Post on 06-Apr-2018
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Gram positive
Staphylococcus epidermidis
Staphylococcus aureus
Micrococcus sp.
Streptococcus pyogenes
Streptococcus pneumoniaeStreptococcus viridans
Propionibacterium sp.
Peptostreptococcus
Bacteroides sp.
Lactobacillus sp.
Clostridium sp.
AEROBIC
Gram Negative Cocci
Moraxella catarrhalis
Gram Positive BacilliCorynebacterium species
Gram Negative Bacilli
Haemophilus influenzae
Klebsiella sp.
Escherichia coli
Pseudomonas aeruginosaMoraxella sp.
ANAEROBIC
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Bacteria :
A prokaryotic microorganism(no membrane-enclosed nucleus)
Size: 0.3 m to 0.45 m No mitochondria or chloroplasts
Single chromosome
A closed circle of double-stranded DNA (Plasmid)
Flagella may present (made up of protein flagellin)
Ribosome present Rigid cell wall made of peptidoglycan. (Gram + and -)
The plasma membrane are phospholipid bilayers
Reproduction : asexual by fission or spore formation
Sexual by conjugation
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Monotrichous
Lophotrichous
Amphitrichous
Peritrichous
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Role of Microbiology
Medical
Industrial
Molecular Biology
Environmental
Genetics & Recombinant DNA Tech
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Nutrition
Saprophytic nutrition; produce different hydrolytic enzymes
Reproduction:
Asexual :
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Sexual :
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StructureStructure : Filamentous
Eg. Asperigillus, Fuarium
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Structure : Yeast (single cell
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Structure
Virus particles or virions consist of two or three parts:
Genetic material made from either DNA or RNA Nucleocapsid core
A protein coat that protects these genes
In some cases an envelope of lipids that surrounds the protein coat
Virions range in size from about 10 to 300 or 400 nm in diameter
Based on Capsid there are 4 morphological types
Helical : Capsids are helical and shaped like hollow protein
Icosahedral: Polyhedron with 20 equilateral triangles and 12 vertices
Complex : neither pure helical nor icoshedron
Enveloped : spherical with an envelop
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TMV
AdenoVirus
Varicella (Chickenpox) Virus
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Principle of Viral classification:
Nature of the hostanimal, plant, bacterial, insect, fungal
Nucleic acid characteristics
Capsid symmetryicosahedral, helical, cubical
Presence of an envelope and ether sensitivity
Immunologic properties
Type of virus release Disease caused
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Nucleic acid
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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wVkCyU5aeeU
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S
terility and disinfection
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Sterilization & disinfection
Sterilization is the process by which all living cells, viable spores,
viruses, and viroids are either destroyed or removed from an object or
habitat.
Disinfection is the killing, inhibition, or removal of microorganismsthat may cause disease.
Sanitization is closely related to disinfection. In sanitization, the
microbial population is reduced to levels that are considered safe by
public health standards.
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What is sterilization in Microbiology?
Why we need to maintain sterile conditions?
How to maintain sterile conditions?
Pattern of microbial death
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Physical agents:
Temperature: High and low temperature
By autoclaving
Filtration : By membrane filters
Radiation
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UV: surfaces of utensils
Gamma irradiation from a cobalt-60: food particles
More efficient in moist conditions production of peroxides
Factors affecting the efficiency of radiation
The numbers of organisms (or spores) originally present.
Some constituents [e.g., proteins, catalase, and reducingsubstances (nitrites, sulfites, and sulfhydryl compounds)] may be
protective.
The presence or absence of oxygen.
The physical state of the food during irradiation.
The condition of the organisms.
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Chemical agents:
Alcohols
Halogens
Phenols
Ammonium compounds
Heavy metals
Sterilizing gas