Centro Nacional de Datos Oceanográficos (CeNDO) en México

M.C. Sergio Larios / Dr. Carlos TorresIIO/UABC

slarios@uabc.edu.mx / ctorres@uabc.edu.mxEnnsenada, Baja California, 4 de agosto 2015

“Evidencia de Cambio Climático y Efectos en la Pesquería de Calamar de California en Ensenada, B.C., México”

• Evidencia de Cambio Climático• El Calamar y la temperatura• Efectos del Cambio Climático en pesquerías de

Calamar de California (Loligo opalescens )• La temperatura y la surgencia en California• Cambios de patrones climáticos• Recomendaciones

http://data.giss.nasa.gov/http://data.giss.nasa.gov/cgi-bin/gistemp/nmaps.cgi?sat=4&sst=6&type=anoms&mean_gen=06&year1=2015&year2=2015&base1=1951&base2=1980&radius=1200&pol=rob

Global Temperature

http://www.columbia.edu/~mhs119/Temperature/

http://www.columbia.edu/~mhs119/Temperature/T_moreFigs/

Monthly Analysis

http://www.columbia.edu/~mhs119/Temperature/T_moreFigs/

Changes in Seasonal Resolution

http://www.columbia.edu/~mhs119/Temperature/T_moreFigs/

Annual Analysis

Decadal Anomalies

Regional Changes

U.S. Summer and Winter Temperature

Arctic Oscillation Index

Surface Temperature Anomaly (C) at Extreme AO Index

Greenland Station Locations and Annual Mean Temperature Change

Arctic Summer (Jun-Jul-Aug) Temperature Anomalies

Antarctic Summer (Dec-Jan-Feb) Temperature Anomalies

Updates of figures in Hansen, et al. Global temperature change, 2006, PNAS.

http://www.columbia.edu/~mhs119/Temperature/T_moreFigs/

Global Climate Changes as Forecast by Goddard Institute for Space Studies Three-Dimensional Model, 1988, JGR and Fig. 2 in Hansen, et al., 2006, PNAS. (Updated on 2015/01/16, now with GHCN version 3.2.2 and ERSST v3b)

New York, Los Angeles, Boston and Buffalo

All above data source: NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies, New York, NY, except several NOAA data sets mentioned above. (See data.giss.nasa.gov/gistemp for details and data.) Note: The Byrd Station data in central West Antarctica were replaced by Bromwich et al's data. (since 2013/03/21)

2010_2015_SSt_IslaTodosSantos

Swain et. Al. 2015. THE EXTRAORDINARY CALIFORNIA DROUGHT OF 2013/2014: CHARACTER, CONTEXT, AND THE ROLE OF CLIMATE CHANGE. Bams 14 1.

Low rainfall, unusually warm temperatures, and stable atmospheric conditions affected the health of fisheries and other ecosystems (CDFW 2014).

2013-2015 California Sea Lion Unusual Mortality Event in Californiahttp://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/pr/health/mmume/californiasealions2013.htmElevated strandings of California sea lion pups have occurred in Southern California since January 2013. This event has been declared an Unusual Mortality Event (UME).The UME is confined to pup and yearling California sea lions. Many of the sea lions are:Emaciated, dehydrated, very underweight for their ageReport a stranded sea lionReport a live or dead stranded sea lion (or any marine mammal) to the local stranding network.http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/pr/health/mmume/casealion2013.htm

Hungry Sea Lion Pups Are Showing Up on San Francisco Streetshttp://www.citylab.com/weather/2015/05/hungry-sea-lion-pups-are-showing-up-on-san-francisco-streets/392039/May 1, 2015

Record Number of Seals and Sea Lions Rescued in California APRIL 21, 2014A toxic algal bloom and other factors are leading to marine mammal distress.http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2014/04/140422-seals-sea-lions-stranded-marine-mammals-california-rescue/"perfect storm" of causes, including a toxic algal bloom and seasonal factors.

Profundidad de la isoterma 12°C frente a California (~34°N) de (a) 1950–75 y (c) 1976–2000, loge (volumen macrozooplankton (cm3 1000 m−3) para (b) 1950–75 y (d) 1976–2000.

Regions requiring significant interpolation or extrapolation are shaded gray, and nearshore areas in white are where the 12°C isotherm outcrops. Stations are marked by a dot and their labels are given on the top axis of each plot. Time series of (e) alongshore volume transport (106 m3 s−1), calculated between stations 80.55 and 80.90 for each cruise, and (f) monthly upwelling index anomalies (m3 s−1 1000 m−1; base period 1946–1997), which are estimates of offshore Ekman transport driven by the alongshore geostrophic wind stress at 34°N, 120°W, are shown to the right of the time-distance plots McGowan et al., 2003.

Recomendaciones:1) Sustentar las decisiones pertinentes al esfuerzo pesquero y tamaño de la flota en monitoreo y la evaluación del esfuerzo pesquero, el ecosistema y los impactos del cambio climático.2) La tendencia global es reducción del tamaño de las flotas, ya que las poblaciones de sardina y pelágicos menores están al máximo de su captura sustentable en el pacifico.

All above data source: NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies, New York, NY, except several NOAA data sets mentioned above. (See data.giss.nasa.gov/gistemp for details and data.) Note: The Byrd Station data in central West Antarctica were replaced by Bromwich et al's data. (since 2013/03/21)

Central Park, New York City

http://www.columbia.edu/~mhs119/Temperature/T_moreFigs/NYNY/global+NYC_current.pdf

Note 1: GHCN-M version 3 replaced version 2 in GISS temperature analysis because NOAA/NCDC no longer updates version 2. (since 2011/12/15) GHCN v3.2.2 was replaced by v3.3.0 (since 2015/06/13, See NASA GISS Updates to Analysis page for details.)Note 2: Ocean data were switched from HadISST1 + OI SST to ERSST. (since 2013/01/15) Ocean data were switched again from ERSST v3b to ERSST v4. (since 2015/07/15, corrected on 2015/07/19)Our Essays:Global Temperature Update (2015/08/24)Global Warming Hole (2015/03/31)Global Temperature in 2014 and 2015 (2015/01/16)Global Temperature Update Through 2013: A Discussion. (2014/01/21)Global Temperature Update Through 2012: Discussion of latest data. (2013/01/15)Global Temperature in 2011, Trends, and Prospects: Update of GISS temperature analysis and discussion. (2012/01/19)

http://www.columbia.edu/~mhs119/Temperature/

Loligo opalescens Berry, 1911, Proc.U.S.Nat.Mus., 40:591.Synonymy : Loligo stearnsi Hemphill, 1892.

Geographical Distribution :Eastern Pacific: 25°N to 50°N,particularly in the waters of theCalifornia Current

Habitat and Biology : This species schools by sizes and occurs primarily in water temperatures from 10 to 16°C, but ismost abundant (and vulnerable to the fishery) after the end of the upwelling season in correlation with the increase in water temperatures when spawning aggregations are formed in 25 to 35 m depths off the Channel Islands and in 20 to 55 m depth in the Monterey Bay; mass spawning in Monterey Bay usually occurs between April and December with peaks in May or June and in November, but takes place progressively later northwards.

The egg masses are deposited on the bottom in big patches of severa1 meters in diameter, usually in relatively shallow water, but in some cases down to 180 m depth; larvae hatch after 21 to 28 days at water temperatures of 16°C and in 30 to 35 days at 13.6°C.

Growth is strongly seasonal: squid hatched in early summer will grow rapidly and reach adult size in about 1 year, while late broods subjected initially to low winter temperatures (and hence having low initial grow rates) will take 1 1/2 to 2 years (Spratt, 1978). Post-spawning mortality is high in both sexes. Market squid of all sizes feed predominantly on euphausids, except on the spawning grounds where they prefer crab larvae (megalopa). Futhermore, their diet includes other crustaceans (such as copepods, mysidacea and cumaceans), molluscs (particularly cephalopods and gastropods) and fish (Karpov & Caillet, 1978).

Cannibalism is common. The daily feeding rate is estimated at 14% of the biomass. On the other hand, the species is an important food item in the diet of numerous finfishes (salmon, flatfishes and others), sharks, marine mammals and sea birds. Size : Maximum size 19 cm dorsal mantle length and 130 g weight in males, 17 cm and 90 g respectively in females; average total length about 30 cm. Minimum size at spawning ranges between 8 and 12 cm in females, and between7 and 11 cm in males. Males grow larger than females. Local Names : JAPAN: Kariforunia yariika; USA: Market squid, Opalescent inshore squid.

Literature : Fields (1950, 1965, biology and life history, fishery); Hurley (1976, food and feeding, growth and respiration; 1977, school structure); Okutani (1977); Recksiek & Frey (eds, 1978, collection of papers on thebiology); Tomiyama & Hibiya (1978).FAO 2003, FAO_SC_Vol_03_CEPHALOPODS OF THE WORLD_ac479e P95-97

Denominación Comercial Calamar de California o Calamar de MonterreyDenominación Científica Loligo opalescens (Berry, 1911)Denominaciones Comerciales UE Reino Unido: Opalescent inshore squidFrancia: Calmar opaleTaxonomía Orden: CephalopodaFamilia: LoliginidaeCódigo FAO SQDMétodo de producción Pesca extractivaÁreas de Pesca 67 - Pacífico noreste77 - Pacífico centro este

Calamar de California o Calamar de Monterrey

http://doconmontereybay.files.wordpress.com/2013/06/bradyscatchmap190-2011.jpg

Season TotalLandings (st)

SeasonalCatch Limit* (st) Ex-Vessel Value

2000-01 124,378 NA $24,158,780

2001-02 102,914 125,000 $20,239,487

2002-03 47,016 125,000 $11,989,850

2003-04 60,476 125,000 $29,052,936

2004-05 56,572 125,000 $27,055,085

2005-06 82,108 118,000 $42,335,963

2006-07 38,366 118,000 $18,741,532

2007-08 50,635 118,000 $29,432,948

2008-09 40,146 118,000 $27,410,268

2009-10 93,604 118,000 $48,178,329

2010-11 133,642 118,000 $66,236,305

2011-12 134,868 118,000 $67,242,700

2012-13 106,085 118,000 $62,781,266

Market Squid Landings and Value Information*The seasonal catch limit from the 2000-2001 season to the 2004-2005 season was set as a quota by CDFW. The Market Squid Fishery Management Plan went into effect for the 2005-2006 season and established a seasonal catch limit of 118,000 short tons for the commercial market squid fishery.

Noviembre 2000

Potential Threats to Market Squid:

1.) Climate change and its impact on ocean temperatures. Warming temperatures could be problematic for squid.

2.) Expansion of the much larger Humbolt squid from the south with warming coastal waters. Humbolt squid are voracious predators and enjoy the taste of Doryteuthis species.

3.) Hypoxia caused by upwelling events that draw cold, low-oxygen water from the deep sea onto the shelf where it can cause large-scale fish die-offs.

4.) Coastal pollution, especially in proximity of squid nurseries. Recent proposals to develop seawater desalination facilities along California’s coast could create dense plumes of brine that have the potential to sink and settle overtop the vast white carpets of egg capsules on the seafloor, if not properly mitigated. No one knows how brine will impact developing squid embryos or the many other species comprising marine benthic communities.

• Scientific Uncertainties:• Fluctuations in squid abundance are poorly understood

and impossible to predict. Another problem is that scientists have no idea how big squid populations are either. Such gaps of knowledge make fishery management difficult. Nonetheless, we now know ocean temperature plays an important role in squid abundance. One day, we may be able to predict good and bad years for squid fishing by learning to forecast ocean conditions, much like we do the weather. In the meantime, much research still needs to be done.

DISTRIBUTION AND HABITAT OF L. OPALESCENSMere recitation of the geographic boundaries of the area which a creature inhabits contributes little to an understanding of its way of life; only when the dynamic factors impinging upon the individual and the population are known can the observed facts be properly assembled, like the tiles of a mosaic, into a true picture of the animal's life history. For this reason, the recorded limits and the physical oceanography of the habitat of L. opalescens will be described here, and the biological components will be considered in their appropriate places later.DistributionAccording to Berry (1912) Loligo opalescens ranges from Puget Sound, Washington, to San Diego, California, "... and in its proper season is everywhere abundant, usually occurring in great shoals by the thousand." Steinbeck and Ricketts (1941) reported this squid in the Gulf of California, and mentioned that it was taken in quantity by a shrimp dredger south of Guaymas. If, in fact, they were dealing with L. opalescens, this greatly extends its southern range to below lat. 28° N. and indicates that this pelagic species may frequent the waters to the south of the tip of Baja California (i.e. at least to lat. 22° N.) either continuously or by seasonal migration to provide reproductive continuity with its previously known population to the north.The northern range must also be extended. Pritchard and Tester (1944) reported L. opalescens was a significant part of the stomach contents of king salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha, caught off the eastern (Gulf Islands) and western (Barkley Sound) coasts of the southern part of Vancouver Island, but did not report them from elsewhere on the British Columbian coast. Gordon C. Pike (1953, pers. commun.) reported finding a single Loligo (in the stomach of a humpback whale, Megaptera nodosa) while examining the stomach contents of whales at the Coal Harbour, British Columbia, whaling station (lat. 50° 36' N., long. 127° 35' W.) during the summer of 1952.Among the Gulf Islands to the east of southern Vancouver Island this squid is taken in otter trawls in 30–55 fathoms of water fairly frequently in winter; in some summers these animals are seen under the lights of wharves in this area and egg masses are found occasionally. During July and August 1958, this squid was abundant in the harbors of Victoria and Esquimalt, British Columbia, mating and spawning there. In August and September of the next two years, it spawned in great numbers near Victoria in Cadboro Bay, but did not reappear there in 1961.Physical OceanographyA very brief survey of some aspects of the oceanography of the eastern Pacific Ocean will give a general picture of the particular marine environment in which L. opalescens is found. The Monterey Bay region is described in considerable detail because most of my work was done there.The characteristics of Monterey Bay are well documented, physiographically by Galliher (1932) and by Smith and Gordon (1948), hydrographically by Skogsberg (1936), Skogsberg and Phelps (1946), and with regard to water and plankton characteristics by Bigelow and Leslie (1930), Phelps (1937), and by several reports of the California Cooperative Oceanic Fisheries Investigations. The reports of this series and works by Gislen (1943, 1944), Sverdrup et al. (1942), and Dodimead and Hollister (1958) give a broader picture of the coastal waters. Steinbeck and Ricketts (1941) describe some conditions in the Gulf of California, quoting in part from Thorade (1909). Water characteristics in Puget Sound are given by Thompson et al. (1928), Johnson and Thompson (1929) and Thompson and Johnson (1930); those of Canadian coastal waters are described by Cameron and Mounce (1922), Barraclough and Waldichuk (1954), Waldichuk (1957) and the Pacific Oceanographic Group (1953).The warmer oxygen-containing surface water of the Pacific Ocean lies above the deep zone (Gislen 1944) of cold nutrient-rich but oxygen-poor water which has come into the Pacific basin from the Antarctic. Under the influences of the earth's rotation and the prevailing winds the Japan Current (Kuroshio) flows eastward across the northern Pacific. As it approaches North America, this huge shallow stream diverges to form the Alaskan Gyre which turns northward along the Canadian and Alaskan coasts to the Aleutian Islands, and the California Current which flows southward off the coast of the United States to the vicinity of Point Conception where it turns south-westward to join the North Equatorial Current. This offshore trend draws water northward along the Mexican coast, and some of this forms the Southern California Countercurrent, a counter-clockwise eddy in the shelter of Point Conception and the Channel Islands off southern California.The main clockwise movement of the California Current as a part of the ocean's surface tends by Corioli's force to thicken this layer far offshore, and constant winds at certain times of the year also tend to carry this surface water away from the coast of California. Both of these factors contribute to the upwelling of cold, rich water from intermediate depths along the coast where the continental shelf is narrow. At Monterey, successive pulses of strong upwelling occur from March into August of each year, and the upwelled water moves slowly southward as it mixes with and enriches that at the surface.According to Reid, Roden and Wyllie (1958), "A deep countercurrent, below 200 meters, flows to the northwest along the coastfrom Baja California to some point beyond Cape Mendocino. It brings warmer, more saline water great distances northward along the coast," i.e. at least to northern California. Skogsberg (1936) states that some characteristics of the upwelling at Monterey suggest this water is not deflected upward by the coastline itself but by a deep current parallel to the coast.After the period of upwelling, the California Current apparently slackens and meanders so that its water (typically oceanic in its warmth, reduced phytoplankton, and charactersitic zooplankton) forms the superficial coastal layer during September and October. This is called the oceanic period.From November to February, the Davidson Current, a strong countercurrent from the south, becomes the dominant feature of the inshore surface water. This carries water from south of Point Conception northward along the whole California coast, and according to Sverdrup et al. (1942), "to at least lat. 48° N." In some years, it apparently reaches Canadian waters (Radovich, 1961; Favorite, 1961), for in 1959 the sandcrab Emerita analoga was found on the west coast of Vancouver Island (Butler, 1959), although its northernmost range was reported by Ricketts and Calvin (1952) to be Oregon. An alternative but unlikely possibility is that the Japan Current divergence shifted southward far enough to sweep water from the Oregon coast northward into the Alaskan Gyre.At Monterey, the upwelling period, oceanic period, and Davidson Current period recur regularly in the general pattern described above, although some variations occur from year to year in the time of onset and termination and in the intensity of the typical conditions associated with each period.

http://content.cdlib.org/view?docId=kt267n98pt;NAAN=13030&doc.view=frames&chunk.id=d0e331&toc.depth=1&toc.id=d0e331&brand=calisphere

La sardina del Pacífico Sardinops sagax caerulea prefiere temperaturas de 17 a 20 ºC, el porcentaje de sobrevivencia en las fluctuaciones de verano (18 a 23°C) fue de 60 % y en las fluctuaciones de invierno (13 a 18 °C ) >80 %.

Durante el proceso de aclimatación de las sardinas al intervalo térmico de 15 a 27 °C, la mortalidad fue de 1.43 a 75 por ciento, debido a la alta mortalidad que se registró en 27 °C, se trabajó con la temperatura de aclimatación de 26 °C como límite térmico (mortalidad 49%).Temperatura letal incipiente superior: 24.6 a 25.6 °CTemperatura crítica máxima: 27 a 32 °C (depende de la temperatura de a la que fueron aclimatados los organismos)Temperatura crítica mínima: 5.8 a 15.3 °C (depende de la temperatura a la que fueron aclimatados los organismos)Preferencia térmica: 17 a 20 °C con un preferencia final de 18 °C

Dra. Mónica Hernández y Dr. Benjamín Barón, CICESE, http://ciencias.jornada.com.mx/noticias/la-sardina-indicadora-de-cambio-climatico

Cambio climático colapsa pesca de sardinas en el Caribe, basado en mediciones mensuales

El colapso de las pesca de sardina en el sur del Mar Caribe durante la última década serelaciona con el cambio climático global, según un estudio.Investigadores de Estados Unidos y Venezuela relacionaron mediciones tomadas en el sur del Mar Caribe, e indicadores globales de cambio climático.

Los índices revelan una correlación con los cambios en el viento y los patrones regionales de circulación de agua de mar, que pueden tener graves consecuencias socioeconómicas para los países del Caribe, como el colapso de la explotación pesquera de la sardina.

La alimentación de la sardina, Sardinella aurita, se basa en el plancton, que ha disminuido Desde el 2005. Actas de la Academia Nacional de Ciencias (PNAS), 15 Octubre 2012los niveles decrecientes de plancton son el resultado de una reducción en la surgencia del océano, fenómeno por el cual los nutrientes cruciales para la producción de plancton suben desde el fondo del mar hasta la superficie.

Esta disminución de la surgencia, a su vez, ha sido causada por modificaciones en los patrones y la fuerza del viento relacionados con el cambio climático global.

Referencias PNAS doi:10.1073/pnas.1207514109 (2012) - See more at: http://www.scidev.net/america-latina/biodiversidad/noticias/cambio-clim-tico-colapsa-pesca-de-sardinas-.html#sthash.IPBZyfUi.dpufhttp://www.scidev.net/america-latina/biodiversidad/noticias/cambio-clim-tico-colapsa-pesca-de-sardinas-.html