The development of a marine reserve in Galicia

Juan FreireRecursos Marinos y PesqueríasUniversidade da Coruña

A workshop on the strategies for stock enhancement of clawed lobstersIGAFA, Galicia, 29-31 May 2007

1.Objetives of the marine reserve2.Process of project development. A bottom-

up approach3.Experimental approach to management4.Monitoring the performance of the marine

reserve5.Future?. Scaling up a management

approach based in marine reserves

LIRA

CEDEIRA

Coastal ecosystems in Galicia:

Multiples uses, multiple perturbations

Management systems in Galician fisheries (until 1990-)

CHARACTERISTICS COMMAND-AND-CONTROL

Property rights GovernmentNo access restrictions

Decision-making Flows Institutions

Top-downAutonomous government

Knowledge Scientific

Technical regulations • Effort: gears, closed seasons, minimum sizes (sexes, ovigeorus females) [Captures: daily quotas per vessel/fisher]

Surveillance In charge of surveillance Punishment

GovernmentLegal

Management systems in Galicia for some invertebrate fisheries(“recursos específicos”)

CHARACTERISTICS COMMUNITY-BASEDCO-MANAGEMENT

Property rights Communitary (territories)Access limits

Decision-making Flows Institutions

Bottom-upFishers’ organizations

Knowledge Traditional (+ scientífic)

Technical regulations Effort: minimum sizes, seasons Captures: TACs (using daily quotas per fisher and total annual effort) Rotations

Surveillance In charge of surveillance Punishment

Fishers + GovernmentSocial (+ legal)

COFRADÍA DE LIRA-CARNOTA

MARINE RESERVE OF OS MIÑARZOS

A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE MARINE RESERVE OF OS MIÑARZOS

DRIVERS. October 2003

• Biological crisis due to over-exploitation affecting the artisanal fleet of the fishers’ organization (Cofradía de Pescadores) of Lira-Carnota. Marine reserves are an alternative?

• Success of the new community-based management systems implemented for some shellfisheries. Why not to expand to artisanal fleets and mobile resources?

• Previous experience in the development of projects to improve the status of the fishing sector. Active collaboration with research groups. Lonxanet, Mar de Lira, Fishing tourism, …

OBJETIVES OF THE MARINE RESERVE

1. Restoration of over-exploited stocks

2. “Troyan horse” for a change in the fishery management system:

• Limiting effectively access

• Introducing territorial users’ rights for fishers

• Moving from command-and-control to co-management

• Some future scenarios?: From community-based to market-based mechanisms

(individual transfereable quotas) Finnancial support derived from the reserve activity

IDEA AND PROPOSAL DEVELOPED BY THE FISHERS’ ORGANIZATION

• Workshops with fishers, scientists, governement officiers and NGOs, …

IDEA AND PROPOSAL DEVELOPED BY THE FISHERS’ ORGANIZATION

• Working group including organization leaders, fishers and scientists

IDEA AND PROPOSAL DEVELOPED BY THE FISHERS’ ORGANIZATION

• Discussions and decission-making carried out at the general assembly of the organization

FINAL PROPOSAL OF THE FISHERS’ ORGANIZATION. 2006

Implemented officially in April 2007 as a“Marine Reserve of fishery interest”

ZONING:

1. No-take reserves: nursery habitats

2. Marine protected area:• increases in minimum sizes,• new quotas for main resources,• fleet census (future access restriction)

3. Open-access areas: “business-as-usual”

No-take zones(79 Ha N + 61 Ha S)

MPA (2074 Ha)

Open-access

AN ADAPTIVE MANAGEMENT APPROACH.OS MIÑARZOS AS AN EXPERIMENT

NO-TAKERESERVES

MPA

OPEN-ACCESSAREAS

Spillover?Spillover?

ALTERNATIVE MODELS FOR COASTAL FISHERIES MANAGEMENT

ALTERNATIVE MODELS FOR COASTAL FISHERIES MANAGEMENT

Only spillover from no-take reserves to MPAs

RESERVE RESERVE RESERVE

Both spillovers (from no-take reserves to MPAs and from MPAs to open access areas)

RESERVE RESERVE RESERVE

RESERVE

MONITORING SYSTEM

1. Assessment of the pre-reserve status of stocks and acosystems

2. Monitoring key parameters related to fishing performance, stock status and biodiversity:

BACI frameworkBefore / After + Control / Impact (reserve)

1. Development of infraestructure of geographical, environemntal and fishery data to be implemented in a Geographical Information System

HIDROACUSTIC MAPPING OF BENTHIC HABITATS

• Acoustic surveys

HIDROACUSTIC MAPPING OF BENTHIC HABITATS• Data analysis to map functional habitats in a GIS

BIODIVERSITY, ABUNDANCE AND COMMUNITY ESTRUCTURE OF BIOLOGICAL COMMUNITIES

• Sampling design:Before / After + Control / Reserve

VEGETATION AND DEMERSAL ASSEMBLAGES• Census and mapping using scuba diving.• Now, automatic videocameras and autonomous

vehicles

MACROBENTHIC BIODIVERSITY• Faunal samplings using suction pumps

MACROBENTHIC BIODIVERSITY• Faunal samplings using suction pumps

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C. baccata

S. polyschides

H. siliquosa

L. ochroleuca

A. armata

A. fistulosus

Lithophilum + Mytilusgalloprovincialis

Ulva sp.

C. baccata + S.polyschides

C. baccata + H. siliquosa

H. siliquosa + S.polyschides

H. siliquosa + L.ochroleuca

S. polyschides + L.ochroleuca

Codium sp + S.polyschides

C. baccata + D.polypodioides

S. polyschides + L.ochroleuca + H. siliquosa

Sin algas fijadas alsustrato

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H. siliquosa

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C. baccata + H. siliquosa

H. siliquosa + S.polyschides

H. siliquosa + L.ochroleuca

S. polyschides + L.ochroleuca

Codium sp + S.polyschides

C. baccata + D.polypodioides

S. polyschides + L.ochroleuca + H. siliquosa

Sin algas fijadas alsustrato

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MAPPING BENTHIC VEGETATION

DEMERSAL FISH ASSEMBLAGES

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MONITORING FISHING ACTIVITY

• Fishery data: Effort, captures, spatial location Continuous GPS tracks Daily data for each vessel and tow Complimentary data from landings

• Collaboration between fishers and scientists1. Information from fishers2. Onboard observers3. Traditional ecological knowledge

• Integrating information in a GIS

• OBJETIVE: Analysis of reserve efect on captures and fleet distribution:

1. Spillover from no-take reserves2. Spillover from marine protected area

MONITORING FISHING ACTIVITY• Field observations

MONITORING FISHING ACTIVITY

• Mapping fishing effort

SMALL VESSELS

MONITORING FISHING ACTIVITY

• Mapping fishing effort

MEDIUM VESSELS

MONITORING FISHING ACTIVITY

• Mapping fishing effort

LARGE VESSELS

DEVELOPMENTN OF A GEOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION SYSTEM

• Infraestructure of cartographic data: bathymetry, topography, satellite images, aerial photography, …

• Environmental information: oceanography, benthic habitat mapping, biotic communities, …

• Fishery information [monitoring]: spatial and temporal distribution of captures and effort

• Tool for information management• Assessment of regulations (especially, reserve

effect)• Support for discussions and decision making

FUTURE?. SCALING UP A MANAGEMENT APPROACH BASED IN MARINE RESERVES

1. ALTERNATE MODELS FOR COASTAL FISHERIES MANAGEMENT

RESERVE RESERVE RESERVE

RESERVE RESERVE RESERVE ?

2. NEW ONGOING PROJECTS BORN FROM THE INTEREST OF OTHER FISHERS ORGANIZATIONS.

The case of CEDEIRA

Proposal of no-take zones

Shellfish grounds