auriculoterapia elisabeth hsu artigo (1).pdf

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The Historyand Developmentof Auriculotherapy

This atlicle s based on a papet ead at the Science 91 Conference f the British Associationheld n Plymouth ti Au?ust 991

SummaryAuticulolherapy was discovcrcd in France n the1950's by Dr Paul Nolier. Folk wisdom thatneedling or cautery of the ear cauld affect vision alcurc scialic pain nspircd hi|, ta dcvclap his theoryoi at1 nverled aetal manikin superimposed n theear. The heary was intraduccd nto China n 1958and its ptaclice was enthusiastically pronoteddutinB the y-.ars ol the "Cullural Revolulion".How-.v,^t, ts Fren.h arigins have gradually beenforBotten n China, wherc Nogier's schenta has beenlurther adapted o lit Chines-. t-.dical hilosophy.

Key wordsAcupLlt1cture, cupLtncture istorv Aurir:ulotherapy,Phi osophy of medicine.

IntrcductionThis paper s about all lnrovatron in acupuncture".ear acupuncture or more accufately, auriculotherapy. Like other innovations, acupunctureanalgesia nd head acupuncture, uriculotherapywas firsl oflicialJy rornoted n China during he"Creat Leap orward" n the Jate 950's nd consolidated during Ihe "CLihuralRevolrllon" in the earlySeventreS.

Auriculotherapy pplied eedling o he ear wilhinan idiosyncratic, but coherent conceplualframework nd, ike all innovations n acupunclure,

it bears eatures f Western nd Chinese medicalpractice. Now auriculotherapy s of pafticularinterest s a therapy hat was nvented n the West,by a French acupuncturist n France, but hasbecome more mportant nnovation f the East, nthe People's epublic f China PRC).

Naturaliy, he question arises: why did auricu-lotherapy ecome so popular n China ancl not Inthe West? Mao's politicsand social settings n thePeople's epublic may provide omcexplanation. nthis paper, owevet wiJl focus on the conceptualframeworl< f auricuJotherapy nd show hat on aconceptual evel, auricuJotherapyitted he modesof reasoning n Chinese medicine nd was herelorecasily ccepted s an nnovation n acupLrncture.

lwill explore radjlions l !uropean hought, n

the one hand, and of Chinese medicine, n theothef, which put the invention f auriculotherapyintocontext. hen, will present ow he nventor fauficulothefapy,he French cupuncturist r PaulNogier,modified is initial indings nd developedhis "discovety"; and how the technologrcal ranslerof auriculotherapy as aided by conceptual odifications hat Chinese octors radc n China.

In the very end, wilJ also have o point o someshady ides f auriculolherapy, s I observed hemduring my fieldwork n 1989, but to begin with, letme giveyou an mpression l Lhe ractice f auriculotherapy s firslencountered t in China.

The Pactice of Auriculothetapy in the People'sRepublic of ChinaIn 1986 | spent wo weeks in the acupuncturedepartment f a small linic n Chengdu 75). r Lutreated between thirty and fifty patients everyrnorning, most of whom suffercd from recurrentabdominal ain due to gallstones Table ). fheywere treated with auriculotherapy o reduce heneed or surgicai ntervention.

The provincial ealth ministryhad Iaunched hispolicy n order o cut down costs n sophisticatedWestern .edical treatment. uriculotherapy asconsidered Chinese medical practice, hile LJothdiagnosis nd evaluation f the trealment werebased on Western echnolog, mostly on X rays. t

had the advanlage f being easiiy applied, easilylearnt nd understood, nd extremely conomical.Indeed, he treatment as simple- t consrsted i

so-called ear prcssute" eryafa). ar acupuncture

NUMEERS F PAfIINTS TRTATED N DR LU'S PRACTICE:

Acup!nciufe treatmnt

F = F e m a l e , M = M a l e

8..10 lr am

251 7

8 . 1 ( l l l a m

tl l (F28, M 8)

t 2 ( F 6 , M 5 )

1992 Val 1A Supplcncnt 109 A.:upun.lure h lrledi.ine

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was said o be very painfulso, nstead f needlingearpoints, iny seeds were stuck with tape onto thepoints n the ear ndicated or dissolving allstonesand washing hem out of the gallbladder namelythe point of the liver, he gallbladder, he kidneys,the gate o the spirits, he endocrine ystem nd,according to the patient 's constitlrtion andcondition, ometimes lso onto the points of thestomach, ladder nd colon.The therapy was also easily learnt. This was

necessary ecause t involved hiSh degfee t thepatient's active co-operation. The patients had tovisit the clinic three imes weekly. At home, heyhad first to massage he ear after each meai forabout fifteen minutes and then the stomach, bystroking ith the left hand rom left o right acrossthe abdomen. his ntentional ct at the surface fthe body was o have an effect nside he body: heBallstones ere to wander o the opening of thegallbladder uct. Patients, oreover, ad to bringthe Ballstoneshey ound n the stool o the clinic orbiochemicaJ nalysis. his meant hat a patient adto colJect nd inspect i5 own stoois, oil them nwater in order to make the stones all out, andisolate, ash and dry hese.Apart fror. the active co-operation f patients

during he process f the cure, nteraction etweenthe patients onstituted n impoftant spect f thistherapy. Most patients tayed bout half an hour nthe consultation oom (therewas no waiting oom)although he technical part of the treatment ookonJy two minutes. Since seats were scarce, he

mostly elderly women stood and walkeo arouno,and usually ormed noisy roup hatting bout heweather, ilments nd occasionally ome personaldetail . The atmosphere as relaxing, he doctorwho smoked continuously nd once in a whileasked or some silence was always up to a jokeand would say o patients ho were released romlJealment. Come again to amuse yourself here! nizai lai wan bal". In other words, coming fottreatment was comforting nd, like a visit to themarket lace, nformative.The reatment as clearly imedat visuaJising nd

materialisingherapeutic uccess. irst, he patientwas shown an X-ray f the gallstones bstructingheduct; hey appeared s light and dark spots n thephoto. A{terone month of treatment another X-raywas taken and three months after treatn ent wasterminated atients ere summoned o have heirgallbladder -rayed gain o check or recurrences.

Similarly,he device o isolate he Sallstones as aprocedure which visualised nd materialised hetherapeutic uccess. he gallstones aried n sizeand colour rom ight yellow o black, rorn andy ograveistone-like. hey were kept in separate lasseson the op of the doctols desk. Visibly isplayed s

they were, patients elt free o compare hem. Sincemanifestations f physiological bnormalities ikegallstones ave hardly any correlation with thesubjectively elt pain, the above procedures i

visual;sing nd matefiaJisins he ailment weresignificant rom a social and psychological atherthan a biomedical ointof view.

The success of the treatment was difficult toevaluate; articularly ecause -rays, hich in theclinic were considered bjective, re not adequatecriteria o satisfy estern iomedical esearch.

Regardless f the biomedical assessment ftherapeutic uccess, he above bservations ndicatethat auriculotherapy et mportant eeds f primaryhealth are: he acupuncture ractice f Dr Lu wascomparable o a day centre or elderJy eoplewherethe atmosphere as relaxed, ut also inspired ocompet|t |on.

The manikin in manWhat a surprise o find that this treatment hichappeared o thorouBhly hinese has, in {act, i tsroots in Europe, and that it was only recentlyinvented, n the 1950's. ts nventor, r Paul Nogier,is a Western medical doctor who became nterestedin acupuncture uring his last year of Universitystudies, n 1939. At that tirne there were fewacupuncturistsn Europe, nd he earnt cupuncturefrom he writings f Ceorge SouJi6 e Morant andthe acupuncturist iboyetwho became is eacherand friend. He still l ives n Lyon oday where hestudied, worked as a practitioner nd made hisdiscovery; owadays elebrated y acupuncturesocieties f the entireworld.

Nogier's "discovery" was that the ear pointscorrespond o lesioned ody parts, nd that these

representations f body parts re ordered ccordingIo a "special, almost coercive logical order" (1:page27). He pfojected manikin n the position of afoetus n the womb on]othe ear (Figure ).

upper imb

glandular

Cephalic

Ihe projectian afa foetus nta the ea.lNoliet 1972).

One may wonder what he details f the cases etreated were, what experiences e had, and whichobservations e considered mportant for this

discovery. ogier ives s but ew hints:1. He speaks f general olk wisdom hat piercingthe earlobe as an effect on vision sometimes timproves t, sometimes t impairs t this s, by ihe

Acupu ctu e n Med ci ne 110 1992 Val 10 Supplenent



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wa, nn observaliof which Frcnch acLlpuncttrrisLshave researchecl rnd cliscLlsscdn re.ent pLrbl at ions .2.,^ccordinil Noilier,l)ekc-vo his discoverv ras^ "\udden intLtilioti ' :he afthcl x of the car haclLobc c'quaLcd iLh th. ' verlebral column "ln dreinverte ire(tiot1". e te s us in his IiKLaftcle oi1956 hat he had srccessiul aptrlie.l hc

h . p . , i . . 1 . " " r o i r I \ r ' l. r \ i l ' r ' r ' r , ! \ l u - , 1 . | | . , , 1 t ' u I r ll r , , . i ' , p i t r . H - . ' :' . , . - i . t , t t t ' t tF t - l t ,1 -pl t ' .^ " t t

the SLli Iuml).1t disc in aass of s(iitlic

t ) ; r in , I sLrcldenly L-al ised hat ( th is) poinlhscl to be t--l,;ted ta thnt rcty relti(tt althe |crtebral calumn" ll : page 52I r . r \ \ , , r | . i - , 1 r \ ' ' r , . lr ' - * ^ l \ \ , ' l ' r I o l " m ' l r ' r r l t r h i' r F I p r . l , l . r ' I \ \ " 1b i o n ) e d i c i n e .

-1. , \s he sourceo inspirr t iof to proJecl

' o r . l , \ " : ,fefers lo Dr Borrnicr 1nd Dr Li cqLristlhc iormer rac l rnappcd an enclonasal4 n u , ) . l , r . r r " r ' l r r n

L r^o. l - ' I l ' l ' r r 't r u u \ ^ ' , l * i \ | , ,i r iclology /r pa,ge il1. I 'hus No3ierk idcathat thc entife bodv i5 reprcscnted n lhc. ' r L r , L r l ^/ r o h i ' . l , ) , . r u . r . , . , . i " .

e\pression, ei exo ogy. rr he Io lowirrS,* , T , . ^ ' . . 1 I u . ^ r | - L l . .

v , , , , o u . . ' l * ^ l ^ q \ l l i 1that lhe corrcel) t ion [ "matt as manikin"corres i |om ancienl \ , isdom, and t lace ltl)ack lo the macrocosnr t icrocosnrconcepLlor oi the rniverse if al l t iqLrity.\ i 5 t . . 1 . i ' l r r . ' , t u n " t ' n " 1, .

comp ele nran, is in the Senlcn; thefcnr.r le rvonrLrprovided only the spacc'ancJ protecLion or lr ir 'n o erp.rnd and" - o \ . V \ ' d i n . . , , r ' l u r ' , , r h .o ' - p i l l - - l ' ^ ' J r , r , l ^ l a I ' n l: c n r - J n J t ( ' ^ 1 |r " ' o r ' . l , l r , l | ' l - \ * , pl h r r | | . L r L " 1 r r . i l ' ' ' l r r ! ^ u J l ; \ \ ^ I

AntiqLritlrnd he MiddleAEics

cr:rebral ortcx tf nnn" I 9: pil!:e1]2).I l 7 l l r and B th c e n l ! r yEurope ,h e v icw ha t he

wor


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'the phrenolosical natlel ofthe brain (Sputzhein 18ll).This shows uplicationaf the

syntnetrical e'lans of theIM) hernitpheres 14).

Acupuncturc and its"action at a distance"Intereslingly,he ideaof projecling man asmanlkin" onto a bodypart has fallen ontofeftile ground inChina. was, in fact,

first misJead o searchfor the origins o{ thisidea in ancientChinese raditions ofthou8ht and not inthose of modernEurope.One is bound o ask

why the "manikin inman" seems soappealinS o modernChinese octors.

,6|--ffilr o"$r,Jr\ j Y--__-:_\

rffi)Wm*N''--.)h-(

fi\u.e 5. Honun.ulus on head.

These categories f faculties were used n whatwas called neurological esearch, ut the doctrine

ryffithat mental aculties ouldbe localised only {ourndgeneral cceptance n the1860's with Broca'sresearch. Broca (1824-1BB0) ocated he faculty

of"afticulate

speech" inthe left frontal thirdconvolution f the coftex,a f i nd ing wh ich hadimpact ar beyond neuroIogical esearch.

By establishing arelation between psychicactivity and organicstructure, /aculries" of themind were not onlylocal sed, ut materialised;the d iv ine mind was husreduced o the physicalworJd. By localisingspeech, which was

believed o be the uniquely human faculty, hedifference etween man and animal was reduced oan anatomical entity. Broca's findings thussupported he endeavours f the anticlerical eflwinS n France 15:chapter passim).

Chinese depi.Iion ofnanikin in the ear; and faot rcflexalogy

once the aculty f afticulate peech as ocaJisedand defined ot as mental aculty, Lrt s a somaticmotor and sensory unction of the nervous ystem,the ce was broken or research hich was pursued,on the one hand, by Sherrington, eyton, nd laterPenfield, asmussen tc.,and, on the other, utsidethe biomedical establishment o the research nzone herapy F/gures , 5 and 6).To summarise: ogier 's nvention was stimulated

by practices of Western folk medicine that wereinterpreted n terms of Western iomedicine ndsynthesised ccording o insights f zone herapists.

Honun.ulus on bane.

I suppose hai an answer an be found irst n theChinese nicrocosm-macrocosm onception t theuniverse and second in the assumption hat

Homunculusn Ear Homunculus n Fool

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l1

Manwithbones s microcosmsE2-6 ,lEtg8&g

Acupunctute in Medicine 11) 1992 Vol tA Supplernenl



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manipulations t an acupuncture ointcan have aFreaching effects. n order to make this suggestionplausible, will digress hodly nto he discussion fsome basic oncepts f acupuncture.

Let me begin with the lippant omment hat: '?nacupunctutist seems to do with his needles what acar mechanic does with a screw driver: he bringsthe machine back nto order". lndeed, an acupunc

turistand

his s hardly known n the West) has owork on the needle, urning t one way or the other,as one does ^hen ightenilg or loosening screw.Just as the effort nvolved n tightening a screw maybe ocal or distant aswhen you adjust car 's imingwhich regulates he ignition { the {ueland in turnmakes he pistons rive), he work an acupuncturistexerts on the needle may have ocal or far-reachingand generally armonising ffectsn the body.

However, what he works on is not a screw butqixue, "breath and blood" f/7j page 1). Nor is thework he pefforms on the needle restricted o aclockwise or counter-clockwise urning o{ theneedle. n order o either strenBthen r discharge heqiue;n the body, an acupuncturist ay push andpull he needle, e may shiftand shake, r twirl androtate t. In order to bring stagnant q/xue back intomotion, he may work on the needle according othe method oI "the blue-green dngon swaying histail" (qin]Iong baiwei), "the white tiqer shaking hishead" (baihu yaotou), "the gtey turtle digqing ahole" (canggui tanxue) and "the red phoenixSrcetinq hi


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supposed o ulilise hings i


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Nogier also borrowed herapeutjc evices romacupunciure: e errphasises ynamics nd a florn, fcncrglr FEuf-. /01 belween he enf points, and

proposes alsotreatment byc o m b i n i n g

jLrst s one aloes

throu!,hcJrt fre1960 ' s Nog ie rl imitedinitialdisco!,eryto t he empiric.rlfindings thatcertatn )otnts ttfe eaf nadreguatory andt h e r a p c u t r c

1 1 .Hi s l a l e r

altcmpl loSyflhcsisc hisTind ings n thel f t e l r e l a l t o J t s

re8Lrlntoryoinls, , , ,hirh e nrodelled pon nterre-lnlions beL\,, 'een oints in Eu(lidenn geometrylFigrtre1)). lfrportnnt of the transier f .ruficulotherapy rom Frrrct)e China s that t took plirce

Pontts on Llt.- )rrk ai th.- e.t iarlntal ReNalLlti.tl).

I i n ..t t he LlPet i. elt .,t-r

Tftnsfet and trunsformatiLtn ofauriculotherapy in ChinaArrricLrlothernpy.rs intr(Xlucecl nt.r Chinr inDecember 95B a2rl, several ouTses n aunculotherapy ere held n the ollowing eat (27:patc46) and t was aught n tcxtbooks 3l: patl ), pagcsll5 22) cvcn bcfofcacupuncturc nalgcsia. uringthe Cultural Revolution 11966 6), whcn rcscarchinto Ch ncsc mcdicinc was intensrlied, hal inLo, . r ' , . n h ' ' o r n 1 . l l . n l r n n r * | a d r . p r . . "contin|]ed o be promoted y the glovernnrenLn the1980's. 1 this tinre ol Cultul?/ Revo/utrcr) anvbooklels ere puLrlished.n lhese, illt ior]srorn heChinese medical lassics rovided r) he one hand

a''s.ienliii."

lf,exuel explafalion ior lhe successesobserved n lhe clinic - remerrber he .nechanisticexpl!n!tions ith regarclo the networl< i Channels- dn(l creirted on the other a "myth of oritin".aLrricLrlothernpyad Chinese recursors. ogierwascrediled as only one of thelaier elirborntors of thisoriginally Chinese therapyand, eventuall,v, is nanrc sdropped (32). Morcovcr,ma of modiiicatrons ofNogrer's chema ere madc.Points t correspondence f

the bac < of thc ear werepostulatcd FBUr7l.l ,whichaugmcnted he nrmber olpoints o over two hundred.Evidcncc ronr the Chinesemcdical itcralur was lound\,vhich postulaled ones oicorresponoence etween eg-ionsoi the back of the enr andlhe nner rgans FiBUre1).The se.ond nroaliiicalion i NoSief 's mode

concerned l-re nterrelations etween he points of

conespondence n the eaf. Jn order o ,ccount orcertain nterrelations etween he points n the ear,the Chinese ystematically rojected racts nto heear according o the description f their coursc n

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Thc cat D "Au.i.'1.7het.py" lNaelet t.)72).lnt rclationt be^ree. point!nidlelled an LD.lklan geotn-.t\)

at a tinre 'vher NoSier 's onceptual ramer'vork tillcontainccl hif ese notions.

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(CulturalRevolutian)

"The Yellow Empe-ror's lnner Canon"(Figure | 5).A structure was

projected onto theearlobe: the "nlnepalaces" jiugong, olmore accurately n

this context, the"hall of brightness"(minBtang) (Figure/6). The hall oibriBhtnessn ancienttexts designated apavilion n which heemperor carneo outthe ritual acts"which si?nilied theunity of heaven andeafth in the cosmicpatten" (l B: page287). This conceptlater played animportant role inmeditation. Locatedbetween the eyebrows (the hal/ ofbrghiness is in theregion of the ymtangacupuncture point)(32: page 136), t isgenerally nown astl\e "upper cinna-

The practice ofawiculothenpy(1989)During my fieldworkin Yunnan n I9BB/9,found that auricu-lotherapy was notonly practised inmany acLrpuncturedepartments olgovernment ospitals,mostly for treatinggallstones, ut also bysmall groups nnexedto worl( units andcollectives, andprivate practitioners.soon realised that,apart from deliveringprimary health care,auriculotherapy as alucrative usiness or

Au ricu otherap st n thebacknreeE of a country bwn

This representation as hus distinct elemenls fthe Chinese radition among which the hali o/brEhtneir, he projection of Chinese rgans nto theear and he conception f a "manikinin man" as a"micro-microcosm in the microcosm" arc mostevident-

I hope o have hown hat auriculotherapy ot onlymeets needs f primary health care n China, but

also its he Chinese onceptualisations f the body.Before finish, think t is necessary o point also othe more shady ides f this nnovation.

Ihe Min\tang on the earlobelCulturalRevalution).

Ihe ear n a 1941 Chinese

Change n rcpresentalion of the ear points.

barfield" (shan1dantian.) nd in some traditions ofmeditation s the point where the light of themeditator 's lairvoyance riginates.

FEUre ?6 indicates hat the modifications of theCultural Revolution were weakened n the first case,dropped n the second. and systematised n thethird. n other words, ear points n t he back of theear are now fewer, no tract system s mentioned andthe position of points has been shifted nto thecentre of each ofthe rine palaces.

Acupuncturcn Medicine

those who provided t. Most of these were tinerantdoctors, members f the floating population whocan almost vade overnment ontrol.

ltsadvantages f being conomical, ot sensrtrveopoor hygiene and without any secondary effects,have reduced the need of capital for startinS anenterprise nd minimalised he risks f entertainingit. l t was thus an ideal occupation or poorlyschooled youths who mi8ht otherwise beunemployed. he ollowing may give an impressionof the vectors of transmission or auriculotherapy

outside he government nits n he PRC.In the muddy backstreets f any country own, onecould ind auriculotherapists ands and tools arfrom aseptic Figure 7).

ln the main street of a district town I found acouple of itinerant doctors. She was twenty-five, hewas ifty; wife and husband. n the summer monthsthey offered diaSnosis ased on auriculotherapytheory and lodged n a privately un hosteli nwinter they were Chinese doctors and wofked intheir family's private practice n a neighbouringprovince. hey were making fortune. he set up oftheir summer practice was very clever: she wasdownstairs n front of the gale to the hostel, smartard se' .1: he ! ac up.lair\ n d drm "oom. qerioL5with grey hair A shininB rachine as displayed na table next o her. Eardia8nosis ith the machine

11 6 1992 Vol 1O Supplement



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was expensive three u.rn), ut why not give it atry?The charmingwoman, who wore a penetratingperfume, as skilled n leadinB he electrode roundthe ear. t screeched ncl umbled, and made alJkindsof noises. he esult as given o the client apaper with marks n red on it. The curious lientwas old hal he points n the ear where he voltagewas ow were ndicated y a rumbling ound- hisshowed a pathological ondition of the corre-sponding rSans nd organ ystems marked y redunderlining n the paper. He was now given hechoice: either eave n this state of perplexion rascend o the doctof for further informalion. tseemed hat the doctor had littJe more under-standing f the red scribbles han his client since,once n the cloctor 's oom, every lient was subjectLopulse dia8nosis. ut no one ft withoulallowinghimself o be given rcatment or arge un-is f cashThis group of health workers Fisure B) came rom

a worl


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l0 .Nogier PFM 1967) inze unkte nd KardinalpunkteowieSeometrischc BeziehunBen. DeuEchc Zenschtitt fijlAkupunktu. 1 6 (no. 1): 12) 25

11. Nogier PFM (1967) Dri n icht erwi i rLele l in ischcAnwendungsnr.jglichkeiten er Ohrtherapie. Deuis.heZeitschtilt ijt Akupunktur 16 (no.1):125r)

I2. Nogier PFM 11972) Teatise at ALticulathetapy.Maisoineuvc, Moulins eeMetz

l l .Comp la t ion of the Abstr.c ls ot Aclplncture andMox bun on Pape*, the FiRl Wor d Conference onc . . p r r u r \ 4 u \ r b u . n . N . \ ' , )6 I n 8 - I i i - a

14.l-latrinSton (1l987)Medlcine, Mind, and the Da\lte Bnin.Pr inceton ni !e6i ly Pre$.

l5 .Hsi i E (1986) Ein Bercht z!r Role der Tradi t ione nMedizi i in der Vokvepubik China, Seminararbei t nEthnomedizin , nivers i t i i ti i r ich 20p

l6.Lewis G (1l986) he Lookof Mag c. Man, N.5. 21 (Do. ) :414 37

17.1! GD, Needhanr {1980) Ce/er t la / arcets . CambrdS

18. Needham (r956) S.iencc & Civilisation n China. volume-2.Cambri.lgeUnive6ity Press

l9 .Penf ie ld W Boldrey (1937)Sonal ic motor and sensory

reprsentation n the cerebnl coflex of man as studied byelcciricalstim!lition. AraD. a;t) 349 44320.Penfield W RrsmLrssen (1950) Ihc Cerebr.)/ Corex ot

2r.Tatchel WA 119A9)Me.lical Missians

24.Woo 8ar SW (1976) Wit inS an lnte cctua his tofy olsc ent i f ic developnrent : he rse ot d iscovery (cornts .SacialStudies i Scien.e. 6 )95 422

25..^non r19 (1971) E.zhen Lt.ro/a. ZhongSlo Kexueyu.nDongw! Yanl i !suo, exue hubanshe

26.A.ro . 64 11972) rzhe" . hrfgha Chubanshe27.Anof 165 119721) Zhenjiu rrzhe, Liaofa. Shanshaishi

Erzhen iezuo i rozLr, anyeChubanshe28.Chen Congs!n (1987) Shi lun Zhot8Euoshi Erzhen" e

"FaBuoshiErzhen" e yi tong.Unpub p.rper or Fi6t WorldCoi lerence n Acupuncture oxibust ion. p .

29.Ye Xiaol in 1958) t ransl . ) zren Liaota ieshao. han8r; l iZhoDgyiyao azhi, Zhenjiu Zhuanye. A.upuncture SpeclalNumber .45 8 {571 1)

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Acupun.turc n Medicine 118 t !92 vul 1A uNlencnt



11/11

doi: 10.1136/aim.10.Suppl.109 1992 10: 109-118Acupunct Med

Elisabeth Hs auriculotherapyThe history and development of

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