3 A B

¿Dudas con el significado de algún vocablo? Antes de abrir tu diccionario debes recurrir al:

•co-texto (para ver si las palabras que acompañan a la que te crea dudas, pueden ayudarte a inferir su significado).

•análisis gramatical:•¿No es el vocablo que te crea dudas un cognado? •¿Ese vocablo puede descomponerse? ¿No es una palabra compuesta? ¿Posee sufijos?•¿Es un verbo? ¿Un sustantivo? ¿Un adjetivo? ¿Un adverbio?

¿Ejemplos?

Well-beingSi descompones la palabra anterior, podrás inferir su significado.

The liberation of global markets is gaining attention …¿En la oración anterior, desconocer el significado de la palabra gaining conlleva a abrir eldiccionario o se podría inferir su significado a través del co-texto y los cognados?

¡Quien pretenda no aprender de los errores, pues que no los cometa!

3A

¿Qué diccionario es recomendable?

El diccionario mientras más grande mejor. Los diccionarios pequeños, por razones obvias, ofrecen muy pocas acepciones, explicaciones y ejemplos. Uno de los mejores diccionarios por su peso (similar al de una calculadora electrónica) y secciones (inglés-español, español-inglés, inglés- inglés y sinónimos) es el Diccionario Electrónico Oxford. ¿Su precio? Un poco menos de lo que pagaste por tu más reciente teléfono celular.

Información básica sobre el diccionario:Desconocer el abecedario al momento de usar el diccionario es como tener una bicicleta y no

saber mantener el equilibrio. Afortunadamente ese no es tu caso. Sin embargo, cada diccionario ofrece sus explicaciones y comentarios sobre las abreviaturas, símbolos y detalles que contiene. Familiarízate con tu diccionario.

¿Ejemplos?Posibles Abreviaturas y Símbolos:Vt = Verbo transitivoVi = Verbo intransitivoS = SustantivoAdj= Adjetivot = También Quí = Química/ / = Pronunciación

Abstract /áebstraekt/ I.- s. sumario, resumen, compendio, extracto. II.- adj. abstracto, distraído – in the a., en abstracto, a. number, número abstracto. III.- vt abstraer (t vi); compendiar, resumir, separar, alejar; (quím) extraer.

No olvides el carácter polisémico de los vocablos en inglés. Ejemplos:Write a 50-word abstractAbstract termsA plan to abstract 10 million gallons of water from the river

Algunos Diccionarios en la Web:   Diccionario de la Real Academia Española. Consulta rápida del Diccionario de la Real Academia Española desde cualquier navegador de InternetConsulte directamente el Diccionario académico —sin necesidad de abrir la página electrónica de la RAE— escribiendo en la ventana de su navegador una de las siguientes instrucciones:rae.es/<palabra que desea consultar> http://rae.es/<palabra que desea consultar> www.rae.es/<palabra que desea consultar> http://www.rae.es/<palabra que desea consultar> NOTA: sustituya <palabra que desea consultar> por la palabra concreta cuyo significado desea conocer,

teniendoen cuenta que los sustantivos y adjetivos deben buscarse siempre por su forma de singular y los verbos por laforma del infinitivo.

Ejemplos: rae.es/fácil || http://rae.es/duermevela || www.rae.es/benéfico || http://www.rae.es/haber

English/Spanish- Spanish/English:       

http://www.all8.com/wordref.htm

www.foreignword.com/dictionary/business/defaults.htm 

 English/English:        www.askoxford.com/?view=ukpublic.onelook.com/cgi-bin/cgiwrap/bware/dofindp.cgi

Usa tú diccionario , si es necesario. ¿Cuál es el significado de las palabras

en rojo ¿ Son sustantivos o verbos?

Coin this phrase: “ a free trade deal after nearly two years of talks”

The president talks about notes and coin .

 Boost: To stimulate or spur … Tax cuts boost the economy.Business: Trade, market …A business lunch? Money and food!Cope with: To face … Dollars to cope with financial difficulties? Excellent!Deal: Agreement, Accord, Pact, Negotiation … Negotiate an excellent deal?

Naturally!Gains: Profits, dividends … Gains on oil prices? Surprising!Go: To move or advance … Many people go to work by bus!Grow: To extend, to expand, to increase … Economies grow, despite the global

financial crisis.Growth: The process of grow … The growth of violent crime? Devastating! Have: To possess … Poor people have many children.Job: Employment, post … On vacation? A temporary job!Loss: State of no longer having X … The market? Gains and losses. Population: People or animals living in a particular area … Population's growth is

high inmetropolitan areas.Reach: To get to, to arrive, to negotiate … Reach Italy in the morning, and reach a

good agreementin the afternoon!Show: To manifest or be visible … Reports show the country’s situation.Spur: To stimulate or incite … Sometimes, big problems spur people to big efforts.Study: To examine, to consider X in details … Please, study the global market.Unfair: Marked by injustice, not fair …The rich vs. the poor? Unfair competition!Union: Association … A union in North America? American Federation of Labor.Vary: To be subject to change … Prices vary according to the type of market. Worry: To cause anxiety, to perturb … Don’t worry, be happy!

 

Complete with underlined words:

Metropolitan areas? Areas of dense ________________________!Economists? They _____________________the gains and losses of the markets!How to get to …? How to ________________________ good conclusions? Examine areas in

details!Temporary? No, a permanent ________________________!An excellent agreement? An agreement to _____________________ economic growth

around theworld!The United Arab Emirates and Venezuela? They ________________ many oil clients!Opinions on the oil prices? Opinions ________________________ !Those maps? They ________________________ the dense population!________________________ the market demands? Difficult!A big, big market? The European ________________________ market!Is the visit to Rome ________________________ or pleasure? Not pleasure!How to negotiate a good business ____________________? Be patient!How to stimulate …? How to ____________________ exports? Fly to Italy!____________________ as an exporter? Great! _____________________ing to Rome on business to reach a good Italian agreement? A

goodopportunity!A good reason not to ________________________? An annual salary of $100000 as a

businessman!Their loss is his ____________________!Job ________________________? A legitimate reason to be anxious!Interfere with the formation of a labor organization? That’s an

________________________ laborpractice!________________________? A process of transformation!

Achieve: To succeed in reaching a particular objective … To achieve the impossible?

Impossible!

Appear: To give the impression of … Some world economies appear to be in

recession.

Become: To come to be, to transform into … How to become a good student?

Motivation and

concentration on studies!

Development: The gradual growth of X ... A new company? An opportunity for

professional

development

Employer: A person or a company that employs workers …

One of the largest employers in our city? The Government!

Goal: Objective … To achieve goals? A challenge!

Issue: Topic … A big issue? Economy!

Investment: The act of investing money in X … Investment in education? A real

challenge! Pursue: To follow or chase X … To pursue a business accord? A goal!

Right: Anything in accord with the principles of justice … Rights are not merely

political principles!

Seem: To appear … Some world economies seem to be in recession.

Strive: To combat, to make every effort … Strive against corruption!

Talk: Conversation … A serious talk? Matters about money! A Treaty: Formal agreement … Treaties? Bilateral and multilateral ones! Worker: Employee, operator, working man … A full-time worker!

Complete with underlined words :

Are you a ________________________? I'm a student!

________________________ for excellence, and

________________________ a true professional!

________________________ a brilliant career!

Certainly, schools should encourage the full _____________________ of student’s talents!

There are different ________________________ scenarios for achieving goals in the educational field!

As an employee, you have many ______________________!

Unfortunately, some employers ________________________ not to be interested in students as

assistants!

Employers vs. unions? That’s also a controversial

____________________!

And ________________________s about treaties? Very formal conversations!

        

 Los auxiliares Do y Does son elementos gramaticales que nos ayudan a interrogar, negar o

enfatizar con un sin número de verbos. Su “único significado” en la oración es “indicar tiempo”. Úselos

al interrogar y negar, no al afirmar (salvo que enfatice). Veamos que sucede al

interrogar: Do they invest in dollars? (¿Invierten en dólares?)

afirmar: They invest in dollars (Ellos invierten en dólares)

negar: They do not invest in dollars (No invierten en dólares)

3B

I DOYOU DOHE SHE IT DOESWE YOU THEY DO

AUX + S + V + C?S + V + CS + AUX + NOT + V + C Do they invest in dollars? (¿Invierten en dólares?)aux   s       v            c They invest in dollars (Ellos invierten en dólares)    s        v            c They do not invest in dollars (No invierten en dólares)   s    aux not     v            c

¿Concordancias?

Ojo: El auxiliar DOES sólo lo usamos con HE - SHE – IT como podemos apreciar en la página anterior. Al afirmar lo obviamos, y en consecuencia ocurren cambios muy particulares en el verbo.

Le añadimos una “s” al verbo

Does she invest? (¿Ella invierte?)

al afirmar : She invests all the time (Siempre invierte)

She does not invest (Ella no invierte)

Le añadimos “es” al verbo

Does she go to the bank at 9? (¿Ella va al banco a las 9?)

al afirmar: She goes at 9:30 (Va a las 9:30)

She does not go at 9 (No va a las 9)

  Cambiamos “y” por “i” y añadimos “es” al verbo

Does she study the financial conditions? (¿Ella estudia

las condiciones financieras?)

al afirmar:  She studies them (Ella las estudia)

She does not study them (No las estudia)

Hacemos algunos arreglos:

Does she have any financial support? ¿Ella tiene

alguna ayuda financiera?)

al afirmar : She has it (Ella la tiene)

She does not have it (No la tiene)

Complete with affirmative or negative forms:

 (reach)Colombia and The USA reach a free trade dealColombia and The USA ________________________ a free trade deal.

(become)Trade unions become active .

Trade unions ___________________ active . (grow)The regional trade agreement ________________________.

The regional trade agreement does not grow (pursue)The trading nation ________________________ bilateral agreements.

The trading nation does not pursue bilateral agreements. (have)Our nation has similar gains.

Our nation ________________________ similar gains. (go)The government ________________________ to that nation on business.

The government does not go to that nation on business. (study)The government commission ________________________ how that nation copes with the loss of

jobs.The government commission does not study how that nation copes with the loss of jobs.

UNDERLINE:

Population’s growth (spur – spurs) international experts. They propose free competition, but trade agreements sometimes (show – shows) unfair situations that do not facilitate the cross-border movement of goods and services.

COMPLETE WITH THE FOLLOWING VERBAL FORMS:

(DO NOT – DOES NOT) WORRY (IES) – VARY (IES)•International Experts ____________ about population’s growth.•Coverage ____________ from agreement to agreement.

CHANGE INTO NEGATIVE FORM AND WRITE TRUE OR FALSE FOR EACH NEW STATEMENT ACCORDING TO THE PREVIOUS PASSAGE:

 •Free trading always helps to boost prosperity.•Experts believe in free competition.

(Read and underline the correct verbal forms)  Colombia and the United States have reached a free trade deal after nearly two years of talks. The objectives of a free trade agreement are the creation of a free trade area for agriculture, food and products between the signatories, the promotion of a harmonious development of economic relations, and the provision of fair conditions for competition. The number of both bilateral and regional trade agreements is growing. Almost all trading nations are pursuing bilateral and/or regional agreements at the same time as they are following multilateral agendas. In addition to issues of tariffs and trade in goods, agreements now often (include – includes) a broader list of trade-related issues: trade in services, investment, intellectual property, trade facilitation, competition, and so on. Furthermore, a trade agreement usually (include – includes) elements of broader political, social and economic association agreements. Trade unions in a number of countries have become active in recent years in following their government's negotiation of trade agreements, and in pressuring their government to include provisions safeguarding workers' rights in those agreements. As a result, there are several examples of trade agreements treating workers' rights in various different ways. However, there are far more examples of trade agreements that (make – makes) no mention of workers' rights.     Achieving arrangements for consultation of trade unions, sometimes in bilateral mechanisms with employers' organizations or sometimes with civil society, have been a goal of trade unions in several of the bilateral and regional negotiations. In some treaties, such as that of the European Union (probably the oldest existing regional economic cooperation treaty), there are institutionalized arrangements for consultation of trade unions and employers' organizations, as well as of the regional, democratically-elected European Parliament. Unions have made similar gains in Mercosur. Elsewhere unions are still striving to achieve such progress.

         

COMPLETE WITH THE FOLLOWING VERBAL FORMS:

(DO NOT – DOES NOT) INVOLVE(S) -APPEAR(S) – CONTAIN(S) 1. A free-trade agreement ________________ trade in a broad sense. 2. Virtually, all trading nations ____________________ to be pursuing bilateral and / or regional, and multilateral agendas at the same time.

3. All trade agreements ____________________ paragraphs saying that all parties

will respect human rights. COMPLETE WITH THE FOLLOWING VERBAL FORMS:

(DO NOT – DOES NOT) SEEM(S) – MARK(S) – FACILITATE(S) – OPEN(S) – HAVE (HAS). 4. Hopes of reaching free trade agreements____________________ to be fading away, however. 5. The free trade agreement____________________ a new phase in international relations. 6. A free trade agreement ____________________ more rapid economic growth. 7. It ____________________ the door to increased international trade. 8. Businessmen __________________ a golden opportunity to expand into new markets.

  

 Agree: To be in accord … Do politicians really agree with the fight against corruption?Battered: Damaged, not in very good conditions … An old car? A battered old car! Currency: The system of money of a country, coins, paper money … The euro? The European currency unit! Dwindle: To become smaller, to lose substance, to degenerate … The political message?

Dwindling in importance!Foreign: From another country … Mc Donald’s? A foreign company! Jump-start: To put a lot of energy into starting an action, to re-start vigorously … The

government intends to jump-start a minimum investment of $1000000000! Lead: To conduct, to guide … To lead discussions about money matters? A challenge!Level: Rank in a scale … A discussion at national level? Poverty!Major: Principal …One of the major problems? Poverty!Measure: To give X a particular position on a scale … It is difficult to measure the success of political campaigns! Meet: To encounter or see … Students usually meet at the cafeteriaOvercome: To succeed in controlling a problem … Overcome differences? Difficult at times!Pay: To give money to X for work, goods … Many people pay by credit card! Price: The amount of money you pay for X … The price of crude oil? Something like $60 per

barrel! Proposal: An offer … A political proposal for the post-communist era? A price the society

pays for economic development!Reject: To decide not to use, to say no to … An indecent proposal? Reject it firmly!Survive: To continue to live or exist … To survive on $10 a week? Impossible!

   

The likelihood that world’s population ... 

Complete with underlined words: 

Do you _______________________ on the government policies?

I disagree!

The government plays a _______________________ role in trading!

Officials _______________________ European leaders for talks!

The government _______________________s several international projects!

Trading in _______________________ currencies?

What about the local _______________________ ?

Society _______________________s a high price for bad business!

Industrialization inevitably _______________________ s to the expansion of the urban working class!

And poor people? Struggling to _______________________!

Poor people have the right to _______________________ controversial proposals!

_______________________ing the policies’s impact? That’s very important and necessary!

Where are the reasonable _______________________s ?

Which are the methods to _______________________ the economic problems?

Supplies are_______________________ing fast!

Is inflation down to its lowest _______________________ in three years? A fallacy!

Welcome the _______________________ to reduce taxes!

The likelihood that world’s population will grow by at least 2 billion in the next two

decades is spurring international experts. They will meet soon to discuss advances that are urgently needed. Business will be slower than expected unless rescue plans cure the world economies.

Most observers agree with official policies aiming to promote free competition. Foreign investment helps jump-start nations’ battered economies which survive major crisis that eventually lead administrations into

strict currency and price controls as countries international reserves dwindle to dangerous levels. Some small countries introduced economic rescue plans last year that called for a number of austerity measures.

COMPLETE ACCORDING TO THE TEXT, USING:

(DO NOT – DOES NOT) LEAD(S) - HAVE(HAS) – MEAN(S)

1.  Foreign investment __________ to dangerous monetary levels.

2.  Small countries __________ to pay the price of economic rescue plans.

3.  The challenge __________ overcoming the economic crisis.  CHANGE INTO NEGATIVE FORM AND WRITE TRUE OR FALSE FOR EACH NEW STATEMENT ACCORDING TO THE PREVIOUS PASSAGE:

1.   Observers reject free competition proposals.

2.  Foreign investment helps solve major crisis.

Contenidos: www.freewebs.com/ecoin Calificaciones: www.freewebs.com/reschop