Cómo diseñar un examen con la

técnica tipo ‘cloze’

Alma Ortiz

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El Todo Es Más Que La Suma De Sus Partes Los psicólogos iniciadores de esta corriente, Max Wertheimer (1880-1943), Wolfgang Köhler (1887-1967) y Kurt Koffka (1887-1941), desarrollaron el programa de investigación de la Gestalt a principios de la década de 1910, trabajando sobre el "movimiento aparente" y dando lugar a la teoría del " fenómeno Phi (El fenómeno phi es una ilusión óptica de nuestro cerebro que hace percibir movimiento continuo en donde hay una sucesión de imágenes)".

cloze • Término utilizado en la

psicología ‘gestalt’, el “cierre” de un proceso relacionado con la percepción de figuras incompletas

• Llama al contexto extralingüístico ya que se tiene que inferir a partir de hechos, ideas, procesos del ‘discurso’ presentado

• La técnica no es natural pero el llamado a solucionar la tarea sí lo es.

Jarrón del psicólogo Danés Edgar Rubin (1915)

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Antecedentes del ‘cloze’ como técnica de evaluación

• Originalmente se utilizó esta técnica para medir legibilidad textual y no necesariamente comprensión de un texto escrito.

• La técnica inicial demanda que el sujeto incluya la palabra exacta.

• Por consecuencia se infiere que entiende el texto en su totalidad.

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Se inicia con un texto previamente analizado para saber si es pertinente al

examen / habilidad / a los sujetos que se quieren evaluar

The wheel is another invention so ancient that we have no way of knowing who first developed it. The oldest wheel and axle mechanism we've found was near Ljubljana, Slovenia, and dates to roughly 3100 B.C.

The wheel made the transportation of goods much faster and more efficient, especially when affixed to horse-drawn chariots and carts. However, if it had been used only for transportation, the wheel wouldn't have been as much of a world-changer as it was. In fact, a lack of quality roads limited its usefulness in this regard for thousands of years.

A wheel can be _7_ for a lot of things other than sticking __8__ on a cart to carry grain, though. Tens __9__thousands of other inventions require wheels to function, __10__ water wheels that power mills to gears and __11__that allowed even ancient cultures to create complex __12__. Cranks and pulleys need wheels to work. A __13__ amount of modern technology still depends on the __14__, like centrifuges used in chemistry and medical research, __15__motors and combustion engines, jet engines, power plants __16__ countless others.

Se deja intacto el primer párrafo, una o dos oraciones iniciales para que el sujeto tenga un apoyo contextual.

La técnica se basa en ‘quitar’ una palabra cada 7, 9, 11 palabras del texto.

EN ESTE CASO HEMOS QUITADO CADA 9 PALABRAS

Es recomendable quitar por lo menos 30 palabras para que el repertorio se más completo.

EN ESTE CASO EL TEXTO ES CORTO Y SÓLO SE QUITARON 16

¡¡ANALIZEMOS LAS PALABRAS ELIDIDAS!!

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De las palabras elididas tendremos un repertorio que ‘construirá’ la percepción del lector sobre este texto.

• El concepto es que quitando suficientes palabras

tengamos una muestra adecuada del texto (contenido, tema, gramática, léxico)

• Los límites de algunos espacios estarán determinados a largo alcance en el discurso, otros espacios medirán los constituyentes inmediatos de la oración o de las palabras a su alrededor.

• La palabra por la que se inicia ‘guía’ el examen, si se

selecciona otra palabra se obtendrá otro examen.

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La técnica inicial demanda que el sujeto incluya

la palabra exacta.

Printing Press Like many of the inventions on this list, the man

we believe invented the printing press (Johann Gutenberg in the 1430s) ____________improved on pre-existing technologies and made them useful _______ efficient enough to become popular. The world already _________paper and block printing -- the Chinese had them _______ early as the 11th century -- but the complexity _______ their language limited popularity. Marco Polo brought the _______ to Europe in 1295.

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Sólo la palabra exacta es aceptada como válida

Printing Press Like many of the inventions on this list, the man

we believe invented the printing press (Johann Gutenberg in the 1430s) actually improved on pre-existing technologies and made them useful and efficient enough to become popular. The world already had paper and block printing -- the Chinese had them as early as the 11th century -- but the complexity of their language limited popularity. Marco Polo brought the idea to Europe in 1295.

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Se pueden aceptar sinónimos.

actually — to tell the truth <actually, I'd rather spend the evening at home> Synonyms : admittedly, forsooth, frankly, honestly, indeed,really, truly, truthfully, verily and —used as a function word to indicate connection or addition especially of items within the same

class or type ; used to join sentence elements of the same grammatical rank or function. had — transitive verb, a : to hold or maintain as a possession, privilege, or entitlement <they have a

new car> <I have my rights>b : to hold in one's use, service, regard, or at one's disposal<the group will have enough tickets for everyone> <we don't have time to stay>c : to hold, include, or contain as a part or whole <the car has power brakes> <April has 30 days>

of—used as a function word to indicate a point of reckoning<north of the lake> a —used as a function

word to indicate origin or derivation <a man of noble birth>b —used as a function word to indicate the cause, motive, or reason <died of flu>c : BY <plays of Shakespeare>d : on the part of <very kind of you>e : occurring in <a fish of the western Atlantic>

idea — a transcendent entity that is a real pattern of which existing things are imperfect

representations Synonyms: abstraction, cogitation, concept, conception,image, impression, intellection, mind's

eye, notion, picture,thought Gracias Merriam-Webster

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Se pueden ofrecer opciones

Light Bulb

If there's a common theme to this list, it's that no major invention came from a single stroke of genius from a single inventor. Every invention is built by incrementally improving earlier __1__and the person usually associated with an invention __2__ the first person to make it commercially viable. __3__ is the case with the light bulb. We __4__think of Thomas Edison as the electric bulb’s __5__inventor, but dozens of people were working on __6__ ideas in the 1870s, when Edison developed __7__ incandescent bulb. Joseph Swan did similar work in __8__ at the time, and eventually the two merged __9__ ideas into a single company, Ediswan.

1.a) designs 2. a) has b) ideas b) this c) tasks c) is d) companies d) its 3. a) One 4. a) immediately b) Such b) increasingly c) But c) actually d) As d) repeatedly 5) a) device 6. a) other b) incandescent b) thinking c) bulb c) similar d) light d) different

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Se puede construir un cloze con un propósito gramatical o lexical

Communications Maybe it's cheating to lump the telegraph, telephone, radio and television, into

one "invention," but the development of communication technology has been a continuum of increased utility and flexibility since Samuel Morse invented the electric telegraph in 1836 (building on the prior work of others, of course). The telephone simply refined the idea by allowing actual voice communications to be sent over copper wires, instead of just beeps that spelled out the plain text in Morse code. These communication methods were point-to-point, and required an extensive infrastructure of wires to function.

Transmitting signals wirelessly using electromagnetic waves was a concept worked

on by many inventors around the world, but Guglielmo Marconi and Nikola Tesla popularized it in the early 20th century. Eventually, sound could be transmitted wirelessly, while engineers gradually perfected the transmission of images. Radio and television were new landmarks in communications because they allowed a single broadcaster to send messages to thousands or even millions of recipients as long as they were equipped with receivers.

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Charles Alderson, precursor en utilizar ‘cloze’ como técnica en evaluar comprensión de lectura, trabajo realizado en el CELE-

UNAM en los años 80s

Charles Alderson has been a major force in the advancement of language testing for the past 30 years, particularly in Europe. A student of Alan Davies, a former winner of this award, he has been a professor at the University of Lancaster for the past 28 years. During that period he has supervised Ph.D. students, such as Pauline Rea-Dickins, Caroline Clapham, Gary Buck, Glenn Fulcher, who have gone on to make strong contributions themselves to the field of language testing. His research with Dianne Wall on washback remains seminal for this topic. His work with the Hungarian Examination Reform Project played a major role in the revision of that country’s language testing system, and he has assisted other countries in revising their language testing system. The Cambridge Language Assessment series, which he co-edited with Lyle Bachman, has provided many valuable publications that have advanced the field. He played a major role in the creation of the European Association for Language Testing and Assessment (EALTA). His many publications have dealt with leading issues of the day, such as the cloze test, ESP testing, the testing of reading, diagnostic testing, computer-based testing, the IELTS, and DIALANG. He served for four years as co-editor of the journal Language Testing with Lyle Bachman, another former recipient of this award. Charles is a much sought-after presenter at national and international conferences due to the quality of his presentations and his insights on important emerging issues in language testing.

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Referencias revisadas el 27 de febrero de 2014

• http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/71392/1/j.1467-9817.1979.tb00198.x.pdf

• http://www.nuis.ac.jp/~hadley/publication/nucloze/NUCLOZE.htm

• http://teflworldwiki.com/index.php?title=Gap-fill

• http://jalt.org/test/bro_3.htm

• http://www.hawaii.edu/sls/uhwpesl/24(2)/McKameyTreela.pdf

Buen artículo más bien teórico, un poco largo, interesante en cuanto a la profundidad teórica en que se puede basar una técnica de evaluación.

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