Cu kphntijØn¬ \n∂mWv. kaho£W kphntijßfn¬
\n∂p ]e hn[Ønepw CXp hyXymks∏´ncn°p∂p. Cu hyXymkw
]mcw`Imew apX¬ Xs∂ kphntij ]TnXm°sf BI¿jn®n´p-
≈XmWv.
BcmWp KŸImc≥? ]mcºcyambn hnizkn®pt]mcp∂Xp sk_-
Zn]pX\pw tbiphns‚ ]¥≠p injy∑mcn¬ Hcph\pamb tbml-
∂m≥ BsW∂tX. ]pcmX\ injy∑mcpsS km£yw Cu hn[Øn-
emWv. kvap¿Wmbnse _nj∏pw, A∏kvtXme injy\pamb t]mfn-
°¿t∏mkv (F. Un. 60˛155) tcJs∏SpØnbn´p≈Xv CXv tbml∂ms‚
IrXnsb∂mWv. sFtd\nbkv (F. Un. 180) FgpXp∂p: "I¿Ømhns‚
am¿hn¬ Nmcnbncp∂h\mb tbml∂m≥ F∂ injy\mWv CsXgp-
XnbXv.' At¥ymJymbnse sXtbm^ntemkv (F. Un. 180), AeIvkm-
≠nbmbnse s¢a‚ v (150˛215), HmdnK≥ (186˛254), sX¿Øpey≥
(160˛240), Ptdmw (342˛419) Chsc√mw CtX km£yamWp \¬Inbn-
´p≈Xv.
B¥cnIamb sXfnhpIƒ
kphntijØn\p≈n¬ Xs∂ kzoImcyamb ]e sXfnhpIfp≠v.
105]Imi-Øn-te°v
1. tbml. 21:24. FgpØpImc≥ AhImis∏Sp∂p: "Cu injy≥
CXns\°pdn®p km£yw ]dbp∂h\pw, CXp FgpXnbh\pw,
BIp∂p. Ahs‚ km£yw kXysa∂p R߃ Adnbp∂p.'
2. FgpØpImc≥ blqZ aXm\pjvTm\ßfpw ]mcºcyßfpw d_n-
amcpsS hymJym\ßfpw F√mw ]cnNbap≈ hy‡nbmWv (5:10; 7:22
f, 51; 8:17 Ch ImWpI). amXa√ `mjmssienbpw skan‰nIv ]›m-
Øew shfns∏SpØp∂p.
3. ]ekvXos‚ qanimkvXhpw, AhnSpsØ ÿeßsf°pdn®p≈
Adnhpw, FgpØpImc≥ AhnsS P\n®phf¿∂ Hcp hy‡nbmsW∂p
ImWn°p∂p.
4. kaho£W kphntijßfnse Nne hnhcW߃ Cu Fgp-
ØpImc≥ XncpØp∂Xmbn ImWmw. DZmlcWambn, I¿Ømhp
injy∑mcpambn AØmgw Ign®Xp blqZ∑mcpsS s]klmbpsS
XtecmXnbnembncp∂p F∂v CXn¬ XncpØp∂p. AtX∏‰n t\cn´p
t_m[yap≈Xn\membncn°Ww C]Imcw sNøp∂Xv.
5. "I¿Ømhp kvt\ln® injy≥' F∂v CXn¬ hntijn∏n®n´p≈
hy‡n Xs∂bmWp CXns‚ FgpØpImc≥. AXp tbml∂m≥
BIp∂p. tbml. 13:23; 19:26; 20:2; 21:7; 21:20 Cu `mKßfnemWp
I¿Ømhp kvt\ln® injys\∏‰n ]cma¿in°p∂Xv.
a‰v A∏kvtXme∑msc∏‰n ]cma¿iaps≠¶nepw tbml∂ms‚
t]cp a\x]q¿∆w ]kvXmhn°mXncn°p∂p. AXv tbml∂m≥ Xs∂
FgpØpImc\mbXp sIm≠mhmw. kv\m]Is\∏‰n ]dbptºmƒ ka-
ho£W kphntijßfn¬ "tbml∂m≥ kv\m]I≥' F∂p hnti-
jn∏n°p∂p. AXp tbml∂m≥ F∂p I¿Ørinjy\n¬ \n∂p am‰n-
°mWn°m\mWv. F∂m¬ \memw kphntijØn¬ "kv\m]I≥'
F∂ hntijWw IqSmsXbmWv. ImcWw FgpØpImc≥ tbml-
∂m≥ Xs∂ BbXpsIm≠mbncn°mw.
ta¬∏d™ sXfnhpIsfsb√mw AhKWn®psIm≠v CXns‚
FgpØpImc≥ sk_Zn ]pX\mb tbml∂m\√ F∂p hmZn°p∂-
hcp≠v. D≈S°Øns‚ kz`mhw ]cntim[n®n´v Ah¿ Nq≠n°mWn-
°p∂Xv: CXnse Bib߃ tbml∂ms‚ ImetØXmbncn°m\nS-
bn√, ⁄m\hmZØns‚ D]tZißsf CXn¬ Jfin°p∂XpsIm≠v
c≠mw \q‰m≠n¬ amXw cNn°s∏´XmWv. bh\aXtØmSpw, XØz-
Nn¥tbmSpap≈ ASp∏w CXn¬ ImWp∂p. AXp tbml∂m\p km[y-
106 ]Imi-Øn-te°v
a√t√m F∂pw hmZn°p∂p. amXa√ tbml∂ms‚ IrXn F∂p
t_m[yap≠mbncps∂¶n¬ F¥psIm≠mWv BZnak`bn¬ CXn\p
henb AwKoIcWw In´mXncp∂Xv. AXn\p≈ adp]Sn, ⁄m\hmZn-
Ifmb thZhn]coXnIƒ°v Cu kphntijw hfsc ]nb¶cambn
FSp°pIbm¬ BZnak` A¬]w IcpX¬ FSpØp Ft∂bp≈p.
⁄m\hmZw H∂mw \q‰m≠n¬ Xs∂ AXns‚ Bcw`w Ipdn®n-
´p≠v. sImtemky teJ\Øn¬ ]utemkv AXns\ Jfin°p∂-
Xmbn ImWmw. bh\ aXØnse Bib߃ ]ekvXo\n¬ kzm[o\w
sNepØnbncp∂p F∂p Ipavdm≥ NpcpfpIƒ km£n°p∂p≠v. Hcp
ImeØp kphntijw tbml∂ms‚ IrXn A√ F∂p hmZn°p∂Xv
Hcp "^mj≥' t]mse Bbncp∂p. C∂p Im‰p amdnbn´p≠v. kphn-
tijw C∂sØ cq]Øn¬ FUn‰p sNbvXp ]kn≤oIcn®Xp tbml-
∂ms‚ injy∑mcn¬s∏´ Bsc¶nepw BImw. F∂m¬ CXns‚ apJy-
amb F√m `mKßfpw Bibßfpw tbml∂m\n¬ \n∂p Xs∂bm-
sW∂v C∂p s]mXpsh kΩXn°p∂p.
FgpXnb Imew
H∂mw \q‰m≠ns‚ A¥yZiIØn¬ (96˛100) F∂p IcpXmw. F.
Un. 150˛t\mSv ASpØp CXv CuPn]vXn¬ ]NmcØn¬ Ccp∂p F∂p
1955˛¬ Is≠SpØ IsøgpØp]Xn sXfnbn°p∂p. ]pXnb\nba-
Øns‚ G‰w ]pcmX\amb IsøgpØp]Xn (kphntijw apgp-
h\pan√) CXtX. Gjymssa\dn¬ \n∂v CuPn]vXp hsc Cu kphn-
tijw ]NmcØn¬ FØWsa¶n¬ ]kn≤oIcn®p Ipsd h¿j-
߃ Bbncn°Ww. AXpsIm≠p apIfn¬ sImSpØ Imew G‰hpw
kzoImcyamWv.
FgpØpImcs‚ ]›mØew
CXc kphntijßfn¬ \n∂p≈ hyXymkw CXns‚ ]›mØe-
Ønepw ]ISamWv. kaho£Wkphntijßfn¬ NnesX¶nepw
FgpØpImc≥ I≠n´p≠v. A√mØ]£w AhbpsS ]nºnep≈
]mcºcyßfpambn B`napJyap≠mbncp∂p F∂v A\pam\n°mw. Cu
kphntijØns‚ thcpIƒ Cdßns®√p∂Xp ]ekvXos‚ aÆn-
te°p Xs∂; hfhpw shfn®hpw kzoIcn®n´p≈Xv blqZaXØn¬
\n∂pw. F¶nepw bh\ XXzNn¥tbmSpw, Zm¿i\nI taJetbmSpw
hfsc ASp∏w ]pe¿Øp∂Xmbn ]mcw` mKw t]mse a‰p mKßfpw
kqNn∏n°p∂p. bYm¿∞Øn¬ Cu kphntijw F_mb ]mcºcy-
tØmSpw bh\ Nn¥mafietØmSpw _‘w ]pe¿Øp∂p.
107]Imi-Øn-te°v
1. F_mb ]›mØew
FgpØpImc≥ ]gb\nbatØmSp hfsc ISs∏´n´p≠v. t\cn´p≈
D≤cWnIƒ hncfsa¶nepw, blqZ \ymb]amWhpw, AXnse A\p-
jvTm\hn[nIfpw \∂mbn´dn™ncp∂p. blqZaXØnse s]cp∂mfp-
Iƒ kp]cnNnXsa∂p amXa√ InkvXp kw`hw, B s]cp∂mfp-
IfpsS ]›mØeØnemWp kwhn[m\w sNbvXncn°p∂Xv. s]kl
2:23; 6:4; 13:1; 11:56; IqSmcs∏cp∂mƒ 7:2; ]XnjvtTm’hw 10:22.
dm_namcpsS hymJym\ßfpw D]tZißfpw kphntijI\p ]cn-
NnXßfmWv (tbml. 8:56). \nßfpsS ]nXmhmb A_lmw Fs‚
Znhkw ImWpw F∂p≈XpsIm≠v D√kn®p. \q‰m≠pIƒ°p apºv
avinlmbpsS Imew A_lmw I≠p F∂ Bibw dm_namcpsS
Nn¥tbmSp ISs∏´n´p≈XmWv. im_Xn¬ ]cntOZ\ \SØmsa∂p-
≈Xv (7:22f) im_Xn¬ hln°mhp∂ mcw (5:10), IqSmcs∏cp∂mfns‚
NSßpIƒ Chsbms° dm_namcpsS ]t_m[\ßsf ]Xn[z\n∏n-
°p∂p.
tbip kzbambn \SØp∂ Nne ]kvXmh\Iƒ it≤bamWv:
"Poh\p≈ sh≈w (4:11˛15), Pohs‚ A∏w (6:35), temIØns‚
shfn®w' (8:12), Cu hntijWßsfms° \ymb]amWØn\v blq-
ZP\w \¬Inbn´p≈hbmWv. B hntijW߃ tbiphns‚ ZuXy-
sØ kqNn∏n°p∂hbmbn kphntijI≥ I≠p.
blqZaXØnse "At∏m°en]v‰n°¬' IrXnIfpsS Bibßfp-
ambn kphntijI≥ ]cnNbn®ncp∂p. tbiphns\ aviolm Bbn´p
amXa√, cmPmhpw (Xs‚ cmPyw sFlnIa√) Bbn AhXcn∏n°p∂p.
Ipavdm≥ k\ymknIfpsS (G o\y¿) Bibßfpambn kphnti-
jØn\p _‘ap≠v. Ah¿ blqZaXØnse Hcp hn`mKambncp∂t√m.
]ImiØns‚ ]pX∑m¿, kXyØns‚ Bflmhv, ]ImiØns‚
\mY≥, A‘ImcØns‚ ZqX≥, shfn®hpw A‘Imchpw XΩnep≈
XmcXayw Chsbms° Ipavdm≥ IrXnIfnep≈XmWv. kphntijI\v
B IrXnItfmSp≈ B`napJyw hfsc ]ISamWv.
btlmhbpsS \maØn\p henb ]m[m\yw blqZaXØn¬ \¬-
Inbncp∂p. B \maw D®cn°phm≥ ]mSn√mØ \nKqVamb H∂mWv
(Bh. 32:39; sbi. 42:8; 52:6 Cu `mK߃ ImWpI). tamibv°p
shfns∏´t∏mƒ "Rm\mIp∂h≥ Rm\mIp∂p' F∂mWv (]pd. 3:14).
kphntijØn¬ Cu t]cp Xs∂ tbiphpw D]tbmKn°p∂p. "Rm≥
108 ]Imi-Øn-te°v
BIp∂p' F∂p ]e kphntijßfn¬ Bh¿Øn°p∂p (tbml.
18:1˛7 t\m°pI).
aviolmsb∏‰n blqZP\w ]pe¿Ønb ]Xo£Iƒ F]Imcam-
bncp∂p F∂p kphntijI≥ Adn™ncp∂p. avinlmbpsS D¤hw
A⁄mXambncn°pw (7:27). Ah≥ A¤pX߃ ]h¿Øn°pw (7:31).
Ah≥ t_Xvetlan¬ \n∂p hcpw (7:42). Ah≥ Ft∂°pw Ccn°pw
(12:34). blqZ hnizmkØn¬ thcq∂nb Hcmƒ°p amXta Cu ]Xo-
£Iƒ ]Xn^en∏n°phm≥ Ignbq. ta¬°mWn® Imcy߃ sXfnbn-
°p∂Xp kphntijI≥ ]ekvXos‚ aÆn¬ Pohn® Bfpw B
]›mØeØn¬ ASnbpd® hy‡nbpsa∂mWv.
2. bh\ ]›mØew
H∂mw \q‰m≠n¬ "sl√\nk'Øns‚ (bh\ kwkvImcw)
kzm[o\w km¿∆XnIambncp∂p. ]pXnb\nba IrXnIfn¬ ]eXnepw
B kzm[o\w ]finX∑m¿ Is≠Ømdp≠v. tbml∂ms‚ kphnti-
jamWv AXnsem∂v. Ign™ Xeapdbnse s]m´Ã‚ v ]finX∑m¿
]ecpw Cu kphntijsØ bh\ ]›mØeØn¬ amXamWp kzoI-
cn®ncp∂Xv. Ct∏mƒ bh\kzm[o\hpw Ds≠∂p amXta ]dbq.
F¥mWv bh\ kzm[o\Øns‚ ASbmf߃?
(a) "temtKmkn's\∏‰nbp≈ hnhcWw: tbml. 1:1˛14.
"temtKmkv' (Logos) F∂ Bibw tÃmbn°cn¬ ]_eamWv. CXv
AeIvk≠nbmbnse blqZ XØzNn¥I\mb ss^tem (_n. kn.
20 F. Un. 50) kzoIcn°pIbpw hn]peoIcn°pIbpw sNbvXn´p≠v.
ssZhsØbpw ]]©sØbpw XΩn¬ _‘n°p∂ a≤yh¿Ønbmbn
temtKmkns\ (hN\w) At±lw I≠p. Xn∑ \nd™ ]]©hpambn
]caamb ssZhØn\p t\cn´p _‘an√. temtKmkn¬°qSnbmWp
_‘w. "hN\w' ssZhØns‚ a\ nse Nn¥bpw B Nn¥bpsS ]Xn-
[z\nbpamWv. Cu Bib߃ kphntijØns‚ BapJ`mKØp
ImWmat√m.
(b) ⁄m\Øns‚ ]m[m\yw: bh\ Nn¥m[mcbn¬ "⁄m\'-
Øn\p henb ]m[m\yw Iev]n®ncp∂p. ⁄m\hmZw (Gnosticism)
Xs∂ AXns‚ hnImk ]cnWmaamWv. c£bv°p \nZm\w ⁄m\-
atX. AXv tIhew _u≤nIa√ AXnep]cnbmWv. tbml∂ms‚
kphntijØn¬ ⁄m\Øn\p ap≥Xq°w \¬Inbncn°p∂p. "GI
kXyssZhamb \ns∂bpw \o Ab®ncn°p∂ tbipInkvXphns\bpw
Adnbp∂Xp Xs∂ \nXyPoh≥ BIp∂p' (tbml. 17:37; 8:31˛32;
109]Imi-Øn-te°v
10:14˛15; 14:5˛10 F∂o `mKßfpw ImWpI).
(c) kXyw: Cu Bibw ]vtft‰mbnepw a‰p bh\ Z¿i\ßfnepw
ImWmhp∂XmWv. ]vtft‰mbpsS Nn¥bn¬ c≠p temIßfmWv. H∂v
BibßfpsS temIw (World of ideas) a‰Xp Zriy]]©w. Chbn¬
bYm¿∞ambn´p≈Xv BZytØXmWv. AXtX kXyw. tbml∂m-
\n¬ "kXyw' F∂ ]Zw 25 ]mhiyw D]tbmKn®n´p≠v (NneXp amXw
ImWpI. 4:23˛24; 8:32; 17:17).
(d) Poh\pw ]Imihpw: CXpw bh\ kn≤m¥ßfn¬ ÿew
]nSn®n´p≈XmWv. "Poh≥' F∂ ]Zw kphntijØn¬ BZymhkm\w
ap∂n´p\n¬°p∂p. AXpsIm≠p "Pohs‚ kphntijw' F∂p
t]mepw CXns\ hntijn∏n°mdp≠v. temIØnte°p IS∂ph∂p
temIsØ ]Imin∏n°p∂ kXyshfn®hpw ][m\ BibamWv.
CXphsc I≠Xp bh\ Nn¥m[mcbpambn khntij km[¿ayw
]pe¿Øp∂ hkvXpXbmWv. kphntijØns‚ ]e Bibßfpw
]Zßfpw XØzßfpw bh\ Nn¥tbmSp _‘ap≈XmWv. kphnti-
jIs‚ hnPbw AhnsSbmWv \mw a\ nemt°≠Xv. c£bpsS
kphntijw blqZ\p amXa√, a‰p≈h¿°pamWv. AXpsIm≠p
blqZ∑msc kphntijw t_m[yam°pIbpw bh\∑mscbpw B
hnizmkØnte°p sIm≠phcnIbpw th≠nbncn°p∂p. AXn\p
th≠nbmWv bh\ temIØn\p a\ nemIp∂ mjbn¬ IqSn tbip-
InkvXphns\ AhXcn∏n°m≥ ian®n´p≈Xv.
tNmZy߃
1. kaho£W kphntijhpw, tbml∂ms‚ kphntijhpw XΩn
ep≈ ][m\ hyXymk߃ Fs¥√mw?
2. sk_Zn ]pX\mb tbml∂ms\∏‰n ]pXnb\nbaØn¬ \n∂p
\ap°p e`n°p∂ hnhc߃ Fs¥√mw?
3. kphntijØns‚ bh\]›mØew hnhcn°pI?
110 ]Imi-Øn-te°v
]mTw 2
kphntijIs‚ e£yw
aX]camb e£yw hnizmkhn]coX߃s°Xncmb kXy-
hnizmkw ÿm]n°pI
Cu kphntijsØ a\ nem°p∂Xn\v, X¬ I¿Ømhns‚ Dt±-
iy߃ Klnt°≠XmWv. Nne e£y߃ hy‡ambn ]d™n´p≠v.
a‰p≈h kq£va ]T\Øn¬°qSn \ap°v A\pam\n°pIbpw sNømw.
1. aX]chpw B≤ymflnIhpamb e£yw
Xs‚ Dt±iysas¥∂p kphntijI≥ hy‡am°p∂p. "F∂m¬
tbip ssZh]pX\mb InkvXp F∂p \n߃ hnizknt°≠Xn∂pw
hnizkn®n v Ahs‚ \maØn¬ \n߃°p Poh≥ D≠mtI≠Xn∂pw
CXv FgpXnbncn°p∂p' (tbml. 20:31). tbip ssZh]pX\mb InkvXp-
hmsW∂ hnizmkw Dfhm°phm\mWv. "\n߃ hnizkn°p∂Xn\v'
F∂ ]mTw ssIsbgpØp ]XnIfn¬ hn`n∂ cq]ßfn¬ ImWp∂p.
Hcp ]mTa\pkcn®v "\nßfn¬ hnizmkw P\n°p∂Xn\pw' F∂mbn-
cn°pw hnh£. CXp icnsb¶n¬ kphntijw AhnizmknIsf e£y-
am°n hncNn®n´p≈XmsW∂p IcpXWw. as‰mcp ]mTa\pkcn®p
"\n߃ hnizmkØn¬ \ne\n¬°p∂Xn\pw' F∂mImw hnh¿Ø\w.
Aßs\sb¶n¬ kphntijw hnizmknIsf Dt±in®psIm≠v Ahsc
hnizmkØn¬ Dd∏n°phm\mWv F∂p hcpw (1 tbml. 5:13 XmcX-
ays∏SpØpI). c≠p e£yßfpw kzmKXm¿lambn \ap°p tXm∂mw.
blqZaXØns‚ ]cn[nhn´p kphntijw ]Ncn®p Ign™t∏mƒ,
]pdØp≈h¿°p a\ nemIØ°hn[w AXv AhXcn∏nt°≠nbn-
cp∂p. AXn\p≈ iaw Cu kphntijI≥ \SØp∂Xmbn tXm∂mw.
tbiphns\ shdpw aviolm Bbn NnXoIcn°p∂XpsIm≠p kphnti-
jI≥ Xr]vXns∏Sp∂n√. AXne∏pdambn Hcp e£yap≠mbncp∂p.
blqZscbpw, hnPmXnbscbpw a\pjykaqlsØ apgphs\bpw
ap∂n¬ I≠psIm≠mWv FgpXp∂Xv. InkvXphns‚ PohNcnXw
hc®pImWn°pIbpw AhnSpsØ hy‡nXz clkyw A\m-h-cWw
sNøp-I-bpw, Ahn-SpsØ hm°pIfpw ]hrØnIfpw hymJym\n®p
XcnIbpamWp tbml∂m≥ sNbvXn´p≈Xv. AXn¬°qSn F√mh-
scbpw Pohs‚ A\p`hØnte°p sIm≠phcnI F∂ D∂Xamb
e£yw At±lØn\p≠mbncp∂p.
111]Imi-Øn-te°v
2. hnhmZmflIamb e£yw
hnhmZmflIamb (Polemica) Nne e£yßfpw kphntijI\p≠v.
tbip \SØp∂Xmbn hnhcn®n´p≈ kpZo¿L ]`mjW߃
]cntim[n®m¬ hnhmZmflIamb Hcp kz`mhw Ah¿°p ImWmw.
tbml∂ms‚ kaImenI ]›mØeØn¬ amXta AXp a\ nem-
°m≥ Ignbq.
(a) blqZ¿s°Xnsc: Cu kphntijØn¬ blqZ∑msc∏‰nbp≈
]cma¿i߃ kphntijI\v AhtcmSv Hcp hncp≤at\m`mhap-
≠mbncp∂p F∂ Nn¥bmWp \Ωnepfhm°p∂Xv. blqZ∑m¿ tbip-
hns\ Xnckv°cn®Xv kphntijIs\ Akzÿ\m°p∂p. "blqZ¿'
F∂ ]Zw 71 ]mhiyw CXn¬ ]Xy£s∏Sp∂p. ]et∏mgpw AXp
tbiphnt\mSp iXpX ]pe¿Ønbncp∂ blqZ aXm[nImcnIsf,
]tXyIn®p bdpitean¬ D≠mbncp∂hsc kqNn∏n°phm\p≈
kmt¶XnI ]ZamWv. ssIkvXhcpw blqZcpw XΩn¬ BZna
k`bnep≠mbncp∂ iXpXbpw, kwL¿jhpw Cu kphntijØn¬
]Xn^en°p∂p≠v. im_Xns\∏‰nbp≈ kwhmZw, A_lman¬
\n∂p≈ ]n¥pS¿®, kp\tKmKn¬\n∂p≈ _lnjvIcWw, Ip¿_m-
\sb kw_‘n®p amwkw £n∏m≥ Xcm≥ Ignbptam F∂ tNmZyw
CsX√mw kphntijw cNn°p∂ ImesØ blqZ ˛ ssIkvXh
kwhmZw shfns∏SpØp∂p≠v.
(b) kv\m]Iinjy∑m¿s°Xnsc: kv\m]Is\ tbiphnt\°mƒ
tijvT\mbn AwKoIcn®ncp∂ kv\m]I injykaqlap≠mbncp∂p.
Aßs\bp≈ kaqlsØ∏‰n A. ]. 18:25˛19:7 hscbp≈ `mKØp-
\n∂p ImWmw. Ah¿ bnkmtb¬ cmPyØn\p ]pdØp Gjymssa\-
dn¬ Ft^kqkn¬ hsc FØnbncp∂p. aq∂mw \q‰m≠n¬ cNn°-
s∏´ Hcp IrXnbn¬ (Clementine Recognitions) Ch¿ tbiphns\b√
tbml∂ms\bmWv XßfpsS Kpcphpw InkvXphpambn AwKoIcn®-
sX∂p ]dbp∂p.
Cu kphntijØn¬ kv\m]Is\∏‰n ]dbptºmsg√mw At±lw
tbipInkvXphn\p hnt[b\mbn h¿Øn®p F∂p ImWn°p∂p (1:5,
19, 33:3, 13, 4:1). tbip tbml∂m\n¬ \n∂p amtamZokm G¬°p∂
kw`hw t]mepw hn´pIf™ncn°p∂p. kv\m]I≥ tbiphns‚
aviolm ÿm\Øns‚ Hcp km£n amXamWv. aWhmf\√, aW-
hmfs‚ tXmgva°mc≥ amXamWv F∂nßs\bmWv CXn¬ NnXo-
Icn®n´p≈Xv.
112 ]Imi-Øn-te°v
(c) "anÃdn aX߃'s°Xnsc (Mystery religions): bh\ temI-
Ønse anÃdn aX߃ BZy\q‰m≠pIfn¬ InkvXob k`bv°v Hcp
henb sh√phnfn Bbncp∂p. kphntijØnse Nne kqN\Iƒ
Ahbvs°Xncmbn hnc¬ Nq≠p∂hbmWv. B aX߃°p kv\m\hpw
ho≠pw P\\hpw, tZht\mSp≈ Iq´mbva _enb¿∏n°s∏´ `£W-
Øn¬°qSn \SØp∂ A\p`hhpw D≠mbncp∂p. Ft^kqkn¬ Ch-
cpsS kzm[o\w Hcp]t£ FØnbncn°mw.
IqZmiIsf∏‰n tbml∂m≥ FgpXptºmƒ hy‡am°p∂ Imcy-
߃ it≤bamWv. kv\m\Øn¬°qSnbp≈ ho≠pw P\\w ]cnip-
≤mfl hym]mcØmemWv. Bflmhn\m¬ P\n®Xv BflmhmIp∂p
(tbml. 3:6). Ip¿_m\sb∏‰n ]dbptºmƒ "Pohn∏n°p∂Xv Bflm-
hmIp∂p; amwkw H∂n\pw D]Icn°p∂n√' (tbml. 6:63) F∂p shfn-
s∏SpØp∂p.
(d) Kvt\mÃn°pIƒs°Xnsc (Gnosticism): Kvt\mknkv F∂
Ko°v ]ZØn\v ⁄m\w F∂mW¿∞w. ⁄m\Øn\p ap≥Xq°w
Iev]n®psIm≠pw ]tXyIamb Nne kn≤m¥ßƒ Db¿Øn∏nSn-
°p∂Xpamb H∂mWv ⁄m\hmZw. CXns\Xnsc kphntijØn¬
i‡amb BIaWw C√ F∂p Nne¿ IcpXp∂p. ImcWw AsXmcp
Nn¥m]≤XnbpsS \nebnte°p hf¿∂p hnIkn®Xv c≠mw \q‰m-
≠n\p tijamWv. ]t£ kndnbmbn¬ Nne Kvt\mÃn°p ]hWXIƒ
DSseSpØncp∂p. sImtemkyk`bnepw FØnbncp∂Xmbn sImtem-
kyteJ\Øn¬ ImWmw (sImtem. 2:8˛15; 1:15˛20). ssZhØn\pw a\p-
jy¿°panSbn¬ At\Iw a[yh¿ØnIsf Ah¿ k¶ev]n®p.
ap‡n°p am¿§w hn⁄m\asX. C°q´cpsS ]Zmhen°p ssIkvX-
hamb ]pXnb A¿∞w \¬Ins°m≠p tbml∂m≥ AhcpsS AWn-
Ifn¬ ]tcm£ambn BIaWw \SØp∂Xmbn ImWmw. hN\w a[y-
h¿ØnIsf Bibn°msX PUsaSpØp F∂p ]dbp∂p. AXphgn
AhcpsS ]]©imkvXsØ \ntj[n°p∂p.
⁄m\hmZØns‚ Hcp hIt`ZamWv tUmk‰nkw (tXm∂¬
hmZw). CXv Gjymssa\dn¬ i‡n ]m]n®ncp∂p. ⁄m\hmZØns‚
auenI LSIamWv ssZzXkn≤m¥w. ssZhw ]caamb \∑bpw
kXyhpamWv. ]Zm¿∞abamb ]]©w Xn∑ \nd™Xpw. CXp c≠pw
XΩn¬ bmsXmcp _‘hpw km≤ya√. AXpsIm≠p ]]© krjvSn
\SØp∂Xp Xs∂ ssZha√: ssZhØns‚ apJyImcyZ¿inbmWv.
ssZhØn\p ]Zm¿∞amb ]]©tØmSp Hcn°epw _‘s∏Sm≥
]mSn√mØXpsIm≠p ssZhØns‚ PU[mcWw Akm[yatX.
113]Imi-Øn-te°v
AXn\m¬ InkvXob kphntijØnse a\pjymhXmckXyw Ah¿
\ntj[n®p. AhcpsS Nn¥bn¬ tbipInkvXp bYm¿∞ a\pjy\m-
bncp∂n√. a\pjy\msW∂p tXm∂pI amXw sNbvXp (tUm°tbm
= tXm∂pI; AXn¬\n∂mWv tUmk‰nkw tXm∂¬hmZw) Hcp ambm-
hnsbt∏mse hym]cn®p.
Cu Nn¥mKXns°Xncmbn tbml∂m≥ i‡ambn t]mcmSn.
"hN\w PUsaSpØp (amwksaSpØp F∂mWv hmNym¿∞w) \ΩpsS
CSbn¬ ]m¿Øp' (tbml. 1:14) F∂p≈ ]kvXmh\bn¬°qSn
a\pjymhXmc kXyw shfns∏SpØpIbmWv. tbml∂ms‚ H∂mw
teJ\Øn¬ FXn¿ InkvXp°fmbn NnXoIcn®n´p≈Xv "tbip-
InkvXp PUØn¬ h∂p F∂p kzoIcn°mØhcmWv' (1 tbml.
4:2, 3). PU[mcWbmYm¿∞yw Ac°n´pd∏n°pIbmWv "R߃
tI´Xpw kz¥IÆpsIm≠p I≠Xpw, R߃ t\m°nbXpw Rß-
fpsS ssI sXm´pt\m°nbXpamb ssZhhN\w F∂p hnhcn°ptºmƒ
(1 tbml. 1:1). kphntijØnepS\ofw tbipInkvXphns‚ a\pjy-
XzØn\p Du∂¬ \¬Inbncn°p∂Xp ImWmw. AXp tXm∂¬
hmZsØ Jfin°p∂Xn\mIWw. "tbip hgn \S∂p £oWn®n´p
Ccp∂p' (tbml. 4:6). "tbip IÆp\o¿ hm¿Øp' (tbml. 11:35).
"F\n°p Zmln°p∂p' F∂p ]d™p (tbml. 19:28). "Ip¥w sIm≠v
Ahs‚ hnem∏pdØv IpØn; DSs\ c‡hpw sh≈hpw ]pds∏´p'
(tbml. 19:34).
tbiphns‚ ]q¿W a\pjyXzw shfns∏SpØp∂tXmsSm∏w Ahn-
SpsØ ]q¿W ssZhXzhpw tbml∂m≥ sXfnbn°p∂p. ⁄m\hmZn-
Iƒ D∂bn®Xp ssZhØn¬ \n∂p ]pds∏Sp∂ (emanation) _ln¿-
kv^pcWw BWv tbip F∂tX. "hN\w ssZhambncp∂p' (tbml.
1:2). "Rm\pw ]nXmhpw H∂mIp∂p. Fs∂ I≠h≥ ]nXmhns\ I≠n-
cn°p∂p' (tbml. 14:9). tXmΩm«olmbpsS G‰p]d®n¬, "Fs‚
I¿Ømhpw Fs‚ ssZhhpta' (20:28). Chsb√mw Xs‚ ssZhXzw
sXfnbn°p∂XtX.
tbml∂m≥ ⁄m\hmZØns‚bpw tXm∂¬hmZØns‚bpw D]-
tZißsf Jfin®psIm≠p kXyØn¬ tbipInkvXp BcmIp∂p
F∂p sXfnbn°p∂p.
NcnX]camb Hcp IrXn cNn°pI Bbncp∂n√ tbml∂ms‚
e£yw. AXpsIm≠p NcnXsØ AhKWn®psht∂m hnkvacn®p-
sht∂m A¿∞an√. kam¥ckphntijßfnse NcnX]camb Nne
114 ]Imi-Øn-te°v
]cma¿ißsf XncpØpI Xs∂ sNøp∂p≠v (DZm. I¿Ømhns‚
s]klmbpsS kabw). \nehnep≈ Bhiyßsfbpw sh√phnfnI-
sfbpw IW°nseSpØpsIm≠p tbipInkvXp Bsc∂pw, Ahn-
SpsØ ZuXysas¥∂pw shfns∏SpØns°mSp°pIbmWv.
tNmZy߃
1. kphntijcN\bn¬ tbml∂ms‚ aX]camb e£y߃ F¥m
bncp∂p?
2. tbml∂m≥ ⁄m\hmZsØ Fßs\ Jfin°p∂p?
3. tbml∂ms‚ kao]\w kphntij ]h¿Ø\߃°v Fßs\
am¿§Z¿i\w \¬Ip∂p?
]mTw 3
hN\w PUsaSpØp
BapJ hmIyßsf∏‰nbp≈ ]T\w LS\, kz`mhw CXc
`mKßfpambp≈ _‘w bh\ ˛ F_mb ]›mØew
tbml∂ms‚ kphntijØns‚ ]mcw`w kaho£W kphnti-
jßfn¬\n∂p hyXykvXambncn°p∂p. ChnsS "hN\'sØ kw_-
‘n®p≈ ]uVamb Hcp ]Xn]mZ\amWv. aqe`mjbn¬ (Ko°v)
CXv "IhnXm' cq]ØnemWp ImWp∂Xv. Adamb `mjbn¬ hN-
\sØ ]Io¿Øn°p∂ Hcp Km\iIew \nehnencp∂Xv tbml∂m≥
FSpØp D]tbmKn®ncn°pIbmWv F∂p Nne¿ A`n]mbs∏Sp∂p.
AX√, Hcp Kvt\mÃn°v Km\w tbml∂m≥ ]mTt`Zs∏SpØn D]tbm-
Kn®ncn°bmWv F∂pw ]dbp∂p. F¥p Xs∂ Bbmepw c≠p Imcy-
߃ hy‡amWv: (1) LS\bn¬ Cu `mKw CXc`mKßfn¬\n∂p
hyXymks∏´ncn°p∂p. hN\w F∂ t]cv tbiphn\p kphntij-
Øn¬ as‰ßpw D]tbmKn®nt´bn√. (2) Bib]cambn kphntij-
Øns‚ CXc `mKßfpambn CXn\v At`Zyamb _‘ap≠v, DZm.
hN\w \nXyamWv (1:1f). ]pX\pw Aßs\ Xs∂ (17:5) hN\w Poh-
\mWv (1:4). ]pX\pw X∂n¬Øs∂ Poh\p≠v (5:26). Poh\pw ]Im-
ihpw hN\Øn¬ (1:4). InkvXp temIØns‚ ]Imiw (8:12). shfn-
115]Imi-Øn-te°v
®hpw A‘Imchpw XΩnep≈ kwL¿jw (1:5). ]Imiw temIØn¬
h∂psh¶nepw a\pjy≥ A‘ImcsØ kzoIcn°p∂p (3:19).
C]Imcap≈ Bib]camb kmayw hy‡am°p∂Xv BapJ
hmIy߃ kphntijØns‚ s]mXphmb hnjbtØmSv At`Zyambn
_‘s∏´ncn°p∂p F∂mWv. hN\sØ∏‰n hnhcn°pIb√ tbml-
∂ms‚ e£yw, a\pjy\mbnØo¿∂ tbiphns\∏‰n hy‡am°p-
IbmWv.
"hN\'sa∂Xns‚ ]›mØew
hN\sa∂ BibØn\p ]nºn¬ c≠p Nn¥m[mcbmWp Im◊m-
\p≈Xv. bh\ ]mcºcyØn¬\n∂p≈Xpw F_mb ]mcºcyØn¬-
\n∂p≈Xpw.
1. bh\ ]mcºcyw
"temtKmkv' (Word) F∂Xv Ko°p ]ZamWv. bh\ XXzNn¥bn¬
AXn\p henb ÿm\ap≠v. Ft^kqkpImc\mb sldmIvfo‰kv
(B.C. 560) BWv BZyambn Cu ]Zap]tbmKn°p∂Xv. ]]©w apgp-
h\nepw hym]n®v, hym]cn°p∂ k¿hi‡nbmWp temtKmkv. ]Ir-
Xnbn¬ ImWp∂ Xmf\n_≤amb ]h¿Ø\w, temtKmkv aqeamWv.
tÃmbn°p Zm¿i\nI¿ temtKmkn\p ]m[m\yw \¬In. ]]©-
Ønep≈ kIeXpw temtKmkn\m¬ \nb¥n°s∏SpIbpw \bn°-
s∏SpIbpw sNøp∂p F∂h¿ ]Tn∏n®p. hyhÿm]nXamb LS\-
bn¬°qSn kIeXpw ÿnXnsNøp∂Xp temtKmkn\memWv.
a\pjy a\ nt\mSpw AXn\p _‘ap≠v. a\ nepbcp∂ Nn¥-
bpw, AXns‚ _ln¿]IS\amb hm°pw temtKmkp aqeamWv.
AeIvkm≠nbm°mc\mb (died AD 50) ss^tem bh\ XXzNn¥sb
hfscb[nIw kzmwioIcn®p hymJym\n®n´p≈ blqZ ]finX\mWv.
"temtKmkv' F∂ BibsØ blqZNn¥bpambn ka\zbn∏n°m-
\p≈ iaw At±lw \SØp∂p. ]]©krjvSn ssZhw temtKmkn¬-
°qSn \n¿∆ln®p. ]]©Øn¬ F√m‰n\pw aptºbp≈XmWp
temtKmkv. AXp ssZhØns‚ Nn¥sbt∂m, a\s t∂m hntijn-
∏n°mw. Cu temtKmkv BWp a\pjya\ n¬ ]h¿Øn®p Nn¥n°p-
hm\pw, Adnbphm\pap≈ Ignhv ]Zm\w sNøp∂Xv. ssZhØn\pw,
]]©Øn\pw CSbn¬ a[yh¿Ønbmbn, c≠ns\bpw _‘n®p
]h¿Øn°p∂Xpw temtKmkv AtX.
116 ]Imi-Øn-te°v
tbml∂m≥ ss^tembpsS Bib߃ FXamXw Dƒs°m≠n-
cp∂p F∂p hy‡a√. ]e kmayßfpw \ap°p Z¿in°mw.
krjvSnbpw ]]©Øns‚ \ne\n¬∏pw hN\w aqew F∂p ]dbp-
tºmƒ Ah¿ GIm`n]mb°mcmWv. F∂m¬ ss^tembn¬ \n∂p
tbml∂m≥ _lpZqcw AI∂p\n¬°p∂ HcmibamWp "hN\w
PUsaSpØp' F∂p ]dbp∂Xv. bh\XXzNn¥bn¬ Hcn°epw hn`m-
h\w sNøm≥ ]mSn√mØ H∂mWXv. hN\w F∂pw Hcp Bibambn
ÿnXnsNøp∂p; ]Zm¿∞ ]]©hpambn t\cn´p _‘sam∂pw ]pe¿-
ØmsX. F∂m¬ tbml∂m≥ Xd∏n®p ]dbp∂Xp "hN\w PUsa-
SpØp' F∂mWv.
tbml∂ms‚ e£yw \kdmb\mb tbipInkvXp Bsc∂p shfn-
s∏SpØpIbmWv. A√msX "temtKmkv kn≤m¥w' hniZoIcn°pI-
b√. Xs‚ Dt±iykm≤yØn\mbn bh\temIØv kp]cnNnXamb
Hcp ]Zw kzoIcn®psIm≠v AXphgn tbiphns\ hymJym\n®p sImSp-
°pIbmWv. A`ykvXhnZy\mb Hcp bh\t\mSv tbml∂m≥ ]dbp-
∂Xv C]ImcamWv. "\n߃ ssZhØn\pw ]]©Øn\pw CSbn¬
a[yh¿Ønbmb hN\sØ∏‰n hfsc \nKa\ßfpw N¿®Ifpw \S-
Ømdp≠t√m. B hN\sØ \nKa\ßfn¬°qSnb√ \n߃ ImtW-
≠Xv, \kdmb\mb tbiphns\ t\m°p∂Xn¬°qSnbmWv. FX
Xs∂ hnIknXamb ⁄m\ambmepw AXp \nßsf hN\Ønte°p
\bn°pIbn√. hN\w tbiphmWv. kXyamb kIe ⁄m\hpw
Ah\n¬ tIµoIcn®ncn°p∂p.'
tbiphns\ bh\¿°p hy‡am°phm≥ hN\sa∂ ]Zhpw, Bi-
bhpw tbml∂m≥ A\ptbmPyambn I≠p. B XXzw AwKoIcn®p
sIm≠p mcXØnse sslµh¿°pw ap…o߃°pw a‰p aXÿ¿°pw
\ap°v Fßs\ InkvXphns\ AhXcn∏n°msa∂p Nn¥nt°≠-
XmWv. t]jnX ]h¿Ø\Øns‚ ASnÿm\XXzw tbml∂m≥
\ap°p \¬Ip∂Xmbn ImWmw.
2. F_mb ]mcºcyw
"hN\'sa∂ BibØns‚ ASnthcv F_mb ]mcºcyØnepw
Is≠Ømw. F_mb Nn¥mKXnbn¬ "hN\w' tIhew Hcp i_vZa√;
]h¿Ø\ i‡nbpw AkvXnXzhpap≈ H∂mWv. ]gb\nbaØn¬
Cu Nn¥ [mcmfambn ]Xn^en®n´p≠v.
(a) ssZhØns‚ hN\w i‡hpw, krjvSnI¿Ωw \SØp∂Xp-
117]Imi-Øn-te°v
amWv. "D≠mIs´ F∂p ssZhw Iev]n®p. AXp≠mbn' (D¬]. 1:3, 6,
9). ]]© krjvSn ssZhI¬∏\ Dƒs°m≈p∂ hN\ØmemWv.
k¶o¿Ø\߃ ]eXpw Cu Bibw IqSpXembn [z\n∏n°p∂p≠v
(k¶o. 33:6; 32:6; 147:15). ssZhØns‚ a\ pw C—bpw, _ln¿kv pcn-
°p∂Xn\memWp krjvSn \S°p∂Xv.
]hmNI∑m¿°p shfns∏SpØphm\p≠mbncp∂Xv "ssZhØns‚
hN\'ambncp∂p. ssZhw kzlnXw shfns∏SpØnbXp Xs‚ hN\w
aqeamWv. B hN\tØmSp A\pIqeambn ]XnIcn°phm≥ P\ß-
tfmSp ]hmNI∑m¿ Bhiys∏´p. F∂m¬ P\w ]et∏mgpw AXp
\nckn°bmWp sNbvXXv (sbi. 1:3). CXn\p kam¥cambn tbml.
1:12 ImWpI. "Ah≥ (hN\w) kz¥Ønte°p h∂p; kz¥ambhtcm
Ahs\ ssIs°m≠n√.'
hN\Øns‚ c≠p ]h¿Ø\ßfmWp \mw apIfn¬ I≠Xv;
krjvSn°p∂Xpw, shfns∏SpØp∂Xpw (Creation & Revelation). Cu
c≠mibßfpw temtKmkns\∏‰nbp≈ tbml∂ms‚ hnhcWØn¬
ImWmw. ]pcmX\ ImeØp krjvSn \SØnbXpw ]hmNI∑mcn¬-
°qSn shfns∏´Xpamb hN\w Hcp ]pXnb `mhØn¬, \kdmb\mb
tbipInkvXphn¬°qSn ]Xy£ambncn°p∂p.
(b) F_mb `mjbn¬ \n∂v Adamb `mjbnte°p `mjm¥cw
sNøptºmƒ (Aßs\bp≈ `mjm¥cØn\v ‘Targums’ F∂p ]d-
bp∂p). btlmhbpsS t]cn\p ]Icw "saam' = hN\w F∂mWp
tN¿Øncp∂Xv. DZm ]pd. 19:17. "ssZhsØ FXntc¬∏m≥ tami
P\sØ ]mf-b-Øn¬ \n∂p ]pd-s∏-Sp-hn®p' CXn\p "Xm¿Kp-an¬' ]d-
bp-∂Xv "ssZhhN-\sØ FXn-tc-ev]m≥' F∂mWv. ssZhw Zln∏n-
°p∂ A·nbmIp∂p' (Bh. 9:3) F∂Xn\v "ssZhhN\w Zln∏n°p∂
A·nbmIp∂p' F∂mWv. "saam' AYhm ssZhhN\w, i‡hpw
]h¿Ø\\ncXhpamb H∂mbn blqZ∑m¿ Nn¥n°phm≥ CSbmbn.
(c) ⁄m\sØ (Wisdom) ∏‰nbp≈ blqZ Nn¥bmWp hN\-
Øn\p ]nºnep≈ as‰mcp LSIw. H∂mw \q‰m≠mbt∏mtg°pw
"⁄m\'sa∂Xn\v BfXzw Iev]n®psIm≠v krjvSn°p aptºbp≈-
Xmbpw krjvSn°p \nZm\ambpw hnizkn®pt]m∂p. ⁄m\w a\p-
jys‚ [m¿anI Kpcphpw hgnIm´nbpambpw IcpXn. "sh≈w Ahs‚
I¬∏\sb AXnIan°msXhÆw Ah≥ kapZØn\v AXn¿ h®-
t∏mgpw, `qanbpsS ASnÿm\w C´t∏mgpw Rm≥ (⁄m\w) Ahs‚
ASp°¬ inev]nbmbncp∂p.' "Rm≥ ]pcmX\ta' BZnbn¬ Xs∂
118 ]Imi-Øn-te°v
`qanbpsS Dev]Øn°p aptº \nban°s∏´ncn°p∂p. "Fs∂ Is≠-
Øp∂h≥ Pohs\ Is≠Øp∂p; Fs∂ tZzjn°p∂hscms°bpw
acWsØ C—n°p∂p' (kZri. 8:22˛36). At∏mIn^¬ IrXnbmb
kndm°ns‚ (Book of Sirach) ]pkvXIØn¬ ⁄m\Øn\p IqSpX¬
angnhp‰ hy‡nXz k¶ev]w \¬Inbncn°p∂p (kndm°v 24:8˛12).
itemtams‚ alm⁄m\sa∂ as‰mcp IrXnbn¬ ⁄m\w "\nXy
]ImiØn¬\n∂p≈ civanbpw, ssZhi‡nbpsS Id]pcfmØ
]Xn_nw_hpw, AhnSpsØ \∑bpsS ]Xncq]hpw' (alm⁄m\w
7:22˛26) F∂mWp hnhcn®n´p≈Xv. ChnsSsb√mw ⁄m\w Hcp
hy‡nbmbn k¶ev]n°p∂p; ]]©krjvSn \n¿hln°p∂ Hcph≥
Xs∂.
⁄m\sØ∏‰nbp≈ hnizmkhpw Adnhpap≈ Hcp blqZ≥
tbml∂ms‚ "temtKmkv' hnhcWw hmbn°ptºmƒ ⁄m\sØ-
∏‰n Fs¥ms° Ah≥ [cn®ncn°p∂pthm AsXms° \kdmb\mb
tbiphn\p \¬Inbn´p≈Xmbn t_m[yamIpw. AXv Ahs\ B›cy-
s∏SpØpIbpw Ahs‚ [mcWsb sh√phnfn°pIbpw sNøpw.
ImcWw ⁄m\sa∂p≈Xv \ymb]amWhpambn XmZmflys∏SpØn-
bmWp Nn¥n®pt]m∂n´p≈Xv. \ymb]amWw \nXyhpw, XnIhp‰Xpw
kºq¿WhpamWv. kIe ⁄m\hpw AXn¬ Dƒs°m≈p∂p. ]ca-
amb A[nImcw, aX]cambn Nn¥n°ptºmƒ \ymb]amWØn\mWv.
Aßs\bp≈ \ymb]amWØns‚ ÿm\ØmWp \kdmb\mb
tbiphns\ tbml∂m≥ AhXcn∏n°p∂Xv: "\ymb]amWw tami
apJm¥cw e`n®p; Ir]bpw kXyhpw tbipInkvXp apJm¥cw h∂p'
(tbml. 1:17).
hN\sa∂ Bibw blqZ∑m¿°v A\ytam A]cnNnXtam A√m
F∂p \mw I≠p. hN\w PUsaSpØ \kdmb\mb tbiphnte-
°mWp tbml∂m≥ AhcpsS i≤bpw hnizmkhpw £Wn°p∂Xv.
bh\∑m¿°pw blqZ∑m¿°pw H∂pt]mse kzoImcyamb Hcmib-
Øn¬°qSn tbiphns\ AhXcn∏n°phm\pw tbiphn¶te°v Ahsc
£Wn°phm\pw AtX "hN\'sØ∏‰n BapJambn tbml∂m≥
hnhcn°p∂Xv.
hN\sØ∏‰n tbml∂m≥ F¥p ]dbp∂p? tbml. 1:1˛18. Cu
`mKsØ \membn Xncn°mw.
(a) hN\w ssZhhpw kjvSmhpw F∂ \nebn¬ hm. 1˛5.
(b) kv\m]Is‚ ÿm\hpw ZuXyhpw hm. 6˛8.
119]Imi-Øn-te°v
(c) hN\Øns‚ BKa\w hm. 9˛13.
(d) PUsaSpØ hN\hpw, c£m]≤Xnbpw hm. 14˛18.
(a) hN\sØ∏‰n BZy`mKØp ImWp∂ Imcy߃ \nXyambn
ÿnXn sNøp∂p; ssZhtØmSpIqsS; bYm¿∞Øn¬ ssZhw Xs∂.
krjvSn°p \nZm\ambn´p≈h≥; krjvSnsb \ne\ndpØp∂h≥;
A‘ImcsØ ]cmPbs∏SpØp∂ ]Imiw.
(b) tbml∂mt\°mƒ D∂Xamb ÿm\amWp tbiphn\p≠m-
bncp∂sX∂p hy‡am°p∂p; tbml∂m≥ km£yw hln∏m≥ Ab-
bv°s∏´h≥.
(c) hN\w kIehpw shfns∏SpØp∂p; a\pjymhXmcØn\p
aptº temIØn¬ D≠mbncp∂p. F¶nepw temIw Adn™n√; \nc-
kn°bsX sNbvXXv.
Ahs\ kzoIcn®h¿°p ssZha°ƒ F∂ AhImiw e`yamWv.
ssZha°fmbnØocp∂Xp am\pjnI hym]mcØmtem C—bmtem
A√; ssZhlnXØmepw ssZhØns‚ k¿Ki‡nbmepw AsX.
(d) a\pjymhXmcw ˛ \nXy\mbn D≠mbncp∂h≥ a\pjy\mbn
P\n®p: bYm¿∞ a\pjy\mbn. Ahs‚ alXzw A∏kvtXme kaqlw
Z¿in®p. "alXzw' F∂Xv ssZhØns‚ km∂n≤yhpw hym]mchpatX.
]gb\nbaImeØp IqSmcØn¬ ssZhalXzap≠mbncp∂p. B
ÿm\ØmWp a\pjymhXmcw sNbvX tbipInkvXp.
tNmZy߃
1. hN\w F∂ Bibhpw "Hmw' F∂ sslµhmibhpw XΩn¬
Fs¥¶nepw kmayapt≠m? c≠ns\bpw ka\zbn∏n°m≥ Ign
bptam?
2. BapJ mKhpw kphntijØns‚ CXc`mKhpw XΩnep≈ _‘w
IqSpXembn hy‡am°pI.
3. Cu `mKhpw sImtem. 1:15˛20, F_m. 1:1˛3, \nJym hnizmk]am
WØn¬ ]pXs\∏‰nbp≈ \n¿hN\w F∂nhbpw XmcXays∏
SpØn ]ckv]cap≈ _‘w a\ nem°pI.
120 ]Imi-Øn-te°v
]mTw 4
"ASbmf߃' ˛
tbml∂ms‚ kphntijØn¬
kaho£W kphntijßfpambp≈ hyXymkw ]hrØnIfpw
ASbmfßfpw Cu hmIyßfpsS A¿∞hpw ]k‡nbpw
Ggv ASbmfßfpw AhbpsS A¿∞hpw
"Cu ]pkvXIØn¬ ImWp∂X√msX a‰t\Iw ASbmfßfpw
tbip Xs‚ injy∑m¿ Im¨sI sNbvXp' (tbml. 20:31). F¶nepw
tbml∂m≥ ]tXyI e£ytØmsS, tbip sNbvX A\h[n AS-
bmfßfn¬ \n∂p kphntijØns‚ BZy `mKØv (A. 2˛12)
GsgÆw amXw AhXcn∏n®ncn°p∂p. tbip ssZh]pX\pw anin-
lmbpamsW∂ kXyØn\p km£yw hln°p∂ ASbmfßfpw
(Signs) ]hrØnIfpw (works) F∂ hn[ØnemWp ]Xn]mZn®ncn-
°p∂Xv.
kam¥c kphntijßfpambn XmcXays∏SpØptºmƒ ]ISamb
Nne hyXymk߃ Im◊m\p≠v.
(a) kam¥c kphntijßfn¬ "A¤pX߃', "hocy]hrØnIƒ'
(miracles: mighty works) F∂p hntijn∏n°ptºmƒ tbml∂m≥
"ASbmf߃', "]hrØnIƒ' F∂mWp hntijn∏n®ncn°p∂Xv.
AXn\p ImcWw tbip sNbvX A¤pXßfpsS BflnI ktµiw
hniZam°m\mWp tbml∂m≥ ian°p∂Xv.
(b) kaho£W kphntij߃ A¤pXßsf ho£n°p∂Xp
ssZhcmPymKa\Øns‚ sXfnhmbn´mWv. tbml∂m\n¬ tbip-
InkvXp Bsc∂pw Xs‚ ZuXysas¥∂pw sXfnbn°p∂Xmbn´mWv.
Npgn™ndßn t\m°ptºmƒ c≠pw XΩn¬ henb hyXymkan√
F∂p ImWmw.
(c) kaho£W kphntijßfn¬ kmØms‚ B[n]XyØn¬-
\n∂p a\pjys\ hntamNn∏n°p∂Xns‚ ASbmfamWv A¤pX߃.
AXpsIm≠p `qtXm®mS\w (exorcism) B kphntijßfn¬ hfsc-
bp≠v. tbml∂m\n¬ H∂pt]mepan√. ImcWw tbml∂ms‚ e£yw
hyXykvXamWv.
(d) kaho£W kphntijßfn¬ A¤pX]hrØnIƒ \S°p-
121]Imi-Øn-te°v
∂Xn\v hnizmkw BZyta D≠mbncn°Ww. tbml∂m\n¬ ImWp-
∂Xv, A¤pX߃ hnizmkØnte°p \bn°p∂Xmbn´mWv (tbml.
14:11 ImWpI).
(e) A¤pXßfpsS ssZhimkvX]camb A¿∞hpw ]k‡nbpw
shfns∏SpØpIbmWv tbml∂ms‚ e£yw. AXpsIm≠v A¤pX
kw`hØns‚ hnhcWsØ XpS¿∂p ssZhimkvX]camb Zo¿L
]`mjWw tIƒ°mw. DZm. A©∏w sIm≠v ]pcpjmcsØ Xr]vXn-
s∏SpØnb tijw (6:32˛63) Pohs‚ A∏sØ∏‰n ]`mjWw; emk-
dns\ Dbn¿∏n°ptºmƒ tbip ]p\cp∞m\hpw Poh\pw BIp∂p
F∂ hnjbsØ∏‰n (A. 11).
F∂m¬ kaho£W kphntijßfn¬ Cßs\bp≈ hymJym-
\hnhcW߃ ImWp∂n√. ta¬]d™ hyXymk߃°v AanXamb
]m[m\yw \¬tI≠Xn√. kphntijI∑m¿ XßfpsS ho£W-
Ønepw e£yØnepw hyXymkw ]men°p∂p F∂p amXw IcpXn-
bm¬ aXn.
"ASbmfßfpw ]hrØnIfpw'
tbml∂m≥ D]tbmKn®n´p≈ Cu hm°pIfpsS ]›mØehpw
A¿∞hym]vXnbpw Adn™ncnt°≠XmWv. ASbmf߃ (Semeia(Greek) = Signs) F∂p≈ ]tbmKw ]gb\nba ]›mØeØnemWp
a\ nemt°≠Xv. Ko°p mjbn¬ "skssatbm¨' F∂ ]ZØn\v
GsX¶nepw Hcp hkvXphns\ Xncn®dnbp∂Xn\p≈ shdpsamcSbmfw
F∂p amXamW¿∞w. tbml∂ms‚ ZrjvSnbn¬ Cu hm°n\p shdpw
HcSbmfw F∂Xn¬ D]cn Bgamb A¿∞ap≠v. ]gb\nbaØn¬
(sk]v‰phPn‚n¬) D]tbmKn®ncn°p∂ A¿∞ØnemWv tbml-
∂m\pw D]tbmKn®n´p≈Xv. AhnsS A¤pXßsf°qSn kqNn∏n°p-
∂Xmbn ImWmw. ssZhnI ]h¿Ø\Øns‚ ASbmfambpw DSºSn-
bn¬ ssZhØns‚ klmbhpw hnizkvXXbpw tZymXn∏n°p∂ A®m-
cambpw Cu hm°mWv D]tbmKn®ncn°p∂Xv. ]pd∏mSnt\mSv (Exo-dus) A\p_‘n®p ]e ASbmfßfpw \mw ImWp∂p≠v. ]pd∏mSp
kw`hhpw InkvXphns‚ c£nI]hrØnbpw XΩn¬ tbml∂m≥
XmcXays∏SpØp∂Xmbn tXm∂p∂p. tamibn¬°qSn ssZhw AS-
bmf߃ sNbvXXmbn hmbn°p∂p (]pd. 10:1; kwJym. 14:22, Bh.
7:19). F¶nepw P\w hnizkn°phm≥ hnkΩXn®p. btlmh tNmZn-
°p∂p; "Cu P\w FXtØmfw Fs∂ \nckn°pw? Rm≥ AhcpsS
at≤y sNbvXn´p≈ ASbmfßsfms°bpw I≠n´pw Ah¿ FX-
122 ]Imi-Øn-te°v
tØmfw Fs∂ hnizkn°mXncn°pw' (kwJy. 14:11). CXns‚ Hcp
]Xn[z\nbmWv tbml∂m\n¬ \mw tIƒ°p∂Xv. "Ah¿ Im¨sI
Ah≥ CXhfsc ASbmfßsf sNbvXn´pw Ah¿ Ah\n¬ hniz-
kn®n√' (tbml. 12:37). btlmhbpsS alXzhpw (glory) ASbmf-
ßfpw XΩn¬ _‘s∏SpØnbncn°p∂p (kwJy. 14:22). tbml∂ms‚
kphntijØn¬ Cu c≠p hm°pIƒ°pw henb ]m[m\yap≠t√m.
ASbmf߃ btlmhbpsS alXzw shfns∏SpØnbXpt]mse tbip-
hns‚ ASbmf߃ Ahs‚ alXzw shfns∏SpØp∂hbmWv
(tbml. 2:11, 12:37, 41).
"skssatbm≥' (Sign) F∂ hm°ns‚ D]tbmKØn¬ tbml-
∂ms\ kzm[o\n®Xp Ko°p Nn¥b√, ]XypX F_mb Nn¥m[mc-
bmWv. A¤pXw \nd™Xpw ]XoImflIhpw (Symbolic) amb Hcp
khntijX At±lw B ]ZØn\p Iev]n°p∂p≠v.
ASbmfßfpsS I¿ØrXzw ]q¿Wambpw InkvXphn\mWv. a‰mcpw
Xs∂ HcSbmfw \¬Ip∂Xmbn tbml∂m≥ hnhcn°p∂n√. CXn-
s\mcp ]tXyI e£yap≠v. ]pXnb\nbaØn¬ InkvXp btlmh-
bpsS ÿm\w Gs‰Sp°p∂p F∂p ImWn°pIbmWv. blqZ hnizm-
ka\pkcn®p btlmhbv°p amXta A¤pXßfpw ASbmfßfpw
]h¿Øn°phm≥ km[n°pambncp∂p≈p. tbiphns‚ ASbmf߃
AhnSpsØ hy‡nXzØnte°p shfn®w hoipIbpw P\ßsf
Ah\nep≈ hnizmkØnte°pw XZzmc \nXyPoh\nte°pw \bn°p-
Ibpw sNøp∂p (tbml. 20:30˛31).
]hrØnIƒ (Erga (GK) = works)
ASbmf߃ F∂Xnt\°mƒ ]hrØnIƒ (works) F∂ hm°m-
Wv InkvXp ]et∏mgpw kz¥w A¤pXßsf ]cma¿in®psIm≠p
D]tbmKn°p∂Xv. ]Xnt\gp ]mhiyw InkvXp Xs∂ D]tbmKn-
®n´p≠v (kaho£W kphntijØn¬ c≠p ]mhiyw amXta
tbiphns‚ A¤pX߃°v Cu ]Zw D]tbmKn®n´p≈p. aØm. 11:2,
eqt°m. 24:19).
]gb\nba ]›mØeØnemWv Cu ]Zhpw a\ nemt°≠Xv.
]]© krjvSnsb ssZhØns‚ "]hrØn' F∂mWp ]dbp∂Xv
(Dev]. 2:2). c£mIc IrXyhpw ssZhØns‚ "]hrØn'bmWv. ]pd.
34:10; k¶o. 66:5; 77:12; Bh. 3:24). tamibn¬ IqSn ssZhw Ckmtb-
ens\ hnSphn®Xpw, A¤pX߃ sNbvXXpw ssZhØns‚ ]hrØn
Bbncp∂p (A. ]. 7:22).
123]Imi-Øn-te°v
tbiphns‚ A¤pXßsf "]hrØnIƒ' F∂p hntijn∏n°p∂-
Xn¬°qSn, ssZhØns‚ krjvSn, hos≠Sp∏v F∂o ]hrØnIfpambn
X\n°p≈ _‘w ÿm]n°pIbmbncp∂p. "Fs‚ ]nXmhv C∂p-
hscbpw ]h¿Øn°p∂p, Rm\pw ]h¿Øn°p∂p' (tbml. 5:17).
]h¿Ø\Øn¬ ]nXmhpw ]pX\pw XΩnep≈ sFIyhpw s]mcp-
Øhpw ChnsS ]ISamWv (tbml. 14:10).
tbiphns‚ ipiqj apgph≥ Xs∂bpw "]hrØn' Bbn´mWp
ImWp∂Xv. "Rm≥ \ns∂ `qanbn¬ alXzs∏SpØn, \o F\n°p
sNbvhm≥ X∂ ]hrØn XnI®ncn°p∂p' (tbml. 17:4). tbiphns‚
A¤pX߃ amXa√, AhnSpsØ hm°pIƒ t]mepw "]hrØn-
IfmWv.' "Rm≥ \nßtfmSp ]dbp∂ hN\w kzbambn´√ kwkmcn-
°p∂Xv; ]nXmhv F∂n¬ hkn®psIm≠p Xs‚ ]hrØn sNøp∂p'
(tbml. 14:10). F¶nepw A¤pXßfmWv ][m\ambpw "]hrØn'
F∂XpsIm≠p hnh£n°p∂Xv (tbml. 5:36).
ASbmfßfn¬ \n∂v "]hrØnIƒ' Aev]w hn`n∂amWv tbml-
∂ms‚ ho£WØn¬. ]tXyIn®pw AXns‚ I¿ØrXzsØ kw_-
‘n®v. ASbmfßfpsS ]q¿WI¿ØrXzw InkvXphn\mWv. F∂m¬
]hrØnIfpsS I¿ØrXzw ]nXmhpambn ]¶phbv°p∂p. InkvXphpw
]nXmhpw IqSnbmWv "]h¿Øn°pI' (tbml. 5:17). ]nXmhpw ]pX\pw
XΩnep≈ sFIysØ AXp shfns∏SpØp∂p.
Cu kphntijØnse ASbmfßfpw ]hrØnIfpw tbiphns‚
ssZhntIm¤hØn\pw ZnhyZuXyØn\pw km£yw hln°pIbmWp
sNøp∂Xv. Ah aqew Ah\n¬ hnizkn°p∂Xn\pw, hnizmkw hgn
c£ ]m]n°p∂Xn\pw ]tNmZ\acpfp∂p.
Ggv ASbmfßfpw AhbpsS A¿∞hpw
1. sh≈w ho™m°p∂Xv InkvXp ssIhcpØp∂ cq]m
(tbml. 2:1˛11) ¥cw kqNn∏n°p∂p
2. cmP`rXys‚ aIs\ kuJy hnizmkØm¬ InkvXp
am°p∂Xv (4:46˛54) kzÿam°p∂p
3. Xf¿∂hs\ kuJyam \jvSs∏´ i‡n InkvXp
°p∂Xv (5:2˛-9) ]Zm\w sNøp∂p.
4. AømbncsØ t]mjn∏n InkvXp Pohs‚ A∏w, AXn
°p∂Xv (6:4˛13) \m¬ \mw Pohn°p∂p.
124 ]Imi-Øn-te°v
5. ISent∑¬ \S°p∂Xv. InkvXp \ΩpsS hgnIm´n.
6. ]ndhn°pcpSs\ kuJyam InkvXp temIØns‚ ]Imiw
am°p∂Xv (9:1˛7).
7. emkdns\ Dbn¿∏n°p∂Xv InkvXp ]p\cp∞m\hpw
(11:1˛44) Poh\pw
(1) Im\mhnse A¤pXw (2:1-1). ASbmfßfpsS Bcw`ambn CXp
sNbvXp. ]Zm¿∞Ønt∑¬ (Nature) tbipInkvXphn\p≈ i‡nbpw
B[n]Xyhpw kqNn∏n°p∂p. sh≈w, \nbaØn¬ A[njvTnXamb
]gb aXsØ kqNn∏n°p∂p. kphntijØn¬ A[njvTnXamb
]pXnb aXw hcpØp∂ ]cnh¿Ø\amWv, ho™mbn cq]m¥cs∏-
Sp∂Xp kqNn∏n°p∂Xv. ho™p kt¥mjØns‚ ASbmfamWv.
InkvXob PohnXØn¬ B\µhpw kt¥mjhpw A\p`hthZyamWv.
(2) cmP`rXys‚ aIs\ kuJyam°p∂Xv (4:46˛54). acWmk∂-
\mbn InS∂hs\ tbiphns‚ hm°psIm≠v kzÿ\m°p∂p. tbip-
hns‚ hm°pIƒ i‡hpw, Poh≥ \¬Ip∂XpamWv. F∂m¬ Cu
kw`hØn¬ hnizmkØn\p≈ ÿm\w ]Xy£amWv. "tbip ]d™
hm°p hnizkn®v B a\pjy≥ t]mbn' (4:50). kºq¿Wambn InkvXp-
hns\ hnizkn°pIbpw Ah\n¬ Biba¿∏n°bpw sNøptºmƒ
kzÿX e`yamIp∂p.
(3) ap∏sØ´p h¿jw Xf¿∂pInS∂h≥ kzÿ\mIp∂p (5:2˛9).
t_sYkvZm IpfØn\cnIn¬ Ah≥ 38 h¿jambn kuJy]m]vXn
BKln®p Ign™p. tbiphns‚ Hcp hm°ptI´ amXbn¬ Ah≥
kzÿ\mbn.
Cu a\pjy≥ i‡n \jvSs∏´h\mbn Ign™pIqSn. AXp hos≠-
Sp°phm≥ Ah≥ kzbw A]m]vX\mbncp∂p. F∂m¬ InkvXp AXv
Ah\p \¬In.
(4) A©∏w sIm≠v AømbncsØ ]pjvSns∏SpØp∂Xv (6:4˛13).
\mep kphntijßfnepw s]mXphmbn´p≈ GI A¤pXw CXp
amXamWv. CXnt\mSp kam\ambn as‰m∂pIqSn kaho£Wkphn-
tijßfnep≠v (Gg∏w sIm≠v \membncsØ Xr]vXns∏SpØp-
∂Xv). tbip ]pcpjmcØns‚ imcocnI hni∏v AS°p∂p. AXn¬-
°qSn Pohs‚ A∏w AhnSp∂msW∂p hniZoIcn®p. hnizkn®v Ahn-
SpsØ ASp°¬ hcp∂h≥ kwXr]vX\mIpw. Pohs‚ A∏amb
InkvXp kzbw Xs‚ P\Øn\p \¬Ip∂Xv hn. Ip¿_m\bn¬ IqSn-
bmWv.
125]Imi-Øn-te°v
(5) ISent∑¬ \S°p∂Xv (6:16˛21). kaho£W kphntijß-
fn¬ CtX IaØn¬ Xs∂ \¬Inbncn°p∂p. Aednadnbp∂ Ae-
bmgn, `bNInXcmb injy∑m¿. InkvXp Ahsc kao]n®v ss[cy-
s∏SpØp∂p. AhtcmsSm∂n®p bmX sNbvXv D±njvS ÿm\Øv
FØn°p∂p. InkvXp \ΩpsS klbmXnI\pw, hgnIm´nbpw ss[cy-
s∏SpØp∂h\pamIp∂p.
(6) ]ndhn°pcpSs\ kuJyam°p∂Xv (9:1˛7). tbipInkvXp
temIØns‚ shfn®amIp∂p F∂ kXyw shfns∏SpØn (9:5).
tbip IpcpSs\ kuJyam°p∂Xv im_XnemWv. F∂m¬ ]coi-
∑m¿ AXp im_Xp ewL\ambn Ip‰s∏SpØn. \∑sb Xn∑bmbpw,
Xn∑sb \∑bmbpw ImWp∂ AhcpsS Bflobm‘X ChnsS ]I-
Sn∏n°p∂p. kuJyw ]m]n®hs\ Ah¿ kp\tKmKn¬\n∂p `jvS-
\m°n. CtX∏‰n tbip ]d™ hm°pIƒ it≤bamWv (9:35˛41
ImWpI). IpcpS¿ ImgvN ]m]n®p; ImgvNbps≠∂p IcpXnbh¿ (]co-
i∑m¿) A‘cmbnØpScpIbpw sNbvXp.
(7) emkdns\ Dbn¿∏n°p∂Xv (11:1˛44). kaho£W kphntij-
ßfn¬ Cu kw`han√. kam\amb a‰p c≠p kw`hßfp≠v (bmbo-
tdmkns‚ aIsfbpw, \bo≥]´WØnse hn[hbpsS aIs\bpw
Dbn¿∏n°p∂Xv). emk¿ tcmKnbmsW∂dns™¶nepw Atßm´p
t]mIp∂Xp a\x]q¿∆w Xmakn∏n®p. ImcWw CXn¬°qSn Xs‚
alXzw shfns∏SpØphm≥ AhnSp∂v Dt±in®p. acn®p \mepZnhkw
Ign™pamXamWv tbip s_Ym\ybn¬ emkdns‚ I√dbv°¬
FØp∂Xv. XpS¿∂p≈ kw`mjWØn¬°qSn tbipInkvXp ]p\-
cp∞m\hpw Poh\pamIp∂p F∂pw X∂n¬ hnizkn°p∂ Ghscbpw
AhnSp∂v bpKm¥yØn¬ Dbn¿sØgpt∂ev]n°psa∂pw shfns∏-
SpØn.
tNmZy߃
1. Cu kphntijØn¬ A¤pX]hrØnIƒ°v ""ASbmf߃''
F∂p ]dbp∂p. F¥psIm≠v?
2. tbml∂m≥ sXcs™SpØ Ggv A¤pX߃°v F¥p ]m[m
\yw At±lw \¬In?
3. kaho£W kphntijßfpw tbml∂m\pw XΩn¬ A¤pX
߃ AhXcn∏n°p∂Xn¬ F]Imcw, hyXykvXambncn°p∂p?
126 ]Imi-Øn-te°v
]mTw 5
amfnIbn¬ sNbvX ]`mjWw
]`mjW ]›mØew kw`mjW e£yw acWhpw ]p\-
cmKa\hpw tbiphpw A\pKmanIfpw XΩnep≈ _‘w
alm ]ptcmlnX ]m¿∞\
kphntijØns‚ ]¥≠mw A≤ymbw hsc tbiphns‚ ]cky-
amb ]h¿Ø\ßfpw ]t_m[\ßfpamWv. AXn\ptijw 13 apX¬
17 hsc A≤ymb߃ injy∑mcpambn amXw \SØp∂hbmWv.
A¥yambn injy∑mcpsamØv AØmgw Ign°bpw, AhcpsS Imep-
Isf IgpIns°m≠v hn\bØns‚bpw tkh\Øns‚bpw DØa-
ZrjvSm¥w \¬IpIbpw sNbvXp. IuZminIamb Hcp ]m[m\yw Cu
kw`hØn\p≈Xp apºp \mw I≠n´p≈XmWv.
AØmgsØ XpS¿∂p≈ kw`mjWw; s]klmbpsS s]cp\mƒ
BNcn°ptºmƒ IpSpw_Øns‚ Xeh≥ ]q¿hIme NcnXØnte°p
(]pd∏mSv) Xncn™pt\m°n Zo¿Lamb ]`mjWw \SØmdp≠v.
AXn\p kam\ambn ChnsS InkvXp kpZo¿Lambn kwkmcn°p∂p.
Cu mKw kaho£W kphntijßfn¬ C√mØXmWv. I¿Ømhp
Xs∂ kwkmcn®XmtWm? AtXm tbml∂m≥ \SØp∂ cN\-
bmtWm? CXns‚ C∂sØ cq]Øn¬ tbml∂m≥ cNn®Xp Xs∂.
]t£ tbiphns‚ hm°pIfpsS ASnÿm\Ønepw D∞m\w sNbvXv
k`bn¬ Pohn°p∂ InkvXphnt\mSp≈ sFIyØnepw, InkvXp
]d™ kIeXpw D]tZin®psImSp°p∂ ]cnip≤mfl t]cWbmepw
tbml∂m≥ FgpXp∂Xmbn´pthWw a\ nemt°≠Xv. kphnti-
jØns‚ BZy`mKØv (A. 2-˛12) "\mgnIsb'∏‰n (hour) tbip ]e-
t∏mgpw kqNn∏n°p∂p≠v. X∂n¬ ssZhalXzw shfns∏Sphm\p≈
"\mgnI'bmWv. c≠mw `mKØv (A. 13 apX¬) B "\mgnI' h∂p
Ign™p F∂p kphntijI≥ ka¿∞n°p∂p. "]nXmhns‚ ASp-
°¬ t]mIphm\p≈ \mgnI h∂p F∂p tbip Adn™n´v (13:1);
]n∂oSv ]dbp∂p "Ct∏mƒ a\pjy]pX≥ alXzs∏´ncn°p∂p;
ssZhhpw Ah\n¬ alXzs∏´ncn°p∂p' (13:31). CXp kwkmcn®n´p
kz¿KØnte°p t\m°n ]d™sXs¥∂m¬, "]nXmth, \mgnI h∂n-
cn°p∂p; \ns‚ ]pX≥ \ns∂ alXzs∏SptØ≠Xn\p ]pXs\
alXzs∏SptØWta' (11:1). IqipacWamWv "alXzw' shfns∏Sp∂
127]Imi-Øn-te°v
\mgnI. AXv DSs\ kw`hn∏m\ncn°p∂p. AXn\p apºmbn´v lrZb-
kv]¿inbmb Cu hnShm߬ ]`mjWw \¬Inbncn°p∂p (A.
14˛17). hmkvXhØn¬ D∞nX\mbn alXzoIcn°s∏´ I¿Ømhmb
InkvXphns‚ hm°pIfpsS [z\nbmWv ChnsSbp≈Xv.
InkvXp Ahsc hn´pt]mIptºmƒ Ah¿°p≠mIp∂ A\p`-
hsØ ASnÿm\am°nbmWv Cu ]t_m[\w. InkvXob k`bv°v,
kphntijw cNn°ptºmƒ t\cntS≠nbncp∂ A\p`hßfpsS ]Xn-
[z\nbp≠v. blqZP\Xbn¬\n∂pw "temIØn¬ \n∂pw' Dbcp∂
`ojWnbpw iXpXbpw N¿® sNøp∂p. InkvXphn¬ hnizkn°p∂-
hsc blqZm kp\tKmKn¬ \n∂p _lnjvIcn°psa∂p amXa√
Ahsc sIme sNøp∂Xp aX]camb Hcp I¿Ωambn IW°m°p-
sa∂p t]mepw (12:2) IcpXn. tbiphn\p t\cn´ FXn¿∏pIfpw ]oUbpw
AhnSpsØ k`bv°pw t\cnSpw.
Xs‚ ]ckyipiqjbpsS ImeØv Chsb∏‰n H∂pw ]dbmXncp-
∂Xv AhnSp∂p AhtcmSp IqSn D≠mbncp∂Xn\memWv. Ct∏mƒ
Ahsc hn´pt]mIptºmƒ AXp ]dtb≠ kabambn. Cuhn[amWv
tbml∂m≥ Cu ]`mjWsØ AhXcn∏n°p∂Xv.
InkvXphns‚ acWhpw ]p\cmKa\hpw (A. 14). tbipInkvXp-
hns‚ acWw Bk∂ambncn°p∂p. AXp AhnSp∂p \∂mbn´dn™n-
cp∂p. injy∑m¿ Ass[cys∏ScpsXt∂m¿Ωs∏SpØp∂p. Ahn-
SpsØ acWw ]nXmhns‚ k∂n[nbnte°p t]mIp∂XmWv. F∂m¬
AhnSp∂p ho≠pw hcpw F∂p ]dbp∂p. "Rm≥ \nßsf A\mYcmbn
hnSpIbn√. Rm≥ \nßfpsS ASp°¬ hcpw' (14:18). CsX¥ns\
kqNn∏n°p∂p? taLmcqV\mbn Imlf[z\ntbmSpw ][m\ ZqXs‚
i_vZtØmSpw bpKm¥yØn¬ ]Xy£s∏Sp∂XmWv. tbml∂m≥
Aßs\b√ ChnsS A¿∞am°p∂Xv. bpKm¥yØnse ]p\cmKa\w
tbml∂m≥ hnkvacn°p∂ns√¶nepw ChnsS kqNn∏n°p∂Xv
D∞m\w sNbvX InkvXp, ]cnip≤mflmhn¬ IqSn k`bn¬ h∂p
hkn°p∂XmWv. "\n߃ Fs∂ kvt\ln°p∂p F¶n¬ Fs‚
Iev]\ ImØpsIm≈pw. F∂m¬ Rm≥ ]nXmhnt\mSp tNmZn°pw.
Ah≥ kXyØns‚ Bflmhv F∂ as‰mcp Imcyÿs\ Ft∂°pw
\nßtfmSpIqsS Ccnt°≠Xn\p \n߃°p Xcpw' (tbml. 14:15˛16,
25, 26 ImWpI). tbiphn¬ ]ISamb AtX kvt\lw Ahcn¬ hym]-
cnt°≠nbncn°p∂p. ]cnip≤mfl ssNX\yw CXp ssIhcpØpw.
128 ]Imi-Øn-te°v
tbiphpw injycpw XΩnep≈ _‘w (A. 15, 16)
h¿Øam\Imem\p`hØnte°p i≤sb £Wn®psIm≠p hnizm-
knIfpw InkvXphpw XΩnepw, k`bpw, I¿Ømhpw XΩnepw D≈
_‘sØ∏‰n hy‡-am-°p-∂p. ]gb\nbaØn¬ ap¥ncns®SnbpsS
ZrjvSm¥amWv kzoIcn®n´p≈Xv (k¶o. 80-:8˛19). "Rm≥ km£m¬
ap¥ncnh≈nbpw Fs‚ ]nXmhp tXm´°mc\pw BIp∂p' (15:1). tbip
Xs∂bmWv bYm¿∞ ap¥ncn AYhm bYm¿∞ bnkmtb¬ (ssZh-
P\w). B \nebn¬ tbiphn\p c≠p _‘ßfp≠v. H∂maXp ssZh-
tØmSv; c≠maXp Xt∂mSv hnizmkØn¬ kwtbmPn°s∏´htcmSv.
X∂n¬\n∂p PohssNX\yw hnizmknIfnte°p ]hln°p∂p. Xm≥
Ahcnepw Ah¿ X∂nepw hkn°p∂p. ap¥ncns®Sn ]pds∏Sphn-
t°≠ ^ew kvt\lw (agape) BWv.
F∂m¬ k`bmIp∂ kaqlsØ temIw tZzjn°bpw ]oUn∏n-
°bpw sNøpw. kvt\lØn¬ A[njvTnXamb Hcp bYm¿∞ kaqlw
DSseSp°ptºmƒ temIw AXns\ hntZzjn°pw. Aßs\ hnizmkn-
Iƒ hntZzjhpw ]oUbpw A\p`hn°ptºmƒ Ah¿ AicWtcm
A\mYtcm Bbncn°bn√. "Bizmk]Z≥' (]md°eoØm) Ah-
tcmSpIqsS Bbncn°pw. tbml∂m≥ amXw D]tbmKn°p∂ Hcp ]Z-
amWp ]md°eoØm (Paracletos) F∂p≈Xv. AXn\v Bizmk]Z≥,
Imcyÿ≥, D]tZjvSmhv, klmbn Fs∂√mw A¿∞ap≠v. ]cnip≤m-
flmhns\ "as‰mcp' Imcyÿ≥ (tbml. 14:16) F∂p ]d™n´p≈Xn¬
\n∂v tbipInkvXp F]Imcw AhcpsS Imcyÿ\pw, klmbnbpw,
Bizmk]Z\pambncp∂pthm, AtXhn[Øn¬ ]cnip≤mflmhpw
Bbncn°psa∂mWv (InkvXphns\ ]md°eoØm F∂p hnfn®ncn-
°p∂Xv ImWpI. 1 tbml. 2:1).
k`bpsS ]Xnk‘nbn¬ AXns\ \bn°p∂Xpw i‡ns∏SpØp-
∂Xpw ]cnip≤mflmhmbncn°pw. AtXkabw ]cnip≤mflmhv
temIsØ \ymbw hn[n°bpw sNøpw. tbipInkvXp PUØnem-
bncp∂t∏mƒ sNbvX c£bpsSbpw \ymbhn[nbpsSbpw ]h¿Ø\-
߃ Ct∏mƒ ]cnip≤mflmhp sNøp∂p. Bflmhv InkvXphns‚
D]tZißsf A\pkvacn∏n°bpw ]p\cmJym\w \SØpIbpw sNøpw.
`mhnbnte°p InkvXphns‚ shfn®Øn¬ \bn°p∂Xpw Bflm-
hmWv.
129]Imi-Øn-te°v
alm]ptcmlnX ]m¿∞\ (A. 17)
apºp≈ c≠v A≤ymbßfn¬ k` kvt\lØn¬ A[njvTnXamb
Hcp kaqlsa∂ \nebn¬ ]h¿Øn°p∂Xmbpw AXns\ \bn°p-
hm≥ ]cnip≤mflmhv AXn¬ hym]cn°p∂Xmbpw hnhcn®p. Ct∏mƒ
k`sb∏‰nbp≈ ]Xo£Ifpw Nn¥Ifpw F√mw at\mlcamb Hcp
]m¿∞\bn¬ kamlcn°p∂p. A∂p≈ k`sb amXa√, ap∂n¬
ImWp∂Xv. `mhnbn¬ cq]wsIm≈p∂ ]q¿Wk`tbbpasX.
Cu ]m¿∞\sb alm]ptcmlnX ]m¿∞\sb∂p hntijn-
∏n°mw. \ΩpsS Bflm°fpsS alm]ptcmlnX\mb InkvXp Xs∂
\SØp∂ lrZbkv]r°mb ]m¿∞\bmWv. InkvXphns‚ ]XnjvTm
]m¿∞\ (Consecration Prayer) F∂pw hnfn°mdp≠v. ImcWw
InkvXp kzbw ]cabmKambn ]XnjvTn°bpw A¿∏n°bpamWv. D∞n-
X\mb InkvXp ]nXrka£w \nXm¥ambn A¿∏n®psIm≠ncn°p∂
Hcp ]m¿∞\bpsS kz`mhamWv CXn\p≈Xv.
aq∂p Imcy߃ Cu ]m¿∞\bn¬ Dƒs°m≠ncn°p∂p.
(a) InkvXp X\n°pth≠n Xs∂ ]m¿∞n°p∂p (hm. 1˛5).
(b) InkvXp A∏kvtXme∑m¿°p th≠n ]m¿∞n°p∂p (hm.
6˛11).
(c) InkvXp km¿∆XnI k`bv°pth≠n ]m¿∞n°p∂p (hm.
20˛26).
H∂masØ `mKØv AhnSpsØ sFlnIipiqjbn¬ IqsS
]nXmhns\ alXzs∏SpØnbXpt]mse Ct∏mƒ acWØn¬°qSnbpw
alXzs∏SpØp∂p. Aßs\ X\n°p≠mbncp∂ ]q¿halXzØn-
te°p acWØn¬°qSn ]thin°phm\mWv. ]nXmhv Xs∂ G¬-
∏n® ZuXyw (]hrØn) ]q¿Æambn \ndth‰n. AXp tIhew kvt\l-
sØ∏‰nbp≈ ktµiw Adnbn°p∂X√. ]ns∂tbm kvt\lØn¬
A[njvTnXamb Hcp kaqlsØ (k`) krjvSn°p∂Xmbncp∂p.
injy∑m¿°pth≠nbp≈ ]m¿∞\bn¬ (hm. 6-˛19) Ahsc ]m]-
Øn¬ \n∂pw, AhnizkvXXbn¬ \n∂pw iXpX \nd™ temIØn¬
ImØpsImt≈Wta F∂mWv. kvt\lØn¬ ASnbpd®v AhcpsS
ZuXyw \n¿hln∏m≥ Ah¿ ]XnjvTn°s∏SWsa∂pamWv.
aq∂masØ `mKØv (hm. 20-˛26) km¿hXnI k`bv°pth≠n
]m¿∞n°p∂p. A∏kvtXme∑mcpsS t]jnXhrØnbn¬°qSn hniz-
130 ]Imi-Øn-te°v
kn®p k`bnte°p hcp∂ F√mhscbpw hn`mh\w sNøp∂p. Cu
]m¿∞\bmWv B[p\nI ImeØv FIypsa\n°¬ ]ÿm\Øn\p
t]cWbpw ]tNmZ\hpw \¬Inbn´p≈Xv. "\o Fs∂ Ab®ncn°p∂p
F∂pw \o Fs∂ kvt\ln°p∂Xpt]mse Ahscbpw kvt\ln-
°p∂p F∂pw temIw Adnhm≥, \mw H∂mbncn°p∂Xpt]mse
Ahcpw H∂mtI≠Xn∂p Rm≥ Ahcnepw, \o F∂nepambn Ah¿
sFIyØn¬ XnI™hcmtI≠Xn\p Xs∂' (17:23). AXn\p apºp≈
hmIyØn¬ "Ah¿ F√mhcpw H∂mbncnt°≠Xn\v, ]nXmth, \o
F∂nepw Rm≥ \n∂nepw BIp∂Xpt]mse Ahcpw \Ωn¬ BtI-
≠Xn\p Xs∂' F∂miwkn°p∂p.
]nXmhnt\mSpw, ]pXt\mSpap≈ sFIyØn¬\n∂mWp k`bn¬
At\ym\yap≈ sFIyw ZrVamtI≠Xv.
tNmZy߃
1. ]cnip≤mflmhns\ kw_‘n®v Cu mKØv (A. 14-˛16) ImWp∂
D]tZi߃ Iaambn kwKln°pI.
2. ap¥ncnh≈nbpw (15:1˛9) sImºpIfpw F∂ cq]IØn¬ \n∂v
Fs¥√mw BflnI ]mT߃ Kln∏m≥ Ignbpw?
3. "temIw' F∂Xn\v tbml∂ms‚ kphntijØn¬ \¬Inbn´p≈
A¿∞hym]vXn hy‡am°pI.
]mTw 6
kphntijØnse
IqZmim]camb D]tZiw
IqZmi (Sacrament) a\pjymhXmcamWv G‰hpw henb IqZmi
amtamZokmbpw Ip¿_m\bpw c≠p ][m\ IqZmiIƒ a‰p
IqZmiIsf∏‰nbpw kqN\Iƒ
CXc kphntijßfpambn XmcXays∏SpØptºmƒ tbml∂m≥
IqZmiIƒ°p (hn. cl-ky-߃) henb ]m[m\yw \¬Inbn´p≈-
Xmbn ImWmw. IqZmi F∂XpsIm≠p \ma¿∞am°p∂sX¥mWv?
131]Imi-Øn-te°v
\nKqVhpw clkyhpamb GtXm Hs∂∂mtWm? Aßs\sb¶n¬
amPn°pw a¥hpw B C\Øn¬s∏Spw.
_mlyhpw ]Zm¿∞hpambXn¬°qSn, AZriyamb ssZhi‡n
hym]cn°p∂p. X∑qew Ir]mhcßfpw A\pKlßfpw a\pjy\p
kwe`yamIp∂p. Cu ASnÿm\Øn¬ t\m°ptºmƒ G‰hpw henb
IqZmi ssZh]pXs‚ a\pjymhXmcamWv. BapJ`mKØv tbml-
∂m≥ C°mcyw hy‡am°p∂p. "hN\w PUsaSpØp Ir]bpw
kXyhpw \nd™h\mbn \ΩpsS CSbn¬ ]m¿Øp' (tbml. 1:14).
AZriy\pw, Bflmhpamb ssZhw, Zriyhpw ]Zm¿∞hpamb PUw
(amwkw) FSpØp. ssZhhpw a\pjy\pw InkvXphn¬ H∂mbn-
Øo¿∂p. ]Zm¿∞w (Matter) AXn¬Øs∂ Xn∑tbm tZmjtam A√,
ssZhIr] hym]cn°p∂Xn\p≈ am[yahpw D]m[nbpw B°nØo¿-
°p∂p.
IqZmim]camb D]tZi߃°v ASnÿm\ambn a\pjymhXm-
csØØs∂ AwKoIcn®psIm≠mWp kphntijI≥ Bcw`n°p-
∂Xv. XpS¿∂p≈ mKßfn¬ amtamZokm (3:3˛5), Ip¿_m\ (6:35˛63)
F∂o ][m\ IqZmiIsf ]cma¿in°p∂p. ]tcm£ambn a‰p IqZm-
iIsfbpw kqNn∏n°p∂Xmbn Nne¿ IcpXp∂p Ipºkmcw (A\p-
Xm]Øns‚ IqZmi) tbml. 13:10; 20:22; ]utcmlnXyw 20:22; hnhmlw
tbml. 2:1˛11. "a‰p kphntijßtf°mƒ A[nIambn IqZmim]camb
D]tZiw tbml∂m\n¬ D≠v' F∂v kn. sI. _mc‰v A`n]mbs∏-
Sp∂p. CXnt\mSp tbmPn°p∂ ]finX∑m¿ hfscbp≠v. _pƒSv-
ams\t∏msebp≈h¿ tbml∂ms\ "IqZmiIƒs°Xncmbn' (Anti-Sacramentalist) AhXcn∏n°p∂p F∂ Imcyw hnkvacn°p∂n√.
amtamZokmsb∏‰n (tbml. 3:3, 5)
ho≠pw P\\sØ∏‰n, AXp sh≈Ømepw Bflmhmepw kw`hn-
°p∂p F∂p \nt°mZntamknt\mSp≈ kw`mjWØn¬ hy‡am-
°p∂p. kz¿KcmPyØn¬ ]thin°p∂Xn\v "DbcØn¬ \n∂p≈'
(ho≠pw F∂ ]ZØn\v aqe`mjbn¬ "DbcØn¬ \n∂pw' F∂p≈
A¿∞hpap≠v. Anothen (Gk) = again: from above) P\\w A\nhmcy-
amWv. AXns‚ ImcWw ]dbp∂p; PUØn¬\n∂p P\n°p∂Xv
PUamWv. Bflmhn\v amXsa Bflmhns\ P\n∏n°m≥ Ignbq.
]mIrX\nebn¬, AYhm PUkz`mhØn¬ Ignbp∂h\v, ssZhw
Ahs\ Db¿ØmØ]£w BflnI kz`mhØnte°p hcm≥
Ignbp∂X√. krjvSnbpsS Bcw`Øn¬ ssZhw s]mSnbnte°v
132 ]Imi-Øn-te°v
Pohizmkw DuXn Poh≥ \¬InbXpt]mse ]pXnb Poh≥ e`n-
°p∂Xp Znhymfl]h¿Ø\ØmetX. kz¿Kob\mb, AYhm kz¿-
KØn¬ \n∂ndßnh∂ a\pjy]pX≥ BWv ]pXpkrjvSnbm°p∂
Znhymflmhns\ \¬Ip∂Xv' (3:13˛15). AXn\papºmbn Ah≥ Iqin-
t∑¬ Db¿Øs∏SpIbpw, ]nXmhn¶te°p Itcdnt∏mIbpw thWw.
3:5 ¬ sh≈sØ∏‰n∏dbptºmƒ amtamZokmsb∏‰n BsW∂p
\n wibw ]dbmw (XotØm. 3:5; 1 ]tXm. 1:3 ImWpI). ]cnip≤m-
flmhpw Pehpw XΩnep≈ _‘w tbml∂m\n¬ ]e mKØpap≠v
(7:38, 39). D≈n¬ \n∂p ]hln°p∂ PohPe\ZnIƒ, ]cnip≤m-
flmhmsW∂p ]dbp∂p.
]ndhnbnse IpcpS\mbhs\ kuJyam°p∂ kw`hw (tbml. 9)
]coi∑mcpsS Bflobm‘Xsb XmcXays∏SpØphm≥ klmbn-
°p∂p. tbip AhtcmSv "\n߃ IpcpS¿ Bbncp∂p F¶n¬
\n߃°v ]m]w C√mbncp∂p; F∂m¬ R߃ ImWp∂p F∂p
\n߃ ]dbp∂XpsIm≠p \nßfpsS ]m]w \n¬°p∂p F∂p
]d™p' (9:14). F∂m¬ Cu kw`hw amtamZokmbn¬°qSn e`n°p∂
A\p`hsØ ˛ Bflob\b\߃ Xpd°p∂ ˛ kqNn∏n°p∂Xmbn
]e ]nXm°∑mcpw IcpXp∂p. amtamZokmbv°p \¬Inbn´p≈ t]cp
Xs∂ (Photismos) "]IminXamhpI' F∂mWv. "Hcn°¬ ]Imi\w
e`n®n´p' "\n߃ ]Imi\w e`n®tijw' (F_m. 6:4; 10:32) F∂n-
ßs\ ]d™n´p≈Xp amtamZokmsb∏‰nbmWv. ]pcmX\amb Nne
s]bn‚nßpIfn¬ amtamZokmsb Ipdn°p∂Xn\v, IpcpSs\ kuJy-
am°p∂ kw`hw NnXoIcn®n´p≠v F∂p≈Xv ChnsS ]kvXmhy-
amWv.
"Ipfn®ncn°p∂h\v Im¬ A√msX IgpIphm≥ Bhiyan√' (13:10)
F∂ mKØv "Ipfn' amtamZokmsb°pdn°p∂XmWv. Hcn°¬ amtam-
Zokm G‰n´p≈h\v Ah≥ ]ns∂bpw ]m]w sNbvXm¬ ]m]tamN\-
Øn\p c≠maXp amtamZokm G¬t°≠ Bhiyan√ F∂p kv]jvS-
am°nbncn°p∂p.
I¿Ømhns‚ hnem∏pdØp IpØnbt∏mƒ c‡hpw Pehpw ]hln®p
(19:34) F∂p tcJs∏SpØnbncn°p∂Xv "tUmk‰nIv kn≤m¥'-
Øns\Xncmbn tbiphns‚ a\pjyXzw bmYm¿∞yambncp∂p F∂p
sXfnbn°m\mWv F∂p ]dbmw. AtXkabw, Pehpw c‡hpw amtamZokm,
Ip¿_m\ F∂o IqZmiIsf∏‰n ]tcm£ambn kqNn∏n°p∂Xmbpw am¿
Cuhm\ntbmkv XpSßnb k`m]nXm°∑m¿ ]Tn∏n°p∂p.
133]Imi-Øn-te°v
hn. Ip¿_m\
hn. Ip¿_m\ ÿm]\w tbml∂m≥ hn´pIf™Xp hnNnXam-
bntØm∂mw. AØmgkabØp \SØp∂ ]mZ£mf\w amXta
tbml∂m≥ hnhcn°p∂pffp. F∂m¬ A©∏w sIm≠p henb ]pcp-
jmcsØ Xr]vXns∏SpØp∂ kw`hhpw, AtXØpS¿∂p kz¿KØn¬-
\n∂p≈ Poh≥ \¬Ip∂ Poh\p≈ A∏sØ∏‰n kpZo¿Lambn
]Xn]mZn°p∂Xpw hn. Ip¿_m\tbmSp _‘s∏SpØnb√msX a\-
nem°phm≥ km[ya√ (6˛mw A≤ymbw ImWpI). tbipInkvXp
Ip¿_m\ ÿm]n®Xpw, hnip≤ k` AXp XpS¿∂v A\pjvTn®Xpamb
]›mØeØn¬ amXta Bdmw A≤ymbØnse hnhcWw Kln-
°m≥ Ignbq.
(a) kw`hØns‚bpw, kw`mjWØns‚bpw ]›mØew: blqZ-
∑mcpsS s]klm Bk∂amb kabØmWv A¤pXw \S°p∂-
sX∂v tbml∂m≥ FSpØp]dbp∂p (6:3). XpS¿∂p≈ kw`mjWw
\S°p∂Xv I∏¿∂lqanse kp∂tKmKn¬ h®pw. B kµ¿`Øn¬
kp∂tKmKnse hmb\bv°p≈ thZ`mKw a∂msb°pdn°p∂ thZ`m-
Kambncp∂p F∂v a\ nem°mw (]pd. 16; kwJym.11). Aßs\sb-
¶n¬ kz¿Kob a∂msb∏‰n ˛ Poh\p≈ A∏sØ∏‰n ˛ D]tZin°p-
hm\pw G‰hpw A\ptbmPyamb kµ¿`ambncp∂p.
(b) A¤pX]hrØnbpsS hnhcWw: ]pcpjmcsØ A¤pXIc-
ambn t]mjn∏n® kw`hhnhcWw, Ip¿_m\ÿm]\sØ∏‰nbp≈
hnhcWhpambn XmcXays∏SpØptºmƒ ASpØ km[¿ayw ImWmw.
"]ns∂ tbip A∏w FSpØphmgvØn, Ccp∂h¿°v ]¶n´psIm-
SpØp' (tbml. 6:11).
Ip¿_m\ ÿm]\sØ∏‰n "]ns∂ Ah≥ A∏w FSpØp
kvtXmXw sNbvXp apdn®v Ah¿°p sImSpØpsIm≠v Acpfns®bvXp'
(eqt°m. 22:19).
A¤pXhnhcWØn¬ tbml∂m≥ ImWn®n´p≈ Hcp khnti-
jX it≤bamWv. A¥yAØmgØnse t]mse kvtXmXw sNbvX-
tijw A∏°jWw tbip Xs∂ hnXcWw sNøp∂Xmbn´mWv. P\-
ßfpsS kwJy t\m°ptºmƒ InkvXp Xs∂ hnXcWw sNøpI
kzm`mhnIa√. injy∑m¿ hgn Bbncn°Ww sImSpØXv. F∂m¬
tbml∂m≥ hcpØnb am‰w Ip¿_m\tbmSp≈ kmayw sIm≠p-
hcp∂Xn\mbncn°Ww. A¥yAØmgØnse ]hrØnbpw, A∏w
134 ]Imi-Øn-te°v
h¿≤n∏n°epw XΩn¬ Hcp henb _‘w BZyIme kphntij-
tLmjWßfn¬Øs∂ shfns∏SpØnbncn°Ww.
(c) Pohs‚ A∏sØ°pdn®p≈ kw`mjWw: A∏w h¿≤n-
∏n°ens‚ ]›mØeØn¬ Pohs‚ A∏Ønte°p P\ßfpsS i≤
£Wn°p∂p. Ah¿ \nXyPoh\nte°p \bn°p∂ A∏w At\zjn-
°p∂hcmbnØocWw. a\pjy]pX≥ AXv Ah¿°p \¬Ipw F∂p
kqNn∏n°p∂p. Ah¿ hnizkn°phm≥ X°hÆw F¥v ASbmfw
\¬Ipsa∂p≈ AhcpsS tNmZyw a∂mbpsS ]cma¿iØnte°p
\bn®p. aviolmbpsS BKa\Øn¬ a∂m e`n°psa∂ ]Xo£ blq-
Z∑mcn¬ D≠mbncp∂p. kz¿KØn¬ \n∂v Cdßn Poh≥ \evIp∂
A∏sØ∏‰n ]dbptºmƒ hn. Ip¿_m\sb∏‰n ]t_m[n∏n°phm≥
Ahkcap≠mbn.
Cu ]`mjWØn¬ c≠p mK߃ ImWmw. (1) 6:35˛50. (2) 6:51˛58.
Ch c≠pw XΩnep≈ hyXymkw I≠p]nSn°m≥ ]finX∑m¿ ian-
®n´p≠v. c≠p `mKØpw hn. Ip¿_m\sb∏‰n ]Xn]mZn°p∂Xmbn
thWw a\ nem°phm≥. BZy`mKØv "tbiphns‚ ASp°¬ hcn-
Isbt∂m', "tbiphn¬ hnizkn°pI Ft∂m' BsW¶n¬ c≠m-
asØ mKØv "Fs∂ £n°p∂h≥ Ft∂m', "`£n°pIbpw ]m\w
sNøpIbpw' Ft∂m BWv. c≠nepw kqN\ hnip≤ Ip¿_m\bn¬
IqSnbp≈ A\p`hw Xs∂.
Ip¿_m\ hnizmktØmsS `£n°Ww. km[mcW `£Ww
t]mse CXns\ IW°m°nsb∂p hcmw. AXpsIm≠v hnizmk-
tØmsS £n°p∂h¿°v amXta Cu A∏w Pohs‚ A∏ambn A\p-
`hs∏SpIbp≈p F∂v FSpØp]dbp∂p (6:40, 47). ssZhØns‚
Zm\amWp hnizmksa∂pw, AXp ssZhw \evImsX Hcph\p≠mIpI
Akm≤yamsW∂pw Xd∏n®p]d™psIm≠p hnizmkØns‚
]m[m\yw hy‡am°p∂p.
"amwkw `£n°pI', "c‡w ]m\w sNøpI' F∂o ]tbmK߃
blqZ ]mcºcyØn¬ ]Xntj[m¿lamWv. AXpsIm≠v 6:53 ¬
"\n߃ a\pjy]pXs‚ amwkw Xn∂msXbpw Ahs‚ c‡w IpSn-
°msXbpw Ccp∂m¬ \n߃°p D≈n¬ Poh≥ C√' F∂p≈ hm°p-
Iƒ hn. Ip¿_m\bpsS A¿∞Øn¬ amXta a\ nem°m≥ Ignbq.
"Rm≥ sImSp∏m≥ Ccn°p∂ A∏tam temIØns‚ Poh\p th≠n
Rm≥ sImSp°p∂ Fs‚ amwkw BIp∂p' (tbml. 6:51). CXn\p
Xpeyambn´mWv kam¥ckphntijØn¬ "CXv \n߃°mbn \evI-
135]Imi-Øn-te°v
s∏Sp∂ Fs‚ icocamIp∂p' (eqt°mkv 22:19) F∂p ImWp∂Xv.
hn. Ip¿_m\m\p`hØns‚ ^e߃: C°mcysØ∏‰nbpw Ahn-
Sp∂v kqNn∏n°p∂p≠v. ][m\ambpw aq∂p e߃ D≠v. (1) \nXy-
Poh≥ (2) ssZhhpambp≈ Iq´mbva (3) D∞m\w.
\nXyPoh≥
"Cu A∏w Xn∂p∂h≥ F√mw Ft∂°pw Pohn°pw' (6:51). Ip¿-
_m\ hgnbmbn e`n°p∂ \nXyPohs\∏‰n Bh¿Øn®v Cu mKØv
]dbp∂p≠v (hmIyw 53, 54, 58 ImWpI). Cu Pohs\ \nXyPoh≥
As√¶n¬ tbip aptJ\bp≈ Poh≥ F∂mWv hnfn°p∂Xv.
]nXmhpw ]pX\pw Pohn°p∂, Poh\nep≈ ]¶mfnØw BWnXv
(6:57).
sFIyw
"Fs‚ amwkw `£n°pIbpw, Fs‚ c‡w IpSn°pIbpw sNøp-
∂h≥ F∂nepw Rm≥ Ah\nepw hkn°p∂p' (6:56). c≠p Bf-
Xz߃ XΩn¬ CgpInt®cp∂Xpt]mse (Interpenetration of person-alities) bp≠mIp∂ sFIyamWv. ]nXmhpw ]pX\pw XΩnep≈
]ckv]c _‘w ]pX\pw InkvXym\nbpw XΩnep≈ PohnXØn-
te°v ]kcn∏n°s∏Sp∂p. ap¥ncnØ≠n¬ sImºpIƒ hkn°p-
∂Xpt]mse InkvXphn¬ hkn°p∂ A\p`hsØ∏‰n tbml∂m≥
hnhcn°p∂p≠t√m (tbml. 15:1- 10). InkvXphnt\mSp≈ sFIyØn¬
amXta Hcp hnizmkn°v ^ew Imbv°phm≥ km[n°q. tbiphpw
hnizmknbpw XΩnep≈ ]ckv]ckvt\lhmkØns‚ hf¿®bp-
sSbpw ]h¿Ø\Øns‚bpw ÿmbnbmb ]`hÿm\amWv hn.
Ip¿_m\.
D∞m\w
"Fs‚ amwkw `£n°pIbpw Fs‚ c‡w IpSn°pIbpw sNøp-
∂h\v \nXyPoh≥ D≠v. Ahkm\ Znhkw Rm≥ Ahs\ Dbn¿-
∏n°pw' (6.54). c≠p Imcy߃ Cu hmIyØn¬ ]dbp∂p. hn. Ip¿-
_m\ A\p`hn°p∂h\v ClØn¬ \nXyPoh\p≠v; Ahkm\Øn¬
tbip Ahs\ Dbn¿∏n°psa∂pw, bpKmt¥ym∑pJamb Hcp hmKvZm-
\hpw ]Xo£bpw ChnsS ImWmw. hn. Ip¿_m\ \ΩpsS Dbn¿∏ns‚
Dd∏mWv.
136 ]Imi-Øn-te°v
tNmZy߃
1. tbml∂ms‚ kphntijw IqZmiIƒ°v IqSpXemb ]m[m\yw
\¬Ip∂p ˛ sXfnbn°pI.
2. amtamZokmsb∏‰n CXn¬ ImWp∂ mKhpw ]utemkns‚ teJ
\ßfn¬ ImWp∂ mKhpambn s]mcpØs∏SpØn ]Tn°pI. tdma.
6:3˛6; Kem. 3:27. sImtem. 2:12.
3. hn. Ip¿_m\sb∏‰nbp≈ tbml∂ms‚ D]tZiw kwKln®p
]dbpI.