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GI ZHNA @G IHR EG\BG@GR @G DG\KH, WD ZHCRHKG FCRP\CBA @G IHZ\A@WBBCD

Orhdbcsba Bhpciih Iuqug

@gs`g ih G`h` Eg`ch gd phrtg `g ih basth eg`ctgrrdgh `g Hd`hiubh y h phrtcr`gi scnia V_C gd ta`hs ihs iihdurhs y vgnhs ictarhigs `g ih ecseh, `gs`g Ehdcivhfhsth H`rh, sg buitcv ih bhh `g hzbhr `g oareh prbtcbhegdtg cdcdtgrruepc`hfhsth ih sgnud`h ecth` `gi scnia VV. Gsth pihdth, pgrogbthegdtg h`hpth`h hgsths tcgrrhs nrhbchs h sus bad`cbcadgs bicetcbhs (sai y husgdbch `g fgih`hs) yhi hpartg `gi hnuh dgbgshrch phrh su `gshrraiia, praparbcadh`h par udhceparthdtg rg` `g hbgquchs y bhdhiczhbcadgs `g arcngd eg`cgvhi, grh prabgsh`hgd cdsthihbcadgs cd`ustrchigs (trhpcbfgs g cdngdcas y, pastgrcaregdtg, olrcbhs)gd ihs qug sg altgdhd hzbhr y atras pra`ubtas `grcvh`as, baea ecgigs yhibafaigs.

@urhdtg ta`as gsas scnias sg ougrad badocnurhd`a udas phcshkgshnracd`ustrchigs; ias phcshkgs `gi hzbhr, h ias qug bad es prapcg`h` bhlrh`gdaecdhr phcshkgs `g ih pra`ubbcd, bhrhbtgrczh`as par ih bagxcstgdbch `gbuitcvas `g bhh g cdsthihbcadgs hzubhrgrhs, y atras gigegdtas, baea sad iasscstgehs `g buitcva y `g rcgna, udh `gtgrecdh`h phrbgihbcd `gi tgrrgda`grcvh`h `g ihs oarehs `g prapcg`h` y gxpiathbcd `g ih tcgrrh, vhs `gbaeudcbhbcd y badstrubbcadgs hsabch`hs h ihs hbtcvc`h`gs gbadecbhs `gitgrrctarca.

@gshphrgbc`a gi buitcva bhgra y bgrrh`hs ta`hs ihs olrcbhs, gstas phcshkgs,igkas `g qug`hr oasciczh`as, fhd c`a trhdsoared`asg. Hinudas fhd sc`aea`cocbh`as `g thi oareh par gi urlhdcsea gspgbuihtcva hsabch`a hi laae turstcba `g ihs itcehs `bh`hs qug sg fhd badvgrtc`a tathi a phrbchiegdtg gdphcshkgs urlhdas. Atras, hudqug gvaiubcadh`as, hd badsgrvhd su bhrbtgr `gphcshkgs `g ih pra`ubbcd gd ias qug badvcvgd udh hnrcbuiturh trh`cbcadhi baddugvas buitcvas sultrapcbhigs a gd cdvgrdh`gras, badsgrvhd rgstas `ghrquctgbturh cd`ustrchi, y ehdtcgdgd udh hrquctgbturh `gi hnuh (hbgquchs,hthrkghs y hbug`ubtas) bhsc cdthbth y ud phrbgihrca prbtcbhegdtg c`dtcba hiqug gxcsth hdtha= gd giias ta`hvh sg pug`g rgbadabgr ud phcshkg fcstrcbahnracd`ustrchi, hudqug ihs hbtcvc`h`gs ohlrcigs yh da gxcsthd. Rcd gelhrna,

hinudas `g gstas itceas barrgd gi pgicnra `g `gshphrgbgr baepigthegdtg aqug`hr susthdbchiegdtg eutcih`as h bhush `g ih prgscd urlhdstcbh. Wda `ggiias gs gi phna `g Ihs Egrbg`gs `g Dgrkh, phrh gi buhi sg hdudbch gd udg`cbta `g ih Hibhi`h, pulicbh`a gd gi Laigtd Aocbchi `g ih Zravcdbch `g Eihnh`g 2: `g hlrci `g

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Gd ud prcdbcpca ih bhh pra`ubc`h gd gi phna sgrh eaic`h gd gi cdngdca `gEhra, pgra gstg grh ud gsthligbcecgdta prgcd`ustrchi yh alsaigta qug pgrtgdgbhh su buh`h y salrcdas, ias Zrgz `gi Zuinhr AIhwiar, qug oudbcad fhsth ih`bh`h `g 86>: y qug h baecgdzas `g ih scnucgdtg `bh`h gsthlhbaepigthegdtg hrrucdh`a. Kahqud Zrgz `gi Zuinhr sg pihdtg ih badstrubbcd`g udh olrcbh hzubhrgrh y hibafaigrh `ath`h `g ea`grdh ehqucdhrch, ih

olrcbh Rhd Kahqud, qug sg gsthlh igvhdthd`a gd 86>3. Zhrh giia saicbct `ginalcgrda hutarczhbcd phrh cdtra`ubcr par ih pihyh `g Lurrchdh ias ehtgrchigs `gbadstrubbcd, hs baea fgrrhecgdths y gi gdareg vaiuegd `g ehqucdhrchdgbgshrch ohlrcbh`h gd gi gxtrhdkgra= kudta h ih pihyh trhdsburrh gi hdtcnuabhecda qug `gs`g gi scnia V_C badgbthlh gi bhstciia Lhka `g Dgrkh (gd gi hbtuhiLhibd `g Guraph) bad gi bhecda `g Hieubhr h ih hiturh `gi lhrrhdba `gEhra y qug htrhvgshlh `chnadhiegdtg gi phna. Hscecsea, pg`h sgrvcrsg `ggsth pihyh phrh gxparthr h trhvs `g giih ias pra`ubtas `g ih olrcbh. H`ges,gd ih pihyh `g Lurrchdh gxcsth ud pugsta `g bhrhlcdgras phrh gi badtrai `gibadtrhlhd`a, par ia qug qug`hlh nhrhdtczh`h ih supgrvcscd par phrtg `gFhbcgd`h `g ta`hs ihs apgrhbcadgs `g gdtrh`h y shic`h `g ehtgrchigs a

egrbhdbhs qug sg iigvhrhd h bhla= gd badsgbugdbch, gi nalcgrda par \ghiAr`gd `g 0 `g abtulrg `g 86>3 hbbg`c h ia saicbcth`a par Zrgz `gi Zuinhr. @g

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cdeg`chta, sg rgbclh par `cbfh h`uhdh udh equcdh `g ougrzh eatrcz, atrh phrhih ohlrcbhbcd `g hzbhr, >:: Mn `g balrg gd pcgzhs, 0: Mn `g lradbg phrhhihelcqugs y 830 Mn `g fcgrra oud`c`a.

Ih olrcbh Rhd Kahqud sg gdbugdtrh gd ud saihr `g oareh trhpgzac`hi y

2?.3?0 e< `g supgrocbcg h buyas ih`as gstg y agstg gxcsthd sgd`hs zadhs `ghepichbcd, helhs bad udh supgrocbcg tathi `g >.3>: e (gd raka gi bhecdah Hieubhr, qug trhdsburrh par gi ih`a dartg `g ih olrcbh Rhd Kahqud, gd hehrciia, y `gbaiar earh`a gi bhecda `g Dgrkh, hdtgs `gi Bhstciia Lhka, h Ehra)

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Gd kuica `g 86>3 Kahqud Zrgz `gi Zuinhr prgsgdt saicbctu` gd gi Hyudthecgdta `g Dgrkh, baea grh prgbgptcva, phrh qug sg trhecthrh ih`gbihrhbcd `g baiadch hnrbaih phrh ta`hs ihs tcgrrhs y g`cocbcas `gi phna, hsbaea phrh atrhs `g su prapcg`h` qug sg gdbadtrhlhd gd ih kurcs`cbbcd `gDgrkh. Zhrh giia sg hbanh h ihIgy `g 2 `g kudca `g 86?6 qug badbg`h udh

sgrcg `g vgdthkhs thdta h ias prapcgthrcas baea h ias baiadas `g ias tgrrgdas yvcvcgd`hs qug oarehrhd phrtg `g udh baiadch; ihs bhshs, bhshs `g rgbrga, ocdbhsg cd`ustrchs da phnhlhd badtrclubcadgs `urhdtg qucdbg has= ias prapcgthrcas,hrrgd`hthrcas, h`ecdcstrh`args y ehyar`aeas qug vcvcgrhd gd bhshs ag`cocbhbcadgs hephrh`hs par ih igy gsthlhd gxgdtas `gi phna `g bhrnhsbadbgkcigs= tgdhd badsc`grhlig rglhkh `g prgbcas gd ih baeprh `g eh`grh phrhih badstrubbcd `g g`cocbcas, hs baea `grgbfa `g phstas= ias prapcgthrcas,ehyar`aeas y bhphthbgs tgd`rhd `grgbfa hi usa `g hrehs= h`ges, ias fckas`g ias hdtgrcargs y thelcd `g ias hrrgd`hthrcas qug`hlhd gxgdtas `gi sgrvcbcaecicthr h ias `as has `g rgsc`gdbch gd ih baiadch. Zar atra ih`a, ta`h ihehqucdhrch hnrbaih, y gd gstg bhsa sg cdbiucrh thelcd ih cd`ustrchi `gstcdh`hh ih olrcbh hzubhrgrh, saia tgd`rh qug phnhr gi 8% `g su vhiar gd ih h`uhdh`g Dgrkh.

Hbgquch `g Ehra h su phsa par ih olrcbh Rhd Kahqud

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Ih `gbihrhbcd oug badbg`c`h par rgsaiubcd nulgrdhtcvh `g 2: `g sgptcgelrg`g 86>3, `gdaecdd`asg Baiadch Hnrbaih Ihs Egrbg`gs, gd rgbugr`a `gEhrh `g ihs Egrbg`gs Lihmg y Eadsgnur, ih `coudth gspash `g Kahqud Zrgz`gi Zuinhr ohiigbc`h gd 86?0. Ih baiadch baeprgd`h ihs tcgrrhs `gi phna `g IhsEgrbg`gs, ih olrcbh y vgcdtcbuhtra bhshs (gi Zhlgiid y ihs sgcs bhshs `g Rhd

Gecica, sgcs bhshs iiheh`hs `g Pgtud, kudta hi hbug`ubta, y ihs adbg vcvcgd`hsqug fhlh gd gi baepigka ohlrci)= thelcd tgdh hnrgnh`hs ih hdtcnuh oud`cbcd`g piaea `g Pgrai gd Lurrchdh y `cstcdths fhzhs `g rcgna, thelcd gd Lurrchdh,Gi Bfhphrci, vgnh `g Dgrkh y rhelihs `gi ra Bfiihr, hs baea hinudhs vcvcgd`hsgd gi bhsba urlhda `g Dgrkh. Zastgrcaregdtg, gd ogbfh `g sgptcgelrg `g 86>3, Ehdugi @aecdna Ihrcas y Ihrcas, gd daelrg `g ihBaephh Ehrtd Ihrcas g Fckas y Kas Zrgz `gi Zuinhr y Lihmg, baeahpa`grh`a `g su ph`rg, Kahqud Zrgz `gi Zuinhr, hbar`hrad gsthligbgreg`chdtg gsbrcturh udh idgh `cvcsarh qug phrth `gi thka gxcstgdtg h padcgdtg `gih pihyh `g Lurrchdh, sulh par gi Phlihza `g Dgrkh fhsth hibhdzhr gibgegdtgrca `g ih iabhic`h` y, badtcduhd`a par gi bhecda `g Hieubhr y ihsvchs `gi Lh`d, tgrecdhlh gd ih buelrg `g Iaehs Iihdhs. Ihrcas sgbaepraegth h da eaigr gd su olrcbh `g Dgrkh dcdnudh bhh qug sg pra`ukgrh

h igvhdtg `g gsh idgh fhsth gi iectg bad Hieubhr y Zrgz `gi Zuinhr daeaigrh ih qug sg brchrh h padcgdtg `g ih ecseh fhsth Eihnh, bad gxbgpbcd`g ih pra`ubc`h gd ias 876 ehrkhigs y 8? gsth`higs `g tcgrrh qug pasgh gdDgrkh. Gd gi hbugr`a sg gspgbcocbhlhd ihs pgdhiczhbcadgs h cepadgr gd bhsa `gqug hinuda `g giias cdbuepicgrh phrbchi a tathiegdtg gi hbugr`a. Rcd gelhrna,da ta`hs ihs tcgrrhs gxcstgdtgs h igvhdtg `g ih idgh `cvcsarch pgrtgdgbhd hKahqud Zrgz `gi Zuinhr= fhlh hinudhs qug grhd prapcg`h` `g su buh`h ihehrqugsh vcu`h `gi Rhihr, Ehrh `gi Bhregd AIhwiar y Bhlhiigra, gspash `gsu `coudta fgrehda Ogrdhd`a, y `g sus fckas. Giias fhlhd eaic`a scgeprg gd gihdtcnua cdngdca `g Ehra, qug oarehlh phrtg `g ih fgrgdbch rgbclc`h, pgrafhlcgd`a gstg `gkh`a `g oudbcadhr, grhd iclrgs `g eaigr sus bhhs `ad`g

gstcehrhd apartuda y hs qucscgrad fhbgria gd 8668 y hinudhs tgeparh`hspastgrcargs gd qug hbar`hrad bad ih Bhsh Ihrcas iigvhr h bhla ih eaicgd`h `g

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sus bhhs gd ih olrcbh Rhd Kas= gd gstg bhsa sg gsthligbc, thelcdeg`chdtg gsbrcturh, qug Kahqud Zrgz `gi Zuinhr pu`cgrh rgpadgr c`dtcbhbhdtc`h` `g bhh gd ih vgnh `g _igz-Eihnh.

Olrcbh Rhd Kahqud

Gi 82 `g abtulrg `g 8662 earh gd su bhsh phihbca `g ih bhiig Zugdtgzugihs `gNrhdh`h Kahqud Zrgz `gi Zuinhr y \ucz `g Eaicdh, `gkhd`a h sus buhtra fckasta`hs sus pasgscadgs `g Ehra. Gd 8666, buhd`a sg iigv h bhla ih phrtcbcd `glcgdgs, ias fgrg`gras sg h`ku`cbhrad par buhrths phrtgs pracd`cvcsa ih olrcbhRhd Kahqud bad ta`hs sus `gpgd`gdbchs y bhshs, ih hdtcnuh oud`cbcd `gLurrchdh, gd hqugiias eaegdtas `g`cbh`h h hiehbgdgs, y gi eaicda `g phpgi`g ra `g ih Ecgi, `cvc`cgd`a gd buhtra iatgs ihs tcgrrhs g cdeugligs rgsthdtgs.Gd buhdta h ihs hnuhs `gi dhbcecgdta y hbgquch prcdbcphi `g Ehra qugutciczhlhd phrh gi rcgna `g sus tcgrrhs gxbiuscvhegdtg ias subgsargs `g KahqudZrgz `gi Zuinhr y ias fgrg`gras `g su fgrehda Ogrdhd`a, barrgspad`hd h iasprcegras ias `hs phrgs y h ias sgnud`as ias cephrgs `g bh`h egs= gi itcea`h `g ias egsgs qug tgdhd trgcdth y uda y buhd`a oglrgra tgdh vgcdtcdugvg,bh`h buhi `csoruthlh `g rcgna ih ecth` `gi `h. Rcd gelhrna, ta`as ias lcgdgs `gKahqud Zrgz `gi Zuinhr gsthlhd fcpatgbh`as, yh qug udas egsgs hdtgs `gearcr gstg fhlh altgdc`a ud prsthea `g 7::.::: pgsgths `gi LhdbaFcpatgbhrca `g Gsphh phrh suorhnhr ias nhstas `g ihs eitcpigs cdvgrscadgsqug fhlh rghiczh`a.

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Gd oglrgra `g 866?, phrtg `g ihs tcgrrhs ougrad gdhkgdh`hs phrh ih badstrubbcd`g ih dugvh bhrrgtgrh qug gdihzhrh Eihnh bad Hiegrh, hudqug ih sgbbcd `gDgrkh hi iectg `g ih pravcdbch da gsthrh badstruc`h fhsth ocdhigs `gi scnia VCV aprcdbcpcas `gi VV. Zhrh giia ias Zrgz `gi Zuinhr bhdbgihrad ih phrtg `g ihfcpatgbh barrgspad`cgdtg h ihs tcgrrhs qug clhd h vgd`gr. Rg trhthlh `g udh

orhdkh `g tgrrgda `g 7 me `g ihrna y udh supgrocbcg `g 0 e< qug clh `gs`ggi lhrrhdba `gi Lh`d fhsth gi phna `g ihs Hilgrquciihs. Gi badtrhtcsth sg

baepraegth h badstrucr h su basth ud bhecda `g 2 e `g hdbfa bad vhrcashphrth`gras `gs`g ih bhrrgtgrh dugvh hi bhecda `g ih olrcbh Rhd Kahqud.

Has `gspus, gd 8630, hi da pa`gr ias fgrg`gras fhbgr orgdtg hi prsthea, giLhdba Fcpatgbhrca `g Gsphh h`qucrc ta`hs ihs prapcg`h`gs `g ih Baiadch Hnrbaih Ihs Egrbg`gs y Ehra, qug fhlhd sc`a `cvc`c`hs gd buhrgdth y bcdbaocdbhs rghnrupd`aihs `g dugva gd udh saih. Gd 83:, hi oarehrphrtg `g ih Rabcg`h` Kuhd Dgpaeubgda Gdrqugz, fgrg`grh `g Gi Zarvgdcr,phrh ih olrcbh hzubhrgrh `g Parrg `gi Ehr. Gd 867< ih olrcbh phs h ehdas `gias Ihrcas, cdcbchd`a bad giia udh bhrrgrh par gi badtrai `g ih pra`ubbcd `ghzbhr gd ta`h ih basth. Ias Ihrcas hpgdhs badstruygrad dugvasgsthligbcecgdtas, scda qug prbtcbhegdtg sg icecthrad h baeprhr ias hdtcnuas

cdngdcas a ihs dugvhs olrcbhs gxcstgdtgs. Hinudas `g giias ougrad bgrrh`as,bad alkgta `g badbgdtrhr ih pra`ubbcd gd `gtgrecdh`hs ohbtarhs, y atras,ea`grdczh`as y hepich`as.

Zhrhigihegdtg, sg clhd fhbcgd`a bad nrhd phrtg `g ih tcgrrh. @g gsth ehdgrh, gibadtrai qug gkgrbgrhd ias Ihrcas salrg ias alrgras ohlrcigs y salrg gibhepgscdh`a, sgrh gdareg. Bugstcadgs baea ih arnhdczhbcd `g ih zhorh, girctea `g bartg `g ihs bhhs y ih supgrocbcg qug `glh sgr buitcvh`h, grhd`gbc`c`as par ihs olrcbhs, `glcgd`a ias bhepgscdas pignhrsg h ihs bad`cbcadgsgsthligbc`hs par ias cd`ustrchigs, gd buyhs ehdas sg gdbadtrhlhd.

Gd 866?, ias Ihrcas pasghd ihs scnucgdtgs olrcbhs hzubhrgrhs; Rhd Iucs, gdRhlcdciihs= Dugstrh Rgarh `g ih Badbgpbcd, gd Eihnh= Dugstrh Rgarh `gi

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Bhregd, gd Parrg `gi Ehr= Rhd \hohgi, gd Parrax= Rhd Kas y IhCd`gpgd`gdbch, papuihregdtg badabc`h baea Ias Bhdnrgkas, gd Dgrkh (gdgsth ecseh iabhic`h` fhlhd baeprh`a y bgrrh`a ias cdngdcas prgcd`ustrchigsRhd Hdtadca Hlh` y Rhd Ecnugi, y ih prcegrh olrcbh ea`grdh gd ih iabhic`h`,Dugstrh Rgarh `g ihs Hdnustchs)= Dugstrh Rgarh `g ih Bhlgzh, gd Eatrci= y

Rhd Dcbais, gd H`rh. S, hudqug thr`hrad eg`ca scnia gd badsgnucria,tgrecdhrad thelcd par h`ughrsg `g ta`a ia qug oug `g ih ohecich Zrgz `giZuinhr gd Ehra.

Buitcvas hbtuhigs `gi phna `g Ihs Egrbg`gs

Wdh vgz qug `gshphrgbc gi buitcva `g ih bhh y sg ougrad bgrrhd`a ihs olrcbhshzubhrgrhs, ih Rabcg`h` Hzubhrgrh Ihrcas, R.H. (RHIRH) sg gdbadtr gdpasgscd ud nrhd degra `g lcgdgs cd`ustrchigs (g`cocbcas y ehqucdhrch) y salrgta`a `g udh cdngdtg bhdtc`h` `g tcgrrh buitcvhlig euy ortci sctuh`h gd iunhrgsbastgras h ias qug gi turcsea fhlh baegdzh`a h hoiucr `g ehdgrhbadsc`grhlig. Gsths tcgrrhs badstctuhd ihtcoud`cas phrbgih`as hrrgd`h`as hbhepgscdas= gd gi bhsa `g ihs tcgrrhs `g Ehra y, badbrgthegdtg, `gi phna `gIhs Egrbg`gs ias baiadas hrrgd`hthrcas `g ihs ecsehs, udh vgz qug`gshphrgbc ih alicnhbcd `g buitcvhr bhh ehdtuvcgrad ihs ocdbhs buitcvh`hs yougrad sustctuygd`a gi buitcva bhgra par atras buitcvas fartaorutbaihs y gdcdvgrdh`gras cdtra`ubcgd`a egkarhs gd gi rgnh`a. H phrtcr `g ih `bh`h `g

836: gstas baiadas qug `gsghlhd hbbg`gr h ih prapcg`h` `g ih tcgrrh sggdorgdthd h sulc`hs `g rgdth y `gshfubcas par phrtg `g RHIRH.

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