Eduardo Maura - Benjamin y el tiempo

7/30/2019 Eduardo Maura - Benjamin y el tiempo

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GXX@? 448:!:=:2

Lmòdag` w mc ~gmaze

Lmòdag` d`n ^gam

MN]D\NE AD]\D/

Dlx~|dh~? ^fm dga ei ~fgx zdzm| gx ~e }`nm|x~d`n#

dhhe|ng`b ~e Rdc~m| Lmòdag` &467<!47>:'#

fer ~fm aenm|` xzdhm ei heaaeng~w gx ~e lm

}`nm|x~een g` ~m|ax ei e`~ecebw d`n ~fme|w ei

kèrcmnbm. Ae|meym|# g~ lmheamx d z|mhgxm

neadg` ei elomh~x dx d` g`fm|m`~ zd|~ ei ~fm

hdzg~dcgx~ aenm|`g~w. ^fgx gx ~e lm he``mh~mn rg~f

~fm zfgcexezfghdc z|elcma ei ~gam d`n ~fm h|g~ghdc

~fme|w ei h}c~}|dc g`n}x~|w.

Kmwre|nx? Aenm|`g~w# Lmòdag`# Xzdhm# ^gam#

Heaaeng~w.

\mx}am`? M` mx~dx zäbg`dx xm ~|d~d nm mvzcg!

hd|# d zd|~g| nm cd |micmvgø` nm Rdc~m| Lmòdag`

&467<!47>:'# m` t}ç xm`~gne mc mxzdhge am|hd`~gc

z}mnm heaz|m`nm|xm m` ~ç|agèx mzgx~maecøbghex

w e`~ecøbghex. Aäx mxzmháighdam`~m# he`x~g~}wm

}` neag`ge hdch}cdlcm nm cex elom~ex z|ezge nm

cd aenm|`gndn hdzg~dcgx~d. Xm zm|xgb}m m`cdd| mxd

z|elcmaä~ghd he` cd h}mx~gø` igcexøighd nmc ~gmaze

w he` cd ~me|ád h|á~ghd nm cd g`n}x~|gd h}c~}|dc.

Zdcdl|dx hcdym? Aenm|`gndn# Lmòdag`# Mxzdhge#

^gmaze# Am|hd`hád.

µW cex elom~ex5 µH}äc nmlm xm| cd dh~g~}n zd|d he` cex elom~ex5 D`~m ~ene# µfdw

t}m ~m`m|cd5 Ydwd z|mb}`~d. Zm|e è am eh}c~e t}m xe` nm z|mym|. Ce amoe| mx è

nm~m`m|xm m` mx~m ~mad# nm d`~madè. Xg# ze| }`d |dø` } e~|d# xm z|mxm`~d }` elom~e#

~m`m|ce m` h}m`~d.

Xda}mc Lmhkm~~4

Mx heèhgnd cd yd|gmndn w hd`~gndn nm dè~dhge`mx t}m Lmòdag` |mhezgcø m`~|m 47<2 w

47>: nm hd|d d z|mzd|d| mc Cgl|e nm cex Zdxdomx. Nmxnm t}m Dne|è xm fghgm|d he` mc ad`}x!

h|g~e# cdx g`~m|z|m~dhge`mx nm cex ad~m|gdcmx w è~dx# e aäx z|mhgxdam`~m# cd he`xgnm|dhgø`

nm t}m m|d gazexglcm g`~m|z|m~d|cex# fd nm~m|ag`dne è~dlcmam`~m cd |mhmzhgø` nm Lmòdag`#

xel|m ~ene d zd|~g| nm 476<# imhfd nm x} z}lcghdhgø` m` Dcmad`gd.

M` mx~m ~mv~e xm zm|xgb}m z|mxm`~d| dcb}`dx zd}~dx zd|d cd heaz|m`xgø` nmc ~mv~e w# m`

zd|~gh}cd|# fdhm|ce aäx z|en}h~gye nmxnm mc z}`~e nm ygx~d nm cd ~me|ád h|á~ghd nm cd xehgm!

ndn. Cd d|b}am`~dhgø` xgb}m cex xgb}gm`~mx zdxex? m` z|gam| c}bd| xm z|mxm`~d }`d hd|~d nm

Lmòdag` t}m m`cdd mc cgl|e xel|m mc Ld||ehe w mc ~|dldoe nm cex Zdxdomx. êad`ne zgm m`

mx~d he`mvgø`# xm z|mxm`~d cd zexghgø` nm Lmòdag` |mxzmh~e d cd aenm|`gndn heae elom~e

igcexøighe# cd h}dc |mag~m d z|elcmadx hd|dh~m|áx~ghex nm x} zm`xdagm`~e w nm cd ~me|ád h|á~ghd

Imhfd nm |mhmzhgø`? 48 nm o}`ge nm <:4<. Imhfd nm dhmz~dhgø`? 47 nm xmz~gmal|m nm <:4<./ ]`gym|xgndn Heazc}~m`xm nm Adn|gn. He||me mcmh~|ø`ghe? mad}|dJzng.}ha.mx

4 X. Lmhkm~~# Mc g`èal|dlcm# Ld|hmce`d# E|lgx# 4768# z. 89.



487 Lmòdag` w mc ~gmaze

Ndáae`. \mygx~d G`~m|`dhge`dc nm Igcexeiád# `¿ =2# <:4<

gàd`m`hgd. Cd ygnd ld||ehd# cd aät}g`d nmc a}`ne# nmxhd|~d ~end ezm|dhgø` ~|dxhm`nm`~m.

Cd a}m|~m mx zd|d mc Ld||ehe mc |dxbe hd|dh~m|áx~ghe nm cd ygnd. Cex dimh~ex xm he`ygm|~m` m`

ae~e| hdch}cdlcm nmc nmxzcgmb}m yg~dc nm cex x}om~ex# xgb`gighd~gydam`~m heaz|m`ngnex heae

h|gd~}|dx. Cd ygnd e|bä`ghd nmygm`m x}hmxgø` nm fe|dx# ag`}~ex w xmb}`nex mxzdhgdcam`~m

am`x}|dlcmx# w cd a}m|~m nmod nm dz}`~d| d cd gàe|~dcgndn nmc dcad. Cex feal|mx# x}bgm|m

Lmòdag`# «a}m|m` è ze| cd gàe|~dcgndn# xgè ze| ae| nm cex hdnäym|mx»8. M` x}ad# m`

mc mxhm`d|ge nmc n|dad ld||ehe dcmaä` cd fgx~e|gd xm mxzdhgdcgd. Mx~d xmh}cd|gdhgø` nmc

~gmaze m` mc mxzdhge „~dc mx cd mvz|mxgø` nm Lmòdag`„ è mx hdx}dc. Zen|ád fdhm|xm }`d

bm`mdcebád nmc agxae t}m d~m`ngm|d d cd he`hmzhgø` t}m Ldc~dxd| B|dhgä` ~gm`m nm cd `d~}!

|dcmd „cd `d~}|dcmd dnt}gm|m cd ~mv~}|d nm cd a}c~gzcghgndn nm |mcdhge`mx t}m cd heaze`m`#

x}x xgagcg~}nmx w ngxgagcg~}nmx# he`ym`gm`hgdx m g`he`ym`gm`hgdx? mx cd gadbm` nm cd B|d`

Aät}g`d„# d cd iäl}cd hd|~mxgd`d nmc a}`ne m` mc ^|d~dne nm cd c} e d cd gaze~m`hgd nm cd

ngam`xgø` ~maze|dc m` mc ~|d~dagm`~e xzgègdè nm cd x}x~d`hgd. Ce nmhgxgye mx t}m xm ~|d~d

nm cmm| m` mx~d he`xgnm|dhgø` ld||ehd nmc ~gmaze w nmc mxzdhge }`d z|e~efgx~e|gd igcexøighd nm

cd aenm|`gndn# m` yg|~}n nm cd mvzm|gm`hgd gàd`m`~m nm x}i|gagm`~e# d`bex~}|d w amcd`hecád

hd|dh~m|áx~ghd nmc Ld||ehe. Mc Ld||ehe dcmaä` mx }`d ym`~d`d zexglcm d cd aenm|`gndn# è

}` bç`m|e cg~m|d|ge.

Z}mnm hgi|d|xm mc e|gbm` igcexøighe nm mx~d |micmvgø` m` }`d gaze|~d`~m hg~d nm C}kähx?

He` cd nmxheazexghgø` aenm|`d# zxghecøbghd# nmc z|ehmxe nm ~|dldoe &xgx~mad ^dwce|'#

mx~d amhd`gdhgø` |dhge`dc zm`m~|d fdx~d mc dcad nmc ~|dldodne|? fdx~d x}x h}dcgndnmx

zxghecøbghdx xm xmzd|d` nm x} zm|xe`dcgndn ~e~dc# xm elom~gyd` i|m`~m d çc# he` elom~e

nm g`xm|~d|cdx m` xgx~madx |dhge`dcmx mxzmhgdcgdnex w |mn}hg|cdx dc he`hmz~e hdch}!

cáx~ghe. Ce z|g`hgzdc mx zd|d èxe~|ex mc z|g`hgzge t}m dxá xm gaze`m? mc z|g`hgzge nmc

häch}ce# nm cd |dhge`dcgdhgø` ldxdnd m` cd hdch}cdlgcgndn. [...Q He` mcce zgm|nm mc

~gmaze x} hd|äh~m| h}dcg~d~gye# a}~dlcm# ic}wm`~m; h|gx~dcgd m` }` he`~g`}e ccmè nm

hexdx mvdh~dam`~m nmcgag~dndx# h}d`~g~d~gydam`~m amnglcmx [...Q w t}m mx çc agxae

mvdh~dam`~m nmcgag~dne w h}d`~g~d~gydam`~m amnglcm? }` mxzdhge. M` mx~m ~gmaze

dlx~|dh~e# mvdh~dam`~m amnglcm# he`ym|~gne m` mxzdhge nm cd iáxghd# t}m mx mc a}`ne

hg|h}`nd`~m nm mx~d xg~}dhgø`# z|mx}z}mx~e w he`xmh}m`hgd nm cd z|en}hhgø` hgm`~áighd

w amhä`ghdam`~m nmxheaz}mx~d w mxzmhgdcgdnd nmc elom~e nmc ~|dldoe# cex x}om~ex

~gm`m` t}m nmxheaze`m|xm |dhge`dcam`~m nm }` aene d`äcebe>.

Cd gìc}m`hgd nm mx~d |micmvgø` nm C}kähx zd|d cd z|gam|d bm`m|dhgø` nm cd ~me|ád h|á~ghd mx

ngiáhgc nm xel|mmx~gad|. Dnmaäx nm Lmòdag`# Dne|è zd|mhm ~m`m|cd m` am`~m m` x} cmhhgø`

g`d}b}|dc m` I|d`ki}|~ &4784'# w K|dhd}m| cd z|ece`bd mvzcáhg~dam`~m m` x}x m`xdwex nm 47<2

xel|m Mc e|`dam`~e nm cd adxd. D z|ezøxg~e nm cd `}myd h}c~}|d nmc h}m|ze nm cdx |mygx~dx

gc}x~|dndx m` D}x~|dcgd# Mx~dnex ]`gnex# Dcmad`gd# m~hç~m|d# K|dhd}m| xmôdcd mc dxhm`ngm`~m

bmeaç~|ghe w hdch}cdlcm nmc mxzdhge am|hd`~gc aenm|è?

8 R. Lmòdag`#El|dx# G%4

# el. hg~.# z. >87 [LBX G%4# z. 87<Q.> B. C}kähx# Fgx~e|gd w he`xhgm`hgd nm hcdxm# yec. GG# Ld|hmce`d# E|lgx# 476=# zz. 48!49.



4>: Mn}d|ne Ad}|d

Ndáae .̀ \mygx~d G`~m|`dhge`dc nm Igcexeiád# `¿ =2# <:4<

Mx~ex z|en}h~ex nm cdx iäl|ghdx è|~mdam|ghd`dx nm ngx~|dhhgø` wd è he`xgx~m` m`

a}hfdhfdx oøym`mx g`ngygn}dcmx# xgè m` heazcmoex nm a}hfdhfdx oøym`mx h}wex

aeygagm`~ex xe` nmaex~|dhge`mx ad~maä~ghdx. [...Q Cex feal|mx &heae aenmcex' nm

cex mx~dngex w hdld|m~x è |mymcd` m` dlxec}~e x} e|gbm`. Mx~ä` heaz}mx~ex ze| mcm!

am`~ex t}m xe` zgmn|dx nm }`d he`x~|}hhgø`. [...Q Mc e|`dam`~e mx }` ig` m` xá agxae.

Mc ldccm~ nm çzehdx zdxdndx ~dalgç` z|eze|hge`dld e|`dam`~ex t}m xm aeyád` heae

}` hdcgnexhezge. Xg` mald|be# }`d ym d`}cdne x} xm`~gne |g~}dc# xmb}ád` xgm`ne cd

igb}|d zcäx~ghd nm cd ygnd m|ø~ghd t}m çx~d z|en}hád d zd|~g| nm xá agxad w t}m nm~m|!

ag`dld x}x |dxbex. Ze| mc he`~|d|ge# mc aeygagm`~e nm adxdx nm bg|cx xm m`h}m`~|d m`

mc ydháe# mx }` xgx~mad nm cá`mdx t}m wd è ~gm`m `g`bÿ` xm`~gne m|ø~ghe# xgè t}m m`

~ene hdxe g`nghd h}äc mx mc c}bd| nm ce m|ø~ghe=.

µT}ç heazd|~m` mx~dx |micmvge`mx t}m zen|ád dw}nd| d heaz|m`nm| mc x}|bgagm`~e nmc

aenm|è mxzdhge nm cd am|hd`hád5 µT}ç |mcdhgø` ~gm`m mx~e he` cd ~me|ád h|á~ghd nm cd g`n}x!

~|gd h}c~}|dc# ~ç|agè t}m# nghfe xmd nm zdxe# Lmòdag` è }~gcgd5 Cd g`n}x~|gd h}c~}|dc mx# m`

cd idxm g`ghgdc nm x} mcmydhgø` d elom~e nm |micmvgø` igcexøighd# }` ngdb|dad mxzdhge!~maze|dc

nm z|en}hhgø` h}c~}|dc. He`x~g~}wm mc mxzdhge%~gmaze m` t}m cex x}om~ex z|en}h~e|mx nm am|!

hd`hádx h}c~}|dcmx w cex x}om~ex nm `mhmxgndnmx mxzg|g~}dcmx m`~dlcd` |mcdhge`mx m`~|m xá w he`

cex elom~ex# nm~m|ag`ä`nexm a}~}dam`~m. Cd g`n}x~|gd h}c~}|dc mx mccd agxad# m` mx~m z|mhgxe

xm`~gne# dc gb}dc t}m cd |mcdhgø` m`~|m d|~m w xehgmndn# }` z|elcmad igcexøighe9. Daldx hg~dx

gc}ag`d` cd g`hgnm`hgd t}m cdx ~|d`xie|adhge`mx hdzg~dcgx~dx nmc mxzdhge w nmc ~gmaze ~gm`m`

xel|m cd ygnd e|bä`ghd# xel|m cex h}m|zex w xel|m cex nmxmex t}m cex nm~m|ag`d`. M` mx~d

ng|mhhgø`# xm zcd`~md cd z|elcmaä~ghd zexghgø` t}m mc x}om~e ex~m`~d m` mc `}mye ngdb|dad

nm i}m|dx# dc agxae ~gmaze t}m xm |mxdc~d` cex yá`h}cex m`~|m |dhge`dcgndn g`x~|}am`~dc w

hexgighdhgø`. Nmx~dhd` ~dalgç` mc i}m|~m hd|äh~m| nm elom~gygndn t}m mc fmhfe xehgdc nm cd

g`~m|hdalgdlgcgndn bm`m|dc nm ~endx cdx hexdx# m` ~d`~e t}m am|hd`hádx# ~gm`m zd|d mc x}om~e.

G`hc}xe ce aäx ydcgexe ~gm`m }` z|mhge# w h}dct}gm| hexd zen|ád xgb`gighd| e~|d. Nm mx~d

ad`m|d nmxh|glm Lmòdag` mc z|g`hgzge nm g`~m|hdalgdlgcgndn bm`m|dc nm cdx xgb`gighdhge`mx

dcmbø|ghdx m` cd zmh}cgd| aenm|`gndn ld||ehd# m` cd t}m mc Xm| zgm|nm x} he`nghgø` t}g`!

~dmxm`hgdc w dx}am x} he`nghgø` a}`nd`d w ~|d`xg~e|gd.

K|dhd}m| dz}`~d m` e~|e c}bd|# d z|ezøxg~e nm Fmgahfm`# }`d a}hfdhfd ccdadnd d t}gm`

fd m`~|mygx~dne zd|d x} xm|gm nmc I|d`ki}|~m| _mg~}`b xel|m cd `}myd hcdxm nm cex mazcmdnex#

nex dxzmh~ex dnghge`dcmx?

= X. K|dhd}m|# Mc e|`dam`~e nm cd adxd# G # Ld|hmce`d# Bmngxd# <::6# zz. =<!=8. Mc e|gbg`dc nd~d nm 47<2.

9 Zen|ád zd|mhm|# d}`t}m xøce i}m|d ze| cd hm`~|dcgndn t}m fd dnt}g|gne mc hdzá~}ce t}m Dne|è w Fe|kfmgam|

nmnghd|e` d mx~d h}mx~gø` m` Ngdcçh~ghd nm cd Gc}x~|dhgø` &47>>%>2'# t}m Lmòdag` è zm|~m`mhm d cd mx~g|zm

nm cex h|á~ghex nm cd g`n}x~|gd h}c~}|dc. Xe` adwe|g~d|gdx cdx yehmx t}m# nm fmhfe# fdccd` m` cd |mcdhgø` m`~|m

Lmòdag` w Dne|è }` heìcgh~e z|ei}`ne m` ~e|è dc mx~d~}~e nm cd h}c~}|d zez}cd|? Dne|è# mc mcg~gx~d ngxház}ce

nm Dcld` Lm|b# è heaz|m`nm mc hg`m w cd |dnge he` cd db}nmd nm Lmòdag`# z|mxm`~dne `dnd amèx t}m heae

zd|~gxdè nm cex amngex nm hea}`ghdhgø` nm adxdx „zd|~gxdè t}m# è elx~d`~m# fdlád i|mh}m`~dne heae

h|á~ghe cg~m|d|ge cdx aäx dc~dx he~dx nm mcg~gxae h}c~}|dc# daç` nm xm| ~|dn}h~e| nm Z|e}x~ dc dcmaä` w mc d}~e|

nm }`d ~mxgx neh~e|dc xel|m mc he`hmz~e nm h|á~ghd nm d|~m m` mc |ead`~ghgxae dcmaä`. Heae zen|ä ym|xm m` cdxxgb}gm`~mx xmhhge`mx# mx~m ̀ e mx mc hdxe.



4>4 Lmòdag` w mc ~gmaze


Cd adbgd nm cd ygnd l}|b}mxd cd dchd`d z|mhgxdam`~m ldoe x} ie|ad aäx xø|ngnd# w

mccd dhmz~d xg` zm`xd| ~endx cdx lm`nghge`mx t}m xm igc~|d` nmxnm d||gld. Mx hd|dh~m!

|áx~ghe nm mccd t}m# m` mc xdcø` nm ldgcm e m` mc hdiç nmc x}l}|lge# è z}mnm mxh}hfd|

}`d zgmd a}xghdc xg` ze`m|xm d ~d|d|md| nm gàmngd~e cdx hd`hge`mx nm aend he||mx!

ze`ngm`~mx. Zm|e è mx mccd cd t}m heèhm ~endx cdx hd`hge`mx# xgè t}m cdx hd`hge`mx

cd heèhm` d mccd# cd hdz~}|d` w cd dxigvgd` x}dymam`~m. Zm|ad`mhm m` }` mx~dne nm

d`mx~mxgd bm`m|dc.

]`d ~dt}gndh~gcøb|did z|ezm`xd d cdx |micmvge`mx xm mvz|mxd d`~m aá [...Q? «cdx oøym`mx

~gm`m` bm`m|dcam`~m }` e|gbm` f}agcnm# w xm xgm`~m` d~|dándx ze| mc l|gcce». Aäx ~d|nm

mccd mvzcghd# nm }` aene x}adam`~m ccdad~gye# mc fmhfe nm t}m cdx hfghdx# m` bm`m|dc#

myg~m` cex m`~|m~m`gagm`~ex xm|gex. «Cex m`~|m~m`gagm`~ex xm|gex „ngoe mccd„ xøce

ngxzm|xd` w dcmod` mc dalgm`~m t}m xm t}m||ád ngxi|}~d|». Xg fdw t}m d~|gl}g| mimh~ex

nm ngxzm|xgø` d }`d he`ym|xdhgø` xm|gd# m`~e`hmx cd ngxzm|xgø` hel|d xm|gmndn2.

Lmòdag` ~|dn}hm mx~d «adbgd l}|b}mxd» m` ~ç|agèx nm mvzm|gm`hgd? mc x}om~e aenm|è

mx g`hdzd nm mvzm|gam`~d|# w d`fmcd dcb}`d hcdxm nm ~ç|agè amnge m`~|m cd ygnd he~gngd`d#

amhä`ghd w hdch}cdlcm# w mc nmxzcgmb}m nm }`d zm|xe`dcgndn z|ezgd hdzd nm ~|dxhm`nm| x}

z|ezge fe|ge`~m nm mvzm|gm`hgd# cd h}dc xm y}mchd# he` mxm ig`# m` cdx aäx yd|gezg`~dx ad`g!

imx~dhge`mx xehgdcmx w h}c~}|dcmx. Lmòdag` w K|dhd}m| heaz|m`nm` t}m cex `}myex mxzdhgex

h}c~}|dcmx aengighd` nm ~ene z}`~e cdx ygmodx he`nghge`mx nm ie|adhgø` nm cd x}lom~gygndn.

M` cex ad~m|gdcmx nmc Cgl|e nm cex Zdxdomx# `}am|exex dz}`~mx mygnm`hgd` cd `mhmxgndn nm

zm`xd| cex febd|mx# cd g`~m|ge|gndn aenm|`d w cdx nm~m|ag`dhge`mx gaz}mx~dx# m` he`nghge`mx

hdzg~dcgx~dx# xel|m cdx zm|xe`dx t}m cex fdlg~d`. Zd|d mcce ~ead zgm m` }`d gnmd t}m m`cdd

z|mhgxdam`~m he` mc ld||ehe# xmbÿ` cd h}dc «~ene fdlg~d| xm fd |mn}hgne? mc nm cex ygyex# ze|

cdx fdlg~dhge`mx nm fe~mc; mc nm cex a}m|~ex# ze| cex h|mad~e|gex»6. Cd ~me|ád h|á~ghd nm cd

g`n}x~|gd h}c~}|dc xm zcd`~md }`d h}mx~gø` xgagcd| d z|ezøxg~e nm cd x}lom~gygndn? µm` t}ç xm`!

~gne mx mc x}om~e xehgdcam`~m nm~m|ag`dne }` aene nm elom~gygndn5 E aäx mxzmháighdam`~m#

µh}äcmx xe` cex mcmam`~ex xgx~çaghex t}m nm~m|ag`d` mc aeam`~e x}lom~gye nm cd elom~gygndn#

mc aeam`~e m` t}m mc x}om~e zm|hglm mc elom~e# ce he`x}am w ce ngxi|}~d5 µM` t}ç xm`~gne mx~m

x}om~e è mx çc agxae z|en}h~e nm cdx agxadx ~m`xge`mx w ng`äaghdx xehgdcmx t}m nd` c}bd|

dc elom~e h}c~}|dc5 He` mx~e ccmbdaex dc lext}moe nm }`d ~me|ád h|á~ghd nm cd g`n}x~|gd h}c~}|dc.

Cex |dxbex t}m Dne|è w Fe|kfmgam| gaz}~d` d cd g`n}x~|gd h}c~}|dc xe`# m`~|m e~|ex

a}hfex# cex xgb}gm`~mx? &4' cd g`n}x~|gd h}c~}|dc xm |gbm ze| mc z|g`hgzge läxghe nm cd g`~mb|d!

hgø` nmxnm d||gld w ze| cd cøbghd nm cd he`hm`~|d| m` zehdx adèx# m` ad~m|gd maz|mxd|gdc w

m` ad~m|gd h|md~gyd# cdx nmhgxge`mx gaze|~d`~mx; &<' cdx adxdx è xe` mc x}om~e dh~gye nm cd

g`n}x~|gd h}c~}|dc xgè x} elom~e; &8' wd m` mc xgbce VGV xm mv~m`ngø mc neag`ge nmc elom~e

h}c~}|dc heae am|hd`hád# mx~e è mx `}mye. Cd èymndn mx t}m dfe|d# m` cd idxm dyd`dnd

nmc hdzg~dcgxae# cex elom~ex h}c~}|dcmx xe` am|hd`hád w `dnd aäx t}m am|hd`hád; &>' cd

g`n}x~|gd h}c~}|dc dz}`~d d }` ig` ÿc~gae? mc ad`~m`gagm`~e nmc x~d~} t}e# m` yg|~}n &d' nm

2 X. K|dhd}m|# Cex mazcmdnex# Ld|hmce`d# Bmngxd# <::6# zz. 429!422 w <:9# |mxzmh~gydam`~m. Mc cgl|e t}m |mhebm

mx~ex d|~áh}cex i}m z}lcghdne m` Dcmad`gd m` 478<.6 R. Lmòdag`# Cgl|e nm cex Zdxdomx# el. hg~.# zz. <87!<>: [LBX Y%4# z. <7<Q [G ># >Q.



4>< Mn}d|ne Ad}|d


cd idh}c~dn nm z|en}hg| gc}xgø` nm gb}dcndn w nm cglm|~dn# &l' nm cd ngxhgzcg`d w e|gm`~dhgø`

nm cdx zd}~dx nm he`x}ae w &h' nm cd hdzdhgndn nm nmxzcdd| mc heìcgh~e xehgdc dc äalg~e

nm cd dzd|gm`hgd# mx~e mx# nmc zenm| nm he||mbg| mc heìcgh~e xehgdc d ~|dyçx nm cdx gaäbm`mx

w nm cex g`~m|hdalgex h}c~}|dcmx. D}`t}m `g C}kähx `g K|dhd}m| zgm`xd` m` mx~ex ~ç|agèx#

|mx}c~d ccdad~gye# è elx~d`~m# elxm|yd| ~d`~dx he`mvge`mx ng|mh~dx? mc nmèag`dne| heaÿ`

nmc z|elcmad nmc mxzdhge%~gmaze nm cd am|hd`hád w nm cd g`n}x~|gd h}c~}|dc mx cd h}mx~gø`

nmc x}om~e. Cd ~me|ád nm cd g`n}x~|gd h}c~}|dc# dc gb}dc t}m cex zdxex nm C}kähx# K|dhd}m| w

Lmòdag`# mx mccd agxad }`d ~me|ád nm cd x}lom~gygndn w nm x}x he`nghge`mx nm zexglgcgndn 7.

Xg` mald|be# xg t}gm|m |dx~|md|xm mc g`~m|çx nm Lmòdag` ze| mx~m z|elcmad# fd nm d~m`nm|xm

d }` z|elcmad igcexøighe aäx d`~gb}e# xg lgm` |dnghdcam`~m he`~maze|ä`me nm Lmòdag`? mc

z|elcmad nmc ~gmaze.

<. Mc z|elcmad nmc mxzdhge%~gmaze hdzg~dcgx~d

Cdx hd~mbe|ádx xe` ie|adx nmc xm|# nm~m|ag`dhge`mx nm mvgx~m`hgd

Kd|c Ad|v4:

Mc mxzdhge%~gmaze nm cd aenm|`gndn hdzg~dcgx~d mx mc aene m` t}m xm nd ~ene dzd|mhm|# w

x} nm~m|ag`dhgø` dnt}gm|m cd ie|ad nm }`d mx~ç~ghd ~|dxhm`nm`~dc nm cd aenm|`gndn hdzg~d!

cgx~d# è xøce m` mc xm`~gne nm }`d g`ymx~gbdhgø` xel|m cdx he`nghge`mx nm zexglgcgndn nm cdx

hexdx m` ~d`~e t}m im`øamèx# xgè ~dalgç` heae |mx}c~dne fgx~ø|ghe# heae z|ehmxe mhe`ø!

aghe w mv~|dmhe`øaghe# heae ~|dad nm |mcdhge`mx w nm ~|d`xie|adhge`mx nm ce mhe`øaghe m`

mv~|dmhe`øaghe w nm ce mv~|dmhe`øaghe m` mheèaád. Mc mxzdhge%~gmaze# m` ~d`~e t}m elom~e

igcexøighe nm Lmòdag`# mx cd ie|ad nm dzd|mhm| nm cdx hexdx w nm cdx zm|xe`dx m` he`nghge`mx

hdzg~dcgx~dx. Cdx mvzexghge`mx }`gym|xdcmx# cdx hdccmx nm Zd|áx# cex zdxdomx# cex zdè|dadx e

cex z|ex~ál}cex è xe` }` ~mcø` nm ie`ne mx~ga}cd`~m zd|d cd |micmvgø` igcexøighd# xgè }`

xgx~mad nm dzd|ghgø`# }` aene nm z|en}hhgø` nm elom~gygndn w }`d aendcgndn nm g`hgnm`hgd

xehgdc m` cd ad~m|gd d ~|dyçx nmc ~|dldoe w nm cd h}c~}|d. M` x}ad# }` z|ehmxe he`x~g~}wm`~m

nm a}`ne h}we d z|ge|g mx çc agxae d zex~m|ge|g? }` z|ehmxe xehgdc.

Cex i|dbam`~ex nm mx~m a}`ne xe` i|dbam`~ex nm }`d ~e~dcgndn. @e mvgx~m ~dc hexd heae

«mc i|dbam`~e». Mxe xm|ád }`d |elg`xe`dnd am~enecøbghd# cd elom~gydhgø` nm cd idcdhgd xmbÿ`

cd h}dc mc x}om~e dgxcdne mx mc i}`ndam`~e e|gbg`d|ge nm ~ene ce nmaäx. êne i|dbam`~e#

ze| nmhgxgye t}m z}mnd xm| zd|d mc g`ymx~gbdne|# è fd ccmbdne d xm| i|dbam`~e nm ad`m|d

dgxcdnd? mx i|dbam`~e nm }`d ~e~dcgndn xehgdc. @e fdw ~dc hexd heae }` i|dbam`~e dgxcdne.

T}m Lmòdag` g`ymx~gb}m i|dbam`~ex# t}m cmx dxgb`m z|ge|gndn mzgx~maecøbghd# è xgb`gighd

t}m gbè|m cd he`~g`}gndn xehge!e`~ecøbghd m`~|m mccex# t}m è xm fdbd hd|be nmc xgx~mad

nm |mcdhge`mx m`~|m i|dbam`~ex x}lom~gyex w elom~gyex t}m he`x~g~}wm cd xehgmndn. Mc e|nm`

fm~m|ebç`me nmc xm| xehgdc è xm heì}`nm he` mc e|nm` cøbghe nm x} heèhgagm`~e. Ce t}m

eh}||m mx t}m mxd ~e~dcgndn |mx}c~d xm| nmadxgdne ydx~d zd|d cdx hd~mbe|ádx nmc zm`xdagm`~e.

7 Zd|d }`d he`xgnm|dhgø̀ aäx z|mhgxd nm mx~d h}mx~gø̀ z}mnm` ym|xm \. F}cce~!Km`~e|# «Mc xm`~gne mvdh~e m` t}m

wd è mvgx~m cd g`n}x~|gd h}c~}|dc»# He`x~mcdhge`mx# `¿ 8# <:44# zz. 8!<8; \. ^gmnmad``# Dne|è }`n Lmòdag`

èhf mgàdc# A}`ghf# ^mv~ + K|g~gk# <:44# w N. Om`mad``# Dne|è g` Dam|ghd# ]`gym|xg~w ei Ag``mxe~d Z|mxx#

<::2.4: Hg~dne m` B. C}kähx# Ad|v# e`~ecebád nmc xm| xehgdc# Adn|gn# Dkdc# <::2# z. 9=.





W mx m` mxm aeam`~e# mc aeam`~e nmc |mheèhgagm`~e mzgx~mae!h|á~ghe nm cd g`hdzdhgndn

nm nd| h}m`~d nm cd ~e~dcgndn# h}d`ne Lmòdag` ag|d fdhgd cdx zmt}môdx hexdx# cdx he`ygm|~m

m` ccdymx nm cdx b|d`nmx# cdx he`ygm|~m m` elom~e nm bm`}g`d h|á~ghd. Nghfe |mx}agndam`~m#

mc e|nm` mxzdhge~maze|dc nm cd aenm|`gndn è mx |mn}hglcm d he`hmz~e.

Wd m` K|Y # Kd`~ aex~|dld høae mc mxzdhge w mc ~gmaze è z}mnm` |mn}hg|xm d nm~m|ag!

`dhge`mx he`hmz~}dcmx? cd mx~ç~ghd ~|dxhm`nm`~dc è mx }`d zd|~m nm cd cøbghd ~|dxhm`nm`~dc#

xgè t}m cd z|mhmnm# w mx~e mx dcbe t}m Lmòdag` xdlm zm|imh~dam`~m# heae xdlm ~dalgç`

t}m mc he`hmz~e è nd cd |mbcd nm he`x~|}hhgø` nm }` elom~e. Cd he`x~|}hhgø` nm }` elom~e

t}mnd i}m|d nm x} he`hmz~e. ^m`m| }è è èx nd cd hcdym nm ce e~|e# w Lmòdag` t}gm|m

xdlm| høae ccmbd` d xm| cdx hexdx# è e|nm`d|cdx cøbghdam`~m heae xg x} fdlm| ccmbdne d xm|

ce t}m xe` i}m|d gb}dcam`~m cøbghe? t}gm|m dym|gb}d| høae cd aenm|`gndn hdzg~dcgx~d g`hgnm

m` cd ad~m|gd# ne~d`ne d cd ad~m|gd nm }`d ~mcmecebád t}m è cm mx z|ezgd# zm|e h}wd mighdhgd

xehgdc mx aävgad? cd aenm|`gndn xm z|mxm`~d# ~d`~e m` mc cgl|e xel|m mc Ld||ehe heae m` cex

Zdxdomx# heae }` zenm| he`x~g~}wm`~m nm ~end mvzm|gm`hgd zexglcm. M` zdcdl|dx nm Nmcm}m?

Mc mxzdhge w mc ~gmaze xe` cdx ie|adx nm cd dzd|ghgø` e cdx ie|adx nm z|mxm`~dhgø`

nm ce t}m dzd|mhm. M` mimh~e# mxe xm heaz|m`nm# ze|t}m mc mxzdhge w mc ~gmaze xe`

}`d ie|ad nm dzd|ghgø`# zm|e mx~d è zexmm }`d }`gndn mxzmháighd m` xá agxad. Ce

t}m dzd|mhm mx xgmaz|m ngym|xe# cd dzd|ghgø` mx xgmaz|m dzd|ghgø` nm }`d ngym|xgndn44.

Cd g`ymx~gbdhgø` xel|m cd aenm|`gndn he`xgx~m m` }`d e`~ecebád xehgdc t}m |mz|en}hm m`

mc zm`xdagm`~e }`d elom~gygndn e~|d# }` `}mye a}`ne m` mc t}m cdx hexdx aäx g`xexzmhfd!

ndx xe` am|hd`hádx# m` mc t}m cex mxzdhgex xe` mxzdhgex nm cd am|hd`hád „cex zdxdomx# cdx

bdcm|ádx heam|hgdcmx# xe` mxd hdccm t}m mx am|hd`hád w mxd am|hd`hád t}m mx hdccm# mxzdhgex

m` cex h}dcmx cd am|hd`hád è mxzm|d dc he`x}agne|# xgè t}m ce dle|nd m` zcm`d hdccm„ w mc

~gmaze mx ~gmaze nm cd am|hd`hád „nm ~dc ad`m|d t}m cd icmhfd nmc ~gmaze xm y}mcym |mym|xg!

lcm# è he`xgnm|d ~ene aeam`~e d`~m|ge| heae ie|ad`ne zd|~m nm }` nmxzcgmb}m cg`mdc# xgè

t}m ~|dm he`xgbe ce ygmoe heae ce `}mye. Ce `}mye è mx `}mye# mx ygmoe!`}mye# xm d|t}md#

he`yg|~gç`nexm m` mcgzxm. Cd mx~|}h~}|d ~maze|dc nmc hdzg~dcgxae# cd aend# mx z|en}h~e|d nm

a}m|~m# z|en}hm elom~ex h}wd ~mcmecebád he`xgx~m# läxghdam`~m# m` ae|g| z|e`~e zd|d cd xehgm!

ndn# m` mx~d|!d!cd!aend!zd|d!zenm|!zdxd|!nm!aend# w mx~e d}`t}m z}ngm|d`# ad~m|gdcam`~m#

xmb}g| xd~gxidhgm`ne `mhmxgndnmx. Xøce t}m ce `}mye nm cd aend è mx `dnd `}mye. Xm |eazm

cd ygmod nghe~eaád m`~|m cd `d~}|dcmd heae mxzdhge nm ce ndne w cd fgx~e|gd heae ~gmaze

nm cd èymndn? mx~d fgx~e|gd mx xgmaz|m ygmod# mx~ä m` ~ene aeam`~e t}mnä`nexm elxecm~d.

Cd am|hd`hád ngh~d mc |g~ae ~maze|dc# w mxm |g~ae# dc agxae ~gmaze# cd heìgb}|d m` ~d`~e

t}m dzd|ghgø`. Cd am|hd`hád xm cm dzd|mhm dc x}om~e xehgdc heae xg i}m|d `}myd# ce xmd e è#

ze|t}m mx |mx}c~dne nm }`d nm~m|ag`dnd heìgb}|dhgø` nmc mxzdhge w nmc ~gmaze. ^gm`m t}m

xm| `}myd xg è t}gm|m m`hd|d| x} |dnghdc `gfgcgndn# mc fmhfe nm t}m fd nmxm|~dne nmc e|nm`

nmc ydce| nm }xe w# ze| mv~m`xgø`# nm cd xd~gxidhhgø` nm `mhmxgndnmx# w mc è amèx |mcmyd`~m

idh~}a nm t}m fd z|en}hgne cdx he`nghge`mx nm zexglgcgndn nm x} z|ezgd gazexglgcgndn# mx~e

mx# nm x} nmx~|}hhgø`? «Mc zm`xdagm`~e nmc m~m|è |m~e|è x}|bgø h}d`ne cd l}|b}mxád wd

è xm d~|mygø d m`hd|d| mc nmxd||ecce gàg`m`~m nmc e|nm` z|en}h~gye t}m mccd agxad fdlád

44 B. Nmcm}m# Kd`~ w mc ~gmaze# L}mèx Dg|mx# Hdh~}x# <::6# z. >:.



4>> Mn}d|ne Ad}|d


z}mx~e m` ad|hfd. Mc zm`xdagm`~e nm _d|d~}x~|d w mc nmc m~m|è |m~e|è# w mxm cmad le|ndne

m` cd dcaefdnd „«xøce }` h}d|~g~e nm fe|d aäx# ze| idye|»„ xe` zd|~m nm ce agxae»4<.

@e elx~d`~m# mc mxzdhge%~gmaze aenm|è g`~|en}hm }`d he||mhhgø` he` |mxzmh~e d Kd`~.

Mx~m mxzdhge%~gmaze mx w è mx nmc x}om~e ~|dxhm`nm`~dc# z|mhgxdam`~m ze|t}m mc x}om~e

~|dxhm`nm`~dc# m` ~d`~e t}m x}om~e xehgdc# mx d zex~m|ge|g# mx |mx}c~dne xehgdc nm z|ehmxex

g`~m|x}lom~gyex fm~m|ebç`mex. Zd|d Lmòdag` cd hcdym nm cd he`x~g~}hgø` nmc elom~e è mx mc

x}om~e# xgè cd ad`m|d m` t}m cd elom~gygndn# g`xmzd|dlcm nmc x}om~e# xm he`x~g~}wm d ~|dyçx

nm çc xg` xm| |mn}hglcm d çc# xg` mx~d| nm`~|e nm çc# xg` ~dazehe ze| mcce ~|dxhm`nm|ce. W mx~e

è xøce m` ad~m|gd nm ngym|xgndn mazá|ghd „ze| x}z}mx~e t}m cd ngym|xgndn mazá|ghd è mx

|mn}hglcm dc x}om~e„ xgè heae «}`gndn mxzmháighd m` xá agxad»# heae aene nm z|en}hhgø`

hdzg~dcgx~d# ~d`~e mhe`øaghe h}d`~e mv~|dmhe`øaghe. Cex im`øamèx w cex elom~ex h}c~}|dcmx

m` bm`m|dc x}i|m` z|ei}`ndx ~|d`xie|adhge`mx m` he`nghge`mx hdzg~dcgx~dx nm zexglgcgndn? è

xe` dzd|gm`hgd xgè dzd|ghgø`# è xm he`~|dze`m` d cdx mxm`hgdx xgè d cex xm`~gnex nm x}

dzd|mhm|? «|mdcam`~m è xm ~|d~d m` cex zdxdomx# heae xá m` e~|dx he`x~|}hhge`mx m` fgm||e# nm

fdhm| aäx c}agèxe mc mxzdhge g`~m|ge|# xgè nm ngi}ag`d| mc mxzdhge mv~m|ge|»48. Dc agxae

~gmaze# cd dzd|ghgø` nm cdx hexdx m` he`nghge`mx hdzg~dcgx~dx è |mag~m d `g`b}`d mxm`hgd#

z}mx~e t}m mc hdzg~dcgxae è ~gm`m# heae ~dc# }`d mxm`hgd gà}~dlcm t}m z}mnd ngxmag`d|.

\mag~m d cdx he`nghge`mx nm zexglgcgndn nm x} dzd|mhm|. Nmxymcd|# m` ~d`~e t}m z|ehmxe# cdx

he`nghge`mx nm zexglgcgndn nmc dzd|mhm| nm cdx hexdx heae am|hd`hádx mx z|mhgxdam`~m mc

g`~m|çx nm Lmòdag`.

Mx~d ~d|md elcgbd d he`xgnm|d| dc amèx nex idh~e|mx? &4' cd |mcdhgø` m`~|m x}om~e w elom~e#

w &<' mc `mve m`~|m mxm`hgd w dzd|gm`hgd. M` z|gam| c}bd|# ce gaze|~d`~m mx nm t}ç ad`m|d

cd ie|adhgø` xehgdc hdzg~dcgx~d g`~|en}hm m` cdx hexdx }`d ~mcmecebád t}m è cmx mx `mhmxd|gd!

am`~m z|ezgd# }`d t}m |gbm ~d`~e m` mc aeam`~e h|md~gye heae m` mc nmx~|}h~gye# ~d`~e m` cd

z|en}hhgø` heae m` mc he`x}ae? zd|d Lmòdag`# è amèx t}m zd|d Ad|v# mc he`x}ae mx

h|mdne| nmc elom~e# h|md mc elom~e m` ~d`~e t}m ig`dcgndn# cm gaz}~d }`d `mhmxgndn t}m è cm

m|d e`~ecøbghdam`~m xecgnd|gd. D ~|dyçx nm cd he`~mazcdhgø`# cd mx~|}h~}|d xehgdc g`hgnm m` mc

elom~e# w d ~|dyçx nmc ~dh~e w nm cd ygx~d aeygcgd dc x}om~e# ce ngxze`m d nmxmd| w d he`x}ag|#

w ce fdhm nm ad`m|d ~d` g`~m`xd t}m# heae ng|ád Lmòdag`# è z}mnm fdlm|# ldoe he`nghge`mx

hdzg~dcgx~dx# `g`b}`d he`~mazcdhgø` xg` nmxme; cd zecá~ghd nmc xgbce VGV mx }`d nm gaäbm`mx

nmxgnm|d~gydx. Mx~d g`ymx~gbdhgø` è he||mxze`nm dc ~m||g~e|ge nm cdx ngxh}xge`mx e`~ecøbghdx

xel|m cd mxm`hgd w cd dzd|gm`hgd# zm|e mx mccd agxad# è elx~d`~m# e`~ecøbghd. M` xmb}`ne

c}bd|# xm nd mc hdxe nm t}m# m` cd ygnd he~gngd`d# cex im`øamèx eh}c~d` x} mxm`hgd# m` c}bd|

nm dc}al|d|cd. Lmòdag` è h|mm t}m# nm~|äx nmc ymce dzd|m`~m nm cdx hexdx# xm fdccm x} mxm`!

hgd gà}~dlcm# xmd` mx~dx hexdx x}om~ex } elom~ex. ^dazehe dx}am t}m mvgx~d }`d x}x~d`hgd

xehgdc ̀ e!mx~ä~ghd# cd aenm|`gndn# t}m heìgb}|m cex aenex nm dzd|ghgø` xehgdcam`~m mighdhmx

nm cex elom~ex m` ~d`~e t}m am|hd`hádx. Xg` mald|be# mc elom~e è eh}c~d x}x he`nghge`mx

nm zexglgcgndn# xgè t}m x} mxhcd|mhgagm`~e nmlm di|e`~d|xm nmxnm }` z}`~e nm ygx~d ngx~g`~e#

}` z}`~e nm ygx~d h|á~ghe nm cd hexd t}m t}m|maex heèhm| w nm cex aenex d`~m|ge|mx m`

t}m xm fd ~|d~dne nm heèhm|cd. Dt}á# zd|di|dxmd`ne dc Kd`~ nm cd ~m|hm|d h|á~ghd# cd h|á~ghd

fdhm cdx ymhmx nm ~me|ád. Cd z|mze`nm|d`hgd nm cdx cmbdcgie|agndnmx m` cd hgm`hgd `d~}|dc nmc

4< R. Lmòdag`# Cgl|e nm cex Zdxdomx

# el. hg~.# z. 4>< [LBX Y%4# z. 42=Q [N 7# 8Q.48 R. Lmòdag`# Cgl|e nm cex Zdxdomx# el. hg~.# z. ==8 [LBX Y%<# z. 997Q [\ 4d# 2# çìdxgx `}mx~|eQ.



4>= Lmòdag` w mc ~gmaze


xgbce VGV# ~endyád ygbm`~m# m` hgm|~d amngnd# m` x} çzehd# w |mhfddnd ze| Lmòdag`# è

mx elx~äh}ce zd|d xmb}g| he`xgnm|d`ne elyge t}m è fdl|ád hgm`hgd xg cd ie|ad imèaç`ghd

w cd mxm`hgd nm cdx hexdx heg`hgngm|d` gàmngd~dam`~m. Cd he||mhhgø` nm Lmòdag` he`xgx~m

m` t}m cd am|hd`hád he`x~g~}wm }` hdaze nm i}m|dx d`dcá~ghdam`~m ngxhm|`glcm# g`hc}xe dccá

ne`nm mc a}`ne nm cdx hexdx mx~ä neag`dne ze| cdx id`~dxadbe|ádx? cd am|hd`hád he`h|m~d

è ~gm`m `g z}m|~dx `g ym`~d`dx# x} mxm`hgd xehgdc èx mx dom`d w# è elx~d`~m# m` mccd zm|ad!

`mhm`# d cd ygx~d nmc h|á~ghe „~end ym t}m mc elom~e fd hdáne m` nmxb|dhgd# h}d`ne mc ~gmaze

cd fd d~|dymxdne nmadxgdne |äzgne# h}d`ne cd èymndn fd zdxdne nm aend„# cdx f}mccdx

nm cex z|ehmxex t}m xm z|m~m`nm g`ymx~gbd|. Mc fmhfe g`n}lg~dlcm nm t}m# ldoe mc gazm|ge nm

ce `}mye# cd ~e~dcgndn xehgdc zd|mhd xgmaz|m }`d w cd agxad# fd nm xm| g`ymx~gbdne m` mc

elom~e# m` cd ~|dad t}m mx~dlcmhm he` }` x}om~e t}m# m`~|m ~d`~e# è mx amèx am|hd`hád t}m

cex elom~ex t}m he`x}am.

Cd gnmd nm Lmòdag` mx t}m cd mxm`hgd nm cd dzd|gm`hgd# mc fmhfe nm t}m cd aenm|`gndn

g`hgnd xehgdcam`~m m` ~endx cdx hexdx t}m ~ehd# mc fmhfe nm t}m nmom f}mccd m` cdx hexdx# nm

t}m g`hc}xe# m` ehdxge`mx# ~|d~m nm le||d| x}x f}mccdx# è mx amèx «mxm`hgd xehgdc» t}m#

ze`bdaex ze| hdxe# cd nm~m|ag`dhgø` nm cd ldxm ad~m|gdc. D zd|~g| nm cd |mim|m`hgd nm Nmcm}m

z}mnm m`~m`nm|xm t}m# m` ezg`gø` nm Lmòdag`# cd ldxm mhe`øaghd hdzg~dcgx~d aenm|`d xm

mvz|mxm m` cd hexd nm }`d ad`m|d ~dc t}m xmd zexglcm cmm|# ~m`nm`hgdcam`~m# cd x}x~d`hgd è!

mx~ä~ghd nm }`d &cd ldxm mhe`øaghd' m` cd z|ehmx}dcgndn nm cd e~|d &x} mvz|mxgø` imèaç`ghd#

m`~m`ngnd heae aene nm dzd|ghgø` w è heae am|d dzd|gm`hgd'. Mx gaze|~d`~m |mhe|nd| t}m

mx~e eh}||m m` mc ~|d`xh}|xe nm }`d g`ymx~gbdhgø`# d eoex nmc h|á~ghe# w è d xgazcm ygx~d. E

ce t}m mx gb}dc# mc hdagè nmc heèhgagm`~e y}mcym d |mcdhge`d|xm ngdcçh~ghdam`~m he` mc

hdagè nm cd |mdcgndn xg` heg`hgng| he` çc.

Cd z|ge|gndn mzgx~maecøbghd nm cd am|hd`hád nmxidxdnd# nmc elom~e g`xgb`gighd`~m# nmc

i|dbam`~e w nmc nmxmhfe è z|mx}ze`m x} z|ge|gndn e`~ecøbghd. Mc aç~ene nmc ae`~dom mx

z|mhgxdam`~m mc |mheèhgagm`~e nm t}m xøce m` mc e|nm` nm cex he`hmz~ex w nm cdx elxm|ydhge!

`mx zenmaex heam`d| d nmxae`~d| cd aenm|`gndn. T}m Lmòdag` è xm |migm|m dc e|nm` nmc

xm| xehgdc mx zd~m`~m m` }`d i|dxm d|hfghg~dnd nm cd t}m x}mcm mv~|dm|xm cd he`hc}xgø` he`~|d|gd?

Mc aç~ene nm mx~m ~|dldoe mx mc ae`~dom cg~m|d|ge. @e ~m`be `dnd t}m nmhg|. Xøce aex!

~|d|. @e yew d x}x~|dm| `dnd ydcgexe# `g dz|ezgd|am `g`b}`d ie|a}cdhgø` g`bm`gexd.

Zm|e xá cex fd|dzex w cex nmxmhfex? è z|m~m`ne g`ym`~d|gd|cex# xgè fdhm|cmx o}x~ghgd

nm cd ÿ`ghd ad`m|d zexglcm# mx~e mx# mazcmä`necex4>.

Cd zexghgø` hm`~|dc nmc fd|dze w nmc nmxmhfe xmôdcd ~m`nm`hgdx i}`ndam`~dcmx t}m d~|d!

ygmxd` cd ~e~dcgndn xehgdc. Cex nmxmhfex xe` cex |mz|mxm`~d`~mx nm ce t}m è zm|ad`mhm# cex

z|gam|ex m` xmôdcd| cd hdn}hgndn nmc e|nm` xehgdc t}m }`d ym cex fge nmxmdlcmx# dxá heae

cd `mhmxd|gd he`nghgø` id`~dxadc nm x} zm|ad`m`hgd. M` cá`mdx bm`m|dcmx# Lmòdag` xm igod

m` cd mighdhgd nm cex im`øamèx h}c~}|dcmx# m` cd dnt}gxghgø` nm mx~d~}~e e`~ecøbghe nm cd

elom~gygndn nm cd h}c~}|d m` mc mxzdhge w m` mc ~gmaze. Mc dxeal|e t}m d~|dygmxd mc Cgl|e nm

cex Zdxdomx è mx dxeal|e ze| cd mvz|mxgygndn nmc i|dbam`~e# xgè ze| mc dchd`hm zcd`m~d|ge

nmc x}|bgagm`~e nm `}mydx ie|adx nm elom~gygndn. T}m mx~dx ~|d`xie|adhge`mx xmd` cmbglcmx

4> R. Lmòdag`# Cgl|e nm cex Zdxdomx# el. hg~.# z. >9< [LBX Y%4# z. =2>Q [@ 4d# 6Q.



4>9 Mn}d|ne Ad}|d


m` cdx b}ádx ~}|áx~ghdx w m` cdx èymcdx ze| m`~|mbdx# è m` cex ~|d~dnex nm igcexeiád# mx am~e!

necøbghdam`~m heazd~glcm he` }`d e`~ecebád ̀ e!mx~ä~ghd nmc xm| xehgdc. @e fdw he`~|dnghhgø`

m`~|m agh|ecøbghd w z}`~e nm ygx~d nm cd ~e~dcgndn. ]`d zm|~m`mhm dc e|nm` nmc |mheèhgagm`~e

nmc elom~e w mc e~|e dc e|nm` nm x} z|en}hhgø`# nm x} ccmbd| d xm|. He` mcce# Lmòdag` dyd`d

dcb}`dx he`xgnm|dhge`mx nm C}kähx?

Ce mxm`hgdc m` mx~m mvdam` am~enecøbghe xgb}m xgm`ne cd z|mhgxd xmzd|dhgø` nm cd

|mdcgndn t}m mx m` xá m` ~d`~e t}m z|ehmxe# nmc hdagè nm x} heèhgagm`~e. Cd gc}xgø`

gnmdcgx~d nm Fmbmc he`xgx~m […Q m` t}m mc z|ehmxe e`~ecøbghe nmc xm| w nm x} mx~dlcm!

hgagm`~e agxae xm dhm|hd nmadxgdne dc z|ehmxe mzgx~maecøbghdam`~m ̀ mhmxd|ge nm x}

he`hmz~}dcgdhgø`# t}m m` mx~m ÿc~gae [FmbmcQ xm he`hglm heae x}x~g~}~gye m g`hc}xe

heae }`d ie|ad e`~ecøbghdam`~m aäx mcmydnd nm dt}çc4=.

X}x hçcml|mx h|á~ghdx dc gnmdcgxae fmbmcgdè# dc zexg~gygxae xehgehgm`~áighe w dc ad~m|gd!

cgxae y}cbd| a}mx~|d` t}m Lmòdag` heaz|m`ngø cd `mhmxgndn nm }`d e`~ecebád ad~m|gd!

cgx~d. W m` mx~d nm~m|ag`dhgø` |mzexd l}m`d zd|~m nm x} ze~m`hgdc zd|d cd ~me|ád h|á~ghd nm cd

g`n}x~|gd h}c~}|dc. Zd|d mxhcd|mhm| mx~d |mcdhgø`# hdlm zcd`~md| cd |mcdhgø` m`~|m mc z|ewmh~e

nm cex Zdxdomx w cd igcexeiád xehgdc.

8. Lmòdag` w cd igcexeiád xehgdc

Xm`~g| t}m he` mc xgbce VGV xm hm|`ád }`d ~|d`xie|adhgø` mzehdc è i}m }` z|gygcmbge

nm Fmbmc w Ad|v

Rdc~m| Lmòdag`49

Mc z|elcmad mzgx~maecøbghe he`xgx~m m` t}m cd aenm|`gndn# m` ~d`~e t}m z|ehmxe he`x!

~g~}wm`~m nm elom~gygndn# è z}mnm xm| hdz~dnd ~e~dcam`~m m` mc e|nm` cøbghe nmc he`hmz~e.

W xg` mald|be ~gm`m t}m xm| zexglcm heèhm|cd# m` b|d` amngnd ze|t}m t}gä xmd `mhmxd|ge

nmxm`~|dôd|cd zd|d zenm| ~|d`xie|ad|cd# mx nmhg|# zd|d t}m cd ~me|ád z}mnd he`ym|~g|xm m` }`d

ie|ad eze|~}`d nm z|dvgx. Mx mx~m xm`~gne# mc Cgl|e nm cex Zdxdomx zm|~m`mhm dc neag`ge nm

cd igcexeiád xehgdc# mx~e mx# dc hdaze dz|evgadne nmc z|ewmh~e mvz}mx~e ze| Fe|kfmgam| m`

x}x nex mxh|g~ex z|eb|daä~ghex nm 4784 & Cd xg~}dhgø` nm cd igcexeiád xehgdc w cdx ~d|mdx nm }`

G`x~g~}~e nm g`ymx~gbdhgø` xehgdc' w nm 4782 & m̂e|ád ~|dnghge`dc w ~me|ád h|á~ghd'. Cd igcexeiád

nm Lmòdag` z}mnm cmm|xm# dc amèx ~m`nm`hgdcam`~m# heae }`d zmh}cgd| z|ece`bdhgø` nm

mx~m hdaze igcexøighe. Dz}`~d Fe|kfmgam| m` 4784?

He` cd z|ei}`ngdhgø` nm mx~d he`~|dnghhgø` m`~|m mc z|g`hgzge nm cd ie|ad nm cd ygnd

g`ngygn}dc# mx nmhg|# m`~|m mc z|eb|mxe g||mxgx~glcm nm cd imcghgndn nmc g`ngygn}e m` mc

ad|he nm }`d ie|adhgø` xehgdc ndnd# ze| }` cdne# w cdx zm|xzmh~gydx |mdcmx nm x}

xg~}dhgø`# ze| mc e~|e# cd igcexeiád# w m` zd|~gh}cd| cd igcexeiád xehgdc# fd xgne ccdadnd

4= B. C}kähx# Ad|v# e`~ecebád nmc xm| xehgdc

# el. hg~.# z. 2<.49 R. Lmòdag`# Cgl|e nm cex Zdxdomx# el. hg~.# z. =9: [LBX Y%<# z. 926Q [X 4d# 6Q.





}|bm`~mam`~m zd|d h}azcg| nm }`d ie|ad |mèydnd mxd i}`hgø` t}m cm i}m dxgb`dnd

ze| Fmbmc. W cd igcexeiád xehgdc fd mxh}hfdne mx~d ccdadnd42.

Xm |migm|m he` mcce dc ~|dldoe nmc G`x~g~}~e nm G`ymx~gbdhgø` Xehgdc nm I|d`ki}|~# zm|e

~dalgç` d cd z|äh~ghd ~e~dcgndn nm cdx neh~|g`dx igcexøighdx nmc aeam`~e# cdx h}dcmx xm fd`

ygx~e g`~m|zmcdndx# g`hc}xe m` ce t}m ~gm`m` nm igcexeiádx g`ngygn}dcgx~dx „nmxnm mc z|mhge!

xgxae xehgecøbghe nm Xgaamc dc h|g~ghgxae rmlm|gdè„# ze| cd aenm|`d ~|d`xie|adhgø`

nmc mxzdhge w nmc ~gmaze. Cd igcexeiád ~|d~d m` mx~d çzehd nm dl|g| mc z|elcmad nmc x}om~e dc

hdaze nm ce x}z|d!zm|xe`dc. Cd igcexeiád xehgdc# xmbÿ` Fe|kfmgam|# dym`~dod d e~|dx ezhge`mx

~mø|ghdx m` t}m xm xgm`~m hdzdhg~dnd zd|d ~|dldod| he` elom~ex he`h|m~ex xehgdcam`~m g`hd|!

ng`dnex w zd|d nmhgng| xel|m mc `gymc nm |mdcgndn w mc ydce| nm nghfex im`øamèx. @e dxzg|d

d ym|ndnmx }`gym|xdcmx# zm|e xá nmxnm c}mbe d dnez~d| zexghge`dagm`~ex ÿc~gaex d zd|~g| nmc

~|dldoe he` e~|dx ngxhgzcg`dx# d zd|~g| nm cd g`~m|dhhgø` ngdcçh~ghd m`~|m cd ~me|ád igcexøighd w

cd z|dvgx hgm`~áighd w nmc mx~áa}ce igcexøighe zd|d |mèydndx g`ymx~gbdhge`mx mazá|ghdx. Cd

z|mb}`~d ze| cd |mcdhgø` m`~|m cd ygnd mhe`øaghd# mc nmxd||ecce zxát}ghe nm cex g`ngygn}ex w

cdx ~|d`xie|adhge`mx m` mc äalg~e nm cd h}c~}|d# dxá heae ze| mc m`~|m~m`gagm`~e# cex mx~gcex

nm ygnd# cdx ezg`ge`mx hea}`mx# m~hç~m|d# mx m` l}m`d amngnd cd z|mb}`~d nm Lmòdag`# xøce

t}m nmxz|eygx~d nm i}`ndam`~ex x}lom~gygx~dx e gnmdcgx~dx. Ce gaze|~d`~m mx t}m mc z|ezøxg~e

è fd hdalgdne? g`ymx~gbd| cd |mcdhgø` m`~|m cd mvgx~m`hgd mazá|ghd zd|~gh}cd| w cd |dø`

bm`m|dc# m`~|m cd |mdcgndn w cd Gnmd# m`~|m cd h}c~}|d nm }`d çzehd w cdx he`nghge`mx ad~m!

|gdcmx nm zexglgcgndn nm x} mvz|mxgø` w nm x} nd|xm heae im`øamè xehgdcam`~m |mcmyd`~m.

M` mc Cgl|e nm cex Zdxdomx è amèx t}m m` cd el|d nm adn}|m nm C}kähx# «xm a}mx~|d cd

z|mze`nm|d`hgd nm cd mimh~gygndn xehgdc m` ~d`~e t}m h|g~m|ge ÿc~gae m` h}d`~e dc xm| e è xm|

xehgdc nm }` im`øamè»46. Cd g`~}ghgø` mx hcd|d? fdw dcbe m` mc xgbce VGV t}m he`x~g~}wm }`

bg|e nmhgxgye# w mc xgbce VV mx ze|~dne| nm mxm bg|e. Lmòdag` è yd d Zd|áx heae d`~gh}d!

|ge# he`~|d|gdam`~m d cd gadbm` ~|dnghge`dc t}m ~m`maex nm çc; aäx lgm` xm }lghd m` Zd|áx

zd|d heaz|m`nm| mc xm`~gne nm cdx ~|d`xie|adhge`mx xehgdcmx# mhe`øaghdx w h}c~}|dcmx nm x}

~gmaze. Ce ygmoe nmc hdzg~dcgxae cglm|dc x}môd mc z|mxm`~m nm Lmòdag`# ce z|migb}|d# w# dc

agxae ~gmaze# ce ̀ }mye nmc hdzg~dcgxae dyd`dne ccmyd he`xgbe cdx ie|adx he`x~g~}wm`~mx nm

cd ygmod elom~gygndn? cd d`d~eaád nmc feal|m „nghfe he` mc Ad|v nm cd g`~|en}hhgø` bm`m|dc

nm 46=2„ mx cd hcdym zd|d cd d`d~eaád nmc aeè. Cd d`d~eaád nm cd h}c~}|d nm Rmgad|#

x} g`~m|çx ze| cd dh~}dcgndn nmc zm`xdagm`~e# dxá heae cdx elxm|ydhge`mx t}m i}`ndam`~d`

Hdccm nm ng|mhhgø` ÿ`ghd# he`n}hm` d Lmòdag` dc xgbce VGV. @e eh}||m ce he`~|d|ge# t}m mc

xdt}mdne| nm lglcge~mhdx ~ezm nm l|}hmx he` mc a}|e nmc z|mxm`~m. Mc xgbce VGV# heaz|m`ngne

h|á~ghdam`~m nmxnm mc z|mxm`~m# mx cd hcdym nm heaz|m`xgø` w nm ~|d`xie|adhgø` nmc x~d~} t}e#

nm gb}dc ad`m|d t}m mc Ld||ehe m|d mc zdxdnge igcexøighe d cd aenm|`gndn.

µHøae dzcghd| ce t}m xm fd nghfe dc neag`ge nm cd g`n}x~|gd h}c~}|dc5 D cd h}c~}|d t}m nm

adxdx &nm X~m`nfdc d Nghkm`x# nm He}|lm~ d Ld}nmcdg|m# nm Nmcdh|egv d Kcga~ w nm Rdb`m|

d I|m}n# z}`~e ig`dc 474>' cm he||mxze`nm# ldoe he`nghge`mx hdzg~dcgx~dx# }` nmxzcgmb}m fgx!

~ø|ghe fm~m|ebç`me# }`d ~|d`xie|adhgø` z|ei}`nd t}m ~gm`m c}bd| d ce cd|be nmc xgbce VGV.

Nmxz}çx nm 474># w ~ead`ne zgm m` mx~dx ~|d`xie|adhge`mx# x}|bg|ä cd g`n}x~|gd h}c~}|dc

42 A. Fe|kfmgam|.Bmxdaamc~m Xhf|gi~m` 8

# I|d`ki}|~%A# Igxhfm|# <::7# z. <=.46 B. C}kähx# Ad|v# e`~ecebád nmc xm| xehgdc# el. hg~.# zz. 92!96.



4>6 Mn}d|ne Ad}|d


heae |mx}c~dne nm z|ehmxex nm he`hm`~|dhgø` maz|mxd|gdc# om|d|t}gdhgø` w xm|gdcgdhgø`

nm cd z|en}hhgø` nm h}c~}|d# z|ehmxex t}m ~ead` zgm m` cd dazcgdhgø` elom~gyd nmc zÿlcghe

t}m ym`ád z|en}hgç`nexm nmxnm cd çzehd fm|eghd nm cd h}c~}|d nm adxdx# zm|e t}m# zmxm d

nmzm`nm| nm cd h}c~}|d nm adxdx# è heg`hgnm he` mccd. Z}mx lgm`# mc x}môe nm cd h}c~}|d nm

adxdx# cd ad`m|d m` t}m cd aenm|`gndn xm x}môd d xá agxad# mx zd|d Lmòdag` mc gìgm|è.

Nm fmhfe# Lmòdag` xmôdcd t}m xg i}m|d zexglcm }`d mvzexghgø` xgx~maä~ghd nm cdx ie|adx

nm ygnd hdzg~dcgx~dx# çx~d he`xgx~g|ád m` mvze`m| mc gìgm|è?

Cd aenm|`gndn mx cd çzehd nmc gìgm|è. Cdx zm`dx nmc gìgm|è xe` ce èyáxgae t}m

m` hdnd aeam`~e fdw m` mx~m ~m||mè. @e xm ~|d~d nm t}m eh}||d «xgmaz|m e~|d ym ce

agxae» w amèx nm t}m dt}á xm ~|d~m nmc m~m|è |m~e|è. Xm ~|d~d aäx lgm` nm t}m cd

id nmc a}`ne# z|mhgxdam`~m m` dt}mcce t}m mx ce èyáxgae [cd ngym|xgndn mazá|ghdQ#

odaäx xm dc~m|d [mc mxzdhge%~gmaze heae he`nghgø` elom~gyd nmc dzd|mhm|# heae mx~ç!

~ghd ~|dxhm`nm`~dc d zex~m|ge|gQ# nm t}m mx~e ̀ eyáxgae zm|ad`mhm xgm`ne nm ~ene z}`~e

xgmaz|m ce agxae. Mx~e he`x~g~}wm cd m~m|`gndn nmc gìgm|è. Nm~m|ag`d| cd ~e~dcgndn

nm cex |dxbex m` t}m xm ad`gigmx~d cd aenm|`gndn xgb`gighd|ád mvze`m| mc gìgm|è 47.

Mc gìgm|è mx cd B|d` B}m||d# mc nmym`g| nm cd |mzÿlcghd nm Rmgad|# cd dhmcm|dhgø` nm

cd mvzm|gm`hgd hdzg~dcgx~d# mc nmxzcddagm`~e nm cd x}lom~gygndn m` he`nghge`mx nm g`~m`xd

am|hd`~gcgdhgø` nm cd mvzm|gm`hgd# m` x}ad# mx cd mvzm|gm`hgd nm cd g`hdzdhgndn zd|d ~m`m|

mvzm|gm`hgdx. Cd g`n}x~|gd h}c~}|dc mx m` cd dh~}dcgndn }` heaze`m`~m g`ngxzm`xdlcm nm ce t}m

Lmòdag` ccdadld «gìgm|è»# zm|e è m` hdcgndn nm he`bceam|dne nm amngex nm hea}`ghd!

hgø`# xgè nm «he`hmz~e d}~e!d`~dbe`gx~d» w nm «}`gndn ie|dnd nm ce g`healg`dlcm»<:. Cd

g`n}x~|gd h}c~}|dc |mmng~d cd he`~|dnghhgø` m`~|m m~m|`gndn w |mzm~ghgø` t}m Lmòdag` nm`}`hgd

m` cd hg~d d`~m|ge|. T}m Dne|è i}m|d zmxgagx~d w çc ez~gagx~d d`~m cd «|mz|en}h~glgcgndn ~çh!

`ghd» |mz|mxm`~d# nmxnm mx~m z}`~e nm ygx~d# }` z|elcmad amè|. Dxgagxae# he`~|d cd ezg`gø`

nm t}m cd ~me|ád h|á~ghd nm cd g`n}x~|gd h}c~}|dc mx }`d he`x~|}hhgø` nm l|ehfd be|nd# cex ~mv!

~ex nm Dne|è w Fe|kfmgam| ngdcebd` he` Lmòdag` ~dalgç` m` }` zcdè mzgx~maecøbghe#

ne`nm# zd|~g| nm zcd`~mdagm`~ex agh|ecøbghex# xm xeam~m cd èhgø` nm xgx~mad d }`d n}|d

h|á~ghd. G`he|ze|d| d Lmòdag` d }`d g`ymx~gbdhgø` nm mx~d á`necm zen|ád nmxfdhm| dcb}èx

adcm`~m`ngnex w dz|eymhfd| x}x d am`}ne cÿhgndx dnym|~m`hgdx<4. Cd z|mb}`~d mx? µ~gm`m

Lmòdag` dcbe t}m nmhg| xel|m mx~ex nmld~mx5 µ\mxze`nm x} igcexeiád d nghfex zd|äam~|ex5

Hdl|ád zm`xd| t}m xá# d}`t}m xe` aÿc~gzcmx cdx he||mhhge`mx t}m fdl|ád t}m |mdcgd|.

47 R. Lmòdag`# Cgl|e nm cex Zdxdomx# el. hg~.# zz. ==6!==7 [LBX Y%<# z. 929Q [X 4# =# ~|dn}hhgø` aengighdndQ.

<: \. F}cce~!Km`~e|# «Mc xm`~gne mvdh~e m` mc t}m wd ̀ e mvgx~m cd g`n}x~|gd h}c~}|dc»# el. hg~.# z. 6.

<4 ]è nm mx~ex adcm̀ ~m`ngnex he`xgx~m m̀ mxh|glg| heae xg Lmòdag` è heèhgm|d cex ~mv~ex hcdym nm cd ~me|ád

h|á~ghd nmc zm|gene. Ze| mc he`~|d|ge# mc xmgx nm nghgmal|m nm 4782 Lmòdag` xm |migm|m d «^me|ád ~|dnghge`dc w

~me|ád h|á~ghd» w dc m`xdwe nm Dne|è xel|m mc od# z}lcghdnex m` cd _mg~xhf|gi~ ió| Xegdcie|xhf}`b# m` ~ç|agèx

nm «h|á~ghd nmc he`hmz~e nm xgx~mad»? «@e `mhmxg~e nmhg|cm t}m cd h|á~ghd nmc he`hmz~e nm xgx~mad# xel|m ~ene ~dc

heae }x~mn cd hd|dh~m|gd m` x} am`hge`dne m`xdwe# zm|~m`mhm m` ag ezg`gø` d cex zgcd|mx nm `}mx~|e ~|dldoe».

Hi|. R. Lmòdag`# hd|~d nmc 9 nm nghgmal|m nm 4782 d A. Fe|kfmgam|# Bmxdaamc~m L|gmim# Y# I|d`ki}|~%A#

X}f|kdaz# 4777# z. 947. Zehe d`~mx# Lmòdag` fdlád ~|d`xag~gne d Fe|kfmgam| x} dzewe d cex zcd`~mdagm ~̀ex

nm «^me|ád ~|dnghge`dc w ~me|ád h|á~ghd». Hi|. R. Lmòdag`# hd|~d nmc 4: nm dbex~e nm 4782 d A. Fe|kfmgam|#Bmxdaamc~m L|gmim# Y# el. hg~. z. =9>.





D z|gam|d ygx~d# hdlm zm`xd| t}m mvgx~m dcb}`d g`heazd~glgcgndn nm ie`ne m`~|m cd e`~e!

cebád xehgdc w cd igcexeiád xehgdc. D}`t}m xm fd nmim`ngne t}m Lmòdag` b|dyg~d m` ~e|è d

dcb}`d nmxheèhgnd |dá heaÿ` m`~|m daldx# |mdcam`~m è fdw he`~|dnghhgø`. M` ~d`~e t}m

cd igcexeiád xehgdc xm eh}zd nm cd h}c~}|d ad~m|gdc nm cex xm|mx f}adèx &nmc nm|mhfe# nmc

Mx~dne# nm cd mheèaád w nm cd |mcgbgø`# m~hç~m|d'# agm`~|dx t}m cd e`~ecebád nmc xm| xehgdc

xm hm`~|d m` cd |mcdhgø` m`~|m mc feal|m w cd `d~}|dcmd# m`~|m ce e|bä`ghe w ce gè|bä`ghe#

nmxnm mc z}`~e nm ygx~d nm }`d elom~gygndn xehgdc nm~m|ag`dnd# xm ~|d~d nm neag`gex hea!

zd~glcmx. Mc x}om~e mx }è nm mxex aenex nm elom~gygndn# w mc ~|dldoe# cd h}c~}|d# mc mxzá|g~}#

m~hç~m|d# heìe|ad` x} mxzdhge z|gygcmbgdne. Dc agxae ~gmaze# xm|ád ~|gygdc nmhg| t}m «~ene

mx xehgmndn». Nmhcd|d| t}m cd |mxz}mx~d dc xmh|m~e nm cd elom~gygndn hdzg~dcgx~d he`xgx~m m` x}

hd|äh~m| nm fmhfe xehgdc mx g`h}||g| m` }`d adcd dlx~|dhhgø`# mx he`ym|~g| cd xehgmndn m` dcbe

è amèx hgmbe t}m cd `d~}|dcmd# fdhm| nm cdx he`nghge`mx elom~gydx nm ce t}m t}m|maex

heèhm| dcbe xgmaz|m ndne nm d`~madè# gà}~dlcm w# ze| mv~m`xgø`# d}~e|g~d|ge. Cd hcdym

è z}mnm mx~d| m` cd xehgmndn «m` bm`m|dc»# xgè m` x} he`h|mhgø`# m` x}x elom~gydhge`mx# m`

cd ad`m|d m` t}m cex im`øamèx ze|~d`# nm ad`m|d ~m`}m zm|e ngxhm|`glcm# cdx he`nghge`mx

nm zexglgcgndn nm x} elom~gygndn xehgdc. Mx~d g`ymx~gbdhgø` |mt}gm|m# }`d ym aäx# nm }`d

~me|ád nm cd x}lom~gygndn# zd|d cd h}dc Lmòdag` zen|ád xm|yg| heae g`xzg|dhgø` hd~mbe|gdc.

Cd dh~}dcgndn nm cd ~me|ád h|á~ghd nm Rdc~m| Lmòdag` è mx }` nd~e `d~}|dc# è zm|~m`mhm

d x} el|d m` h}d`~e ~mv~e hd`ø`ghe# xgè t}m nmlm xm| z|en}hgnd d zd|~g| nmc |mheèhgagm`~e

nm cd z|en}h~gygndn nm x}x hd~mbe|ádx. Nmlm xm| z|en}hgnd m` ~d`~e t}m |micmvgø` igcexøighd

xel|m ce t}m è mx igcexøighe. Xøce dxá xm|ä zexglcm fdhm| l}mè mc ccdadagm`~e e|gbg`dc nm

Fe|kfmgam|? «¤Eodcä t}m mc gaz}cxe t}m b}ám mx~m G`x~g~}~e xmd cd iç||md yec}`~dn nm xm|yg|

d cd ym|ndn xg` |mxm|ydx$»<<. Lmòdag` fge nm mx~m gaz}cxe }` mngighge h|á~ghe# xøce t}m cd

ym|ndn t}m zm|xmb}ád è mx amèx ~mø|ghd t}m z|äh~ghd. M` `}mx~|ex nádx# xgb}gm`ne mx~d ~|d!

nghgø` igcexøighd# cdx aÿc~gzcmx igcexeiádx xehgdcmx zexglcmx fd` nm xm| xecgnd|gdx he` cd ~me|ád

h|á~ghd m` }` aeam`~e fgx~ø|ghe m` t}m a}hfex zd|mhm` nmxmd| x} nm||}alm. M`~e`hmx# w

xøce m`~e`hmx# xm|ä zexglcm nmxdigd| h|á~ghd w mighdam`~m cdx he`nghge`mx nm zexglgcgndn nm

cd elom~gygndn aenm|`d# ~|d`xie|adnd nm d||gld dldoe# `}`hd aäx aenm|`d m` mc xm`~gne nm

Lmòdag` w Dne|è. M`~e`hmx# w xøce m`~e`hmx# ~m`n|ä` xm`~gne mx~dx zdcdl|dx nm Dne|è#

cdx h}dcmx Lmòdag`# è hdlm n}nd# fdl|ád ig|adne?

Hcd|e mx~ä? xexzmhfexd è mx cd nmxh|gzhgø` nm cd |mdcgndn heae }` gìgm|è# xgè cd

|}~g`d|gd mvfe|~dhgø` d xdcg| nm mccd. Xg mc ngxh}|xe nmlm few ng|gbg|xm d dcb}gm`# è

mx d cdx nmèag`dndx adxdx `g dc g`ngygn}e# t}m mx gaze~m`~m# xgè aäx lgm` d }`

~mx~gbe gadbg`d|ge# d t}gm` xm ce nmodaex m` fm|m`hgd zd|d t}m ̀ e zm|mhd m`~m|dam`~m

he` èxe~|ex<8.

<< A. Fe|kfmgam|#Bmxdaamc~m Xhf|gi~m`

8# el. hg~.# z. 8=.<8 A. Fe|kfmgam| w ^f. R. Dne|è# Ngdcçh~ghd nm cd Gc}x~|dhgø`# Adn|gn# ̂ |e~~d# 4776# zz. 8::!8:4.

Eduardo Maura - Benjamin y el tiempo

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