Eduardo Maura - El comunismo y las libertades de la gente común

5/12/2018 Eduardo Maura - El comunismo y las libertades de la gente común - slidepdf.com

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jholoaág mj xz`xkx}jlhkg# fghkg jc ajphgmo mj g`gx}ox { fghkg cg ikdghkøl mjc rpjhko

mjc npglo# co akxao wzj fghkg rpçh}khgx hocklmgl}jx hol cg lzjyg jholoaág rocá}khg

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klx}k} zhkolgc mjxmj g̀ gdo# rop jdjarco# jl a g}jpkg mj cj{jx ” jxhpk} gx o l o” wzj

pkdgl jc kl}jphga`ko { jc holxzao mj `kjljx# }gcjx hoao cg mjijlxg mj cg G xxkxg rglkx

j} hjpykxké mj 7099/ 70>7# mj cgx cj{jx hol }pg jc i pgzmj gcka jl} gpko# mj cg lo pag}kyg

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ljhjxgpkgajl}j hoklhkmj hol xz pjgckmgm4 cox hoaaoljpx `pk}çlkhox# klhczxo gccá molmj



9

açx fjpokhgajl}j xj gao}klgl hol}pg cg jxhgxjt# xol fjpjmjpox mj zl aomjco

rg}jplgckx}g jl jc wzj }omgyág jpg roxk`cj rjmkp g zl gcnzghkc wzj ajmkgpg

jxrol}çljgajl}j jl zlg }pglxghhkøl ># o jlhol}pgpxj hol zlg gz}opkmgm dzmkhkgc mj

Colmpjx pjrgp}kjlmo fongtgx jl}pj zlg azc}k}zm jlizpjhkmg rop cg agcg hgckmgm mjcrgl6 { ikp aglmo# ro hox mágx mjxrzëx# xjl} jlhkg igyopg`cj g zlg ajmkm g rp jykgajl} j

jdjhz}gmg,

Rzl}zgckto gfopg jl wzë rzjmg holxkx}kp cg hg}jnopág hoaaol rjorcj , Jl cg

ipgldg `pk}çlkhg mj cg fkx}opkonpgiág xohkgc# hoaaol rjorcj pjikjpj lo cox xzdj}ox mj cg

hoaaol cg~ # wzj }jlág hgpçh}jp njljpgc jl }gl}o wzj holx}k}zág zl hzjpro cjngc lo

jxhpk}o# xklo gc xzdj}o mj cox zxox hoazljx mj cg }kjppg { mj cox hgaklox &zxzipzh}o#

mjpjhfo lo jvhczxkyo mj rporkjmgm# mjpjhfo mj rgxo# j}h,+ Cox rkcgpjx mj jx}ox zxox

}kjljl wzj yjp# lg}zpgcajl}j# hol cgx Y zcngp jx H olxzj}zmkljx # hol jxg álmocj mj

hox}za`pjx wzj xj gro{gl jl cg }kjppg { wzj xzdj}gl cg }kjppg hol gl}jpkopkmgm g xz

homkikhghkøl dzpámkhg roxk}kyg, J, R, ]foarxol# jl zl hgrá}zco igaoxo mj Hox}za`pjx

jl hoaôl &7;;7+# rpjxjl}g jc rpo`cjag mj cgx rpçh}khgx hoazlgcjx jl }ëpaklox

rpjhkxox;4 ¥C g hox}za `pj U… Q lzlhg i zj pjgckmgm, J pg jl}oplo U… Q# zl jl}oplo

ykykmo wzj hoarpjlmj rpçh}khgx# jvrjh}g}kygx fjpjmgmgx# pjncgx wzj mj}jpaklgl cox

cáak}jx mj cox zxox g cg yjt wzj pjyjcgl roxk`kckmgmjx# lopagx { xglhkoljx }gl}o mj cg

cj{ hoao mj cgx lopagx mjc yjhklmgpkoµ, Jc holdzl}o mj rpçh}khgx rporkgx mj cox

hoazljx ” cj{ lo jxhpk}g# hox}za `pj# rjpo } ga`kël cgx rpçh}khgx }gpmohoa zlgcjx

a çx klx}k} zhkolgcktgmgx” } kjljl cg mki khzc}o xg ykp }zgckmgm mj xjp# ro p mji klk hkøl# cjv

cohk ” cj{jx cohgcjx, Iczh}ôgl mj zlg rgppo wzkg g o}pg# mj zl hol mgmo g o} po# mj zlg

}kjppg `gcmág g o}pg, Co hoaôl mj jx}j hoazlkxao &mj cgx rpçh}khgx+ lo jpg xklo zl

gxzl}o cohgc# lzlhg zlg lopag njljpgc, Jx}o hoarckhø jl jv}pjao jc mjxrckjnzj mjcaoykakjl}o mj hjphgmox# wzj }jpaklgpág iklgcajl}j hol cg jvkx}jlhkg mj cox `kjljx

hoazlgcjx { hol cg rpor kjmgm lo jvhczxkyg mj cg }kjpp g ” jc aomjplo mjpjhfo

hgrk}gckx}g mj cg rporkjmgm# jl}jlmkmo hoao rporkjmgm mj cg hoxg { hoao hoxg jl xá

akxao# jl jc xjl}kmo mj `kjl kl}jphga`kg`cj o jlgdjlg`cj# wzj hzcaklg gcpjmjmop mj

7662# açx mj moxhkjl}ox g÷ox mjxrzëx, Hg`j hk}gp gc ajlox mox ao}kyox4 cg

> J, R, ]foarxol# H ox}z a`p jx jl hoaôl # @gphjcolg# Hpá} khg# 7;;:# r, 0>0,6 J, R, ]foarxol# H ox}z a`p jx jl hoaôl # o`, hk},# rr, 0:8!0:=,; J, R, ]foarxol# H ox}z a`p jx jl hoaôl # o`, hk},# r, 700,



>

nkngl}jxhg }pgag wzj xj fg`ág holx}pzkmo jl }oplo g cgx rpçh}khgx cohgcjx {# lo ajlox

pjcjygl}j# ropwzj co wzj jx}g`g jl dzjno lo jpg jc jwzkck`pko jl}pj ro`pjx { pkhox#

mgmg cg gzxjlhkg mj }omg holxkmjpghkøl aomjplg mj cg holhkjlhkg mj hcgxj, Jc o`dj}o

g mkpkakp jpg cg xz`xkx}jlhkg,Cg gzxjlhkg mj rcjlg holhkjlhkg mj hcgxj# xkl ja`gpno# lo mkxrjlxg mj

hol i ckh} ox mj hcgxj, M j fjhfo# jc hga ro mj cgx rp çh}khgx hoa zlgcjx izj zl jxrghko mj

ipkhhkøl jl}pj cgx rgp}jx karckhgmgx# gl}jx mjc gznj mjc aoykakjl}o mj hjphgmox { mj

cg rpockijpghkøl mj cg cønkhg jholøakhg mj cg jvrco}ghkøl agxkyg mj cox pjhzpxox

lg}zpgcjx { xohkgcjx, G c hoa kjlto cg czhfg rgpcgajl}gpkg ro p cg rpo rkjmgm mj cg }kjppg#

jl cg ërohg fjpokhg mj cg ghzazcghkøl opknklgpkg# cg hox}za`pj jpg {g jc jxhjlgpko mj

holickh}ox mj hcgxj jl jc xjlo mj cox rporkox hoaaoljpx 4 cg hox}za`pj { cg rporkjmgm

hoazlgc jpgl mjijlmkmgx# rop zlox { o}pox# mjxmj zl rzl}o mj ykx}g mj hcgxj xkl

holhkjlhkg# `gdo hpk}jpkox cohgcjx mj hcgxj { mjxmj cg ør}khg mj cgx lopagx cohgcjx4

¿wzkëljx jpgl# pjgcajl}j# cox hoaaoljpx `pk}çlkhox? Jpgl }omo ajlox zlg npgl hcgxj

holxhkjl}j mj xá akxag { mj xzx ipghhkoljx4 xj }pg}g`g mj gnpkhzc}opjx# cg`pgmopjx#

rjwzj÷ox rporkj}gpkox# zxzgpkox mj cg }kjppg `gcmág# mj cox rgl}glox { mj cox rgpwzjx

lg}zpgcjx# rjpo }ga`kël mj tgrg}jpox# rjwzj÷ox hoajphkgl}jx# hgl}jpox { hjpyjhjpox#

a gmpjx j fk dgx }p g`gdgmopgx mjc hgaro# j}h,

Cgx hg}jnopágx rocá}khgx wzj rzjmjl fgccgpxj jl cox rglicj}ox cohgcjx { cgx

xjl}jlhkgx dzmkhkgcjx mj cgx hoagphgx klncjxgx mj iklgcjx mjc xknco VYKK { hoakjltox

mjc xknco VYKKK xol hoarcj}gajl}j gdjlgx gc cjlnzgdj dzpámkho aomjplo# g xg`jp# gc

cjlnzgdj mj cox mjpjhfox jvhczxkyox, Cgx czhfgx }oagl hzjpro jl rcjk}ox xo`pj cox

}pgyjxg÷o x mj zlg jxhgcjpg ” wzj fg`ágl mj xjp a om ki khgmox rgpg wzj – cgx y kjdgx‑ #

hg}jnopág ëx}g mj co r ocá}k ho# lo mj co mjaonpçikho# rzm kjpgl xz`k p rop jccg” 5 jlholickh}ox xo`pj zxzprghkoljx mj aocklox o xo`pj jc zxo mj }kjppgx xkl rporkj}gpko

mjiklkmo# co hzgc mg`g czngp g mkxrz}gx jl}pj hoaaoljpx gnpgpkox# wzj pjhcgag`gl xz

– mjpjhfo mj zxzip zh}o‑ # { hoaaoljpx mj hkzmgmjx rjwzj÷gx# g cg xgtøl }k}zcgpjx mj cox

mjpjhfox xo`pj aocklox { npgljpox# rjpo lo xo`pj cg }kjppg molmj jx}ox xj gctg`gl,

J c p jrjp} op ko mj rpçh}khgx mj mjijlxg mj cox mjpjhfo x hoa zljx# xk ` kjl a z{ ygpkgmo#

lo pjxrolmj g cg mkho}oaág rgpcgajl}gpkxao o ao}ál ” wzj }ga `kël” # xklo g

pjrjp}opkox xohkgcjx mj npzrox mj rjpxolgx klhcgxkikhg`cjx jl jxrghkox }jlzjajl}j



6

pjnzcgmox, M j gfá wzj lo xj hgx}kngpgl ghhkol jx rpjxzl}gajl} j rzlk` cjx# }gcjx hoao

cg mjx}pzhhkøl mj hglmgmox# jc aoykakjl}o loh}zplo mj aodoljx wzj xj÷gcg`gl cg

rporkjmgm pjhkël gmwzkpkmg# o wzj rpockijpgpgl }ga`kël cox hg`kcmjox# cgx hgp}gx# cox

g}gwzjx mkpjh}ox g azpox { }jppgrcjljx# cox klhjlmkox rpoyohgmox# cg mjx}pzhhkøl mjgphfkyox# j}h, Gzlwzj jvkx}ág cg iknzpg mjc cgmpøl mj ajphglhágx wzj xj grpoyjhfg`g

mj cg ghhkøl mj cg azc}k}zm# jx}g iknzpg lo rgpjhj lk ag{opk}gpkg lk mjhkxkyg jl jc

opmjl xohkgc, Jvkx}ágl# gxkakxao# rpçh}khgx zp`glgx mj mjijlxg mj cox `kjljx

hoazlgcjx# lo ljhjxgpkgajl}j gnpgpkgx, ]foarxol xznkjpj wzj cgx ghhkoljx zp`glgx

jpgl açx jikhghjx wzj jc cg`opkoxo mág g mág mj cox hoaaoljpx gnpgpkox5 }omo jcco#

lg}zpgcajl}j# jl jc aoajl}o fkx}øpkho mjc xzpnkakjl}o mj cgx aomjplgx

hopropghkoljx# jl jc xjl}kmo mj gnpzrghkoljx mj rjpxolgx wzj gôlgl izjptgx rgpg cg

rpoxjhzhkøl mj kl}jpjxjx rgp}khzcgpjx pjcg}kygajl}j hoklhkmjl}jx72,

¿Wzë romjaox jv}pgjp mj }omo jx}o? &7+ Cg hox}za`pj { cgx rpçh}khgx

hoazljx }kjljl wzj yjp hol cg }kjppg { hol cox `kjljx, &0+ Cox mjpjhfox wzj xj

mjikjlmjl o rpomzhjl gh}kygajl} j lo xj rpjmkhgl jx}p kh}gajl}j mj cgx rjpxolgx, M j

fjhfo# jx fg`k}zgc jl jc mjxjarj÷o mj cox hoazljx wzj cox hgarjxklox# gao}klgmox

hol}pg jc aoykakjl}o mj hjphgmox { hol}pg cox lzjyox }jppg}jlkjl}jx# lo rjpak}kjpgl

jc zxo ck`pj mj xzx }kjppgx# lk xkwzkjpg hol cg jvhzxg mj pjzlkp jijh}kyox akck}gpjx# g

rjpxolgx gdjlgx g cg hoagphg# wzkjljx }jlágl wzj rgngp zl gcwzkcjp rgpg ghhjmjp gc

zxzipzh}o mj cgx }kjppgx hoazlgcjx, Cox `kjljx hoazlgcjx { cgx rpçh}khgx lo

hgrk}gckx}gx mjc mjpjhfo mj rporkjmgm Urporkjmgm mjc zxo o# xk xj wzkjpj# rporkjmgm mj

cg }kjppg g }pgyëx mj xz zxoQ pjak}jl mj gcnzlg agljpg g cg hpjghkøl mj jxrghkox mj

klmkxrolk`kckmgm# jl lklnôl hgxo klhoarg}k`cjx hol jc mjpjhfo# xklo# açx `kjl#

holhj`kmox hol}pg xjl}jlhkgx holhpj}gx wzj jak}ágl cox dzjhjx mj cg njl}p{ wzkjljx# jl

72 Jlhol}pgaox }ga`kël g azhfgx azdjpjx jl}pj cg azc}k}zm# ghzxgmgx jl lzajpoxox hgxox mj xjpaçx gnpjxkygx wzj cox foa`pjx hol}pg cox jxrjhzcgmopjx, Xj jlipjl}g`gl açx ipol}gcajl}j g coxghgrgpgmopjx mj npglo# hg`j rjlxgp# jl zlg rjhzckgp holmkhkøl mj jholoakx}gx moaëx}khgx wzjcgx xk}zg`g açx kl}jlxgajl}j gl}j jc ipgzmj wzj g xzx agpkmox j fkdox# rpoyohglmo xz kpgmkpjh}gajl}j hol}pg jc yjlmjmop# jc }pglxrop} kx}g hopp zr} o o jc a ock ljpo# mj }gc a gljpg wzj ccjnøg xjp açx ipjhzjl}j yjp gc}jphgmox hol azdjpjx ro`pjx# gc ajlox jl cox ajphgmox hoagphgcjx#wzj hol hgarjxklox ro`pjx, Ccgag }ga`kël cg g}jlhkøl cg klxkx}jlhkg mj o}pox rjlxgmopjx jl cgxz`dj}kykmgm rocá}khg mj cgx azdjpjx ipglhjxgx mzpgl}j cg jhcoxkøl mj cox aoykakjl}ox rorzcgpjxjl Ipglhkg j Klncg}jppg &7>;2!7>;0+, Hip, N, Pzmë# C g azc}k }zm jl cg fkx}opkg, C ox mkx}zp `kox rorzcgp jx jl I pglhkg j Klncg}jp pg# 7 >8 2!7 6= 6 # Agmpkm# Xknco VVK# 022;# rr, 0=6!0:0# { G, Moaæljhf# J c jhck rxj mj cg ipg}jp lkmgm # @gphjcolg# Hpá}k hg# 022=# rr, 66!72=,



;

xz ag{opág# jpgl pjiopakx}gx gnpgpkox rgp}kmgpkox mj cg mkykxkøl mj cg }kjppg jl

rgphjcgx { mj cg rporkjmgm jvhczxkyg mj cg }kjppg# jl xzag# mjc mjpjhfo mj rporkjmgm

hoao mjpjhfo klgckjlg`cj mj cgx rjpxolgx, Co wzj cg}j jl jc holhjr}o aomjplo mj

rporkjmgm jx cg }pglxiopaghkøl mjc xjl}kmo mj rjp}jljlhkg g cg }kjppg# jx jc holdzl}omj rpçh}khgx wzj holx}k}z{jl jc hol}oplo xohkojholøakho mjc hoaaoljp 77, Zl xkjpyo

pzxo rzmo rjpijh}gajl}j mjhkp g xz xj÷op# jl jc jdjphkhko mj xzx ck`jp}gmjx# gcno

hoao4 ¥[o xo{ }z{o# rjpo cg }kjppg jx lzjx}pgµ, Zl hoaôl mjc xknco VVK# hz{g

gxknlghkøl mj hcgxj ” jl } ëpa klo x aomjplox” xjpág rpçh}khgajl}j karoxk`cj# mkp ág

}o mo co hol }pgpko 4 ¥C g }kjppg jx }z{g# {o l oµ,

Jl cg holyjpxkøl mj cg }kjppg jl o`dj}o mj cj{# co wzj jx}ç jl dzjno lo jx#

gmjaçx mj cg cjná}kag xz`xkx}jlhkg# o}pg hoxg wzj &8+ cg rjpxolgckmgm dzpámkhg mjc

rporkj}gpko, Jc mjpjhfo mj zxo mjdg mj }jljp pjcjyglhkg dzpámkhg rgpg holyjp}kpxj jl

mjpjhfo &o lo!mjpjhfo+ xo`pj cg hoxg# { lo jl ghhjxk`kckmgm gc holdzl}o mj rpçh}khgx

wzj yjlno mjloa klglmo hoazljx , Cox mjpjhfox kl}glnk`cjx# jl }gl}o wzj jarkjtgl g

xjp mj}jpaklgmox hoao hoxgx# holx}k}z{jl rgzcg}klgajl}j cg aomjplg holhjrhkøl

hgrk}gckx}g mj cg rporkjmgm# { mj}jpaklgl# mj jx}g agljpg# jc mjxrckjnzj mj cgx

– lzjygx ck`jp }gmjx hoa zljx‑ , C gx ck`jp }gmjx rgxgl gfopg rop cg rpor kjmgm# lo rop jc

zxzipzh}o# { cg czhfg xj mjxrcgtg mjc xzjco g cg iç`pkhg# mj cg ikdghkøl mjc rpjhko g cg

mj}jpaklghkøl mjc xgcgpko, Jc xzdj}o mj ck`jp}gmjx hoklhkmj hol jc rporkj}gpko lo

ropwzj jc Jx}gmo gxá co mkxj÷j# xklo ropwzj xj jx}ç holx}pz{jlmo zl xkx}jag az{

xoikx}khgmo mj ajmkghkoljx dzpámkhgx wzj xzrpkaj# rpjhkxgajl}j# jc gl}knzo gp`k}pgdj

jxrghkgc jl }oplo g cox zxox, [ gxá# cox ioccj}klkx}gx hoaaoljpx # { cox roj}gx pzpgcjx

klncjxjx mj iklgcjx mjc xknco VYKKK# rzjmjl holxkmjpgp ¥ghhkoljx roho hoazljxµ cg

jvrporkghkøl mj rgl}glox { mj }kjppgx fkx}øpkhgajl}j hoazlgcjx# jx}o jx# cgxzx}pghhkøl gc jxrghko hoaôl mj `kjljx wzj jpgl hoazljx jl cg ajmkmg jl wzj lo jpgl

roxjámox mj agljpg rpjhkxg , Jl jx}j hol}jv}o# jc mjpjhfo lo jx zl rpo`cjag, Jc

rpo`cjag jx cg njx}køl mj cox mjpjhfox# xz hoxkikhghkøl g rgp}kp mj cgx rpçh}khgx mj

gcnzlox hoaaoljpx gyjl}gdgmo x { mj xjl}jlhkgx wzj cgx gygcgl ” jl ohgxkoljx rop

77 Hg`j pjhopmgp# co wzj cg yot – J x}gmo‑ o cg yot – rporkjmgm‑ pjikjpjl fg kmo i czh}zglmo g co cgpnomjc }kjaro { mj cox hga`kox jrohgcjx# xohkgcjx { jholøakhox# az{ rpoizlmox# rop hkjp}o# jl jx}gërohg, L o xknlkik hø co akxao# fgx}g mjxrzëx mj ajmkgmox mjc xknco V K V # jl jc azlmo pz pgcklncëx wzj jl cg hkzmgm i pglhjxg mj rpoy klhkgx,



72

a o} kyox mj fjpjlhkg# gzlwzj }ga` kël rop a jpg gmwzkxkhkøl izp} kyg, L o xj holhk`jl

{g mjpjhfox hoazljx g hoxgx# xklo mjpjhfox mj rjpxolgx xo`pj hoxgx# gp}khzcgmox

hoao rpçh}khgx jijh}kygx mj holxzao# hoajphko j kl}jphga`ko, Cg jvrporkghkøl

jx}g}gc ” wzj jvkx}kø# lg}zp gca jl} j” izj cønkhgajl}j mjpkygmg mj cg ljhjxkmgm mjhglhjcgp cgx ga`kygcjl}jx rpçh}khgx mj rjpxolgx wzj lo xj rjlxg`gl jccgx akxagx

hoa o rop }gmopgx mj mjpjhfox zlkr jpxol gcjx ” gzlwzj xj mkjpgl hgmg yjt açx

hgxox” # xklo wzj xj klxjp }g`gl jl zlg }pgag mj o` cknghkoljx { mjrjlmjlhkgx ” gcno

rgpjhkmo g zl rp ka k}kyo xkx}jag mj ngpgl}ágx” wzj# a z{ jikhgtajl}j# jxrghkgcktg̀ g

cox mjpjhfox { cox xknlkikhg`g# rop jdjarco# lo hoao ck`jp}gm rjpxolgc mj

a oyka kjl}ox ” a omjplg gmdzmkhghkøl mj hkjp} o cgkxxjt!rgxxjp ” # xklo hoa o mjpjhfo mj

rgxo rop zl rgl}glo o zl hgaklo xkl rporkj}gpko mjiklkmo, Hzglmo jc mjpjhfo xj

xjrgpg mjc zxzipzh}o# jl}olhjx jx roxk`cj fg`cgp mj ghzazcghkøl hgrk}gckx}g# lo gl}jx4

cgx hoxgx xj ghzazcgl# cox zxox lo ,

Rop } gl} o# cg iop ag!mjpjhfo l o gmwzkjpj cox }kl }jx mj grëlmkhj mjc hgrk} gc wzj

holo hja ox rop jc pjcg}o mj L jnpk, A çx `kjl# cgx xjl} jlhkgx hol} pg cox hoaaolx #

rpoazcngmgx rop dzjhjx aglkikjx}gajl}j gikljx g cg jholoaág rocá}khg fo{ ccgagmg

hcçxkhg ” jl} ol hjx loyjmoxg” # gzlwzj lzlhg mj a gljpg zlk ik hgmg# gmwzkjpjl cg

iop ag mj – cj{jx xkl c j{‑ # mj cj{jx xkl i zlmgajl} o jl cgx hoxgx, Cg dzx}khkg lg}zpgc mj

cg jv}pghhkøl mjc `jljikhko mj cg }kjppg jx zlg hpjghkøl g rgp}kp mjc ga`knzo }jppk}opko

mj ipkhhkøl jl wzj holxkx}jl cg cj{# cg hox}za`pj { jc zxo5 lo jx zl rpomzh}o mjc

mjpjhfo aomjpl o ” ëx}j hojvkx}kø mzpgl} j mëhgmgx hol cox `kjljx hoa zlgcjx”

xklo zl rpohjxo mj rpomzhhkøl mj lopag wzj xj ccjyø g hg`o hol}pg cg –cj{ xkl

cj{jx‑ mjc zxzipzh}o { mjc mjpjhfo mj rgxo# hol}pg zlg rpgv kx cohk wzj }jlág {g# azhfo

gl}jx mjc gmyjlkakjl}o mjc cjlnzgdj dzpámkho aomjplo# cg holiknzpghkøl mj zl mjpjhfo mj zxo,

J c hoaaoljp rkjpmj xzx mjpjhfox mj zxo g co cgpno mjc xknco VYKKK# `kjl rop

xjl}jlhkg dzmkhkgc# `kjl rop hjphgmo jijh}kyo# `kjl rop mjppo}g mj xz ao}ál# xz

gxohkghkøl o xz iol mo hoa ôl ” }gcjx jpgl cgx rpçh}khgx fg`k }zgcjx mj pjxkx}jlhkg, C g

rporkg cønkhg mj cg homkikhghkøl cjngc mjdg g cox mjpjhfox hoazlgcjx ajlopjx xkl

izlmgajl}o ag}jpkgc o ck}jpgc, Hkjp}gajl}j# cox mjxiknzpg dzpámkhgajl}j, [ xkl

ja`gpno# cg – cj{ xkl cj{jx‑ mj cg ghhkøl xohkgc xknzj xkjlmo ro xk`cj# rjxj g cg



77

hpjhkjl}j yknkcglhkg mj cgx gz}opkmgmjx, Cg rpgv kx cohk lo mjxgrgpjhj hol xz

mkizaklghkøl dzpámkhg# jl}pj o}pox ao}kyox# ropwzj jpg jl}jlmkmg hoao mjpjhfo#

hoao mjpjhfo mj zxo mj cox jxrghkox# { cox jxrghkox rjpagljhjl5 holxkx}ág jl zl

klmjiklkmo mjpjhfo mj grjcghkøl g klx}k}zhkoljx# xkl ja`gpno# `kjl mjiklkmgx jl}oplo g zlg }pgag mj o`cknghkoljx { ngpgl}ágx wzj xknzkø xkjlmo izjp}j# g ajmko

hgaklo jl}pj cg czhfg hol }p g zlgx gz}op kmgmjx ” jl a zhfo x hgxox# lzjygx

gz}op kmgmjx ajphgl} kcjx” { cg grjcghkøl g cg cj{ mj o}pgx wzj# lzjygx o ykjdgx# jpgl

holxkmjpgmgx cjná}kagx rop cg hoaaol rjorcj ,

¿Gmølmj wzkjpo ccjngp hol }omo jx}o? G rcgl}jgp høao cg iopag mjc mjpjhfo

mj cg hoxg# jl} jlm kmo hoa o zxo mj cg hoxg { lo hoao mjpjhfo g cg hoxg# ykp}zgcajl}j

kckak}gmo { yjlmk`cj# lox mg cg rkx}g mj co wzj rzjmg xknlkikhgp cg ck`jp}gm fo{# jl zl

hol }jv}o jl wzj cgx – cj{jx xkl cj{‑ mjc hgrk }gckxao gygltgmo f gl g`x}pgámo# zlg yjt

açx# cox izlmgajl}ox rpçh}khox mj xz izlhkolgakjl}o4 co fgl g`x}pgámo mj cg

homkikhghkøl dzpámkhg roxk}kyg wzj gho}gpol cox jx}gmox aomjplox# cgx hopropghkoljx#

cox xklm khg}o x# cox npzr ox mj kl}jpëx xohkgc# cox rgp} kmox rocá}khox ” xkjarpj mj

agljpg holickh}kyg# mgmg cg lo!xzrjproxkhkøl mj }omox jx}ox rcglox, Co fgl

g`x}pgámo mj o}pg g`x}pghhkøl# hkjp}gajl}j# { rgpg jcco fgl }jlkmo wzj holx}pzkp# }pgx

azhfgx czhfgx klx}k}zhkolgcjx { xøco jl zlg igxj az{ }gpmág mjc hgrk}gckxao# zlg

yjpxkøl ljock`jpgc mo`cja jl} j g̀ x}pgh}g ” mjxrpoykx}g mj cgx klx}k} zhkoljx wzj cg

}pgmkhkøl mjc aoykakjl}o o`pjpo { mjc pjrz`ckhglkxao xohkgckx}g fg`ág holx}pzkmo#

g`x}pghhkøl klhczxo mjc xzipgnko zlkyjpxgc jl}jlmkmo }pgmkhkolgcajl}j, Zlg

holx}pzhhkøl wzj jx njlzklg holmkhkøl mj roxk`kckmgm mj cg xz`dj}kykmgm fá`pkmg mj

– cox ajphgmox‑ # jc ôl kho xzdj}o# rgpgmødkhgajl} j# wzj jl lzjx}p ox mágx xj hol dzng

xøco jl rczpgc4 jc –loxo}pox cox ajphgmox‑# ôlkho –loxo}pox‑ pjgcajl}j jvkx}jl}j# xjholx}pz{j hol}pg cg ck`jp}gm mj cox hoazljx { xz ga`knzg rjpo jikhgt }pgag

klx}k}zhkolgc# hol}pg jc Jx}gmo { hol}pg }omg ajmkghkøl dzpámkhg70,

Jc mkxj÷o gh}zgc mj jx}j jxrghko mj holickh}o lo mkx}g azhfo mj cg

hgpgh}jpktghkøl wzj fj rpjxjl}gmo4 rop zl cgmo# rjpxkx}j cg mjrjlmjlhkg mjc aomjco

mjc jx}gmo mjc `kjljx}gp { mj xzx ck`jp }gmjx ” cgx ykjdgx klx}k}zhkoljx mj cg mjaohpghkg

70 ]omo jcco aj rgpjhj hoarg}k`cj hol jc mg}o fkx}øpkho mj wzj jc mjpjhfo hkykc aomjplo izjmjhkxkyo rgpg cg holyjpxkøl mjc mjpjhfo mj zxo jl mjpjhfo jvhczxkyo mj rporkjmgm,



70

ck`jpgc a omjpl g# ga`knzgx rjpo pjgca jl} j jvkx}jl} jx” 5 rop jc o }po# xj fghj rg}jl} j

jc jxrghko mj ip khhkøl jl} pj cgx aomjp lgx – cj{jx xkl cj{‑ { cg loyáxka g – cj{ xkl c j{jx‑ , C gx rp ka jpgx

hoklhkmjl# grpovka gmgajl}j# hol cgx ck`jp }gmjx hol xkmjpgmgx – `zpnzjxgx‑ ro p cg

}pgmkhkøl mj cox rgp} kmox hoazlkx}gx ” holjh}gmgx# g dzkhko mj Cjlkl # hol cgxajmkghkoljx dzpámkhgx –xohkgchfoyklkx}gx‑ { –orop}zlkx}gx‑# rop hk}gp mox hgckikhg}kyox

jarcjgmox rop jc akxao Cjlkl# wzj cox hoazljx mj njljpghkoljx rox}jpkopjx# hg`j

rjlxgp wzj Poxg Czvja`zpno { Djgl Dgzpæx klhczxkyj# izjpol hgrghjx mj holx}pzkp,

Xo`pjxgcjl &7+ jc xzi pgnko zl kyjpxgc ” jc a kxao wzj fkto r oxk`cj# jl} pj o} pgx

holwzkx}gx# jc L j~ M jgc o jc } á}zco }jphjpo mj cg Hol x}k}zhkøl mj ^jka gp” # &0+ jc

holyjlko hocjh}kyo# &8+ cg xglkmgm rô`ckhg { &=+ cg jlxj÷gltg o`ckng}opkg, Cg xjnzlmg

xj gdzx}g g co wzj fo{ ccgagao x – cj{ mj cox ajphgmox‑ ,

Ak mkgnløx}kho# gro{gmo jl cox }pg`gdox mj N, Pzmë { J, R, ]foarxol# jx

roho opknklgc4 cg rpçh}khg mj cox hoazljx xj yko rjpdzmkhgmg rop cg jholoaág rocá}khg

hcçxkhg ” ck` jpgc# ikxkøhpg}g# rgp }kmgpkg mj cox mjpjhfox mj rpor kjmgm hoa o moa klko

jvhczxkyo xo`pj cgx hoxgx” # cg hzgc# g xz yjt# i gyopjhkø g cgx mjlo aklgmgx – cj{jx xkl

cj{‑ # g cg holi knzpghkøl rgzcg}kl g mj zlg dzpkxrp zmjlhkg ” rox}jpkop gc rjpkomo

lgrocjøl kho” hol cg wzj# rjxj g }o mo# cg jholoa ág ro cá}khg hcçxkhg lo hoklhkmág# {

}omo jcco rjxj g cgx pjxkx}jlhkgx mj cox hoazl jx# mj cox dzjhjx rpohck yjx g xglhko lgp cg

yknjlhkg mj cox mjpjhfox hoazlgcjx { mj cox gpmkmjx ho}kmkglox wzj cox hoaaoljpx

rzxkjpol jl rpçh}khg rgpg mjijlmjp xzx mjpjhfox jxrghkgcjx { mj zxo, Jl hzgl}o cg

xz`dj}kykmgm dzpámkhg aomjplg xj g`pkø rgxo# mjdø mj xjp roxk`cj# rolngaox rop hgxo#

xox}jljp cjngcajl}j jc klyj}jpgmo mjpjhfo mj rgxo mj cox hg`jtgx mj igakckg ro`pjx

rop cox jxrghkox hoazljx# rjpo lo ropwzj jc dzjt kl}z{jpg wzj cg cj{ jpg zl grëlmkhj

mjc hgrk}gc &{ jc hgrk}gc lo jx gdjlo gc }pçlxk}o+ { cg grckhgpg hgrk}gckx}gajl}j# xkloro pwzj cg hg}jnopág – hg`jtg mj igakckg ro `pj‑ xj fg`ág yzjc}o mjagxkgmo

klmj}jpaklgmg5 xj fg`ág yzjc}o dzpámkhgajl}j klhcgxkikhg`cj, Rjp}jljhág g zlgx

hoopmjlgmgx hoazljx jl cgx wzj cox mjpjhfox }omgyág xj rpjmkhg`gl mj cox jxrghkox

{ cg rporkjmgm lo xj rpjhkxg`g,

Jl jx}j hoa`g}j# cox hoaaoljpx jx}g`gl rjpmkjlmo roxkhkoljx4 rjpmágl

mjpjhfox mjxmj zl rzl}o mj ykx}g ag}jpkgc# rjpo# gc akxao }kjaro# cjx jpg

rgzcg}klgajl}j jxhgao}jgmg xz hoaôl xz`dj}kykmgm# jx}o jx# xz hoazlkmgm , J c



78

jdjphkhko mj xzx ck`jp}gmjx rjpmág# rgzcg}klgajl}j# cg rjpxrjh}kyg mjc zxo { mj cg

jlhgplghkøl jl cgx hoxgx ” jl jc hga klo { jc rgl}glo# rjpo }ga`kël jl jc

a jphgmo” { yjág høa o xj gcjdg̀ g cg pjijpjlhkg g xz i kl ôc} ka o4 cg pjrpo mzhhkøl

xohkgc# cg ykmg `zjlg# xk `kjl lo jx}pkh}gajl}j gpkx}o}ëckhg# { cg ck`pj mkxroxkhkøl mjc jxrghko, Cg ck`jp}gm mjc mjxroxjámo mjc zxzipzh}o# { mj gwzjccox klhgrghk}gmox rgpg jc

jdjphkhko mj xzx ighzc}gmjx lg}zpgcjx# xøco ro mág# ccjngmox g jx}j rzl}o# xjp pjx}gzpgmg

hoa o moa klko xo`pj cg hoxg# `kjl rop jijh}o mj zlg xjl} jlhkg igyopg`cj ” klxkx}o jl

wzj jx ro xk` cj fgccgpcgx” # `kjl g }p gyëx mj cg holyjpxkøl gc aoy ka kjl}o mj hjphgmo

hoao lzjyo pjrjp}opko xohkgc, Ygcng cg loyjmgm fkx}øpkhg# jx hkjp}o wzj gcnzlox

ykjdox hoaaoljpx pjhzppkjpol g xzx rporkox hjphgmox hcglmjx}klox# gxá hoao gc

hol}pg}o mj gppjlmgakjl}o hol cox lzjyox rporkj}gpkox, Co hkjp}o jx wzj# gl}j jc

hga`ko mjaonpçikho { mj rpçh}khgx mj jvrco}ghkøl mj cox pjhzpxox# { gl}j cgx

mki khzc}gmjx wzj cg g̀ zlmglhkg mj ro` cghkøl xkl jarcjo# jl zl xjl} kmo lo !gxgcgpkgmo

mjc }ëpa klo# hg̀ ág rpjnzl}gpxj# ¿ck` jp}gm rgpg wzë? M jxmj czjno# lo c k`jp}gm rgpg co

akxao wzj xzx ag{opjx# { mjxmj czjno lo cg akxag hcgxj mj ck`jp}gm# mgmo jc hga`ko

mj xknlo dzp ámkho# gar gpgmo g xz yjt jl wzj cgx ck`jpgcjx – cj{jx xkl cj{‑ xj z} kck tg`gl#

mj agljpg rponpjxkyg# rgpg igyop jhjp gc hkhco jholøa kho!rocá} kho ” kmjocønkhgajl} j

hkipg`cj# gfopg xá# hoao hgrk}gckx}g ck`jpgc,

Xol holo hkmox cox yálhzcox jl} pj jc a oy ka kjl}o mj hjphgmox { cg hpjghkøl mjc

rpocj}gpkgmo, Xkl ja`gpno# cox rpjhjmjl}jx dzpámkhox lo gz}opktgl# xkl açx# zl

mkgnløx}kho hg}gx}pøikho4 azhfox hoaaoljpx xknzkjpol ” ga rgpgmox jl xjl} jlhkgx

dzmk hkgcjx co hgcjx” jdjphkjlmo xz mjpjhfo mj zxzi pzh} o# { gzlwzj co x mjpjhfox xj

fg`ágl holyjp} kmo# jl `zjlg ajmkmg# jl o` dj}o x g cg yjl} g ” njljpglmo mki jpjlhkgx

mj hcgxj jl}pj gwzjccox wzj yjlmkjpol g `zjl rpjhko { gwzjccox wzj ckwzkmgpol#rpjhkrk}gmox rop jc fga`pj { rop cg mkik hzc}gm rgpg xz`xkx}kp jl g÷o x mj jxhgxjt” #

rzjmjl jlhol}pgpxj }omgyág pjijpjl}jx dzpámkhox hoazljx# jx}o jx# mohzajl}ox jl

cox hzgcjx xj z} kck tg cg jvr pjxkøl – mjpjhfox lzjx}po x‑ mj zlg agljpg wzj a j rgpjhj

klhola jlxzpg`cj g høa o mjhka ox fo{ wzj cox mjpjhfo x mj hgmg zlo mj loxo} po x# jl

}gl}o wzj mjpjhfo x knzgcjx# holi op agl – lzjx}pox mjpjhfox‑ , Jl gcnzlgx rgp} jx mj xz

ykmg# mkhj ]foarxol78# ¥cox ro`pjx }omgyág xj xjl}ágl gz}øloaox { jl jxj xjl}kmo

78 J, R, ]foarxol# H ox}za`p jx jl hoaôl # o`, hk},# r, 029,



7=

ck`pjxµ, Hg`j mjhkp# zxzgpkox gz}øloaox# lo xzdj}ox gz}øloaox karjpajg`cjx g cg

mkx}pk`zhkøl jxrghkgc mj xzx ck`jp}gmjx,

Zlg akpgmg njljgcønkhg g cg ck`jp}gm mj cox hoazljx rompág pjxgc}gp# rop

}gl}o# jc rzl}o jl wzj ëx}g jlcgtg hol jc rpo`cjag mj cg xz`xkx}jlhkg# hol cg ck`jp}gmrgpg ikdgp jc rpjhko mj cox `kjljx mj xz`xkx}jlhkg jl }ëpaklox mj rpjxjpyghkøl mjc

rporko hzjpro, Cg ck`jp}gm mj cox hoazljx lo }kjlj cg iopag mjc mjpjhfo aomjplo#

rjpo xá pjhcgag# az{ aomjplgajl}j# cg klx}k}zhkøl mj jxrghkox mj klmkxrolk`kckmgm

jl a g}jpkg mj jholo aág ro cá}khg, L o jl yglo# cg ka rop }glhkg mj cg ghhkøl xohkgc mj

cox hoazljx jx ag{op jl cg rpçh}khg wzj jl cg ikcoxoiág rocá}khg mjc rjpkomo# gzlwzj

jx hkjp}o wzj jc }jag mj cg rporkjmgm { xzx jijh}ox xo`pj cg ikdghkøl mj rpjhkox jx}g`g

rpjxjl} j jl cg ikco xoi ág ro cá}khg klncjxg mjxmj ikl gcjx mjc xknco V Y K K ” jl D, C ohej {

M, Fzaj# }ga`kël jl gz}opjx rox}jpkopjx hoao J, @zpej o G, Xak}f, Cg opknklgpkg

ck`jp}gm mj cox hoazljx# lo!jlgdjlg`cj jl }gl}o wzj lo!hoxg# jx}ç g ajmko hgaklo

jl}pj cg klyj}jpgmg hoaaol cg~# jc @ooe oi O pmjpx mj 7982 &wzj pjnzcg`g cgx

}pglxghhkoljx hoajphkgcjx# xglhkolg`g cg gygpkhkg mjc rpomzh}op { gz}opktg`g gc

hoarpgmop ro`pj g kliczkp jl cg mj}jpaklghkøl mjc kl}jphga`ko+# cgx hox}za`pjx

hoazlgcjx &lzlhg jv}jlxk`cjx g açx mj zl rgp mj hoagphgx# ajpg cjv cohk # lo

mjpjhfo+ {# ro p cg rgp}j hol }pgpkg# hoa rzjx}g ro p i kxkøhpg}gx { lzjygx gz}o pkmgmjx# cg

klhkr kjl}j xglhkøl mjc mjpjhfo jvhczxkyo mj rporkjmgm, A j rgpjhj wzj jx

rpjhkxgajl}j jx}g holmkhkøl rpo`cjaç}khg co wzj fghj mj cgx rpçh}khgx mj cox

hoazljx zl `zjl pjicjdo mj cg pjgckmgm mj cox gc`opjx mjc hgrk}gckxao4 ao}ál {

mjrjlmjlhkg mjc rgmpj# ghhkøl xohkgc holhjp}gmg j kpg# }omo jcco klxjrgpg`cjajl}j

yklhzcgmo g zl hol}jv}o jholøakhg { xohkgcajl}j iczh}zgl}j,

Gipol}jaox gfopg# mjxmj jc }jppjlo nglgmo rop lzjx}pg `pjyj klyjx}knghkølxo`pj co hoaôl hoao holdzl}o mj rpçh}khgx mj cox hoaaoljpx # cgx aomjplgx

karckhghkoljx mj jx}g rpjnzl}g4 ¿ck`jp}gm rgpg wzë? ¿Ck`jp}gm rgpg holxzakp# rgpg

jcjnkp jl}pj zlg kckak}gmg { icjvk`cj oijp}g mj `kjljx mj holxzao# ck`jp}gm mj

aoykakjl}o# mj rjlxgakjl}o# mj ghhkøl cohgc# mj jvrpjxkøl hzc}zpgc { cklnóáx}khg# mj

zxo xjvzgmo mjc hzjpro? ¿Ck`jp}gm hoao xkx}jag mj ngpgl}ágx mj wzj# mj fjhfo#

romjaox hol}gp hol gcno? ¿Ck`jp}gm hol}pg @gmkoz# jx}o jx# rgpg wzj lo rzjmg

holxzagpxj cg roxk`kckmgm mj }omox cox ro xk`cjx# roxk`k ckmgm wzj zlo `kjl r ompág cjjp



7:

fo{ hoao cg rpklhkrgc gxrkpghkøl mjc hgrk}gc iklglhkjpo 7=? J c rpor ko G mga Xak} f7: xj

wzjdg`g jl ] fj ~jgc}f oi lg}kolx mj cg klhgrghkmgm mj cgx klx}k} zhkoljx rgpg ck`jpgpxj mj

cg pjhkrpohkmgm hol cox hoazljx4 ¥cgx cj{jx holhjplkjl}jx gc npglo rzjmjl

hoargpgpxj jl }omgx rgp}jx g cgx cj{jx holhjplkjl}jx g cg pjcknkøl, Cg njl}j xj xkjl}j}gl kl}jpjxgmg jl co wzj xj pjikjpj# `kjl g xz xz`xkx}jlhkg jl jx}g ykmg# `kjl g xz

ijckhkmgm jl cg ykmg iz}zpg# wzj jc no`kjplo xj yj o`ckngmo g hjmjp gl}j xzx

rpjdzkhko xµ, M khfo mj o}pg agljpg# cg jhol oa ág aopgc mj cox hoazljx lo xj

holx}p z{j dzp ámkhga jl} j# rjpo }gar oho jx gdjlg gc mjpjhfo { g cgx klx}k}zhkoljx, M j

gcnzlg agljpg# rpji knzpg cg pjcghkøl iz}z pg jl} pj xohkjmgm hky kc { J x}gmo# zlg xkjarpj

holi ckh}k yg { lzlhg jx}p kh}gajl}j yjp} khgc# }gc hoao ghpjmk}g cg rpo` gmg ji khghkg mj cgx

rpçh}khgx hoazljx, Jc pjrz`ckhglkxao mjaohpç}kho# ygcng cg }pgxcghkøl# xkjl}j zlg

mjxholikgltg xkakcgp gl}j jc Jx}gmo { jc ajphgmo# gl}j cg cj{ mj cg jikhkjlhkg

jholøakhg { jc mjpjhfo roxjxkyo,

M khfo jx}o# hg`j rpjnzl}gpxj rop cg lg}zpgcjtg mj cox hoa zljx mjc xknco V V K 4

¿jvkx}j gcnzlg hcgxj mj giklkmgm jl}pj cg jholoaág aopgc mj cox hoazljx { cg

jholoaág aopgc &rox}!~j`jpkglg+ mj cox lzjyox aoykakjl}ox xohkgcjx# klhczxo gccá

molmj pknj jl xz xjlo zl xkx}jag mj mjrjlmjlhkgx { zlg hkjp}g pjxkx}jlhkg g

g`glmolgp jc rg}jplgckxao }gl}gx yjhjx hpk}khgmo# azhfgx yjhjx hol pgtøl# rop cox

gmyjpxgpkox kmjocønkhox mjc Jx}gmo mj `kjljx}gp? ¿Jx roxk`cj rjlxgp cgx aomgckmgmjx

mj ghhkoljx rorzcgpjx# rporkgx mj cg pjxkx}jlhkg g cg lzjyg jholoaág rocá}khg mjc xknco

VYKKK# jl rgpgcjco# rolngaox rop hgxo# hol cg jholoaág aopgc mj cox aoykakjl}ox

mjc 7: mj ag{o? Xk gxá izjpg# lo fg`cgpágaox# rop }gl}o# mj klmknlghkøl, Açx `kjl#

}pg}gpágaox mj kczaklgp jxj jxrghko mj ipkhhkøl jl}pj cg cj{# cg hox}za`pj# cg

jholoaág aopgc { cox hga`kox jholøakhox gh}zgcjx jl wzj jx roxk`cj rjlxgp zlgjholoaág mj cg jaglhkrghkøl,

L o xj }p g}g {g mj zl rp ocj}gpkgmo wzj glf jcj hoa zlkxao# lk mj zl

hoazlkxao mjc hoaôl lg}zpgc &mjc gkpj { mjc gnzg+ o mjc hoaôl gp}kikhkgc &mjc } pg`gdo

7= Cg xznjpjlhkg jx mj Rg`co Cørjt, Gxkakxao# mj`o azhfo g xz }pg`gdo ¥Izjptgx gxkaë}pkhgx4jxrghko hkykc { romjp rô`ckhoµ# rpjxjl}gmo jl jc Holnpjxo P jxrzjx}g g c g rp jnzl}g4 ¿W zë jx K czx}pghkøl? &7>6 =!027 2+# hjcj`pgmo jl cg Zl kyjpxkmgm Hoa rcz }jlxj mj A gmpkm jl g`pkc m j 0272,

7: G, Xak}f# ] fj ~jgc}f oi lg}k olx # 7>>9# ck`po KY# hgr, :,



79

klag}jpkgc# cox hømknox# cox cjlnzgdjx# j}hë}jpg79+# lk mj pjkyklmkhgp cgx klajaopkgcjx

cj{jx klncjxgx o mj pjlzlhkgp jl ` cowzj gc m jpjhfo rpo hjxgc ” ro p xzrzjx}o ” xklo

mj fghjp lo}gp wzj cg }pgmkhkøl mj cox hoazljx lo }kjlj rop wzë xjnzkp xkjlmo

rjlxgmg jl }ëpaklox mj gòckhkøl mjc jx}gmo o mj gòaklghkøl mj cgx klx}k}zhkoljxaomjplgx, Xj }pg}gpág# rop jc hol}pgpko# mj kl}jprpj}gp cgx roxk`kckmgmjx wzj ëx}gx cj

rpjx}gl g cox hoazljx mjc xknco VVK# jl zl hol}jv}o rgp}khzcgpajl}j holickh}kyo

rgpg cg jx}g}gckmgm hol}jaropçljg { rgpg cg ghhkøl holhjp}gmg jl cg jxijpg mj cg

xohkjmgm hkykc7>, ]gc izj jc hgxo mj cg jholoaág rocá}khg hcçxkhg# wzj fzò mj yjlhjp

}omg hcgxj mj pjxkx}jlhkgx rop rgp}j mj cox hoazljx# { }gc yjt mj`jpág xjp gxá jl

lzjx}pox mágx# g }pgyëx mj zlg pjloygmg jholoaág aopgc mj cox hkzmgmglox hoazljx

wzj gxzakjpg xz holmkhkøl mj xzdj}o rocá}kho mjhkxkyo { xz jv}pg÷jtg jl cg rporkg

}kjppg &xohkjmgm hkykc+, Gxzlhkøl mj zlg xz`dj}kykmgm# jl xzag# wzj xøco rzjmj

rjlxgpxj hoao hzjpro mj ghhkoljx wzj kl}jlxkikwzjl cg roxjxkøl mj jxrghkox

hoazljx# xkl rop jcco mjijlmjp# gz}oaç}khgajl}j# zl aomjco pjrz`ckhglo

jvhcz{jl} j hoa o jc wzj F gpm} { L jnpk pjhfgtgl i pol} gca jl} j# rop hol x}k} zkp# mkhjl#

zlg xzjp}j mj aj}çx}gxkx rocá}khg mjc mjpjhfo jvhczxkyo mj rporkjmgm, Jvkx}jl npgmox

mj ck`jp}gm jl}pj cg xohkjmgm hkykc { jc Jx}gmo wzj mjxakjl}jl }gl}o g Cjlkl hoao g

@gmkoz,

L o jl yglo# jvkx}jl r pjhjmjl}jx a z{ kl }jpjxgl} jx jl cg }pgmkhkøl pjrz` ckhglg4

79 Hip, A, F gpm} { G, L jnpk# H oaaol~jgc} f, J c rp o{jh}o mj zlg p jyoczhkøl mjc hoaôl # Agmpkm# Gegc# 0277#rr, 78=!78:# rgpg cg hzjx}køl mj cg jvrjpkjlhkg mjc hoaôl# cg hzgc rporophkolgpág# xjnôl coxgz}opjx# ¥zl agpho rgpg xgckp mjc g}occgmjpo jrkx}jaocønkho hpjgmo rop cg oroxkhkøl jl}pj cozlkyjpxgc { co rgp}khzcgpµ,

7> Rolngaox rop hgxo cg jvrjpkjlhkg xohkgc mjc holxzao { mj cgx klx}k}zhkoljx wzj co pknjl, Xkholxkmjpgaox njlzklg { jikhgtajl}j rox}aomjplg cg }pglxkhkøl mj cg rpjnzl}g mjc holxzakmopjx}çlmgp mjc azlmo aomjplo &¿hzçc jx jc ajdop }jcëiolo rgpg cg ykmg wzj ccjyo# hzçc jx jc açx ô}kcrgpg aá?+# g cg rpjnzl}g rporkgajl}j rox}aomjplg &¿wzë ykmg xj gmgr}g ajdop g ak lzjyo}jcëiolo kl}jcknjl}j# wzë ykmg jx açx gmjhzgmg g ak Ighjòoe?+# jl}olhjx cg rox}aomjplkmgmazc}kicjvk`cj { rox}!fjmolkx}g# }pgxzl}o jholøakho mj cg kliklk}g roxk`kckmgm mj cox roxk`cjx# lorzjmj hoklhkmkp hol zlg klicghkøl mj cgx klx}k}zhkoljx# xklo# zlg yjt açx# hol xz mkxcohghkøl,Mkhfo mj o}pg agljpg# cg aklkaktghkøl mjc xzdj}o ykjlj mgmg rop xz gmgr}ghkøl# xkl ajmkghkoljx#gc o`dj}o mj holxzao# }omg yjt wzj ëx}j xj fg jaglhkrgmo mj cg xg}kxighhkøl mj ljhjxkmgmjx, ¥Jcfoa`pj rpomzhj gc foa`pjµ# xøco wzj jl zl hol}jv}o lo jaglhkrg}opko, Cg izxkøl mjc xzdj}ohol cg ykmg wzj jc o`dj}o rpomzhj lo jx jaglhkrg}opkg# g cg agljpg mj zlg mkizaklghkøl mj coxaomox mj xz`dj}kyghkøl mj cg aomjplg pjrô`ckhg mj cg rporkjmgm# wzj cg lzjyg ktwzkjpmgmjlzlhkg rop – grgpjl}jajl}j knzgck}gpkox‑ # xklo ajmkgl}j cg ajpg xz`xzlhkøl mj cg izlhkøl mjco`dj}o jl cg ykmg rcjlgajl}j aocmjg̀ cj/ i cjvk`cj mjc xzdj}o, M j gfá cg rpjnzl}g mjhkxkyg# jlag}jpkg mj rpomzhhkøl mj hgpçh}jp xohkgc# g cg wzj holm zhj cg rox}aomjplk mgm4 – ¿jx}ç ak y kmg gcg gc}zpg mj ak Ighjòoe? Xk lo co jx}zykjpg# ¿høao rzjmo hga`kgp mj ykmg?‑



7>

cg czhfg hol}pg cgx cj{jx wzj rjpak}ágl jc ghgrgpgakjl}o mj npglo &{ jc xz`xknzkjl}j

hol}poc mj cox rpjhkox rop aockljpox# hoajphkgl}jx j kl}jpajmkgpkox+ izj ccjygmg g

hgò# izjpg hzgc izjpg jc pjxzc}gmo# rop cox hoazljx { rop cgx klx}k}zhkoljx# g rgp}kp

mj cg az}zg mjxholikgltg rjpo }ga`kël mj cg roxk`kckmgm mj jxrghkox mjhocgòpghkøl, Jc kl}jlxo ghjl}o pjrz`ckhglo mj cgx czhfgx rop jc xzipgnko zlkyjpxgc#

ro p cg jcjyghkøl mj cgx hcgxjx moa ëx}khgx g cg holm khkøl mj xzdj}o x ro cá}k hox ” cgx

azdjpjx# izlmgajl}gcajl}j# jl ykp}zm mj cg hglhjcghkøl jijh}kyg mj cg mkx}klhkøl

}pgmkhkol gc jl}p j cj{ hkykc { cj{ mj iga kckg” # o mj cgx doplgmgx mj ag{o mj 7669 jl

rox mj cg doplgmg cgòpgc mj ohfo fopgx# xznkjpj# jl zlg hoarcjdg gp}khzcghkøl hol

cgx klx}k}zhkoljx pjgcajl}j jvkx}jl}jx# wzj xøco xoaox hoazljx 76 jl cg – xohkjmgm

hkykc‑,

76 Lo hpjo wzj Jlnjcx glmzykjpg az{ gcjdgmo mjc kmjgc mj cg pjrô`ckhg mjaohpç}khg gc jlzajpgp holjl}zxkgxao# jl xz kl}pomzhhkøl g cg jmkhkøl gcjaglg mj C g nzjp pg hkyk c jl Ip glhkg mj E, Agpv&76;7+# cox conpox mj cg Hoazlg mj 76>74 ¥Jc 09 mj agpto izj jcjnkmg# { jc 06 rpohcgagmg cgHoazlg mj Rgpáx, Jc Hoak}ë Hjl}pgc mj cg Nzgpmkg Lghkolgc# wzj fgx}g jl}olhjx fg`ág }jlkmo jcromjp jl xzx aglox# mkak}kø jl igyop mj cg Hoazlg# mjxrzëx mj fg`jp mjhpj}gmo cg gòckhkøl mjcg jxhglmgcoxg – rock hág mj aop gckmgm‑ mj Rgpáx, Jc 82# cg Hoazlg gòckø jc xjpyk hko a kck} gpo`c kng}opko { jc jdëphk}o rjpa gljl}j# { mjhcgpø ôlk hg izjptg gpagmg g cg N zgpmkg L ghkolgc# jl c gwzj mj`ágl jlpocgpxj }omox cox hkzmgmglox hgrghjx mj jarz÷gp cgx gpagx, Holmolø cox rgnoxmj gcwzkcjp mj ykykjlmgx mjxmj oh}z`pj mj 76>2 fgx}g g`pkc mj 76>7# gòlglmo jl hzjl}g rgpgiz}zpox rgnox mj gcwzkcjpjx cgx hgl}kmgmjx {g gòlgmgx# { xzxrjlmkø cg yjl}g mj o`dj}oxjarj÷gmox jl cgx hgxgx azlkhkrgcjx mj rpëx}gaox, Jc akxao mág 82# izjpol holikpagmox jl xzxhgpnox cox jv}pgldjpox jcjnkmox rgpg cg Hoazlg# rzjx .cg `glmjpg mj cg Hoazlg jx cg `glmjpg mjcg Pjrô`ckhg azlmkgc., Jc rpkajpo mj g`pkc xj ghopmø wzj jc xzjcmo açvkao wzj rompág rjphk`kpzl izlhkolgpko mj cg Hoazlg {# rop }gl}o# cox akxaox akja`pox mj ëx}g# lo rompág jvhjmjp mj9,222 ipglhox &=,622 agphox+, Gc mág xknzkjl}j# cg Hoazlg mjhpj}ø cg xjrgpghkøl mj cg Kncjxkg { jcJx}gmo { cg xzrpjxkøl mj }omgx cgx rgp}kmgx holxknlgmgx jl jc rpjxzrzjx}o mjc jx}gmo rgpg ikljxpjcknkoxox# mjhcgpglmo rporkjmgm lghkolgc }omox cox `kjljx mj cg Kncjxkg5 hoao holxjhzjlhkg mj}om o jx}o# jc 6 mj g̀ p kc xj op mjlø wzj xj jcka klgxjl mj cgx jxhzjcgx }om ox cox xáaòc ox pjcknkoxox#ka çnjljx# monagx# opghkoljx# jl zlg rgcg`pg# – }omo co wzj hgj mjl}p o mj cg øp` k}g mj cgholhkjlhkg klmkyk mzgc‑ # opmjl wzj izj grckhçlmoxj npgmzgcajl}j, U,,,Q J c 70# c g Hoazl g ghopmøwzj cg hoczal g }pkzli gc mj cg Rcghj Yjlmýa j# izlmkmg hol jc `po lhj mj cox hg÷oljx }oa gmox ropL grocjøl mjxrzëx mj cg nzjppg mj 762;# xj mjaock jxj# gc xjp xáaòco mj hfoy kl kxao j klhk}ghkølg cox omkox jl}pj lghkoljx, Jx}g mkxroxkhkøl izj hzarckajl}gmg jc 76 mj ag{o, Jc 79 mj g`pkc# cgHoazlg opmjlø wzj xj g`pkjxj zl pjnkx}po jx}gmáx}kho mj }omgx cgx iç`pkhgx hcgzxzpgmgx rop coxrg}polox { xj rpjrgpgxjl cox rcgljx rgpg pjglzmgp xz jvrco}ghkøl hol cox o`pjpox wzj gl}jx}pg`gdg`gl jl jccgx# opnglktçlmocox jl xohkjmgmjx hoorjpg}kygx# { wzj xj rcgljgxj }ga`kël cgopnglktghkøl mj }omgx jx}gx hoorjpg}kygx jl z lg npgl Z lkøl, J c 02# cg Hoaz lg mjhcgpø gòck mojc } pg`gdo loh}zp lo mj cox rglgmjpox { xzrp ka kø }ga`kël cgx oi khklgx mj hocohghkøl# wzj mzpgl}jjc Xjnzlmo Karjpko jpgl zl aolorocko mj hkjp}ox xzdj}ox mjxknlgmox rop cg rockhág#jvrco}gmopjx mj rpkajpg ikcg mj cox o`pjpox, Cgx oikhklgx izjpol }pglxijpkmgx g cgx gchgcmágx mj coxyjkl}j mkx}pk}ox mj Rgpáx, Jc 82 mj g`pkc# cg Hoazlg opmjlø cg hcgzxzpg mj cgx hgxgx mj jarj÷o#`gxçlmoxj jl wzj jpgl zlg iopag mj jvrco}ghkøl rpkygmg mj cox o`pjpox# jl rznlg hol jcmjpjhfo mj jx}ox g mkxrol jp mj xzx klx}pzajl}ox mj }pg`gdo { mj hpëmk }oµ# jl E , A gpv { o}pox# C g Hoazlg mj Rgpáx # A gmpkm# G egc# 0272# rr, 6:!69,



76

Rop o}pg rgp}j# cg rjpajg`kckmgm jl}pj Jx}gmo { hopropghkøl jl jc agpho mj cg

xohkjmgm hky kc &F jnjc+# { cg pjm mj mjrjlmjlhkgx wzj hgpgh}jpktg g cgx ghhkol jx mj cg

}pgmkhkøl pjrz`ckhglg# lo karkmjl rjlxgp cg pjloyghkøl rpomzh}kyg mjc holdzl}o mj

ajmkghkoljx wzj lox ighzc}gpol rgpg rjlxgp hoao ngpgl}ktgmox# jl jc hol}jv}ojzporjo# jc mjpjhfo cg`opgc aomjplo o cg ck`jp}gm mj rpjlxg# cox hzgcjx rjpak}kjpol#

gxkakxao# rpo{jh}gp hoao ro}jlhkgcajl}j karoxk`cj cg mjx}k}zhkøl mjc xkx}jag mj

o`cknghkoljx { pjhkrpohkmgmjx wzj# hol }omgx cgx pjxjpygx wzj jvknj cg rjpxkx}jlhkg mj

cg kldzx}khkg { cg mjxknzgcmgm# cgx }pgmkhkoljx mjc aoykakjl}o o`pjpo# mjc ijaklkxao {

mjc pjrz`ckhglkxao# jl}pj o}pgx# izjpol hgrghjx mj }jdjp,

$ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $

Jl }ëpaklox açx igakckgpjx# cglto zlg rpjnzl}g {g hcçxkhg jl jc ça`k}o mj cg }jopág

hpá}khg hol}jaropçljg4 ¿jl wzë gijh}g jc aomjco rocá}kho mj cg hpkxkx g cg rpçh}khg mj

cg ck`jp}gm# g xg`jp# jc gmjcngtgakjl}o mj cg jxijpg rô`ckhg5 cg klyjpxkøl mj cgx rocá}khgx

rô` ckhgx jl grck hghkøl mj zl holdzl} o mj pjhj}gx aghpo jholø a khgx rpo hjmjl}jx mjc

azl mo xzrpgczlgp ” lo xzdj}o# hoa o xg`jaox rop G pkx}ø}jcjx# g cox rpkl hkrkox mj

njljpghkøl { hopp zrhkøl” # jl cg holyjpxkøl mjc hkzmgmglo jl hckjl}j g }p gyëx mj cg

rp kyg}ktghkøl mj cox xjpy khko x `çxkhox ” gnzg# pjm jcëh}p khg# }pglxrop }j” # cox hzgcjx#

rpjhkxgajl}j# rjpikcgl cg klx}glhkg rô`ckhg# jx}o jx# jc jxrghko hkykc jl wzj }oagl

hzjpro cgx klkhkg}kygx wzj ccgagaox jxrjháikhgajl}j rocá}khgx?

Jl lzjx}pox mágx gxkx}kaox g mjhcklghkoljx mjc no`kjplo mj cg xohkjmgm hkykc

wzj lo rpj}jlmjl glzcgp cg klkhkg}kyg mj cox no`jplgmox { wzj# xkl ja`gpno# gijh}gl

rpoizlmgajl}j g lzjx}pgx rpçh}khgx, Aomox mj no`kjplo wzj# jl ohgxkoljx# loxo`ckngl g xjp ck`pjx# g jlipjl}gplox hol mjhkxkoljx pjcjygl}jx jl lzjx}pgx ykmgx4

ikpagp o lo zlg fkro}jhg# jxhonjp zlg jxhzjcg z o}pg jl izlhkøl mj mj}jpaklgmox

hpk}jpkox mj hgckmgm { mj ghhjxk`kckmgm# }jljp zlo# mox# }pjx o hzg}po fkdox# j}hë}jpg5

mjhkxkoljx wzj }jpaklgl rop pjx}pklnkp cg rpçh}khg mj cg ck`jp}gm# rpjhkxgajl}j rop cg

gzxjlhkg mj ajmkghkoljx dzpám khgx { mj zl xkx}jag mj ngpgl} ágx# g cg – ck` jp}gm‑ mj

jcjnkp jl}pj zlg rczpgckmgm mj orhkoljx mj holxzao# cg ck`jp}gm mj hol}pg}gp zlg

fkro}jhg# cg ck`jp}gm mj ykgdgp g rpjxzl}o `gdo rpjhko g zl lôajpo açx o ajlox



7;

mj}jpaklgmo mj hkzmgmjx jv}pgldjpgx# cg ck`jp}gm mj }jljp akc gaknox jl cg pjm xohkgc#

{ }gl}gx o}pgx mjc akxao }jlop, ¿Rjpak}jl jx}gx ck`jp}gmjx# klxjrgpg`cjx mjc gh}zgc

aomo mj rpomzhhkøl &mj xz`dj}kykmgm+ klag}jpkgc# rjlxgp cg kmjg mj hoazlkxao

hoao holxzaghkøl # rpjhkxgajl}j# mj cg ck`jp}gm ? ¿Jx rpomzh}kyo hglhjcgp cg pjm mjljhjxkmgmjx { mjrjlmjlhkgx wzj fghjl mj cgx rjpxolgx# jl cg jxijpg mj cg xohkjmgm

hkykc# xzdj}ox mj ghhkoljx roxk`cjx? ¿Holxkx}j cg `gtg mjc hoazlkxao mjc xknco VVK

jl cg rpocolnghkøl mj cg ck`jp}gm &aj}giáxkhg# lo rocá}khg+ wzj cg aklkaktghkøl mjc

aomjplo karjpko mjc mjpjhfo pghkolgc ccjyg }pjx mëhgmgx rpomzhkjlmo# rop aop mj

cox hëcj`p jx – ajlox jx açx‑ { – hzgl}o rjop# ajdop ‑ ?



02

Holhcz{o &xkl zlg pjxrzjx}g rpjhkxg g jx}gx rpjnzl}gx+, F j a ox}pgmo a k mjxholi kgltg

fghkg cg ipgldg jxrgxaømkhg mj cg }pgmkhkøl hoazlkx}g7;, Gxkakxao# fj holijxgmo wzj

lo rzjmo rjlxgp jc rpo`cjag mj cg ck`jp}gm mjxmj cox pjijpjl}jx mjc hoazlkxao

}pgmkhkolgc# { fj gxzakmo hoao rporkg cg ckak}ghkøl wzj xzrolj zlg mjhcklghkølpjrz` ckhglg mj co hoa ôl# mj xzx rpçh}k hgx { mj xz pjlm ka kjl}o xohkgc ” lo

holx}k}z{jl}j# rop }gl}o# xklo hoaôlajl}j rpomzh}kyo” # }ga `kël gccá molmj jx

ka rjpg}kyo pjholo hjp { hpk }k hgp cgx mjrjlmjlhkgx mjc a omjco mjc jx}gmo mj `kjljx}gp#

mj cg lo x}gcnkg { mjc ro rzckxao, M j knzgc agljpg# jx mjhkxkyo pjhopmgp wzj jc

pjrz`ckhglkxao lo jx zl jx}g}gckxao# xklo cg gp}khzcghkøl klx}k}zhkolgc mjc rpkagmo

mj cg xohkjmgm hkykc, Cg mjijlxg mj cg rjpajg`kckmgm mj Jx}gmo { xohkjmgm hkykc# gxá

hoao cg pjkyklmkhghkøl mj cg karop}glhkg mj cg izlhkøl jx}g}gc# lo mj`j rox}jpngp zl

mg}o mjhkxkyo4 jc kmjgc pjrz`ckhglo mjaohpç}kho lo holxkx}j jl zlg izlmgajl}ghkøl mj cg

kl}jpyjlhkøl jx}g}gc # hoao }garoho# jo krxo # jl zlg }jopág mjc jx}gmo mj mjpjhfo, Cg

}pgmkhkøl pjrz`ckhglg lo hoklhkmj hol zl aomjco mjaohpç}kho wzj }pg}j mj xgcygp cox

ijløajlox jx}g}gcjx# xklo hol cg holxkmjpghkøl { ioajl}o mj cg xohkjmgm hkykc hoao

jxijpg rpkykcjnkgmg mj co rocá}kho# jx}o jx# cg hglhjcghkøl jijh}kyg mj cg mkx}klhkøl jl}pj xohkjmgm

hkykc { xohkjmgm rocá}khg , Npgaxhk jx# jl jx}j xjl}kmo# zl agjx}po mjc pjrz`ckhglkxao#

fgx}g jc rzl}o mj fghjp mj Agpv zl yjpmgmjpo hgarjøl mj cg i kcoxoi ág hkykc4

UxzQ rjlxgakjl}o lo xk}ôg lzlhg hoao igh}op açvkao mj cg fkx}opkg cox fjhfox

jholøakhox jl `pz }o U… Q xklo xkjar pj jc foa `pj# cg xohkjmgm mj cox foa `pjx# mj cox

foa`pjx wzj pjôljl# xj hoarpjlmjl# mjxgppoccgl g }pgyëx mj jxox hol}gh}ox &hzc}zpg+

zl yocz l}gm xohkgc U… Q { jl}kjlmjl cox fjhfox jholø ak hox# cox dztngl { cox gmgr}gl g

xz yoczl}gm fgx}g wzj ëx}g xj holykjp}j jl ao}op mj cg jholoaág 02,

Jx}gx ckak}ghkoljx# rporkgx }ga`kël mj cgx }jopágx mj cg mjaohpghkg pgmkhgc# lo

mj`jpágl# xkl ja`gpno# xjp o`x}çhzco rgpg rjlxgp wzj cg ck`jp}gm &rocá}khg# lo

aj}giáxkhg+ rzjmj { mj`j klx}k}zkpxj# jl lzjx}pox mágx# hoao pjrjp}opko xohkgc mj cg

hoaaol rjorcj # hoao –ck`jp}gm hoaôl‑ wzj# jlizlmgmg jl jc hzjpro mj cg

gz}omj}jpaklghkøl klmkykmzgc# rjcjg rop klx}k}zkp jxrghkox# rolngaox rop hgxo# jl

7; Aj pjikjpo# jl}pj o}pox# g cox hoazlkx}gx mjc hzjpro ncopkoxo# mj cg hcglmjx}klkmgm holx}k}z}kyg# mjcg moh}pklg mj cg xzx}pghhkøl g / mj co rocá}kho { mjc kczxkolkxao mjc ljorpo cj}gpkgmo,

02 G , N pgaxhk# hk}gmo jl A , Xghpkx}çl# J c opmjl { jc }k jaro # A gmpk m# ]p o}}g# 7;;6# r, 70=,



07

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wzj lo xjgl xzxhjr} k`cjx mj kl}jphga `ko ro p mkljpo o rop rpky kcjnkox ” mj }gc

a gljpg wzj lo rzjmgl mjyjlkp – hoxgx‑ g cgx wzj zlo pjlzlhkg g hga`ko mj o}pgx o#jl xz mjijh}o# hoxgx hz{o a gl} jlka kjl} o xj yzjcyj – klxox}jlk` cj‑ jl } kja ro x mj

hpkxkx” # g pkjxno mj rjpm jp cg holm khkøl mj cg hkzmgmglág,

Jl ôc}kag klx}glhkg# pjxrjh}o mjc Hgrk}gc { mjc Jx}gmo# zlg }pg{jh}opkg

ngpgl}ktgmg mj co roxk`cj wzj# hoao klmkxrolk`cj ck`jp}gm rgpg o`pgp# holx}k}z{j# fo{

açx wzj lzlhg# zlg rpçh}khg az{ roho hoaôl 07,

07 A j }oa o az{ jl xjpko zlg o`d jhkøl mj D, A , Iop }j g ak jvroxkhkøl# xjnôl cg hzgc cox mjpjhfox mjco x hoaaoljpx xjpágl – jc ôc}ka o hocj}gto mjc azlmo i jzmgc ck ngmo g cox mjpjhfox mj cg }kjppg { gcmjpjhfo mj pjxkx}jlhkg, ¿Lo jx }omo jcco gcno "klxox}jlk`cj" j klhoarg}k`cj hol jc mjpjhfoaomjplo mj rporkjmgm? [ jl jc iolmo# }omg jx}g fkx}opkg ¿lo xj }pg}gpág mj cg hcçxkhghoarjlxghkøl hz{g o}pg hgpg mj cg aoljmg jpg zlg ykmg { zlg jvkx}jlhkg xjpykc j kl}ocjpg`cj rgpgzlg xz`d j}kykm gm ao mjplg?‑ , A k gpnza jl}o jx# jijh}kygajl}j# ljng}kyo4 jvkx}jl# hol} pg C jlkl {hol}pg @gmkoz# mg}ox fkx}øpkhox wzj lox rjpak}jl rjlxgp gp}khzcghkoljx jikhghjx mjc mjpjhfo mjpjxkx}jlhkg jl hcgyj mj rpçh}khgx hoazljx, M khfgx rpçh}khgx jlcgtgl hol cg }pgmk hkøl pjrz`c khglg#{ holiknzpgl mj jxg agljpg zl agpho rocá}kho wzj# xkl hgjp jl cg }jl}ghkøl mj cg }pgmzhhkølpgmkhgc# pjxrj}g cg aomjplg rjpajg`kckmgm jl}pj jx}gmo { hopropghkøl# `kjl hol}pg cgkl}jpyjlhkøl jx}g}gc gp`k} pgpkg `kjl hol} pg cg hocolk tghkøl mj cg xohkjmgm hkykc rop jc ajphgmo, Jljijh}o# jc pjhzpxo g cox hoaaoljpx jx gppkjxngmo rop glghpølkho# rjpo gc ajlox g`pj zlg yág wzj jchoazlkxao mjc xknco VV rjpkhck}ø kldzx}g { hpkaklgcajl}j4 jc rpkagmo mj cg xohkjmgm hkykc hoaojxrghko cjná}kao mj cg gz}om j}jpak lghkøl klm kykmzgc { hoc jh}kyg,

Eduardo Maura - El comunismo y las libertades de la gente común

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