e jornades palacin - enginyersbcn.cat dia 20… · Baix cost Seguretat Respectuós medi ambient....
Transcript of e jornades palacin - enginyersbcn.cat dia 20… · Baix cost Seguretat Respectuós medi ambient....
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Energia = autonomía
Sup. Cond.
Potència = acceleració, velocitat de càrrega
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Mida : 10kWh (híbrid endollable)20-25 kWh (pur elèctric)
Durada : 8-10 anys
Energia específica el més elevada possible
Seguretat (nivell Eucar 4)
Preu el més baix possible
Requisits de lesbateries
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● Energia específica elevada (200Wh/kg en cel·la)
● Densitat d’energia elevada
● Bona ciclabilitat
● Duració acceptable
● Bones prestacions en potència (fins a 2-4 kW/kg, 12 en polsos, en cel·la)
● Cost global molt elevat
● Electrònica sofisticada
● Cal millorar la seguretat de les cel·les grans sota condicions d’abús
● Cal millorar les prestacions a baixa temperatura
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T raise in < 1s
The 25th International Battery Seminar & Exhibit, Ma rch 2008 , Fort Lauderdale, Florida
Seguretat
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The 25th International Battery Seminar & Exhibit, Ma rch 2008 , Fort Lauderdale, Florida
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.. materials
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O
Onegative electrod
e
po
sitive electrode
Redox shuttles / overcharge protection
e-
O
O
e-
H E
A T
DDB2,5-di-tert-butyl-1,4-dimethoxybenzene
Imax= n ACDF/l
.. control
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The 25th International Battery Seminar & Exhibit, Ma rch 2008 , Fort Lauderdale, Florida
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Courtesy of F. Jerez, Grupo Premo
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Regulació Nº 100 de la UN/E/ECE/324 de 11.04.1997 revisada i complementada 07.05.2002 “Uniform provisions concerning the approval of battery electric vehicles with regard to specific requirements for the construction and functional safety
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Cost
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Cel·les i “battery packs”
Cu grid
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e.g. Prius e.g. Insight
Les cel·les cilíndriques tenen un cost menor i una vida més llarga en nombre de cicles (la gestió de la temperatura és més eficient) però resulten en una menor densitat d’energia degut als espais buits que queden entre els packs de cel·les.
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EIG 72V module
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Prestacions de bateries comercials
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TendTendèències en recercancies en recerca
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discharge
charge
- +
LiyC LixCoO2e-
Sony, 1991
2007
Requisits per als materials d’elèctrode
Elevada capacitat (gravimètrica i volumètrica)
Potència
Vida útil en nombre de cicles
Eficiència
Baix cost
Seguretat
Respectuós medi ambient
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Updated from J.M. Tarascon and M. Armand : Nature, 2001, 414 (359-367)
“LiNiO 2”
Sn
Pot
entia
l vs
Li/L
i+
(V)
Capacity (Ah/kg)0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 3800 4000
Ne
gativ
em
ate
rials
Pos
itive
mat
eria
ls
Li metalGraphite
Other carbons Si-Cd = 2.3
Intermetallicsd = 4- 8
3D metal oxidesd= 7.5
Nitridesd = 2.1
0
3
4
5
2
1
Sn-C
Phosphides (d ≈≈≈≈ 8)
“5V”
“LiCoO 2”“LiMn 2O4”
“MnO 2”
Vanadium oxides(V2O5, LiV3O8)
Polyanionic compounds(Li 1-xVOPO4, Li xFePO4)
“LiMnPO 4”“LiCoPO 4”
Li 4Ti5O12
Si
“ Doped LiMn 2O4”
VLi-ion
VLi-metal
Materials
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Insertion
Alloying
Conversion
homogeneou
s
heterogeneous
MaXb a M + b LinX
MLiwM
Mr Z
LiyMr Z
LiyMr Z
Commercialised
Very large capacity
Volume changes are still an issue
Under development
Large capacity
Voltage hystheresis
“Usual” processes
Low capacity(mostly limited to 1 e- / M)
20 nm
CoSn2
Carbon
20 nm
CoSn2
Carbon
?
Inserció
Aliatge
Conversió
Estàndar:
(baixa capacitat)
Comercialitzat
(capacitat elevada)(problemes canvi volum)
En desenvolupament
(capacitat elevada)(problemes histèresi)
Mecanismes de reacció
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0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
In C Bi Zn Te Pb Sb Ga Sn Al As Ge Si
Cap
acity
den
sity
(mA
h/cm
3)
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
Specific cap
acity (mA
h/g)
20 nm
CoSn2
Carbon
20 nm
CoSn2
Carbon
+ 30%
Sien perspectiva
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Graphite
Quaternary ammonium
+
2VE v
s. L
i+/L
i°(V
)
5V
3V
4V
1V
CY
CL
IC C
AR
BO
NA
TE
SS
EI Z
ON
E
Very good resistance to oxidation > 5V vs. Li°
No vapor pressure
stability > 300 °C
Non flammable
Solvent for many salts and polymers
NN NN
TFSI -
Very good resistance to oxidation > 5V vs. Li°Very good resistance to oxidation > 5V vs. Li°
No vapor pressureNo vapor pressure
stability > 300 °Cstability > 300 °C
Non flammableNon flammable
Solvent for many salts and polymersSolvent for many salts and polymers
NN NN
TFSI -
Li metal
M O
L T
E N
S A
L T
S
Poor resistance to reduction ≈ 1.2 V vs. Li°
High cost
Poor resistance to reduction ≈ 1.2 V vs. Li°Poor resistance to reduction ≈ 1.2 V vs. Li°
High costHigh cost
Ionic liquids
Electròlitos més segurs
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M. Armand et al. Nature Materials (2009) 8, 120
Materials de elèctrode orgànics
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54
Li/aire
A. Débart et al. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. (2008) 47, 4521.
Li/S
X. Ji et al. Nature Materials (2009) 8, 500
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R. Brodd, ATP Working Paper Series Working Paper 05–01, NIST (US)
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Moltes Gràcies
per
l’atenció !!