Acción climática en el nivel local. Marta Olazabal

Acción climática en el nivel local

Marta OlazabalInvestigadora postdoctoral

Basque Centre for Climate Change (BC3)

[email protected]@gmail.com Curso Postgrado sobre Cambio Climático. Madrid. 15 de junio-10 de Julio

Módulo de Acción Local (8 h). Sesión del 8-9 de julio (4 h.)

“ Las ciudades concentran cultura, actividad económica y servicios. Es por ello que de forma creciente la población mundial es cada vez más urbanita. En consecuencia las ciudades son grandes consumidores de energía y por ello grandes generadores de emisiones de efecto invernadero. Por esta razón, las ciudades tienen un enorme potencial para pasar a la acción en cuanto a la mitigación del cambio climático. Paradójicamente, además, por concentrar la mayor parte de la población y muchas veces por localizarse en zonas de alto riesgo, las ciudades son también vulnerables a los impactos del cambio climático y es donde los procesos de adaptación deben empezar reflejarse. La participación y la implicación a todos los niveles en las estrategias de transformación es imprescindible, desde el nivel institucional hasta las iniciativas ciudadanas. La habilitación de procesos participativos para la implicación de todos los agentes en las soluciones climáticas será determinante para lograr ciudades más resilientes y con menor huella de carbono. En las ciudades emergen multitud de oportunidades para comenzar iniciativas climáticas, pero también muchas barreras como por ejemplo conciliar los distintos intereses ambientales, sociales y económicos, la financiación de las estrategias y acciones, la falta de competencias locales o la insuficiencia de recursos o conocimiento técnico para elaborar los planes de acción.“

3RESUMEN DEL MÓDULO DE ACCIÓN LOCAL

BLOQUE: Acción climática en el nivel local (8h)

• Marta Olazabal (4h) “Acción climática en el nivel local” (4h)

• Descarbonización del transporte urbano Francisco Segura (1h) • Enfoques participativos para la acción climática Federico Cardona (1h) • Caso estudio: BeWater , Se analizará un caso estudio de la

participación de la sociedad en la adaptación, desde la perspectiva del agua, al cambio global en la cuenca piloto del Tordera, en Cataluña Annelies Broekman (1h)

• Aves y clima: Ciencia ciudadana aplicada al estudio de la fenología de las aves Federico García (1h)

4

Programa planificado

• Día 8 de Julio (3 horas):1.INTRODUCCIÓN: LAS CIUDADES COMO GENERADORES DE IMPACTOS Y

COMO ENTES VULNERABLES AL CAMBIO CLIMÁTICO2.LIDERAZGO DE LA ACCIÓN CLIMÁTICA LOCAL: El papel de las regiones,

las redes de ciudades, las autoridades locales, el sector privado y las iniciativas ciudadanas

3.ESTADO DEL ARTE DE LA PLANIFICACIÓN ANTE EL CAMBIO CLIMÁTICO4.ESTRATEGIAS URBANAS DE MITIGACIÓN Y ADAPTACIÓN5.DINÁMICA: Juego de la adaptación

• Día 9 de Julio (1 hora):– EJEMPLOS PRÁCTICOS: • MADRID: Juan Azcarate• BILBAO: Estibaliz Sanz Gogeascoa

5

Preguntas para vosotros….

• ¿Qué se ha tratado sobre el nivel local (ciudades, comunidades…) hasta ahora en el curso?

• ¿Cuál es vuestra opinión sobre las oportunidades de acción en el nivel local?

• ¿Qué es lo que más os podría interesar que discutiéramos hoy?

6

Introducción

• La complejidad del sistema urbano• Situación actual y proyecciones• Qué se entiende por una ciudad

resiliente al cambio climático

7

1

La idea de las ciudades como generadoras de impactos…

8

El metabolismo de las ciudades

9

The bioregion

Impactos de la urbanización

10

Urbanization

Ecological Function Human FunctionThreshold

Adaptado de Alberti 2003

La influencia cultural y los estilos de vida

11

La complejidad del sistema urbano

12

infraestructuras

usuariosContexto político y cultural

Gestores y proveedores

Ecosistemas globales

RecursosCapital social

¿Donde esta el conocimiento?…

13

Olazabal 2014. Tésis doctoral

• Globally, more people live in urban areas than in rural areas

• 54 % residing in urban areas in 2014.

• In 1950, 30 % urban

• By 2050, 66 % projected to be urban.

14

El mundo urbano hoy (2014)

15http://esa.un.org/unpd/wup/Maps/CityDistribution/CityPopulation/CityPop.aspx

El mundo urbano mañana (2030)

16http://esa.un.org/unpd/wup/Maps/CityDistribution/CityPopulation/CityPop.aspx

España

17

¿Qué está pasando?

18

7 billion people in the planet

50% urban (in Europe 80%) (WUP, 2014)

15% ageing (more than 65) in industrialised countries

827.6 million in slums (UN, 2010)

Resource consumption is 10 times larger than 100 years ago

50% of the global services are concentrated in cities (Espon, 2010)

Cities account for between 71 % and 76 % of CO2 emissionsfrom global final energy use and between 67 – 76 % ofglobal energy use (Seto et al. 2014)

Picture: Randy Olson, National Geographic, January 2011

El poder económico de las ciudades

19McKinsey Global Institute, 2011. Urban world: Mapping the economic power of cities

20

McKinsey Global Institute, 2011. Urban world: Mapping the economic power of cities

21McKinsey Global Institute, 2011. Urban world: Mapping the economic power of cities

Impactos de un mundo más urbanita

Global Resource demand:(2030 scenario, IEA 2008; UN 2009)

• food 50%• water 30%• energy 73% 76% CO2 emissions by 2030

Worsen by global environmental projections:

• Peak oil (Newman 2009)

• Climatic change (IPCC 2014)

• Environmental degradation (UN-Habitat 2011)

22

La idea de las ciudades como ENTES VULNERABLES…

24

CRISIS: CLIMATIC, SOCIAL, ECONOMIC, RESOURCE SCARCITY….

25

26

UN, 2011. The 2011 Revision of World Urbanization Prospects.

27UN, 2011. The 2011 Revision of World Urbanization Prospects.

28UN, 2011. The 2011 Revision of World Urbanization Prospects.

Urban projections

29

¿Serán las ciudades capaces de hacer frente a estos retos con la práctica actual

en gestión y planificación urbana o si mantenemos nuestro estilo de vida?

30Olazabal 2014. Thesis dissertation

Employment generation in

cities, Services centralization

Rural urban migration

50% of the population is living in cities

Cities occupy just 2 % of the Earth’s land,

but concentrate ~50% of the

services

Rapid urbanization is exerting pressure on fresh water supplies,

sewage, the living environment, land and biodiversity.

Ecosystem services degradation,

resource exhaustion, health problems, rise of the cost of living

Poverty, social

exclusion, socio-

economic inequalities

CITIES COMPLEXITY

Complejidad en la dinámica de lasciudades y su

entorno

A simplified DPSIR* approach to cities* Drivers-Pressure-State-Impact-Response analysis

Drivers

Pressures

State

Impact

Responses

Drivers

Drivers

Conceptos de modaResiliencia y Transformación: Transiciones urbanas

31

¿Qué es la resiliencia urbana?

32

Chelleri et al. 2015

¿Qué es la resiliencia urbana? (II)

33

Es crucial distinguir:

• Retornar al estado inicial

• Mantener la habilidad de volver al estado inicial

resiliencia

resistencia

VS.

Ingredientes básicos de la resiliencia urbana

34

Capacidad de aprendizaje

1. GESTIÓN DEL CONOCIMIENTO

2. PROCESOS DE PARTICIPACIÓN E INTEGRACIÓN DE AGENTES

MultifuncionalCapacidad para la reorganización

Capacidad identificar las oportunidades

Transferibilidad

Redundancia

Conectividad

Flexibilidad

Capacidad para gestionar la

incertidumbre

Características de la gestión

Características del sistema

Herramientas

Gestión urbana basada en la resiliencia

35

Vision of the new Albano Resilient Campus. Stocholm Resilience Centre

El reto de las ciudades es implementar procesos y tecnologías que faciliten:

ADAPTACIÓN TRANSFORMACIÓN

Ante cambios como…. Escasez de recursos Desastres naturales Envejecimiento de la población Crisis económicas ….

Para ello se debe promover: Tecnologías adaptables y flexibles Gestión basada en la auto-organización y el aprendizaje

¿Qué es una ciudad resilience al cambio climático - climate resilient city?

• A city able to face climate change by preventing, recovering and adapting through:– social learning and – technology development– Natural and semi-natural areas

conservation© Marta Olazabal

Bottom photo sources: (1) http://www.flickr.com/photos/mogello/3322876987/ (2) http://www.flickr.com/photos/ugacommunications/6287226274/ (3) http://www.flickr.com/photos/lhoon/130737118/

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Photo Sources: (1) http://www.flickr.com/photos/library_of_virginia/7797524340/ (2) http://www.flickr.com/photos/zrimshots/2323190486/lightbox/ (3) http://www.flickr.com/photos/perambara/5353880406/ (4) http://www.flickr.com/photos/steveharris/2796792781/ (5) http://www.flickr.com/photos/thegaffneys/2989623282/ (6) http://www.flickr.com/photos/sossaheluk/4773719253/

¿Qué es una transición urbana?

• A transition is a process of continuous adjustments which lead to a transformation in the city functioning model• There are many actors• Transitions can be leaded by

institutions or by social movements • There are many instruments to

seed transitions• A transition requires intention,

investment and participation

Source: http://www.transitionnetwork.org/

Photo source: http://www.solarregion.freiburg.de/solarregion/freiburg_solar_city.php

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Time scale

Sust

aina

bilit

y

Tran

sfor

mab

ility

Perceived urban crisis

Path 1

Path 2b

Path 3

Learning process, proactive attitude, innovation

Creativity, innovation, social change, technology-based process

Urban lock-in, no significant behavioural change in society nor in governance

Optimization of resources. Short term planning

Short term planning, unsustainable patterns, triumph of economic interests.

Path 2a

PATH 1: Easy and natural process to Low carbon, sustainable and resilient city based on long term planning supported by a participative learning process

PATH 2a: Low carbon, sustainable and resilient city achieved through a longer process with high costs for human welfare, environment and economic development. T = Time difference with Path 1

PATH 2b: Medium sustainability and small adaptations enough to maintain the environmental quality. No stimulation for real transition. No change in lifestyles and steady-state urban model.

PATH 3: policy making based on short term planning. Scepticism aboutresources crisis, hazards risk or new environmental conditions. No acceptance of the need of change. Unsustainable habits maintained. Development characterised by continuous crisis, incremental environmental degradation, inequity and poverty.

NOW?

T

Re-organization

Olazabal M. 2014. Thesis dissertation

Liderazgo de la acción climática local

• Ingredientes del cambio• Diferentes iniciativas (internacionales,

nacionales, publicas, privadas….)• ….

40

2

Ingredientes del cambio

Transition

Social behavioural

change

Land-use, urban planning &

design culture

Technology development

Post Carbon Transitions Conference, Brussels 29th Sept 2011

41

Ingredientes del cambio

42

Tipos de iniciativas

• Iniciativas públicas–Autoridades locales–Redes de ciudades (regionales, nacionales,

internacionales…)–Sociedad civil (asociaciones, comunidades…)–….

• Iniciativas del sector privado–Empresas–Entidades financieras–….

• Iniciativas público-privadas43

REDES DE CIUDADES

44

The C40 Cities Climate Leadership Group, now in its 10th year, connects more than 75 of the world’s greatest cities, representing 550+ million people and one quarter of the global economy

47

http://www.compactofmayors.org/

Nueva iniciativa internacional que integra acciones de mitigación y adaptación

• Compromiso voluntario de mejorar la eficiencia energética y utilizar fuentes de energía renovable en sus territorios:– superar >20 % las

emisiones de CO2 2020.– Inventario de emisiones

base–Plan de Acción de Energía

Sostenible (PAES ó SEAP)• 6451 firmantes• > 200,000,000

habitantes

• 2008 paquete de medidas de CC y energía de la UE Covenant of Mayors: 80% del consumo de energía y de las emisiones de CO2 son urbanas.

• Único movimiento europeo que moviliza agentes regionales y locales para cumplir objetivos europeos.

• Modelo excepcional de gobernanza multinivel

¿A qué se comprometen las ciudades?

1.Visibility and communication on cities‟ commitment to adaptation,

2.Practical and technical support in the form of a helpdesk for operational questions, information and engagement with the initiative,

3.Knowledge support through guidance materials and tools for cities,

4.Synergies with the Covenant of Mayors and other relevant initiatives.

¿Qué ofrece?

1.Publicar una estrategia– Independiente– Integrada en planes existentes

2. Seguir una serie de pasos– Estudiar las vulnerabilidades– Determinar y evaluar las

medidas de adaptación y priorizarlas

– Aplicarlas– Supervisarlas (monitorización)– Presentar informe (cada 2 años)– Adecuar la estrategia en

consecuencia

Comienza en Marzo de 2014

291 firmantes (2013)

Situación internacional

Castan Broto, V., Bulkeley, H., 2013. A survey of urban climate change experiments in 100 cities. Global Environmental Change 23, 92-102.

53

Climate experiments in cities: what is the focus? who leads?

•Database of 627 urban climate change experiments in 100 global cities.• Although experimentation is heterogeneous,

energy experiments predominate.•While municipal governments have a critical

role in climate change experimentation, Multiple actors, often through partnership• Experimentation led by private actors emerges

in Asia.

INICIATIVAS SOCIEDAD CIVIL

57

Iniciativas sociedad civilCity Countr

ySector Name Leading

ActorPartners Objectives Mode of

Governance

Buenos Aires

Argentina

Built Environment

Centro Experimental de Produccion

CBO No partnership Develop new low-cost materials to be used in sustainable housing

Private

Buenos Aires

Argentina

Built Environment

Ecocasas CBO No partnership Build eco-houses in slums around Buenos Aires (mostly pilot projects)

Private

Sydney

Australia

Urban Infrastructure-Energy

Randwick Local Government Emissions Trading Scheme

CBO Local Government

Reduce GHG emissions with a emissions trading scheme Self-governing

Bogota

Colombia

Urban Form Eco-barrios, un barrio de borde ambiental


Institutional system to develop projects of local interest in each neighbourhood, particularly environmental projects

Private

Quito Ecuador

Adaptation Urban agriculture projects CBO Local Government

Build the resilience of citizen's by providing local sources of food and livelihoods through urban agriculture

Enabling

Addis Ababa

Ethiopia

Urban Infrastructure-Energy

Ignis CBO Private IGNIS "Income Generation & Climate Protection by valorising municipal solid wastes" is hoping to do small scale projects and scenario simulation to valorise municipal solid waste in Addis Ababa and explore whether this model can be exported to other mega-cities

Private

Berlin Germany

Built Environment

Living dream and living space

CBO No partnership Build a sustainable communal urban village community with 19 buildings housing 70 people

Private

Munich

Germany

Transport Car 'lent' (Münchner Autofasten 2009)

CBO CBO Car use awareness raising and reduce C02 emissions through the aggregation of activities from all participants

Private

Tel Aviv

Israel Built Environment

Ecological housing project CBO Local Government

Construct an ecological building including smart lighting systems, recycled use of gray water (water generated from laundry and bathing) for irrigation or cooling, charging spots for electric motor scooters, etc.

Enabling

Warsaw

Poland Built Environment

The Housing Project for Soldiers

CBO No partnership Meet the housing needs of the Polish Armed forces providing high quality, affordable, energy-saving homes in 2,200 apartments in 13 locations

Provision

Warsaw

Poland Built Environment

Thermo - modernization of a residential building

CBO Private Private

City of Warsaw

Bangkok

Thailand

Adaptation Network of wetland communities

CBO No partnership Organise the local communities to lobby the government and act upon climate change impacts

Private

Bangkok

Thailand

Adaptation Aquaculture adaptation measures

CBO No partnership Measures to prevent coastal erosion associated with climate change impacts

Private

Ankara

Turkey Urban Form Urban agriculture Atatürk Forest Farm in Ankara

CBO No partnership Establish a urban agriculture program with multiple objectives including palliate urban heating, provide public green spaces and food, provide livelihoods, educate

Private

Istanbul

Turkey Built Environment

Energy efficiency in municipal buildings


Promote energy saving measures in municipal buildings Self-governing

Birmingham

UK Built Environment

Norhtfield ecocentre building


Monitor building use to find out our impact on the environment and implement sustainable technologies

Enabling

Birmingham


Summerfield Eco-Housing CBO Local Government

Improve energy efficiency and reduce fuel bills Enabling

London


C60 Project - Sanford Housing Cooperative

CBO NGO Retrofit housing buildings as part of carbon reduction strategy

Enabling

Manchester


Hulme Energy Action Team CBO Local Government

Reduce CO2 emissions and save money on fuel bills setting a cooperative to buy energy and deliver "affordable warmth"

Self-governing

Manchester

UK Urban Infrastructure-Energy

Horizon Energy Co-operative Microgrid

CBO No partnership Create a Virtual power plant from renewable resources across greater Manchester to deliver renewable energy to the National Grid

Private

Boston

US Urban Form Tent City Project CBO Local Government

Create an affordable, mixed-income, racially and ethnically integrated housing community to replace housing lost to urban renewal clearance and help create a residential neighbourhood which would become an integral part of the South End community, by including neighbourhood shops, pre-school day care facilities and a community meeting room, all to serve both the Tent City Housing and the greater community

Enabling

Chicago

US Built Environment

Near North Appartments CBO Local Government

Build supportive housing for homeless and disadvantaged people (single room occupancy)

Provision

Minneapolis

US Urban Infrastructure-Energy

Minnesota Solar Tours CBO Local Government

Provide tours to demonstrate the solar energy in Minnesota Enabling

Minneapolis

US Transport Hourcar CBO No partnership Create tools for energy efficient living. For example, hourcar gives people in the 'twin city' region the tool to minimize car travel, and result in cleaner air, fewer GHG emissions and improve health

Enabling

New York

US Urban Form Intervale Green and Louis Nine House

CBO State Government

Create a mixed use development of 128 affordable and sustainable housing for low-income and formerly homeless families and commercial storefronts

Regulation (hard and soft)

New York

US Urban Infrastructure-Energy

EcoBiZNy CBO No partnership Help small businesses, students, and the general public to actively reduce air pollution, carbon emissions and airborne environmental health hazards in NYC through environmental auditing, education, and action

Private

New York

US Urban Infrastructure- Waste

Manhattan Composting Project

CBO No partnership Promote and facilitate composting Enabling

Philadelphia


Friends Center Building Project

CBO Private Demonstrate ways of thinking in harmony with nature, by preserving existing buildings (dating back to 1856), through materials choice, adopting sustainable technologies and living differently in a sustainable space

Private

Philadelphia

US Transport Bike Pottstown Bike Share Project

CBO Private Provide a free bike sharing community project Enabling

Philadelphia

US Urban Form Rag Factory Flats/Onion Flats

CBO Private Convert run down industrial sites into sustainable, residential and mixed use projects


San Francisco

US Transport City Car Share CBO No partnership Provide convenient, affordable access to cars so that we can reduce individual car dependence


San Francisco

US Urban Form Plaza Apartments CBO Private Promote environmentally-appropriate design in affordable housing construction. To develop a socially and environmentally sustainable approach that provides permanent, supportive housing for chronically homeless individuals.

Enabling

Seattle


Switch CBO Local Government

Demonstrate a cost-effective and immediate way to increase residential energy efficiency and reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions through incremental behavior change and participation in a formalized energy conservation program; the program will weatherize over 10,000 low-income households and train 150 for entry-level conservation career positions

Enabling

Seattle

US Carbon Sequestration

Green Seattle Partnership CBO Local Government

Raising funds, volunteers, and public awareness to restore 2500 acres of forested city park lands

Enabling

Castan Broto and Bulkeley, 2013

Ejemplo: Transition Towns

• Transition is a quiet revolution around the world. • It's an idea about the future, an

optimistic, practical idea. • And it's a movement everybody

can join. • Transition towns', or Transition

group • thousands of communities in 40

countries around the world.• Transition towns, cities,

neighbourhoods, projects, enterprises, universities, schools, livelihoods...

EL PAPEL DEL SECTOR PRIVADO

63

Modalidades de compromiso del sector privado• Partnerships with city governments for the provision of technologies, the construction and operation of infrastructures, the

provision of insurance. (Almost all cities)

• Companies are a key vehicle for implementing climate change strategies as they have to comply with regulations for energy saving and GHG emissions mitigation, such as standards, rating systems, or cap-and-trade schemes. This ensures their motivation in engaging in climate mitigation and adaptation activities. (All cities)

• Low carbon and resilient urban development provides business opportunities for innovative products and services in myriad sectors, including transport, waste, energy, civil construction, …..(Many cities but outstanding examples are Mexico City and São Paulo)

• Companies may receive support for financing the implementation of low carbon technologies, for renewable energy deployment, and for exploiting new business opportunities. (e.g. Tokyo and Mexico City)

• Companies can increase efficiency and productivity, and provide funding for climate-related solutions if correctly incentivized. (e.g. São Paulo)

• Companies can help in advocacy and generate mass awareness especially when they are subject to disclosure requirements about their GHG emissions and climate risks. (Many cities)

• Private business can collaborate with tertiary education and research institutions in the search of innovation excellence in the area of mitigation. (e.g. Copenhagen). Scientific information is key to inform business management decisions to ensure business resilience within climate change mitigation and adaptation strategies (e.g. New York).

• Local entrepreneurship and foreign private capital are drivers of urban transformation, growth and competitiveness (e.g. Copenhagen).

64REF: Schwarze et al. (Chapter 7) in Rosenzweig C., W. Solecki, P. Romero-Lankao, S. Mehrotra, S. Dhakal, T. Bowman, and S. Ali Ibrahim. 2015. ARC3.2 Full report. Urban Climate Change Research Network. Columbia University. New York. NOW AVAILABLE: SUMMARY FOR city leaders

Sectors Examples

BankingFinancial services (micro) Insurance(micro) Finance

- Financing infrastructure resilience and affordable housing solutions.- Catastrophe-linked securities to transfer risks of extreme weather events.- Financing for farmers affected by weather risks.- Weather-related insurance for crops and forests. - Weather derivatives for electricity utilities

Healthcare and preventive care

- Products to prevent water-related illnesses.- Treatments and vaccines for climate-related diseases.- Mosquito control.- Eye care products for treatment of sun exposure, allergies, glaucoma, and infections.

Urban infrastructure - Waste management and sanitation.- Water management and desalination.- Low-energy buildings, green infrastructure and retrofitting.- Off-grid energy and renewable energy.- Urban public transport, bikeways and railways.- Drainage and roadway construction/elevation.

Materials - Insulating foams for temperature regulation.- Chemical to bond roof tiles in hurricane areas.- Stronger building materials.- Systems to protect dikes from wave impacts.

Manufacturing and industrials

- Electric and hybrid vehicles.- New lighting solutions.- Cleaner coal technologies.- Biodegradable products.- Flood/drought-resistant seeds.

Livelihood promotion - Mobile auction system enabling farmers to improve their livelihoods. - SMS broadcast to distribute messages on weather information.- Restoration of ecosystems providing income generation opportunities (including revenues from

carbon market through carbon sequestration).

Information and communication technology

- Mobile technology to manage water footprint.- Digital solutions to dematerialize processes and services.- Smart grid solutions.

Services and consulting - Risk assessments and management frameworks.- Energy efficiency and management solutions (including energy service company – ESCOs).- Environmental analysis and training.

Waste and pollution control and recycling

- Mobile and stationary air pollution source controls.- Water conservation, wastewater treatment and reuse technologies.- Pulp and paper, aluminum and electronic recycling.

65

Oportunidades para el sector

privado

REF: Schwarze et al. (Chapter 7) in Rosenzweig C., W. Solecki, P. Romero-Lankao, S. Mehrotra, S. Dhakal, T. Bowman, and S. Ali Ibrahim. 2015. ARC3.2 Full report. Urban Climate Change Research Network. Columbia University. New York. NOW AVAILABLE: SUMMARY FOR city leaders

66

REVI ET AL. 2014

Estado del arte de la planificación climática local

• Europa• España

67

3

Políticas/planificación urbana y cambio climático

68

Elaboración de planes de mitigación de gases de efecto invernadero1. Identificar sectores más contribuyentes (INVENTARIO BASE DE EMISIONES)2. Identificar medidas de reducción3. Priorizar e implementar

Elaboración de planes de adaptación al cambio climático4. Identificar vulnerabilidades (EVALUACIÓN DE IMPACTOS Y RIESGOS en base a

ESCENARIOS)5. Identificar alternativas de adaptación6. Priorizar e implementar

Ciclo de la planificación

69

Diagnóstico

Establecimiento de

objetivos

Definición de medidas

Priorización

Implementación de las medidas

Seguimiento y evaluación

Reformulació

n

Procesos participativos

Situación en europa

Reckien, D., et al. 2014. Climate change response in Europe: what's the reality? Analysis of adaptation and mitigation plans from 200 urban areas in 11 countries. Climatic Change 122, 331-340

70

Datos y método

71

Mitigation and adaptation plans

type of documents: approved, published, or in development (if a draft was made available)

Spatial coverage: entire urban area or city regionCollection method:

1.Internet search2.Contact city officers (to confirm or to ask for a draft)

Situación en eSPAÑA

Olazabal, M. et al. 2014. How are Italian and Spanish Cities tackling climate change? A local comparative study. BC3 Working Paper Series, 2014-2. Basque Centre for Climate Change (BC3), Bilbao, Spain

74

Estado del arte

75

26 Spanish cities32 Italian cities

Urban Audit (UA) database (Eurostat)

Representative Robust methodology

Olazabal et al. 2014

+ relevant-plans (Last update 2013)

MITIGATION

76

The adhesion to RECC not crucial in the development of plans. 21 cities are signatories of CoM

Mitigation topic % of Spanish plans*

addressing the topic

Energy saving 83.3

Energy efficiency 83.3

Renewable energies 77.8

Heating from renewable energies

11.1

Waste management 61.1

Urban planning 22.2

Agriculture 5.6

Transportation 72.2

Intramunicipal reorganization

11.1

Buildings (e.g. Heating) 83.3

MITIGATION

77

ADAPTATION

78

• National guidance (RECC 2011)• Only 27% have CCA (3) or CCAR (4) plans

(integrated in energy plans)• Only 1 is published and approved

(Zaragoza)

84% of the cities have a vulnerability index of 4 or higher (ESPON 2011) Adaptation topic % of Spanish plans

addressing the topic

Urban planning and development

42.9

Flood protection 57.1

Forest management 42.9

Agriculture 28.6

Water management 57.1

Health aspects 85.7

• Only 2 cities have developed a VA (Valencia and Vitoria-Gasteiz)Valencia: currentVitoria-Gasteiz: 2050 and 2100

• Other two cities have looked at regional climate scenarios (Zaragoza and Madrid)

Actualización: De Gregorio Hurtado, S., Olazabal, M., Salvia, M., Pietrapertosa, F., Olazabal, E., Geneletti, D., D’Alonzo, V., Si Leo, S., Reckien, D. 2015. Understanding How and Why Cities Engage with Climate Policy: An Analysis of Local Climate Action in Spain and Italy. TEMA Journal of Land Use, Mobility and Environment. 8 (Special Issue ECCA 2015). 23-46. DOI (10.6092/1970-9870/3649). .

ESTRATEGIAS DE MITIGACIÓN Y ADAPTACIÓN

• Tipos de medidas y oportunidades• Ejemplos de intervenciones• Mitigación• Adaptación• Tensiones entre mitigación y adaptación 79

4

81Source: http://www.flickr.com/photos/mahatsorri/with/5465992977/

Characteristic Opportunity Benefits / GoalsHigh density of built areas

Efficiency gains reducing resource and energy consumption

Maintain cost of living, reduce ecological footprint . Economic benefits

High density of industries and businesses

Technological innovation and Industrial ecology

Decoupling local economy from resource consumption

High density of knowledge

Social innovation, learning, social movements

Activism, active disposition, education, innovation, flexibility

Diversity of people and cultures

Creativity, ideas, knowledge generation

Creation of innovation hubsAdaptive Capacity

Urbanization concentration

Limitation of impacts on ecosystems (soil, water resources, biodiversity)

Quality and efficiency in the provision of ecosystem servicesReduction of ecological footprint

Concentration and diversity of services

Reduce transport needs, increase accessibility

Attraction and competitiveness

Typical characteristics of urbanized areas and opportunities to be fostered

Oportunidades

88Olazabal 2014, Thesis dissertation.

Tipos de medidas (mitigación y adaptación)

• Planificación espacial: distribución de usos….• Infraestructurales: nuevas infraestructuras ó

rediseño• Tecnológicas: eficiencia, nuevos materiales…• Regulatorias: impuestos, códigos, ….• Sociales (hábitos y comportamiento):

informativas, educación y aprendizaje….•Organizativas: planes de emergencia, alertas

tempranas

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Mitigación y adaptación

¡La adaptación necesita una buena base de mitigación!Ejemplo: necesidad de mejorar el confort dentro de las viviendas durante las olas de calor….. ¿aire acondicionado? Existen otras tecnologías a base de intercambio de calor que podrían sustituir al aire acondicionado.

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EJEMPLOS de intervencionesMitigación

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Objetivos de la mitigación

• THE UNDERLYING DRIVERS OF EMISSIONS IN CITIES ARE LARGELY THE SAME:

–Buildings have inefficient heating and cooling, lighting, and refrigeration systems - their walls, windows and roofs leak heat in the winter and cold in the summer.–Solid waste landfills release methane – a

greenhouse gas agent 23 times more potent than CO2 – as garbage decays.–Most of the energy used for outdoor

lighting becomes waste heat rather than producing light.–Heavy traffic congestion in cities generates

significant emissions and reduces worker productivity.–Most water systems waste significant

water and energy as a result of leaks and losses.

C40.org

93Seto et al. 2014* Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use (AFOLU)

94Seto et al. 2014

EJEMPLOS de intervencionesAdaptación

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Riesgos y potencial adaptación en zonas urbanas

97Revi et al. 2014

98Revi et al. 2014

99Revi et al. 2014

100Revi et al. 2014

101Revi et al. 2014

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Grabbs 2008

Medidas de adaptación

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Revi et al. 2014

104Dawson 2011

PLANES URBANOS DE REFERENCIA Adaptación

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Ciudades pioneras y casos ejemplares

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• Londres, Reino Unido• Copenhague, Dinamarca• Nueva York, USA• Rotterdam, Países Bajos• Durban, Sudáfrica• Quito, Ecuador• Chicago, USA• ……..

Rotterdam's Floating PavilionROTTERDAM MARKETING

Londres

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• Simulación de áreas inundadas sin las barreras del Támesis y el Hull

• Subida del nivel del mar en diciembre 2013• La peor en 60 años

http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/2013/12/09/london-flooding-thames-barrier-picture_n_4411086.html

La gran motivación….

Londres

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• Temperaturas extremas más frecuentes• Trombas de agua más frecuentes• Veranos más secos, inviernos más húmedos• Reducción de la humedad del suelo en verano• Aumento del nivel del mar• Potencial aumento de la velocidad del viento

Londres

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Estrategia del Gran Londres (Greater London), 2011

• Gran Londres está comprendida por 32 municipios y la Ciudad de Londres

Primer Plan local de adaptación al cambio climático en el mundo (2007): City of London

Londres

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Ciudad de Londres,

AyuntamientoProveedores de servicios:

agua, transporte, energía, residuos,

teleco, emergencias, salud

y educación.

Empresas y comerciantes

(inc. promotores y propietarios)

Residentes !!

Londres

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Las opciones de adaptación están agrupadas en:

• Investigación• Políticas• Acciones prácticas

Y categorizadas en:

‘No-regret’

‘Low-regret’

‘Win-win’

‘Flexible’

Trabajando por la resiliencia

Avanzando hacia una gestión adaptativa

Copenhague

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• Copenhague tiene un largo recorrido en adaptación por los constantes daños ocurridos a los sistemas de alcantarillado etc. por lluvias torrenciales.

• 1.040 M$ en daños en Copenhague por una única tormenta en 2011

Copenhague

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• Más trombas de agua• Mayores subidas el nivel del mar• Más altas temperaturas y efecto de isla de calor

http://en.klimatilpasning.dk/media/568851/copenhagen_adaption_plan.pdf

Copenhague

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Plan de Adaptación al CC premiado (Index award 2013) por su robustez y por su alta contribución de soluciones sostenibles al futuro.

Copenhague

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En concreto y en relación con las lluvias torrenciales:

1) Aumento de sistemas de alcantarillado, almacenamiento subterráneo y estaciones de bombeo

2) Gestión del agua de lluvia de manera local en vez de guiarla al sistema de alcantarillado

3) Garantizar que la inundación tenga lugar donde produzca menos daños

3 niveles de adaptación!

1. Si el riesgo es alto, PREVENCIÓN DEL DAÑO2. Si la prevención es imposible (técnica o

económicamente), minimización del daño3. Como base, reducción de la vulnerabilidad

Nueva York

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• Olas de calor y temperaturas extremas• Subidas el nivel del mar y tormentas• Sequías e inundaciones

Plan lanzado en 2013 en respuesta al Huracán Sandy (2012).

Tormenta de nieve 2007: • 70 cm de nieve• 77 muertos• Cortes de suministro eléctrico• Disrupciones de transporte• ….

Nueva York

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Plan 19.500 M$Conocido como el más ambicioso del mundo• 250 iniciativas (inundaciones costeras y tormentas principalmente)• Todas documentadas y valoradas económicamente• Últimos modelos del IPCC (5º informe)

Planes por cada distrito/barrios. Ejemplo: Manhattan Sur

Nueva York

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• Dirigido y desarrollado por un panel de expertos (reconocidos mundialmente)

• Elaborado para su uso por los agentes en su implementación. 3 cuadernos de trabajo:

1. Información de riesgos climáticos (tendencias, proyecciones y potenciales riesgos en infraestructuras críticas)

2. Guía de evaluación de la adaptación: ayuda a los agentes para que puedan implementar las acciones

3. Guía de evaluación de niveles de protección climáticos: ayuda para la evaluación de políticas, ordenanzas y leyes de gestión de infraestructuras

Reflexión final…

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Reflexiones sobre las transiciones urbanas hacia la sostenibilidad

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CITIES ARE DRIVERS OF IMPACTS BUT ALSO DRIVERS OF CHANGE

1. Cities are victims, drivers of impacts and experimentation places2. Urgent and radical actions needed

TRANSITIONS REQUIRE INTENTION

3. Transitions may be unknown, but the direction can be established and sustained

4. No model of sustainable and resilient city5. Success depends on the combination of measures, the timing and will of

the different socio-economic groups

GOVERNANCE AND SOCIETY INVOLVEMENT IS CRITIC

6. Through technology but also through society’s mobilization7. Societal limits to adaptation, and therefore, to transformation8. Participation is essential in transition envisage

OPPORTUNITY OF CHANGE

INTENTION

PARTICIPATION

Olazabal 2014

Conclusiones

121

1. Hacer frente a los impactos del cambio climático a nivel urbano requieren:

Soporte científico para generar la información necesariaCanales de transmisión de la información adecuados Instrumentos de implementación efectivos y flexibles

Solo así puede generarse un marco adecuado de gestión adaptativa que permita un desarrollo deseable de la ciudad minimizando los riesgos

potenciales.

1. Promover estrategias para incrementar la resiliencia urbana implica:

procesos de generación de información, aprendizaje y comunicación,

actitud flexible, abierta e integradora

Comunicar, entender y actuar

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“To paraphrase Charles Darwin “It is not the strongest of the cities that will survive, but rather the ones most responsive to change”.”

(Dawson 2011)

• Y ahora …. ¿cuál es vuestra opinión sobre las oportunidades de acción en el nivel local?

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Espero que haya sido interesante

Marta Olazabal

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REFERENCIAS

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Acción climática en el nivel local. Marta Olazabal

Environment

Transcript of Acción climática en el nivel local. Marta Olazabal