El uso de la web 2.0 en la Sociedad del conocimiento

7/31/2019 El uso de la web 2.0 en la Sociedad del conocimiento

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QCB 2%>0

CF SWL DC FM QCB CE FMWLGKCDMD DCF GLELGKHKCETL

KEYCWTKAMGKE C KH^FKGMGKLECWCDSGMTKYMW

GllrdkemdlrGmrflw Gmwtml AmrrkdlSekycrwkdmd dcf ^mw Ymwgl

Glmstlrcw @sfkl Gmbcrl Mfhcemrm

Sekycrwkdmd dc Wcykffm

^cdrl Rlhe ArmyeSekycrwkdmd dc Wcykffm

Hmrm Gcgkfkm Ilewcgm WmrdkSekycrwkdmd Hctrl~lfktmem

Alrjm @% ^mfmpklSekycrwkdmd dcf ^mw Ymwgl

Hmrfw Rldrascp IcbrcwSekycrwkdmd Hctrl~lfktmem

Cfykrm Cwtocr Emymw ^kmtcSekycrwkdmd Hctrl~lfktmem

Kehmgsfmdm Hmkp LfmpmbmfmamSekycrwkdmd dcf ^mw Ymwgl

@sfkl Bmrrlwl LwsemSekycrwkdmd dc Wcykffm

Hmrm dcf Gmrhce FflrcetcSekycrwkdmd dc Wcykffm


4/250

Rcwcrymdlw tldlw flw dcrcgolw% Ek fm tltmfkdmd ek ~mrtcdc cwtm ~sbfkgmgke ~scdce rc~rldsgkrwc& rcakwtrmrwcl trmewhktkrwc& ~lr se wkwtchm dc rcgs~crmgke dckeilrhmgke& ce ekeasem ilrhm ek ~lr ekeae hcdkl&wcm cfcgtrekgl& hcgekgl& iltl}shkgl& hmaetkgl lcfcgtrl~tkgl& ~lr iltlgl~km& armbmgke l gsmf}skcrltrl& wke ~crhkwl ~lr cwgrktl dcf cdktlr%

QCB 2%>%%0 CF SWL DC FM QCBCE FM WLGKCDMD DCF GLELGKHKCETL%KEYCWTKAMGKE C KH^FKGMGKLECWCDSGMTKYMW

Sekycrwkdmd Hctrl~lfktmem&Gmrmgmw& Ycecpscfm& 2>>;Ocgol cf dc~wktl dc Fc{Dc~wktl Fcamf0 fi9372>>;71>=793KWBE0 ;1?(;?>(241(=9=(4

Ilrhmtl0 =3&3 x 2=&3 ghw%E dc ~akemw0 249Dkwcl { dkmarmhmgke0 @cww Wmfmpmr , wmfmp`cwswNahmkf%glh


5/250

Glhkt Cdktlrkmf dc ^sbfkgmgklecwdc m~l{l m fm cdsgmgke

Imgsftmd dc Gkcegkmw { Mrtcw&^rli% Fmsrm Icbrcw

Imgsftmd dc Keacekcrm&^rli% [srm{o Ycfw}scp

Imgsftmd dc Gkcegkmw Cglehkgmw { Wlgkmfcw&^rli% Hmrkl Csask

Imgsftmd dc Cwtsdklw @srdkglw { ^lftkglw&^rli% Oshbcrtl E`mkh

Wcgrctmrm Acecrmf&^rli% Rlwwmem ^mrw

Imgsftmd dc ^lwtarmdl c Keycwtkamgklecw&^rli% Mfircdl Rldrascp Krmepl /Cdktlr+

Ocree Meplfm^rcwkdcetc dcf Glewc`l Ws~crklr

@lw Kaemgkl Hlrcel FceRcgtlr

@lw Rlbcrtl BcfflYkgc Rcgtlr Mgmdhkgl

Hmrm Cfcem Gcdcl

Ykgc Rcgtlrm MdhkekwtrmtkymHcrgcdcw dc fm LfkymWcgrctmrkl Acecrmf

Mstlrkdmdcw


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Gletcekdl

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=%(CDSGMGKE 2%>% HMRGM& HLDM L ESCYM YKWKEDC FM CDSGMGKE< @sfkl Gmbcrl Mfhcemrm

2%(RCTLW ^MRM CF M^RCEDKPM@C [ FM KEYCWTKAMGKECE CF C(FCMREKEA 2%>Gmrflw Gmwtml Amrrkdl

7%(CWTRMTCAKMW ^MRM CF DKWCL [ STKFKPMGKEDC FLW ^LDGMWT CE FM CEWCMEPM%^cdrl Rlhe Armye

4%(CDSBFLAW0 BFLAw ^MRM CDSGMRHmrm Gcgkfkm Ilewcgm Wmrdk

3%(HLASFSW& SWL CDSGMTKYL DC SEM ^FMTMILRHMDC TCFCYKWKE K^ DCF GKSDMDMELAlrjm @% ^mfmpkl

9%(QKJKW& WS SWL CE CDSGMGKEHmrfw Rldrascp Icbrcw

1%(LB@CTLW DC M^RCEDKPM@C [ RCGSRWLW CDSGMTKYLWMBKCRTLW% OMBFMHLW DC FL HKWHLKehmgsfmdm Hmkp Lfmpmbmfmam

;%(FM CYMFSMGKE CE FLW ^RLGCWLW CDSGMTKYLWGLE OCRRMHKCETMW QCB 2%>% @sfkl Bmrrlwl Lwsem

=>%(EL FC FFMHMRCHLW TRCW ^SETL GCRL& ^CRL&^LR ]S EL QCB WCHETKGM CE FM CDSGMGKE=

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8/250


9/250

QCB 2%>%%0 CF SWL DC FM QCB CE FM WLGKCDMD DCF GLELGKHKCETL%KEYCWTKAMGKE C KH^FKGMGKLECW CDSGMTKYMW

;

Cf ~mwl dc sem wlgkcdmd kedswtrkmf m sem wlgkcdmd gs{lw ~rlgcwlw { ~r

wc bmwme ce fm ~rldsggke& fm dkwtrkbsgke { cf swl dcf glelgkhkcetl cw flwc glelgc glhl fm trmewilrhmgke dc fm wlgkcdmd kedswtrkmf ce fm wlgkcdmglelgkhkcetl% Cwtm trmewilrhmgke ykcec dmdm ~lr hftk~fcw imgtlrcw& flw }sc dcwtmgme cf ~rlgcwl dc aflbmfkpmgke& cf kh~mgtl dc fmw tcgelflafm keilrhmgke { fm glhsekgmgke { fm mdhkekwtrmgke dcf glelgkhkcetl% fm trmewilrhmgke dc fm crm kedswtrkmf m fm crm dcf glelgkhkcetl ws~lecgmhbkl dc ~mrmdkahm& dc hmecrm dc ~cewmr { dc mgtsmr% [ ce cwc gmhb~mrmdkahm& cf m~rcedkpm`c { fm cdsgmgke& mdchw dc fm keelymgke~rlgcwlw cwcegkmfcw }sc dctcrhkeme cf xktl { fm rk}scpm ce fm cglelhm {fmw wlgkcdmdcw dcf istsrl%

Fm Wlgkcdmd dcf Glelgkhkcetl acecrm escymw dchmedmw tmetl m fl~rlicwklemfcw glhl m flw `ycecw ce ilrhmgke% M flw ~rlicwklemfcw& ~lcxkac sem mgtsmfkpmgke dc glelgkhkcetlw& cf dcwmrrlffl dc escymw ombkfkrcfmgklemdmw gle cf gmhbkl tcgelfakgl { dc dcwtrcpmw rcfmgklemdmw gm~rcedkpm`c gletkesl m fl fmral dc fm ykdm& mw glhl gle fm grcmgke dcgsftsrm dcf m~rcedkpm`c%

Flw `ycecw ce ilrhmgke& m ws ycp& dcbcre md}skrkr escymw glh~ctcegkrcfmgklemdmw tmhbke gle sem gsftsrm dcf m~rcedkpm`c ce se cetlrelgmdm dm hw tcgelfakgl& dledc fm gm~mgkdmd dc dcgkwke& fm kekgrcw~lewmbkfkdmd ce ws ~rl~kl dcwmrrlffl ~rlicwklemf { fm mdcgsmgke m esglelgkhkcetlw wcre isedmhcetmfcw%

Ce cwtc escyl cwgcemrkl elw cegletrmhlw gle cetlrelw escylw dc trmbm`l {dc m~rcedkpm`c& { ce glewcgscegkm& cf m~rcedkpm`c ~crhmecetc wc ~cr fmmfal kh~rcwgkedkbfc ~mrm }sc fm gksdmdmem wc mfc`c dc fm cxgfswk

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=>

{ wc cegmhkec omgkm sem ~mrtkgk~mgke mgtkym ce fm wlgkcdmd ce fmw gledkgklecw ~lwkbfcw%

[ dc m~rcedkpm`c ce fm Wlgkcdmd dcf Glelgkhkcetl cw dc fl }sc trmtm cwtctcxtl }sc tkcecw cetrc fmw hmelw% Wc trmtm dc sem ketrldsggke glh~rcewkym{ mrtkgsfmdm mf gmh~l chcracetc dc fm m~fkgmgke dc fm Qcb 2%> mf tcrrdcf m~rcedkpm`c% ^lr}sc flw trmbm`mdlrcw { cwtsdkmetcw dcf Wkafl __K ~scdce wcaskr m~rcedkcedl dc fm ilrhm }sc wc ycem omgkcedl ce fm crm dc fmwwlgkcdmdcw kedswtrkmfcw% Fm keelymgke ce cf m~rcedkpm`c wc gleykcrtc cecgcwkdmd%

[ cwm keelymgke ycedr dc fm hmel dc fm Qcb 2%> { dc fm chcracegkm dcfdcelhkemdl wlitqmrc wlgkmf% Cf swsmrkl glhl ~rltmalekwtm mgtkyl tmhbke dc

ws ilrhmgke ce sem Rcd dc fcgtsrm { cwgrktsrm% Ce sem wcasedm acecrmgkQcb bmwmdm ce glhsekdmdcw dc swsmrklw { sem amhm cw~cgkmf dc wcrykgglhl fmw rcdcw wlgkmfcw& flw bflaw& flw qkjkw l fmw ilfgwlelhmw& }sc ilhcfm glfmblrmgke { cf ketcrgmhbkl akf dc keilrhmgke cetrc flw swsmrklw%

Flw mstlrcw dc cwtc ylfshce wle tldlw cfflw ~rlicwlrcw sekycrwktmrklw& {~crtcecgce m trcw sekycrwkdmdcw dkicrcetcw0 Fm Sekycrwkdmd Hctrl~lfktmemGmrmgmw& fm Sekycrwkdmd dc Wcykffm { fm Sekycrwkdmd dcf ^mw Ymwgdcbchlw marmdcgcr mf Albkcrel Ymwgl ws m{sdm ~mrm ~crhktkr }sc fm mgtkykddc cwtc ars~l dc trmbm`l c keycwtkamgke om{m ~ldkdl glewlfkdmrwc%

Tldlw flw mstlrcw ome mgc~tmdl cf rctl dc dkbs`mr gle ~rcgkwke se rcglrrkdl~lr fm tchtkgm dcf m~rcedkpm`c 2%>& mrtkgsfmedl wsw cwgrktlw ce tlrel m c`cw ~rkegk~mfcw0 =+ dlgcegkm c keycwtkamgke ce fm Qcb 2%>: 2+ ocrrmhkm~fkgmgklecw ~rl~kmw dc cwtc hlykhkcetl mdcgsmdmw m gletcxtlw cdsgmtkylw7+ ~rlw~cgtkym wlbrc cf istsrl dc fm Qcb 2%>

Cf Dr% Gmbcrl& gmtcdrtkgl dc sekycrwkdmd dc fm Sekycrwkdmd dc Wcykffmfm ~sbfkgmgke gle se gm~tsfl tktsfmdl cdsgmgke 2%>% hmrgm& hldm l esykwke dc fm cdsgmgke cw wfl sem hldm l cece ws ketcrklr sem escym hmecrm dc cetcedcr fm cdsgmgke% Rc~mwmr fmkh~fkgmgklecw cdsgmtkymw dc fm Qcb 2%>

Cf Dr% Gmrflw Gmwtml& ~rlicwlr dc fm Sekycrwkdmd dcf ^mw Ymwgl& rccf m~rcedkpm`c { fm keycwtkamgke ce cf cfcmrekea 2%>& mblrdmr fmw fkhktm~lwkbkfkdmdcw { rctlw }sc elw lircgc fm tcgelflam dcf m~rcedkpm`c ~mrmmblrdmr dc hmecrm c gmp cwtm escym hmecrm dc cewcmr { m~rcedcr% Rcykw


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==

fmw acecrmgklecw dc ~fmtmilrhmw cfcmrekea }sc glelgchlw { m~setmr fm stkfkpmgke dc flw escylw Cetlrelw dc M~rcedkpm`c ^crwlemf% Mblrdmwkhkwhl cf chcracetc gmh~l dc flw hkgrlgletcekdlw ce cf m~rcedkpm`c%^lr ftkhl& rcykwmr flw ~rkegk~mfcw t~kglw dc keycwtkamgke }sc wcdcwmrrlffmedl ce cf wcel dc fm glhsekdmd keycwtkamdlrm ce cf m~rcedkpm`cfm Qcb 2%>

M ~mrtkr dc mo& kekgkmrchlw sem wcrkc dc gm~tsflw rcfmgklemdlw ocrrmhkcetmw tcgelfakgmw ~rl~km dcf hlykhkcetl Qcb 2%>% Dcwdc cf hsedcf msdkl ce fm cewcmepm { m~rcedkpm`c& cwtrmtcakmw ~mrm cf dstkfkpmgke dc flw ~ldgmwt ce fm cewcmepm& dc fm hmel dcf Dr% ^cdrl R~rlicwlr dc fm Sekycrwkdmd dc Wcykffm& ~mwmedl ~lr fmw imbsflwmw ocrrmdc ~sbfkgmgke ce Rcd }sc elw lircgc fm Qcb& dc fm hmel dc dlw ~rlicwlrmw

dc fm Sekycrwkdmd Hctrl~lfktmem dc Gmrmgmw& Hmrkm Gcgkfkm IlewcgmRldrkascp% Fm ~rkhcrm ~rcwcetm se cxgcfcetc gm~tsfl wlbrc flw bflaw { wstkfkpmgke ce cdsgmgke& cdsbflaw0 bflaw ~mrm cdsgmr& { fm wcasedfmw ~lwkbkfkdmdcw dc fm ~sbfkgmgke glfmblrmtkym m trmyw dc qkjkwswl ce cdsgmgke%

Fm Qcb 2%> cw hsgol hw }sc tcxtl c khacecw% Cw tmhbke ydcl { tcfcykwkCf Dr% ^mfmgkl& gmtcdrtkgl dc sekycrwkdmd dc fm Sekycrwkdmd dcf ^melw m~lrtmr ws cx~crkcegkm ce cf hsedl dc fm tcfcykwke gksdmdmem ~Ketcrect& ocgom ~lr flw swsmrklw { ~mrm flw swsmrklw ce se cxgcfcetc trmhlasfsw& swl cdsgmtkyl dc sem ~fmtmilrhm dc tcfcykwke k~ dcf gksdmdmel%

Fm Drm% Cfykrm Emymw& dc fm Sekycrwkdmd Hctrl~lfktmem dc Gmrmgdc m~rcedkpm`c { rcgsrwlw cdsgmtkylw mbkcrtlw% ombfmhlw dc fl hkwmblrdm se tchm dc rmbklwm mgtsmfkdmd% Wle cf ~mwmdl { cf istsrl dc KetCw wfl sem gscwtke wchetkgm & gkcrrm dchmecrm cwtm ykwke dc fmw dkicrcetcw ocrrmhkcetmw gcetredlwc wlbrc tldfm ecgcwkdmd dc sem escym mfimbctkpmgke dkaktmf dc flw gksdmdmelw%


12/250

=2

^crl ce cdsgmgke& mdchw dc mgtsmr tcechlw }sc cymfsmr% [ ghl elwceircetmhlw m fm cymfsmgke ce fm Qcb 2%>


13/250


=7

=%(Flw tkch~lw yme gmhbkmedl { flw mfshelw tmhbke

El omgc tkch~l tcrhke dc cfmblrmr se mrtgsfl }sc dcelhke Fm ilrhmgkece fm wlgkcdmd dcf glelgkhkcetl& dledc glhcetmbm ghl& ce cwtm wlgkcdmd&isegklecw }sc tcedrme { fmw armedcw kdcmw }sc dcbme dkrkakr m fmw kewtkilrhmtkymw& ombrme dc wcr rmdkgmfhcetc dkicrcetcw m fmw }sc wc hlykfce fmw wlgkcdmdcw kedswtrkmfcw { ~lwtkedswtrkmfcw% Mff m rhmbmkewtktsgklecw dc ilrhmgke dcbcre trmewilrhmrwc ce sem wcrkc dc dkrcggkleccf hldcfl cdsgmtkyl ce cf gsmf wc dcwceyscfyme: flw lb`ctkylw& fmw gm~mgk

{ glh~ctcegkmw ce fmw gsmfcw wc ilrhmre m flw cwtsdkmetcw: flw gletcekdlwtcgelflamw }sc wc hlykfkpmre { wsw cwtrsgtsrmw lramekpmtkymw%

CDSGMGKE 2%>% HMRGM& HLDM L ESCYM YKWKE DC FM CDSGMGKE>?& =7+%

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14/250

=4

Tldl cffl kh~fkgmr sem wcrkc dc rctlw { ~rclgs~mgklecw& mfasemw dc fmw gsmfwle dcwdc escwtrl ~setl dc ykwtm0 m+ Trmewilrhmgke { ycflgkdmd dc gmhbkl&b+ Fmw kewtmegkmw cdsgmtkymw rcafmdmw dc`mre dc wcr fmw ekgmwdc ilrhmgke& g+ Cetlrelw mftmhcetc tcgek gmdlw ~scwtlw m dkw~lwkgkdcf ~rlicwlrmdl { mfshemdl& d+ Trmewilrhmgke dc fmw glegc~gklecw dcfm~rcedkpm`c% Ilrhmgke gcetrmdm ce cf cwtsdkmetc& c+ Fm mrtkgsfmgkm~rcedkpm`c ce tlrel m fl wkegrekgl { mwkegrekgl& i+ Ilrhmgke dcf cwtsdkmece escymw glh~ctcegkmw { gm~mgkdmdcw& a+ Ecgcwkdmd dc mfimbctkpmdkicrcetcw& o+ Trmewilrhmgklecw dc flw rlfcw dcf ~rlicwlr& k+ Gmhbklw ce cwtrsgtsrmw lramekpmtkymw& `+ Fm ecgcwkdmd dc gle asrmr rcdcw dc ilrhmgk/Gmbcrl& 2>>?& 22+%

[ ol{ el hc gmbc fm hcelr dsdm dc }sc fm wlgkcdmd ~lwtgrkwkw dcbcr

rc~fmetcmrwc { ~cewmr hsgomw glwmw dc fmw }sc wc ome ocgol ce flw glhkcepdc fm wlgkcdmd dcf glelgkhkcetl& tcekcedl }sc ~rldsgkrwc sem wcrkc dcrcm`swtcw ce fmw kewtktsgklecw ilrhmtkymw& wlbrc tldl ce fl }sc rcw~cgtm milrhmgke ce ymflrcw dc fm gksdmdmem%

Wke dsdm& mfaselw dc flw gmhbklw }sc wc ome ~rldsgkdl ome wkdl ~rl~kgkmd~lr fm ~rcwcegkm dc fmw TKG& cw~cgkmfhcetc dc fmw escymw TKG% Mw&dc flw `ycecw& wc ome mgsmdl escylw trhkelw ~mrm omgcr rcicrcegkm mhlhcetl okwtrkgl dc emgkhkcetl0 emtkylw dkaktmfcw& acecrmgke rcd& acecrmgkhlswc& acecrmgke Ckewtcke& Dcelhkemgklecw }sc& glhl ycrchlw& tkcecehw kh~lrtmegkm }sc cf wkh~fc rcicrcetc elhkemtkyl%

[ sel dc cwtlw gmhbklw& glhl fl ome ~scwtl dc hmek cwtl flw ~wkgflalwglaektkylw& om wkdl }sc fm m~rl~kmgke gsftsrmf c kdclfakgm dc sem tcgelflael wfl rc~crgstc ce ghl gldk gmhlw { trmewhktkhlw fm keilrhmgke&wkel tmhbke& { grcl }sc cw fl ycrdmdcrmhcetc kh~lrtmetc& ce flw ~rlgcwlwglaektkylw }sc hlykfkpmhlw { ce fmw dkrcggklecw ce fmw }sc fl omgchlw% El

dcbc gmbcr fm hcelr dsdm& ~scw {m fmw keycwtkamgklecw elw ome m~lrtmmfaselw rcicrcetcw /Gmbcrl& 2>>=+& }sc fm ketcrmggke gle sem tcgelflam&hw glegrctmhcetc gle wsw wkwtchmw wkhbfkglw& elw trmewilrhm escwtrilrhm dc cetcedcr c ketcrmggklemr gle cf hcdkl mhbkcetc& { tmf rcfmgkerc~crgstc ce cf ilrtmfcgkhkcetl l dcbkfkdmd dc escwtrmw ombkfkdmdcw glaektkym{ hctmglaektkymw glegrctmw%

Tcekcedl ce gscetm fl cx~rcwmdl& ykykhlw ce se hlhcetl okwtrkgl hs{ketcrcwmetc0 flw `ycecw ome grcgkdl ce sem wlgkcdmd dledc fmw tcgelflamflw ome mglh~mmdl ce ws dcwmrrlffl& { wtmw ome ymrkmdl { wsrakdl glh


15/250


=3

el fl ombme ocgol m fl fmral dc fm okwtlrkm dc fm oshmekdmd% Ymfam c`ch~fl dc fl }sc dcgkhlw& }sc wk cf tcfilel ecgcwkt 73 mlw ~mrm se swhmwkyl ce fm wlgkcdmd elrtcmhcrkgmem& { fm tcfcykwke 29& cf tcfilelwfl rc}skrk =7 c Ketcrect 1 /Ecp& =;;;+% L ghl wc cwt ~rldsgkcedl semdcrkymgke dcf aswtl dc flw `ycecw omgkm flw hcdklw cfcgtrekglw& ymc`ch~fl dc }sc ce cf ftkhl keilrhc dc fm Icdcrmgke dc Archklw dc Cdktlrcwdc Cw~mm glrrcw~ledkcetc mf ml 2>>1& flw eklw dc =7 mlw glewshce hcdkm dc =7 fkbrlw mf ml& flw `ycecw dc 23& dc sel m gsmtrl& l cf mshcetglewshl }sc omgce dc Ketcrect ircetc m fm tcfcykwke% Ce fm mgtsmfkdmd se ~lrgcetm`c dc eklw rcgkbce dc rcamfl sem qkk l sem ~fm{wtmtkle& metcw }scfkbrl% ^lr ltrm ~mrtc& fm ycflgkdmd dc gmhbkl cw dc tmf tk~l& }sc gmdm dkhcwcw wc ds~fkgm cf ~ldcr dc wchkgledsgtlr dcf gok~& gle fl }sc cffl rc~crgstc~mrm cf trmtmhkcetl { mefkwkw dc fm keilrhmgke% L ghl flw tcfilelw hy

gmhbkme dc isegklecw { ~lwkbkfkdmdcw gmdm ml& tmf glhl cwtmhlw ykcedmgtsmfkdmd gle flw hldcflw k~olec c ktlsgo%

^crl fl ycrdmdcrmhcetc kh~lrtmetc dcwdc hk ~setl dc ykwtm el cw flgsmetktmtkyl dc fmw tcgelflamw& wkel fl gsmfktmtkyl& }s rc~crgstc ~mrm `ycecw wc rcfmgklece dc ltrm hmecrm& }sc ~rlgcwce fm keilrhmgke dc ilrhdkwtketm& }sc gmhbkce cf glegc~tl dc tkch~l& }sc ilrhce rcdcw wlgkmfcw gltrmw rcafmw dcf scal { dc hmecrm dkaktmf {& fl }sc m elwltrlw hw elw ketcrc}sc mblrdce cf ~rlgcwl dc ilrhmgke c kewtrsggke dcwdc ltrmw ~crw~cgtkym

Blwgohm /2>>1+ ce se ketcrcwmetc fkbrl dledc f memfkpm fl }sc dcelhkemAcecrmgke Ckewtcke: cw dcgkr& m}scffm acecrmgke }sc wsrak mf emf dcdcgcekl dcf wkafl ~mwmdl& { fm ffmhm Ckewtcke ircetc m ltrmw dcelhkemgacecrmgke dcf gl~kmr { ~camr& acecrmgke dc fm ~metmffm& {m }sc ~mombcr grcgkdl ce cwtm wlgkcdmd keilrhmtkpmdm fcw om dltmdl dc sem hmecr~rlgcwmr fm keilrhmgke hw gcrgmem m Ckewtcke /grcmtkyl { hsftkdkwgk~}sc m Ecqtle /rmgklemf& fakgl { fkecmf+% [ }sc m kasmf }sc Ckewtcke gm

escwtrm glegc~gke dcf Sekycrwl& cfflw ~scdce gmhbkmr cf mw~cgtl dc escwwlgkcdmd /Blwgohm& 2>>1& 41(4?+%

Acecrmgke }sc cw dkicrcetc m fm escwtrm ce dkwtketlw mw~cgtlw& cetrc flwcegscetrme fmw tcgelflamw }sc hlykfkpme { m trmyw dc fmw gsmfcw wc rcfmdc ilrhm }sc& hkcetrmw m fm arme hm{lrm dc fmw ~crwlemw }sc gleilrhme}sc ~ldrmhlw dcelhkemr acecrmgke mdsftm fc wscfc ~rldsgkr gkcrtl rcgompll mf hcelw ~rcgmsgke { rcw~cgtl m fm tcgelflam& { elw dcwblrdm se hsedltcgelfakgl tme gmhbkmetc { hmwkyl& cfflw ykyce ce flw hkwhlw glhl ~cp ccf masm% Fmw stkfkpme { el fmw rmgklemfkpme& fmw keglr~lrme { el omgc


16/250

=9

hctmrc cxkylw wlbrc wsw bledmdcw { hmfdmdcw: omgce& ce dc ektkym& fl ~ldrmhlw dcelhkemr glhl cf cicgtl irkalr gl0 fl mbrl gsmedl ecgcwktlwmgmr mfal%

Cwtl{ dc mgscrdl gle fmw rc cxklecw }sc ome rcmfkpmdl Blwgohm& ~lr se fmdl&{ @cejkew& ~lr ltrl% Cf ~rkhcrl elw mwcasrm }sc cw sem acecrmgke dkwtketmfm escwtrm dcbkdl m trcw gmhbklw isedmhcetmfcw0 om dcgmdl fm kh~lrtmegdc fm mstlrkdmd glhl iscetc dc glelgkhkcetl& om emgkdl sem hmecrm dkwtketmdc mggcdcr m fm keilrhmgke { cf lrdcemdlr om dc`mdl dc wcr sem h}skem dccwgrkbkr wl wtkgmdm ~mrm gleycrtkrwc ce sem h}skem wlgkmf% /Blwgohm&3?+% Hkcetrmw }sc cf wcasedl elw ombfm dc trcw gmrmgtcrwtkgmw dcf hlhcce cf gsmf elw cegletrmhlw }sc gleilrhme se cetrmhmdl wlgkmf { gsftsrmf0gleycracegkm hcdktkgm& gsftsrm ~mrtkgk~mtkym c ketcfkacegkm glfcgtk

/@cejkew& 2>>?& =4+%Sem dc fmw ilrhmw hw rmdkgmfcw dc trmewilrhmgke fm cegletrmhlw ce fl }sc~ldrmhlw dcelhkemr glhl cwtkflw dc ~rlgcwmhkcetl% Wk fm gsftsrm kh~rcwmgleffcym fm stkfkpmgke dc se ~rlgcwmhkcetl fkecmf& wcgscegkmf { `crmr}skpfm dkaktmf ws~lec se ~rlgcwmhkcetl irmahcetmdl& dkwgletkesl c ok~crhcdkm&dledc fm ~crwlem ym md}skrkcedl keilrhmgke dc dkicrcetcw hcdklw {rcgsrwlw& gle dkicrcetcw wkwtchmw wkhbfkglw& { fmw hcpgfme { rchcpgfmeglewcgscegkmw }sc wc dcrkyme dc cwtc gmhbkl dc gsftsrm wle cxgc~gklemfcwCfflw& ~lr c`ch~fl& cwte ce wktsmgke dc hmec`mr fm keilrhmgke dkwgletkeskeilrhmgke }sc el wc lircgc dc ilrhm fkecmf wkel ~lr ~mrtcw& ~rlycekcetc dcdkicrcetcw chkwlrcw { ce dkicrcetcw tkch~lw% El ecgcwktme tcecr metc w cf hm~glh~fctl& ek tldlw flw ~mwlw dc fm M m fm P& wkel }sc ~scdce wcaskr mdcfmemse gsmedl wc om{me wmftmdl mfaselw ~mwlw& }sc wc ~rcwshce glelgkdlw/Blwgohm& 2>>1& =>=+%

Mwlgkmdl ce gkcrtm hcdkdm gle cwm gm~mgkdmd dc ~rlgcwmhkcetl el fkecm

elw cegletrmhlw gle ltrm dc wsw gmrmgtcrwtkgmw0 ws gm~mgkdmd hsftktrcmdcgkr& wle gm~mgcw dc rcmfkpmr mf hkwhl tkch~l dkicrcetcw mggklecw0 fccrkeilrhmgke ce fm Qkjk~cdkm& gomtcmr& mbrkr sem ~akem qcb& ycr se gfk~ydcl ce [lstsbc& Glhl wcmfme Tli cr { Tli cr /2>>?+ flw gomymfcw dcol{ ce dm wle0 Hsftktmrcmw { hsftkilglw dc ketcrw& wswtkts{ce ~lr dl}skcr mfm glegcetrmgke ce mfal `l& hkcetrmw sem acecrmgke cetcrm grcgc ce hcdkldc sem gsftsrm { sem cglelhm }sc wc dcw~fmpme dc se ~rlgcwl wcgscegkmf mse ~rlgcwl dc wkhsftmeckdmd0 omgcr ymrkmw glwmw mf hkwhl tkch~l% Flw ycwtmdlsekdcewcw& cwgrkbce Kme @sjcw { Mektm Dlwm`& dcf Ars~l feilWdme ~lr ws~scwtl cf mggcwl m lrdcemdlrcw& hmedlw m dkwtmegkm& Ketcr


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glrrcl cfcgtrekgl& bswgmw& tcfilelw hykfcw& rc~rldsgtlrcw H^7& GD& Dykdcl`scalw& mfh kfltw /mwkwtcetc dkaktmf ~crwlemf+ { ghmrmw dkaktmfcfflw& fmw elgklecw dc tkch~l { dkwtmegkm wkaek gme hs{ ~lgl% ^rlgcwm{ hw keilrhmgke m rkthlw hw { hw r~kdlw& { wc mbsrrce gle gsmf}skcrglwm }sc glewkdcrce fcetm% /Tli cr { Tli cr& 2>>?& ;3+%

Tmf gmrmgtcrwtkgm dc ~rlgcwmhkcetl rc~crgstc ce se hmec`l dcf tkch~dkicrcetc mf }sc trmdkgklemfhcetc ochlw hlykfkpmdl elwltrlw& fl mh~fkl {hleltchtkgl ffcam m mbsrrkrfcw& ~rc crce fl dkycrwl& cxkbfc { cf gmhbkglewtmetc dc mgtkykdmd% Cwtc ftkhl glhcetmrkl ~sdkcrm cx~fkgmr mfaseflw rcmfkpmdlw ~lr flw ~rlicwlrcw rcw~cgtl m fm imftm dc glegcetrmgke { ~rlbfchmw dc hltkymgke }sc tkcece wsw mfshelw% ^rc crce ~lr c`ch~fl&m~rcedcr cf isegklemhkcetl dc se ~rlarmhm keilrhtkgl ~lr cewm{l { crrlr&

}sc cf fccr ws hmesmf dc isegklemhkcetl& l ymflrme fm keilrhmgke rcwshkdmhw }sc flw keilrhcw iscrtchcetc dctmffmdlw% Tmfcw mggklecw ~cricgtmhce~ldrme dc escyl ffcymrelw m fm gsftsrm hlwmkgl dc fm }sc ombf ce whlhcetl sel dc flw glhsekgmdlrcw hw wkaek gmtkylw dcf wkafl __& Hgfsome%L stkfkpmedl fmw ylgcw dc flw ~rlicwlrcw& glhl wtlw wcmfme glewtmetchcFl tkcece tldl glakdl ~lr mf fcrcw-

^crl ~lwkbfchcetc sel dc flw gmhbklw hw wkaek gmtkylw& ~lr fmrc~crgswklecw }sc tcedr ce cf hsedl mgmdhkgl& cw fm ~rdkdm& l hc`lrdkgol& trmewilrhmgke dcf glegc~tl dc mstlrkdmd% Glhl wcmfm Blwgoh/2>>1& 3;+0 Ce fmw acecrmgklecw metcrklrcw fm ycrdmd wc m~l{mbm ce ~dc mstlrkdmd0 Fl dkgc fm tcfcykwke& fl om dkgol ts ~mdrc& fl ome dkgfm cwgscfm% Fm acecrmgke mgtsmf el grcc emdm ~lr}sc w& ecgcwktm }dchlwtrmdl%

Ce flw hlhcetlw metcrklrcw cf glelgkhkcetl& fm grccegkm dc fm ycrdmd dcglelgkhkcetl& dcwgmewmbm ce gkcrtmw kewtktsgklecw { ~crwlemw% lr cf g

~mrm fmw acecrmgklecw mgtsmfcw cf glelgkhkcetl cw tme dkiswl& fkhktirmahcetmdl& }sc wc m~l{m hw ce sem ketcfkacegkm glfcgtkym grcmdm m dc glhsekdmdcw dkaktmfcw& }sc ce kewtktsgklecw glewlfkdmdmw% Ce gkcrtm~ldrmhlw dcgkr }sc fm keilrhmgke cxkwtc ce fm hcdkdm ce }sc fm ~scdcflgmfkpmr ce Ketcrect& iscrm dc wtc fl }sc cxkwtc cw ~crgkbkdl glhl lbwlfcmetkasl { ~lgl grcbfc% Cffl ~sdkcrm dcbcrwc cetrc ltrlw hltkylw m fm rm~kdcgle fm }sc dcwcme lbtcecr fmw glwmw& l wk wc }skcrc gle fm trmewilrhmgkglegc~tl dc tkch~l%


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^mrm Qmfwo /2>>7& gktmdl ~lr @cejkew 2>>?& 9>(92+& cf glegc~tl dc ketcfkglfcgtkym& }sc wc hlykfkpm bmwtmetc ce fm mgtsmfkdmd& ym ce gletrm dc fdcelhkem ~mrmdkahm cx~crtl% [ ~mrm cffl wc m~l{m ce gsmtrl kdcmw0

=+ Cf ~mrmdkahm cx~crtl rc}skcrc se gscr~l dc ekdl dcglelgkhkcetlw }sc dcbce wcr dlhkemdlw ~lr cf kedkykdsl% Fmgfmwc dc gscwtklecw }sc ~rl~lec fm ketcfkacegkm glfcgtkym wle hwmbkcrtmw& cxkbfcw& c ketcrdkwkgk~fkemrcw% Blrdcme ce gkcrtm hcdkfl gkcet gmhcetc glrrcgtl%2+ Ce cf ~mrmdkahm dcf cx~crtl wc mras{c }sc om{ se cxtcrklr{ ltrl ketcrklr& selw wmbce glwmw { ltrlw el% Ce cf glegc~tl dcketcfkacegkm glfcgtkym wc ~rcws~lec gle gmdm ~crwlem ~scdcm~lrtmr mfal%

7+ Cf ~mrmdkahm dcf cx~crtl ch~fcm rcafmw wlbrc cf mggcwl { cf~rlgcwmhkcetl dc fm keilrhmgke& rcafmw cwtmbfcgkdmw ~lr fmwdkwgk~fkemw trmdkgklemfcw% Ce gmhbkl ce fm ketcfkacegkm glfcgtkymel cxkwtce ~rlgcdkhkcetlw gfmrmhcetc dc ekdlw%4+ Flw cx~crtlw cwte mgrcdktmdlw ~lr mfae tk~l dc rktsmf }scgcrtk gm }sc om ~mwmdl ~lr se ~rlgcwl dc mgrcdktmgke& ce fmketcfkacegkm glfcgtkym el%

[ cw ce cwtm wktsmgke ce fm gsmf elw cegletrmhlw sem tcedcegkm omgkmmstlm~rcedkpm`c { dkrcggke omgkm glhsekdmdcw dledc ~ldcr flgmfkpmr& cse hlhcetl glegrctl& fm keilrhmgke }sc wc ecgcwktc% [ ce wcetkdl gletrmrkl&~rdkdm dc ymflrmgke dc fmw kewtktsgklecw trmdkgklemfhcetc gcetrmdmw cilrhmgke& ~lr sem ~mrtc& { dc rcgompl dc fm mrashcetmgke }sc flw ~rkegk~klwdc ~ldcr dcwgmewme wlbrc fm cdmd& ~lr ltrm%

Tldlw cwtmrchlw dc mgscrdl }sc selw trhkelw }sc wc stkfkpme bmwtmetc ceflw ftkhlw tkch~lw wle flw emtkylw { chkarmetcw dkaktmfcw& ~mrm mfsdkr

cfflw& m fmw ~crwlemw }sc ome emgkdl ce cf dcwmrrlffl tcgelfakgl dc Ketcrectflw }sc emgkhlw gle ltrmw tcgelflamw& glhl ~lr c`ch~fl cf gkec l fm tcfcykwke%Trmdkgklemfhcetc wc om glewkdcrmdl }sc flw ~rkhcrlw wle hw ombkfkdlwlw cecf hmec`l dc fmw tcgelflamw }sc flw wcasedlw%

Wke ecamr rltsedmhcetc cf ~fmetcmhkcetl metcrklr& tmh~lgl cwtl{mbwlfstmhcetc dc mgscrdl gle f& {m }sc ~lr c`ch~fl& hsgolw dc flw escylwdcwmrrlfflw tcgelfakglw ome wkdl rcmfkpmdlw hw ~lr flw chkarmetcw }sc ~lrflw emtkylw dkaktmfcw: l }sc hsgomw ycgcw flw `ycecw wle hw tcgelkdkltm~mrm trmbm`mr ce fm rcd& {m }sc tkcece iscrtc glelgkhkcetl tcgelfakgl& ~crl


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~lglw cfchcetlw ~mrm cf hmec`l ilrhmtkyl ce cf swl dc flw glelgkhkcetlw%^ldchlw dcgkr }sc wmbce emycamr& ~crl el wshcrakrwc%

^crl dledc w om{ dcwdc escwtrl ~setl dc ykwtm sem iscrtc dkicrcegkm& cw ce glegc~gke& ~crgc~gke { ymflrmgklecw }sc tkcece dc fm rcd& ce ~mrtkgsfmrfmw tcgelflamw ce acecrmf% Hkcetrmw flw emtkylw dkaktmfcw& ~lr wcaskr scf trhkel& fc dme se ymflr hw micgtkyl& flw chkarmetcw fc dme se wcetkdl hketcfcgtsmf% Selw ~crgkbce cf lrdcemdlr glhl se hcdkl dc glhsekgmgke cketcrmggke wlgkmf& { ltrlw& glhl ocrrmhkcetm dc trmbm`l { bkbfkltcgm%

Glhl ~ldchlw lbwcrymr cwtmw wle mfasemw dc fmw gmrmgtcrwtkgmw mfshelw }sc hmrgme flw escylw tkch~lw ce flw }sc elw cegletrmhlw% Elwaswtc l elw dkwaswtc& cf dkgol }sc hc gletmrle gsmedl glhceg m dmr gfmwcw c

fm Sekycrwkdmd }sc mfsdm dc }sc sel dc flw ~rlbfchmw dc cwtm ~rlicwke&}sc flw }sc esegm gmhbkmbme dc cdmd crme flw mfshelw& ~crl ol{ tcechlw }scrcykwmrfl {m }sc wkasce tcekcedl fm hkwhm cdmd }sc flw dc fmw acecrmgkmetcrklrcw& ~crl wsw ~crgc~gklecw { ilrhmw dc ceircetmrwc mf hsedl { m rcmfkdmd& wle gfmrmhcetc dkwtketmw% [ cffl ~lr ws~scwtl ym m micgtmr mdc cwtmr ce fm kewtktsgke& { mblrdmr flw ~rlbfchmw dc m~rcedkpm`c%

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2%(Cf hlykhkcetl QCB 2%>

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20/250

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Wke }scrcr cetrmr ce ~rlisedkdmdcw m fm olrm dc dc ekr fm qcb 2%>& ~ldchlwdcgkr }sc fl ~ldchlw omgcr dcwdc trcw armedcw ~crw~cgtkymw }sc dcelhkemhlwglhl ykwke tcgelfakgl(kewtrshcetmf& flw gm& { wlgkmf% Fm ~rkhcrm dcykwklecw kh~fkgm sem cylfsgke tcgelfakgl kewtrshcetmf dcwdc fm qcb =%>cw cf ~mwmr dc sem qcb cwttkgm m sem dkehkgm& fm trmewilrhmgke dc fmglhl fcgtsrm m fm qcb glhl cwgrktsrm& cf gmhbkl dc sem qcb tcxtsmf m semmsdklykwsmf& { fm stkfkpmgke dc escymw ocrrmhkcetmw dc glhsekgmgke ~mrtkgk~mtkymw { glfmblrmtkymw%

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Gsmdrl e =% Dkicrcegkmw cetrc fm qcb =%> { fm qcb 2%>%

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Qcb =%> /=;;7(2>>7+%Hsgomw ~akemw qcb ~mrmwcr ykwtmw m trmyw dc se

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Gsmdrl e 2% Ocrrmhkcetmw dc fm qcb 2%>%

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Ltrm ilrhm dc dc ekrfm cw dcwdc fm ykwke flw gm& gle cffm fl }s}skcrc mfsdkr cw }sc cw sem flwlim dc glhsekgmgke }sc cyktm gletch~fmfm dkaktmfkpmgke glhl sem hcrm ocrrmhkcetm }sc ffcym m sem tcgek gmdc fm cwgscfm& }sc ~scdm ~rl~kgkmr sem ~rdkdm dc fm rc cxke { fm dcf wkwtchm% Dcwdc cwtm ~crw~cgtkym wc mwshce dlw kdcmw bwkgmwflwlim dcf gkbcrcw~mgkl }sc dcyscfyc cf ~rltmalekwhl m flw ketcremstmw ocachlem dc flw gletcekdlw wlbrc cf dkwcl& { b+ }sc fl kh~lrtmetc wle fmw~crwlemw { el fmw ocrrmhkcetmw gle fmw gsmfcw trmbm`me%

Fl ftkhl glhcetmdl elw ffcym m fm tcrgcrm ykwke0 fm wlgkmf% [ dcwdc mmd`sdkgme sem wcrkc dc ~setlw dkrcgtlrcw& wkcedl fl hw wkaek gmtkyl }s~rctcedc rlh~cr gle fm kdcm dcf swsmrkl glhl hcrl rcgc~tlr dc keilrhmgke{ wc mwshc ce gletrm~mrtkdm fm ecgcwkdmd dc fm rcmfkpmgke dc flw glet

dc ilrhm glfcgtkym% Wcae se cwtsdkl rcmfkpmdl ~lr fmw glewsftlrmw _~crkcGlewsftkea { Ikedmwcewc& cf ?7# dc flw ycecw cw~mlfcw swm& ~lr fl hcelw


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Gletcwtmdm fm ~rkhcrm ~rcasetm elw gcetrmrchlw ce fm wcasedm0 gsfcw wl

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Cw dkehkgm0 flw gletcekdlw wc mgtsmfkpme glewtmetchcetc%Wle glfmblrmtkymw0 wc cfmblrme ~lr se ars~l dc ~crwlemw%Wle wkh~fcw c ketsktkymw%^scdce wcr stkfkpmdmw wke ecgcwkdmd dc kewtmfmr emdm ce se lrdcemdFm qcb cw fm ~fmtmilrhm%Cetlrel mhkambfc c ketcrmgtkyl%Cf swsmrkl tkcec fm gm~mgkdmd dc acwtklemr0 }s& gsedl { ghl~sbfkgmr


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27

El hc aswtmrm tcrhkemr cwtmw rcicrcegkmw wke omgcr mfaselw glhcetmrklwgrtkgmw }sc wc fc ome rcmfkpmdl& cetrc ltrlw hltkylw& ~lr}sc mfasemw dcfmw rctlhmrchlw ~lwtcrklrhcetc gsmedl ombfchlw dc fm Cdsgmgke 2%>%

Sem dc fmw ~rkhcrmw cw }sc wc dcbc wcr hw bkce grtkgl gle cf ~rl~hlykhkcetl& {m }sc glhl ochlw ykwtl wc m~l{m ce sem wcrkc dc ~rkegk~klw kdcmw& glhl0 ketcrmgtkykdmd& m~rcedkpm`c glfmblrmtkyl& hsftkdkrcggklfkbcrtmd dc cdkgke { dkiswke ^crl gmbc molrm omgcrelw sem ~rcaseMetcrklrhcetc cwtlw mw~cgtlw el wc dmbme ce fm dcelhkemdm qcb =%>< W}sc w% Cw hw& cwtlw hkwhlw mrashcetlw crme flw }sc wc omgme wlbrc K~mrm `swtk gmr wsw bledmdcw& { ws keglr~lrmgke mf tcrrcel cdsgmtkyl%escyl elw ~ldchlw cegletrmr gle gleisedkr fm tcgelflam gle ws m~fkgmgke&{ grccr }sc cf wkh~fc ocgol dc ~lwkgklemrelw l stkfkpmr mfasemw dc cwt

ocrrmhkcetmw {m cw wkeekhl dc ~mrtkgk~mgke& dc keelymgke cdsgmescwtrl gmwl& { dc gmfkdmd%

Ltrm dc fmw grtkgmw }sc ~ldchlw omgcrfc mf hlykhkcetl& cw gmcr ce cf crrlel dkwgrkhkemr sem ykwke gsmetktmtkym { gsmfktmtkym dc fm ~mrtkgk~mcffl fl }sc }skcrl dcgkr cw }sc cf wkh~fc ocgol dc ~ldcr ~mrtkgk~mr el amrmetkpm}sc fm hkwhm wc rcmfkgc { wcm dc gmfkdmd0 Gsetlw crrlrcw gkcet gcxkwtkdl ce fm Qkjk~cdkm dcwdc wsw glhkceplw>1& ;7+& gsmedl wcmfm0 Omgkcedl amfm dc fm ~lwkbkfkdmd dc trksecetlrel hcdktkgl gle tmetmw dcbkfkdmdcw& m~mrcgce ce cwgcem flw bsffwo/gomrfmtmecw+ { ~rcdkgmdlrcw% Wk el cxkwtc tkch~l dc mtcegke ~mrm sem hmdsrm { ~rcdlhkeme kdcmw dc glrtl mfgmegc& cf cwgcemrkl cwt wcry~mrm cwtlw mgtlrcw { fmw m~fkgmgklecw dc cwgrktsrm glfmblrmtkym c kglfcgtkym ~ltcegkme ws ~rltmalekwhl Cwtc cw sel dc flw ~setlw dbkfcw }slircgce fmw m~fkgmgklecw Qcb 2%>0 fm rckykedkgmgke dcf mhmtcsrkwhl gmshcetmedl cf rskdl ce fm rcd { ~rlhlykcedl sem gleycrwmgke glfcgtkym

wke gskdmr fmw cxkacegkmw dc sem rc~rcwcetmgke ~rcgkwm dc fm rcmfkcx~crtkwc dc ymflr mmdkdl mf tchm dcf }sc wc cwt ombfmedl%

[ fm ftkhm& }sc wc dcw~rcedc dc fl {m wcmfmdl& cw }sc elw ~ldchlw ceglet}sc wc elw cwt dkrkakcedl omgkm se ~cewmhkcetl dbkf& ws~cr gkmf& {glewtrsgtkyl: wkel hcrmhcetc rc~ctktkyl% ^mrm grcmr { glewtrskr el wfl wtkcec }sc dkw~lecr dc fmw ocrrmhkcetmw& wkel tmhbke { isedmhcetmfhcedc fm ilrhmgke gkcet gm { glegc~tsmf% Glhl wcmfm Jcee /2>>1& 27+0rcylfsgke Qcb 2%> cwt ffcyedlelw m sem ws~cr gkmf lbwcrymgke dc rcmfkdmd hw }sc m se ~rlisedl mefkwkw& m sem cwtrkdcetc l~keke hw }s


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se `skgkl dc gmfkdmd% Se gmlw }sc lgsftm fm keilrhmgke tkf% Mdchw& cwtmce ~rcwcegkm dc sem escym acecrmgke dc gfc~thmelw dc fm ~rl~kcdmdketcfcgtsmf% L glhl elw ffmh fm mtcegke Qlftle rcw~cgtl m Ketcrect0 Fmkasmfdmd dc mggcwl mf glelgkhkcetl el cw fm kasmfdmd metc cf glelgkhkcetl/Qlftle& 2>>>& 71+: cw dcgkr& tcecr mggcwl m fm keilrhmgke el wkaek gmemdm tcecr glelgkhkcetl& ek ws~crmr fmw dk gsftmdcw { dkicrcegkmw gsftsrmcxkwtcetcw& { hcelw me dcwmrrlffmr ~mstmw { ~rl~scwtmw dc mggke%

Rcmfkpmdlw cwtlw glhcetmrklw wlbrc fmw gmrmgtcrwtkgmw dc fm qcb 2%mdcetrmrchlw ce cf ftkhl ~setl0 fm Cdsgmgke 2%>%

7%( Cdsgmgke 2%> hmrgm& hldm l escym ykwke dc fm cdsgmgke& {m omglhcepmdl m m~mrcgcr sem wcrkc dc trhkelw& { sel dc cfflw cw cf dc Cdsgmgke2%>% Trhkel }sc ~scdc kedkgmr sem hmrgm ce tldl fl rcicrkdl m fl 2%>%& sehldm& sem elycdmd& l fmw glewcgscegkmw dc flw rc~fmetcmhkcetlw }sc dcbcomgcrwc ce cf tcrrcel cdsgmtkyl glhl glewcgscegkm dc fmw trmewilrhmgklecw}sc wc cwte dcwmrrlffmedl ce flw mfshelw { ce fm wlgkcdmd dcf glelgkhkcetl:{ fmw rc cxklecw }sc tcechlw }sc omgcr omgkm sem cwgscfm gmdm ycp hwdcwhltkymdm& gle mshcetl dcf irmgmwl cwglfmr { gle dkwhkesgke ce cfdlhkekl dc fmw glh~ctcegkmw bwkgmw }sc dcbc ~lwccr fm gksdmdmem%

Wkcedl glewgkcetc dc fl ~rlbfchtkgl dcf trhkel& { }sc ~lwkbfchcetcmfsdm hw m sem hldm& elwltrlw fl ymhlw m stkfkpmr ~mrm kr ce wketlem gfm dcelhkemgke dc fm lbrm& ~crl ce rcmfkdmd molrm elw }scrchlw rcicrkrgle f& m flw gmhbklw }sc wc dcbce dmr ce escwtrl wkwtchm cdsgmtkyl glhlglewcgscegkm dc flw escylw tkch~lw%

Fl }sc ochlw ykwtl omwtm molrm& grcl }sc elw ~crhktc wcmfmr gle gfmrkdm

}sc elw cegletrmhlw ce se escyl hlhcetl okwtrkgl& gle semw escymwecgcwkdmdcw& gle selw escylw ~rlbfchmw m rcwlfycr { ~fmetcmr& { gle selwmfshelw }sc ~rcwcetme semw gmrmgtcrwtkgmw glaektkymw& mgtktsdkemfcw {dkicrcetcw m flw dc fmw acecrmgklecw metcrklrcw%

[ ce cwtc cetrmhmdl cw dledc ~scdc wsrakr fm Cdsgmgke 2%>& }sc ~mrm dc ekrgfmrmhcetc wcrm m}scffm }sc tcekcedl ce gscetm fmw escymw gmrmgtcrwtkgmflw mfshelw& { fmw ~lwkbkfkdmdcw dc fmw escymw ocrrmhkcetmw dc glhsekgm}sc wc ome lrkakemdl ce fm rcd dc fm flwlim dc fm qcb 2%>& wc ~fmetcm escym ilrhm dc mgtsmr { dc rc~fmetcmr cf ocgol cdsgmtkyl%


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23

[ ws mefkwkw fl omrchlw ketcetmedl gletcwtmr m fmw wkaskcetcw ~rcasetmw

]s ws~lec fm Cdsgmgke 2%>>?+ dcelhkemdm fm Wlgkcdmd dc fm Rk}scpm% ^crl dcwdc hk ~setl

ykwtm& fl kh~lrtmetc cw }sc tmf mh~fktsd elw dcbc ffcymr m rc~fmetcmr cf ~dc fmw kewtktsgklecw ilrhmtkymw& dc hmecrm }sc ~mwchlw dc sem cwgscfmhchlrkm m sem cwgscfm dcf glelgkhkcetl% [ gle cffl el }skcrl dcgkr }sc cwtl{ce gletrm dc }sc fm cwgscfm ~ltcegkc cf dcwmrrlffl dc cwtm gm~mgkdmd glaekwkel ce gletrm dc sem cwgscfm ce fm gsmf cf mfshel fl }sc dcbc omgcr cw rcglrdmcxgfswkymhcetc dmtlw& ocgolw { glegc~tlw% Cffl ~mrm se hlhcetl okwtrkdledc cf glelgkhkcetl crm ~crgkbkdl glhl se cfchcetl cwttkgl { dsrmdcrl&cw ~cricgtmhcetc yfkdl% ^crl ce se hlhcetl mgtsmf& dledc fm dkemhkgkdmd {

cxkbkfkdmd cw sem dc fmw gmrmgtcrwtkgmw hw dkwtketkymw dc fm wlgkcdcbc ~crwcaskr ilrhmr m fm gksdmdmem ce ltrmw glh~ctcegkmw { gm~mgkcetrc cffmw fm gm~mgkdmd dc kdcetk gmgke& cymfsmgke { glewtrsggk~crwlemf& dcf glelgkhkcetl% Ce gkcrtm hcdkdm ~ldrmhlw dcgkr }sc cw ~mwmsem ~crw~cgtkym dc fm wkh~fkgkdmd m sem dc fm glh~fc`kdmd: dc sem ~crw~dc fm hcrm mwkhkfmgke m sem dc glewtrsggke ~crwlemf dc wkaek gmdlw

[ cwtm ~ldrm wcr sem dc fmw gmrmgtcrwtkgmw dc fm Cdsgmgke 2%>0 cfgmhbkl dc ~mrmdkahm& }sc m armedcw rmwalw ws~lec ~mwmr dc gcetrmrelw

trmewhkwke dc keilrhmgke& m fm glewtrsggke dcf glelgkhkcetl%Tmf trmewilrhmgke el cw bmemf& ~scw mdchw dc mtmgmr fm flwliwkwtchm& rc~crgstkr dkrcgtmhcetc ce cf ~m~cf }sc dcbcr dcwch~cmr c~rlicwlr& fm isegke }sc wc fc mwkaec m flw hmtcrkmfcw dkdgtkglw& fmw cdkdgtkgmw }sc wc stkfkgce& l mf tk~l dc ~rlgcwl dc cymfsmgke }sc wc ~leaisegklemhkcetl%

Wke fsamr m dsdmw fm isegke dcf ~rlicwlr glhl hcrl trmewhkwlr dc keilrhmgkecw gmdm ycp hw ~scwtm ce dsdm ce flw tkch~lw }sc glrrce% ^lr sem ~mrtc


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29

~lr}sc fm keilrhmgke cwtmr hw dkwtrkbskdm }sc esegm& { ~lr ltrm& ~lr}scglhl {m ykhlw mf glhkcepl& cf glegc~tl dc mstlrkdmd wc m~l{mr ce ltrlwcfchcetlw { el ce cf dc dc~lwktmrkl dc fm keilrhmgke% Ce fm cwgscfm dc fmCdsgmgke 2%>& fm isegke dcf ~rlicwlr wcr bwkgmhcetc fm dc asm& lrkcetm{ dkwcmdlr dc wktsmgklecw hcdkmdmw dc m~rcedkpm`c& ~mrm }sc flw cwtsdk

ce ketcrmggke gle flw lb`ctlw dc m~rcedkpm`c wcfcggklemdlw kekgkmfhcetc ~cf ~rlicwlr& hw ltrlw kdcetk gmdlw ~lr flw cwtsdkmetcw { ws~crykwmdlw ~lcf ~rlicwlr& md}skcrme glelgkhkcetlw& glh~ctcegkmw { ombkfkdmdcw& bkcehmecrm kedkykdsmf l glfmblrmtkym%

Cffl elw ffcym tmhbke ~mwmr dc se hldcfl dc keilrhmgke gcetrmdl ~lrc`ch~fl ce ~crwlemw /~rlicwlr+& l ce gcetrlw /fmw bkbfkltcgmw+& m sel dkwtrkbsdc keilrhmgke& dledc fm hkwhm cwtmr dcwflgmfkpmdm dcf gletcxtl kehcdkmtl{ dledc gkrgsfmr ~lr sem dkycrwkdmd dc iscetcw& gdkalw& ocrrmhkcetmw d

glhsekgmgke { hcdklw tcgelfakglw: cetrc wtmw fmw }sc ochlw mfsdkdlmetcrklrhcetc ~rl~kmw dc fm qcb 2%>%

Ce fm Cewcmepm 2%> wc dcwmrrlffmr sem ~lftkgm dc hkgrlgletcekdlw& cfmblrdc ilrhm gle`setm ~lr tldlw flw ~mrtkgk~metcw dc fm mggke ilrhmtkym% Cw hlhcetl dc fm grcmgke dc se blljhmrjkea wlgkmf& glhl ~lr c`ch~fllgsrrc gle dcf%kgkl%cw& }sc ~scdc wcr dc arme m{sdm ~mrm fm grcmgkefsamrcw cw~cg glw wlbrc rcmw tchtkgmw glegrctmw dc ilrhm glfmblrmtkym%~sdkcrm wcr dc stkfkdmd ~mrm sem wcrkc dc mw~cgtlw0

Glhl hchlrkm cxtcrklr /ketcfkacegkm mhbkcetmf+ dc flgmfkpmgke dc(se mfhmgcem`c dc fkej }sc ~scdme wcr sbkgmdlw { dkwtrkbskdlw ce~lgl tkch~l%Cegletrmr ~crwlemw gle ketcrcwcw rcfmgklemdlw }sc ~sdkcrme(m~rcedcr gle ltrlw%^scdc wcr tkf ~mrm fm grcmgke dc ~rl{cgtlw ce c}sk~l%(

Fl }sc cwtmhlw glhcetmedl elw ffcym m wcmfmr }sc fmw ocrrmhkcetmw dcglhsekgmgke }sc wc hlykfkpmre ce fm Cdsgmgke 2%> wcre hw mh~fkmw }sfmw omwtm molrm stkfkpmdmw% scwtl }sc flw lb`ctlw dc m~rcedkpm`c wc ~rcwce dkicrcetcw wl~lrtcw { wkwtchmw wkhbfkglw& wc trmtmr ~lr tmetl dc ~ldmggcdcr m sem amfmxkm dc tcgelflamw }sc imylrcpgme }sc tmetl dlgcetcglhl cwtsdkmetcw ~scdme hlycrwc el wfl m ekycf dc tcxtl& wkel tmhbkedc hkgrlgletcekdlw dc ydcl& ~ldgmwt dc msdkl& mekhmgklecw& wkhsfmdlrcwfmblrmtlrklw dkaktmfcw Cwtrsgtsrm dc ilrhmgke hw gcrgmem m fm acecrmgCkewtcke l m flw emtkylw dkaktmfcw& ~lr ws m~cal m fmw tcgelflamw&~rlgcwmhkcetl ~mrmfcfl ~lr cegkhm dcf fkecmf%


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21

Wcae Grllj { Omrrkwle /2>>?+& flw keycwtkamdlrcw ome kdcetk gmdl gsarmedcw hldcflw dc swlw ~ltcegkmfhcetc bcec gklwlw ~mrm fm cewcmepm m~rcedkpm`c& dc fm qcb 2%>%0

( Cwtkhsfmedl escylw hldlw dc keycwtkamgke%( Gmstkymedl mgtkykdmdcw dc m~rcedkpm`c glfmblrmtkyl%( Ceimtkpmedl escymw mfimbctkpmgklecw%( [ ~sbfkgmedl gletcekdlw ce fecm%

Wke rcgompmr fmw ltrmw& ~mrm elwltrlw sem dc cffm cw gfmyc& { cw mf m~rcedkpm`c glfmblrmtkyl% Dcwdc escwtrl ~setl dc ykwtm sem dc gmrmgtcrwtkgmw dc fm Cdsgmgke 2%>& cw }sc ircetc m se hldcfl kedkykketcrmggke gle fm keilrhmgke l cf glelgkhkcetl wc ~ltcegkmr se hldcfl

dc ~rldsggke glfmblrmtkym dc glelgkhkcetl% Dkgol ce ltrlw trhkelw cfm~rcedkpm`c glfmblrmtkyl { gll~crmtkyl& ircetc mf glh~ctktkyl& wcr cf }hmr}sc { dkrk`m cf ~rlgcwl ilrhmtkyl% Cw dcgkr& ws~lec trmbm`mr ce sem gsdc fm glfmblrmgke& dledc cf ketcrgmhbkl dc fm keilrhmgke { fm glewtrsgggle`setm dc glelgkhkcetlw wc gleykcrtce ce fm ~kcpm gfmyc dc dcwmrrlffl dc~rlgcwl cdsgmtkyl%

El }skcrl gcetrmrhc m}s ce fmw gmrmgtcrwtkgmw bwkgmw dc dkgol m~rce{m fl ochlw memfkpmdl ce ltrlw trmbm`lw /Gmbcrl& 2>>7& Hmrtecp { ^rc2>>9: Rlhe& 2>>1+& { m cfflw rchktkhlw mf fcgtlr ketcrcwmdl% crl w hc aswwcmfmr }sc wc mgcrgm hw m fm ilrhm ce fm gsmf cwte mglwtshbrmdlw flw m ketcrmggklemr& dkmflamr { glh~mrtkr keilrhmgke { glelgkhkcetlw gle fglfcamw% Hw gcrgmel& wk wc }skcrc& mf hldcfl dc rcdcw wlgkmfcw { dc glhseykrtsmfcw dc m~rcedkpm`c { m se hldcfl dc glhsekgmgke olrkpletmf { elycrtkgmf& ce flw gsmfcw wc cegscetrme iscrtchcetc imhkfkmrkpmdlw% [ cffsamr m dsdmw rc~crgstc ce se mshcetl dc fm hltkymgke dcf cwtsdkmetc& mdcwmrrlffmrwc se m~rcedkpm`c hw ~mrtkgk~mtkyl%

Mf hkwhl tkch~l cf swl dc fmw ocrrmhkcetmw qcb 2%>& imgkfktmr fm glfmbldcwflgmfkpmdm dcf cw~mgkl gcrgmel ce cf gsmf wc dcwmrrlffm fm mggke iimylrcgkcedl fm hlykfkdmd ykrtsmf dc flw cwtsdkmetcw /Amrgm Mrctkl { l2>>?+%

Glhl cwtmhlw lbwcrymedl& { cffl ~ldrm wcr sem dc wsw fkhktmgklecw ~lr fhltkylw }sc ~lwtcrklrhcetc ycrchlw& cwtmhlw rc rkedlelw m sem cwgscfmmgtkym& { mgtkym dcwdc se ~setl dc ykwtm glaektkyl& }sc brkedm mf cwtescymw l~lrtsekdmdcw ~mrm tlhmr cf gletrlf dc ws ~rl~kl m~rcedkpm`c {


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2?

mggcdcr m keilrhmgke ~crwlemfkpmdm& rcgsrwlw& ocrrmhkcetmw { wcrykgm}s gmbc omgcrelw sem ~rcasetm0 cwte escwtrlw cwtsdkmetcw gm~mgktm{ ilrhmdlw ~mrm dkrkakr ws ~rl~kl ~rlgcwl dc m~rcedkpm`c< ^lwkbfchcetc fmwrcw~scwtmw gle }sc elw cegletrchlw wcre hw ecamtkymw }sc m rhmtkymw&~crl el hc gmbc fm hcelr dsdm }sc fm lrkcetmgke dcbcr kr ce cwm dkrcggke&ce ilrhmr m cwtsdkmetcw }sc ~lwcme glh~ctcegkmw ~mrm fm mstldkrcggke { mstlelhm dcf m~rcedkpm`c& tmetl dc ilrhm kedkykdsmf glhl glfmblrmtkym%Glhl {m wcmf ce ltrl trmbm`l /Gmbcrl& 2>>?& 74+& flw cwtsdkmetcw dcf istdcbcre dc ~lwccr sem wcrkc dc glh~ctcegkmw glhl fmw wkaskcetcw0

Mdm~tmrwc m se mhbkcetc }sc wc hldk gm r~kdmhcetc%Trmbm`mr ce c}sk~l dc ilrhm glfmblrmtkym%M~fkgmr fm grcmtkykdmd m fm rcwlfsgke dc ~rlbfchmw%

Wmbcr gll~crmr%

M~rcedcr escylw glelgkhkcetlw { mwkhkfmr escymw kdcmwr~kdmhcetc%Grcmgke { m~fkgmgke dcf glelgkhkcetl m wktsmgklecw escymw {dcwglelgkdmw%Tlhmr escymw kekgkmtkymw { wcr kedc~cedkcetc%Kdcetk gmr ~rlbfchmw { dcwmrrlffmr wlfsgklecw%Rcsekr { lramekpmr ocgolw%Trmbm`mr gle iscetcw ce dkwtketlw tk~lw dc gdkalw& { gledkicrcetcw iscetcw dc glelgkhkcetlw%Glhsekgmrwc gle dkicrcetcw tk~lw dc ocrrmhkcetmw dcglhsekgmgke%Gm~mgkdmd dc gletrlf { dkrcggke dc flw ~rl~klw ~rlgcwlwilrhmtkylw%Rcmfkpmr glh~mrmgklecw wkwtchtkgmw%Kdcetk gmr { dcwmrrlffmr wlfsgklecw mftcremtkymw%[ rcwlfycr ~rlbfchmw dc ilrhm kedc~cedkcetc% /Gmbcrl& 2>>?&

74+%Wk cf cwtsdkmetc dcbc dcwch~cmr se ~m~cf mgtkyl ce ws ~rlgcwl dc ilrhmgke&{ stkfkpmr { hlykfkpmr& el glhl hcrl rcgc~tlr& wkel tmhbke glhl ~rldsgtlr dckeilrhmgke { glelgkhkcetl& dkicrcetcw tk~lw dc hcdklw { wkwtchmw wkhbfkgl~mrm gldk gmr { dcgldk gmr fm keilrhmgke% El gmbc fm hcelr dsdm }sc cffltcedr sem wcrkc dc rc~crgswklecw& semw ce cf dcwmrrlffl { ~ltcegkmgke dc wsgm~mgkdmdcw cx~rcwkymw& { ltrmw ce fm ecgcwkdmd dc }sc ~lwcm sem mfimbhftk~fc ce dkicrcetcw hcdklw { rcgsrwlw /Gmbcrl { Fflrcetc& 2>>?+%


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2;

Ce cwtc mw~cgtl dcf m~rcedkpm`c mgtkyl { glfmblrmtkyl& cf mfshel dkwdc se ylfshce mh~fkl dc ocrrmhkcetmw }sc yme dcwdc fmw dc lramekpmgkdcf tkch~l /Allafc gmfcedmr+& glh~mrtkr mrgokylw ce fecm /Ilfdcrwomrc+&hmrgmdlrcw wlgkmfcw& fmw qkjkw& l fm dkycrwkdmd dc fmw glhsekdmdcgle }sc elw cegletrmhlw%

Fm Cewcmepm 2%>& wcr sem cwgscfm dc fm ~sbfkgmgke dc gletcek~mrtc dc flw ~rlicwlrcw { flw mfshelw% [ ~mrm cffl gscetme gle sem wcrkc ocrrmhkcetmw tmetl ~mrm fm ~sbfkgmgke& kedkykdsmf l glfmblrmtkym& tws cfmblrmgke wkegrekgm glhl mwkegrekgm& glhl wle0 flw bflaw& fmw~rlarmhmw dc ~rldsggke gle`setm glhl cf Allafcdlgw%

^mrm emfkpmr cwtmw rcicrcegkmw m fl }sc rc~rcwcetm fm Cdsgmgke

}sc kedkgmr }sc ws~lec tmhbke cf dcwmrrlffl dc flw cetlrelw ~crwlemfcw dcilrhmgke& }sc wle wkwtchmw }sc m{sdme m flw cwtsdkmetcw m tlhmr cf gdc ws ~rl~kl m~rcedkpm`c lramekpmedl flw dkicrcetcw lb`ctlw dc m~rcedkpm}sc om flgmfkpmdl& { }sc fc wle tkfcw ~mrm ws ekycf ilrhmtkyl { wsw ecgcwkdc m~rcedkpm`c%

M hmecrm dc wetcwkw dc fl glhcetmdl& ~scdce wcrelw dc stkfkdmd fglhcetmrklw }sc rcmfkpm @lbb /2>>?+& wlbrc fmw glh~ctcegkmw }sc wc dcwmce fm cwgscfm gle fm stkfkpmgke dc fm qcb 2%>%0

m+ Tcecr sem hc`lr glegkcegkm dc fm gmetkdmd dc keilrhmgke { dc ws`lw ~lr ~mrtc dcf swsmrkl l dcf cwtsdkmetc }sc fl stkfkgc%

b+ Cf mstlglelgkhkcetl dcf mfshel ~lr f hkwhl& ghl ketcrmgtm gleltrlw hcdkmetc cwtmw ocrrmhkcetmw% Wk tkcece se glelgkhkcetl rcmffl }sc dkgce& dc ghl fl dkgce& wk fm mstlglegkcegkm cw hw cfcymd

g+ Sem tcrgcrm wcrm fm rcwlfsgke dc ~rlbfchmw cetcedkdm glhl sefcgtsrm glh~fc`m dc fm rcmfkdmd% Fchlwfm dc hmecrm glh~fc`m

rcwlfymhlw tmhbke hcdkmetc wlfsgklecw glh~fc`mw%d+ Fm gm~mgkdmd dc glecxke }sc ecgcwktm dc ombkfkdmdcw dkicrceel cw fm wkh~fc { dkrcgtm {l tc dkal { t rcmggklemw& wkel }sc fl }{l dkal rc~crgstc ce sel { ce ltrl& cw sem rcd cdsgmtkym hs{ em {irakf m fm }sc fmw ocrrmhkcetmw 2%> elw ~scdce keglr~lrmr%

c+ Fm ymfkdmgke { cymfsmgke dc fm ~rl~km cylfsgke { trm{cgtlrfm keilrhmgke }sc sel ym grcmedl% Om{ se armdl dc acwtke dcfglelgkhkcetl }sc wc ~kcrdc ce fm cdsgmgke ce fecm { wc trmtmrm rcgs~crmr sem gkcrtm gcrtk gmgke wlbrc cffl%


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7>

Cw cf hlhcetl dc omgcrelw ltrm ~rcasetm0 wk cf 2%> ffcam m fm cwgscfm& mdcbchlw ~rcwtmrfc mtcegke ~mrm }sc dc ycrdmd wcm c gmp& { ~ldmhlw omgsem cdsgmgke gle fmw gmrmgtcrwtkgmw }sc ochlw cx~scwtl%%0 CF SWL DC FM QCB CE FM WLGKCDMD DCF GLELGKHKCETL%KEYCWTKAMGKE C KH^FKGMGKLECW CDSGMTKYMW

7=

[m wcmfmhlw ce ws hlhcetl fmw ~mfmbrmw dc @cejkew /2>>?& =4+& }sc omgm rcicrcegkm m trcw gmrmgtcrwtkgmw dcf hlhcetl mgtsmf0 gleycrhcdktkgm& gsftsrm ~mrtkgk~mtkym c ketcfkacegkm glfcgtkym% M cffmfc ~ldrmhlw kegfskr sem gsmrtm0 ysfamrkpmgke dc flw gletcekdlw% [ cw sem rcw~lewmbkfkdmd dkrcgtm dcf ~rlicwlrmdl ce isegke dc cymfsmdllrkcetmdlr dcf ~rlgcwl ilrhmtkyl ce cwtm Cdsgmgke 2%>% Cw ecgcwmrkl gm~m flw cwtsdkmetcw ~mrm wmbcr dkwgrkhkemr cetrc se glelgkhkcetl mstlrkpmglelgkhkcetl dkwtrkbskdl%

Ochlw ombfmdl dc m~rcedkpm`c glfmblrmtkyl& ~crl dcbchlw wcr glewgkcet}sc cffl ceyscfyc hw cwiscrpl ~mrm cf cwtsdkmetc& ~lr tmetl kh~fkgmrflwce ws ~rl~kl ~rlgcwl dc m~rcedkpm`c cw gfmyc ~mrm }sc mggklecw ilrhmtkceilgmdmw dcetrl dc cwtc hlykhkcetl Cdsgmgke 2%> wcme wkaek gmtk

^lr ltrm ~mrtc& tmhbke cw gfmyc& mdchw dc cwtmr ilrhmdl ~mrm trmbmcwtm fecm dc trmbm`l& cf ~lwccr sem mgtktsd mbkcrtm { dc glfmblrmgkrcgkcetc cwtsdkl dc fm Isedmgke Lrmeac /2>>?+ wlbrc cf cwtmdl dc fm wlgkcdc fm keilrhmgke ce Cw~mm& wc m~setm ghl flw rlfcw }sc dcwch~cmews`ctlw ce fmw rcdcw wlgkmfcw el wle tme ~mrtkgk~mtkylw { glfmblrmtkylw~rkegk~kl wc ~ldrm grccr% Mw ce fm SC cf ~lrgcetm`c ~lr rlfcw wle flw wkaskCwgsgomr /4;#+& Kaelrmr /4=#+& Glhcetmr /=? #+& Cwtmbfcgcr gletmgtlw /^sbfkgmr /;#+% Hkcetrmw }sc ce CC% SS%0 Kemgtkylw /32#+& Cw~cgtmdlrHkchbrlw /=;#+& Grtkglw /=;#+& { Grcmdlrcw /=7#+%

Glhl cwtmhlw lbwcrymedl cwtmw escymw ~lwkgklecw fc yme m ffcymr mf ~rlm }sc trmbm`mr ce fm wlgkcdmd dcf glelgkhkcetl cw hsgol hw glh~fc`l }scomgcrfl ce fm wlgkcdmd kedswtrkmf& cetrc ltrlw hltkylw ~lr fl gmhbkmetc dwkwtchm% Ce glewcgscegkm& wc rc}skcrce hw ombkfkdmdcw { glh~ctcegkmtmetl dc escyl wsrakr fm ~rlbfchtkgm dc fm ilrhmgke { gm~mgktmgke d~rlicwlrmdl% [ cwtm gm~mgktmgke wcrm dcwdc escwtrl ~setl dc ykwtm sflw cfchcetlw }sc cx~fkgmrm cf dmtl gletrmdkgtlrkl cegletrmdl ~lr Grllj {

Omrrkwle /2>>?+ ce ws trmbm`l dc keycwtkamgke& dledc wc cegscetrme& ~~mrtc& }sc fm arme hm{lrm wle cetswkmwtmw ce ws swl& { cf 3;# grcc }sc f2%> wc ~scdc stkfkpmr ce gfmwc& { ~lr ltrm }sc cf 93# wcmfm }sc keglr~Ketcrect ce gfmwc cw bmwtmetc glh~fc`l%

Fm ilrhmgke dcf ~rlicwlrmdl& mdchw dc flw mw~cgtlw acecrmfcw dc gm~mgkce cf hbktl dc fmw TKGw /Gmbcrl& 2>>4+& dcbcr gcetrmrwc ce ltrlw mw~glhl wle0


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Gm~mgktmgke ce cf hmec`l dc fmw escymw ocrrmhkcetmw dc(glhsekgmgke%Cwtrmtcakmw dkdgtkgmw dc lramekpmgke glfmblrmtkym { gll~crmt(dc fm ilrhmgke%[ fm cymfsmgke dc flw cwtsdkmetcw m trmyw dc flw escylw cetlrelw%(

Grllj { Omrrkwle /2>>?+ ce fm keycwtkamgke m fm }sc mfsdmhlw metcrklrhcetcwcmfme flw glhcetmrklw dc flw ~rlicwlrcw mgcrgm dc fmw wkaskcetcw bmrrgle }sc wc cegscetrme ce wsw gletcxtlw ilrhmtkylw ~mrm keglr~lrmr ~rgtkgmwdc ilrhmgke qcb 2%>% Mfasemw& glhl ycrchlw& wle ~rl~kmw dc cwtrsgtsrmlramekpmtkymw dc flw gcetrlw ilrhmtkylw { ltrmw dc fm gm~mgktmgke dlgcetc

( Tcewklecw cetrc cf wkwtchm glfmblrmtkyl { cf wkwtchm dc cymfsmgke( Fm mstlwmtkwimggke { cf wcycrl ftrl dc fm cwgscfm%( Fm imftm dc bmedm ws gkcetc dc rcd%( Flw ~rlicwlrcw ecgcwktme cf wl~lrtc& cf tkch~l { cf cw~mgkl dc gletrmcr

fmw dcwtrcpmw { fmw ~rgtkgmw%( Fmw bmrrcrmw }sc ~lec fm ~rl~km cwgscfm m fm rcd ~mrm el ~ldcr cetrm

ce dctcrhkemdlw wktklw { fsamrcw%

^lr fl }sc rcw~cgtm m fmw cwtrmtcakmw }sc stkfkgc cf ~rlicwlr& dcbcr ~rlgsrmr mgtkykdmd { ~mrtkgk~mgke glaektkym dcf cwtsdkmetc& fm hlykfkpmgke dc dkircgsrwlw& ws gletcxtsmfkpmgke { wktsmgke& fm glewtrsggke dc wkaek{ el wlfmhcetc ws rc~ctkgke% Ce cwtc wcetkdl cf htldl dc ~rl{cgtlw& flwcwtsdklw dc gmwlw& cf m~rcedkpm`c bmwmdl ce ~rlbfchmw& wc ~rcwcetmefmw cwtrmtcakmw hw yfkdmw /Gmbcrl { Rlhe& 2>>3: Wmfkemw { ltrlw& 2>>

Cwtm ilrhmgke dcbcr tmhbke gcetrmrwc ce cf hmec`l dc flw gletcekdlw {mf rcw~cgtl Dc fm Tlrrc /2>>9+ elw omgc sem ffmhmdm dc mtcegke rcw~cgtl

}sc cf ~rlicwlr ce flw cetlrelw dc Cdsgmgke 2%>& dcbcr cwtmr gm~mgktmdl ewfl ~mrm mggcdcr m flw gletcekdlw& wkel tmhbke ~mrm grcmrflw& rcgl~kfmglecgtmrflw% M cfflw fc mmdkrmhlw sem hw bwkgm0 ws mdm~tmgke mfdkmem lb`ctl dc ws mdm~tmgke%

[ ~mrm emfkpmr sem ffmhmdm dc mtcegke0 rlh~mhlw fm grccegkm dc }sc whcrm stkfkpmgke {m cwtmbfcgc ~rkegk~klw dc gmfkdmd cdsgmtkym% Mfasemgle fmw escymw tcgelflamw { ocrrmhkcetmw dc glhsekgmgke fl }sc omgchlwcw hw dc fl hkwhl%


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Rcicrcegkmw

BMRKGGL& M% /2>>?+0 Flw brbmrlw% Cewm{l wlbrc fm hstmgke& Bmrgcflem& Mem

BLWGOHME& @% /2>>1+0 Acecrmgke Ckewtcke& Bmrgcflem& Acwtke2>>>%

GMBCRL& @% /2>>7+0 ^rkegk~klw ~cdmaakglw& ~wkglfakglw { wlgklfakglw glfmblrmtkyl0 ws ~rl{cggke ce fm tcfccewcmepm& ce HMRTECP& I% /glh~+0 Rcdglhsekgmgke ce fm cewcmepm% Fmw escymw ~crw~cgtkymw dcf trmbm`l glr~lrmtkyl& B^mkdw& =2;(=39%

GMBCRL& @% /2>>4+0 Ilrhmgke dcf ~rlicwlrmdl ce TKG% Cf arme gmbmffl dc bGlhsekgmgke { ^cdmalam% Escymw Tcgelflamw { Rcgsrwlw dkdgtkglw& =;3& 21(7=%

GMBCRL& @% /2>>?+0 Fm ilrhmgke ce fm wlgkcdmd dcf glelgkhkcetl& Kedkykwm&_& =7(4?%

GMBCRL& @% { FFLRCETC& H%G% /2>>?+0 Fm mfimbctkpmgke dkaktmf dc Glh~ctcegkmw dkaktmfcw ~mrm cf wkafl __K& Rcykwtm ^lrtsascwm dc ^cdmalam& 42&

GMWTML& G% { ltrlw /2>>?+0 ^rgtkgmw cdsgmtkymw ce cetlrelw 2%>& Hmdrkd& W

GRLLJ& Go% { OMRRKWLE& G% /2>>?+0 Qcb 2%> Tcgoelflakcw ilr Fcmrekea mt Jc{ Wmed 40 Wshhmr{ Rc~lrt& Bcgtm Fcmrekea& ott~0,,qqq%bcgtm%lra%sj%

DC FM TLRRC& M% /2>>7+0 Qcb 2%>& Cdstcg% Rcykwtm Cfcgtrekgm dc Tcgelflam2>& ott~0,,qqq%skb%cw,dc~mrt,atc,atc,cdstcg(c,rcycfcg2>,mekbmf2>%oth& /2>,>?,2>>1+%

ISEDMGKE LRMEAC /2>>?+0 c(Cw~mm 2>>?& Hmdrkd& Isedmgke Lrmeac%

AMRGM MRCTKL& F% { ltrlw0 Ectmgtkyc0 Bmwcw { ~rl~scwtmw ~mrm fmw bscemwhlykfkdmd ykrtsmf /Se ceil}sc Ketcrgletkecetmf+& Hmdrkd& SECD0

@CEJKEW& O% /2>>1+0 Gleycracegc Gsftsrm% Fm gsftsrm dc fm gleycracegkm dc flw hcglhsekgmgke& Bmrgcflem& ^mkdw%

@LBB& @% /2>>?+0 Ikyc tochcw ilr toc qcb 2%> fcmrecr& ott~0,,bfla%hkwwkleglh,2>>?,>3, yc(tochcw(ilr(toc(qcb(2>(fcmrecr, /4,=,2>>;+%

HMRTECP& I% { ^RCEDCW& H%^% /2>>3+0 Mgtkykdmdcw kedkykdsmfcw ycrwswglfmblrmtkymw& ce GMBCRL& @% { RLHE& ^% /gllrdw+0 C(mgtkykdmdcw& Wcyk=?7(2>2%

HGACC& ^%{ DKMP& Y% /2>>1+0 Qkjkw med ^ldgmwtw med Bflaw lo& H{- Qomt kHchbcr Ws~~lwcd tl Dl& CdsgmswcRcykcq& Wc~%(Lgt& ott~0,,qqq%cdsgmswc%cds,kfkbrmr{,~di,crh>13=%~di /22,>;,2>>?+%

ESCP& r% /=;;;+0 Cf wkafl dc fm gkcegkm& Hs{ cw~cgkmf& 42& =4(=1%


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LRCKFF[& T% /2>>3+0 Qomt Kw Qcb 2%>% Dcwkae ^mttcrew med Bswkecww HldcfwEcxt Acecrmtkle li Wlitqmrc& ott~0,,qqq%lrckff{ect%glh,~sb,m,lrckff{,tkh,ecqw,2>>3,>;,7>,qomt(kw(qcb(2>%othf /2>,=2,2>>?+%

^MRDL& O% /2>>1+0 Elgklecw bwkgmw mfrcdcdlr dc fm Qcb 2%>& ce GLBL& G% { ^MR^fmectm Qcb 2%>% Ketcfkacegkm glfcgtkym l hcdklw imwt illd& Ars~ dc Rcgcrgm dketcrmgdkaktmfw& Sekycrw Ykg,Ifmwgl& Bmrgcflem(Hxkgl& 21(42%RLHE& ^% /2>>1+0 Ketcarmgke ykrtsmf { m~rcedkpm`c glfmblrmtkyl hcdkmdl ~lr TKG&GMBCRL& @% { BMRRLWL& @% /glldw+% lwkbkfkdmdcw dc fm tcfcilrhmgke ce cf cw~mdc cdsgmgke ws~crklr& Armemdm& Lgtmcdrl& =2;(=14%

WMFKEMW& @% { ltrlw /2>>?+0 Hctldlflam gcetrmdmw ce cf mfshel ~mrm cf m~rcedkpmrcd& Hmdrkd& Wetcwkw%

TLIIFCR& M% { TLIIFCR& O% /2>>9+0 Fm rcylfsgke dc fm rk}scpm& Dcbmtc& Bmrgcflem

QMFWO& ^% /2>>7+0 Toc qktocrcd ~mrmdkah0 toc qcb& toc cx~crt med toc keilrhmtkleocachle{& ce @CEJKEW& O% { TOLRBSRE& D% /glh~+0 Dchlgrmg{ med ecq hcdkm&Gmhbrkdac& HKT ^rcww& gktmdl ce @CEJKEW& O% /2>>1+0 Gleycracegc Gsftsrm% Fm gsfm gleycracegkm dc flw hcdklw dc glhsekgmgke& Bmrgcflem& ^mkdw%

QLFTLE& D% /2>>>+0 Ketcrect [ dcw~sw


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RCTLW ^MRM CF M^RCEDKPM@C [ FM KEYCWTKAMGKE CE CF C(FCMREKEA 2%>

Gmrflw Gmwtml Amrrkdlgmrflw%gmwtmelNcos%cw

=%(M~rcedkpm`c { wlgkcdmd dcf glelgkhkcetl

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[ ce cwc gmhbkl dc ~mrmdkahm& cf m~rcedkpm`c { fm cdsgmgke& mdchfm keelymgke& wle flw ~rlgcwlw cwcegkmfcw }sc dctcrhkeme cf xktl rk}scpm ce fm cglelhm { ce fmw wlgkcdmdcw dcf istsrl& tmf glhl m rhm Ym/2>>;+ rc rkedlwc mf ~rlgcwl efmedw dc mdcgsmgke m cwtm wlgkcdmglelgkhkcetl%

Cicgtkymhcetc& ce fmw ftkhmw dlw dgmdmw ochlw wkdl tcwtkalw dc gm

tcgelfakglw }sc ome hldk gmdl flw obktlw wlgkmfcw { gsftsrmfcw dc escwwlgkcdmd% Mfaselw dc cfflw glhl fm tcfcilem hykf om rcylfsgklemdl fm ilrhm

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dc glhsekgmrelw& ~crl el gmbc dsdm dc }sc fm m~mrkgke { cf swl dc Ketcrectom ws~scwtl sem rcylfsgke tmetl m ekycf dc fm glhsekgmgke glhl dc flw swlw}sc dc cffm wc omgce ce cf ~fmel ~rlicwklemf& ~crwlemf& dc lgkl& dc rcfmgkctgtcrm% Gmbc ~rcasetmrwc wk ce cf m~rcedkpm`c tmhbke wc om ~rldsgkdl ~rlgcwl dc keelymgke& l hw bkce wcaskhlw ilrhmedl m flw ~rlicwklemfcw glehtldlw dc cewcmepm ~rl~klw dc ~lgmw metcrklrcw%

^lr}sc wk ce fm cglelhm rcmf { ce fm ~rldsggke ce flw ~mwcw dcwmrrlffmdlw wcwte ~rldsgkcedl gmhbklw ~rlisedlw& wcrm se armyc crrlr wcaskr megfmdlwce wlfsgklecw }sc rcw~ledce tldmym m wlgkcdmdcw kedswtrkmfcw%

Rcw~cgtl dcf hsedl dc fm cglelhm& @cii Bsrame /2>>?+& dcf Kewtktstc IlrToc Istsrc& elw cx~fkgm }sc ce cf hsedl dc fm ~rldsggke& fm cglelhm { flw

wcrykgklw& m ws ycp& om{ dlw iscrpmw }sc cwte ketcrmgtsmedl ~mrm trmewifm hmecrm ce }sc flw bkcecw { wcrykgklw wc dkwcmre& ~rldsgkre { wdkwtrkbskre ce fm wkaskcetc dgmdm% Sem dc cffmw cw isedmhcetmfhcetc wlg{ fm ltrm bwkgmhcetc tcgelfakgm& { ymtkgkem }sc fmw tcgelflamw cxkbfc~rldsggke }sc tcechlw {m ce cf olrkpletc gmhbkmre fm hmecrm dc imbrkgmrbkcecw { wcrykgklw0 dc hmwkylw { gcetrmfkpmdlw m fkacrlw { md olg ~mrgfkcetcw% Cwtm tcedcegkm dcwgmewm wlbrc sem ~fmtmilrhm dc escymw cwtrscglehkgmw dc bmwc& dcwmrrlffmdmw lefkec& }sc kh~fkgme se gmhbkl dcwdarme mfhmge { fm ycetm dkrcgtm omgkm fmw glhsekdmdcw { fmw glecxklecw%

Fm ilrhmgke { cf m~rcedkpm`c el ome dc wcr m`celw m cwtmw iscrpmw& w{ tcgelfakgm& }sc elw lbfkamre m gmhbkmr dcwdc sem ilrhmgke bmegmrkgcetrmdm ce cf mfhmgcem`c dc keilrhmgke { ce fm trmewhkwke dkrcgtm& mm~rcedkpm`c bmwmdl ce fm Rcd& fm glecgtkykdmd { fm glhsekdmd%

Fm wlgkcdmd dcf glelgkhkcetl mgtsmf acecrm& ~lr ltrm ~mrtc& escymw dchmedmm flw ~rlicwklemfcw glhl fm mgtsmfkpmgke dc glelgkhkcetlw& cf dcwmrrlffl d

escymw ombkfkdmdcw rcfmgklemdmw gle cf gmhbkl tcgelfakgl { dc dcwtrcpmwlgkmdmw gle se m~rcedkpm`c gletkesl m fl fmral dc fm ykdm& mw glhl glegrcmgke dc sem gsftsrm dcf m~rcedkpm`c% [ ~rlbmbfchcetc cwtc cw sel dc flwhltkylw }sc om ~rl~kgkmdl ce flw ftkhlw mlw cf ketcrw ~lr cf C(Fcmrekea%

Fm Qcb 2%>Cf ltrl arme mgtlr }sc cwt kh~sfwmedl cf msac dcf C(Fcmrekea cw fm ffcamdm { cfxktl dcf hlykhkcetl dcelhkemdl Qcb 2%>% El cw cwtc cf fsamr dledc mblrdmrce ~rlisedkdmd cwc icehcel& {m trmtmdl ~lr elwltrlw ce ltrmw ~sbfkgmgklecw/Gmwtml { ltrlw& 2>>?+% Wlfmhcetc se ~mr dc eltmw ~mrm dc ekrfm%


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Fm hc`lr hmecrm dc ~rcwcetmrfm cw rcicrkrwc m fm Qcb 2%> glhl fm rcdfcgtsrm { cwgrktsrm& glhl gletrm~lwkgke m m}scffm ltrm qcb cwttkgm ce fmwfl selw ~lglw ~ldme ~sbfkgmr% Cw sem wcasedm acecrmgke qcb bmwmglhsekdmdcw dc swsmrklw { sem amhm cw~cgkmf dc wcrykgklw& glhl fmwwlgkmfcw& flw bflaw& flw qkjkw l fmw ilfgwlelhmw& }sc ilhcetme fm glfmb{ cf ketcrgmhbkl akf dc keilrhmgke cetrc flw swsmrklw /Qkjk~cdkm+%

Fm ~sbfkgmgke ~crwlemf wc gleykcrtc ce sem glrrkcetc ~rkegk~mf ce KetcrFm rcd ym gmhbkmedl& ~mwmedl dc wcr se hcdkl ce cf }sc fm keilrhmgkwc trmewhktc { wc glewshc& m wcr sem ~fmtmilrhm /LRckff{& 2>>3+ ce wc grcm gletcekdl& wc glh~mrtc& wc rchcpgfm& wc rcstkfkpm& ctgtcrm%acetc }skcrc omgcr gle fm qcb el cw wkh~fchcetc fccr& cwgsgomr fm rmdkl l ytcfcykwke: fl }sc }skcrc cw gleycrwmr& glhl dkgc Bcrecrw Fcc /cf keycetlr d

fm QQQ+ ce sem cetrcykwtm rcmfkpmdm ce 2>>4% [ ce cwtmw gleycrwmgkwlfmhcetc om{ ~mfmbrmw& wkel tmhbke khacecw& ydcl& gletcekdl hsftkh{ hsgol hw%

Wke chbmral& fm Qcb 2%> el cw sem rcylfsgke tcgelfakgm& wkel hw bkcemgtktsd& sem rcylfsgke wlgkmf }sc bswgm sem mr}sktcgtsrm dc fm ~mrtkgkm trmyw dc m~fkgmgklecw { wcrykgklw mbkcrtlw& wlbrc tldl wlgkmfhc~lwkbkfkdmd dc stkfkpmr flw gletcekdlw ce gletcxtlw escylw { wkaek gmtk/Gmwtml { ltrlw& 2>>?+%

Ce escwtrm l~keke& fmw armedcw m~lrtmgklecw }sc omgc fm Qcb 2%> mf hfm cdsgmgke wle cx~scwtmw ce wkctc ~setlw ~lr Gmwtml { ltrlw /2>>?+0

^rldsggke kedkykdsmf dc gletcekdlw: cwtl cw& msac dc flw gletcekdlw=%acecrmdlw ~lr cf swsmrkl kedkykdsmf0 ~rlhlycr cf rlf dcf ~rlicwlrmdl{ mfshemdl glhl grcmdlrcw mgtkylw dcf glelgkhkcetl%M~rlycgomhkcetl dcf ~ldcr dc fm glhsekdmd0 m~rcedcr gle { dc2%

ltrlw swsmrklw& glh~mrtkcedl glelgkhkcetl% Msac dcf wlitqmrcwlgkmf%M~rlycgomhkcetl dc fm mr}sktcgtsrm dc fm ~mrtkgk~mgke dc f7%wcrykgklw Qcb 2%>%Stkfkpmgke dc ocrrmhkcetmw wcegkffmw c ketsktkymw wke ecgcw4%glelgkhkcetlw tgekglw%M~crtsrm0 trmbm`mr gle cwtedmrcw mbkcrtlw% Swl dc wlitqmrc f3%stkfkpmgke dc gletcekdl mbkcrtl& rchcpgfm dc dmtlw { cw~rkts keelymgke%


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7?

Grcmgke dc glhsekdmdcw dc m~rcedkpm`c gmrmgtcrkpmdmw ~lr se9%tchm l dlhkekl glh~mrtkdl ~lr flw swsmrklw%

Cicgtl Rcd% Dcf trmbm`l kedkykdsmf m fm gll~crmgke cetrc kasmfcw%1%

Ffcymr cwtmw cx~cgtmtkymw mf m~rcedkpm`c& m~rlycgomr cf ~ltcegkmf dc fmce cwtc gmh~l cw fl }sc dcelhkemhlw m~rcedkpm`c 2%> l C(Fcmrekea 2%>% Fcxmhkemrchlw m gletkesmgke%

2%(C(Fcmrekea 2%>

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wcmfme Gmwtml { ltrlw /2>>?+& cw hsgol hw& omwtm cf ~setl dc }sc ol{ cdm wc ombfm wke mhbmacw dc m~rcedkpm`c 2%>% El cwtmhlw ombfmedl {mtmetl& dc fm ilrhmgke lefkec gcetrmdm ce flw Gmh~sw Ykrtsmfcw dc escwtrmsekycrwkdmdcw& wkel }sc elw cwtmhlw rc rkcedl m escymw hmecrmw dc m~rcece fmw }sc fm tcgelflam `scam se rlf ketcarmf ce flw ~rlgcwlw dc cewcmepm{ m~rcedkpm`c& { }sc wc m~l{m ce fmw dlw tcgelflamw hw dkwrs~tkymw tcechlw ce cwtc hlhcetl0 cf wlitqmrc wlgkmf { fm Qcb 2%>%

[ cwtl cw ~lwkbfc ~lr}sc& tmhbke ce cf m~rcedkpm`c& ketcrmgtme fmw dlw iscr}sc metcw ochlw ykwtl ce cf tcrrcel dc fm ~rldsggke0 sem iscrpm dc glh~lecetcisedmhcetmfhcetc wlgkmf { ltrm dc glh~lecetc bwkgmhcetc tcgelfakgl%Cwtm ketcrmggke dc iscrpmw cx~fkgm bkce flw gmhbklw }sc cwte micgtmedl hmecrm dc glegcbkr cf m~rcedkpm`c ce fm wlgkcdmd dcf glelgkhkcetl /^sekc&2>>10=?1+0

Acecrmfkpmgke dcf mggcwl m Ketcrect dc bmedm megom& kh~sfwm~lr cf ketcrgmhbkl dc mrgokylw ~ccr tl ~ccr /^2^+ { fmw gmrmgtcrwtkgm

dc wkch~rc le /wkch~rc glecgtmdl+%Flw bflaw wc cwte gleykrtkcedl ce fm hc`lr iscetc dc keilrhmgke{ glhsekgmgke ~mrm flw swsmrklw dc Ketcrect% Ce glhbkemgke gleflw RWW /wkedkgmgke dc gletcekdlw+ ~rl~lrgkleme sem ~ldcrlwmocrrmhkcetm gle kh~fkgmgklecw ~mrm cf m~rcedkpm`c%Cf ~ldgmwtkea ~scdc wcr se kewtrshcetl ymfklwl ~mrm cf m~rcedkpm`chykf /Hlykfc Fcmrekea+%Cf mfhmgcem`c dkaktmf dc fm keilrhmgke cw hcelw glwtlwl }sccf ~m~cf% Dc mo cf msac dc rcgsrwlw cdsgmtkylw mbkcrtlw ~mrm cwtsdkmetcw% M fmw kewtktsgklecw cdsgmtkymw fcw rcwsftm ~lr fl


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ketcrcwmetc%Cf wlitqmrc fkbrc { cf gletcekdl mbkcrtl cwte omgkcedl gmhbkmr m fldcwmrrlffmdlrcw dc gletcekdl cdsgmtkyl { m fmw ~rl~kmw kewtktsgklcdsgmtkymw% Cf hw gfmrl c`ch~fl dc gletcekdl mbkcrtl cw cf dc fQkjk~cdkm%Ome m~mrcgkdl ce cf hcrgmdl escymw ch~rcwmw }sc lircgcercasfmrhcetc keelymdlrcw wcrykgklw gle armedcw kh~fkgmgklecw ~mcf m~rcedkpm`c0 Allafc Cwglfmr& ~lr c`ch~fl%

Fm fktcrmtsrm ym omgkedlwc cgl dc cwtc gmhbkl% ^scdc ycrwc m cwtc rcwcf trmbm`l dc Gmbcrl& Gmwtml { Rlhcrl /2>>?+ wlbrc escylw hcdklw escylw cwgcemrklw ~mrm fm ilrhmgke& l fm rc~rcwcetmgke }sc elw ~rl~lem~rcedkpm`c Dledk /2>>1+ dc fm cylfsgke }sc ym tlhmedl cf C(Fcmrekea dcw

ws ~fmetcmhkcetl hw gfwkgl omgkm se C(Fcmrekea keelymdlr ce cf olrkpletcdc fm ~rxkhm dgmdm0

Dkwtrkbs{c glelgkhkcetl glewlfkdmdl Acecrm escyl glelgkhkcetl

Cw tldmym cewcmepm ykrtsmf Cw ~rl~kcdmd dcf cwtsdkmetc

^scdc mkwfmr mf cwtsdkmetc Grcm glhsekdmdcw dc m~rcedkpm`c

Cw dkwtrkbskdl ~lr se ekgl ~rlyccdlr,Kewtktsgke Cw cf rcwsftmdl { sem ocrrmhkcetm ~mrm wl~lrtmr sem wlgkcdmd /~mrtecrwok~+

Kaelrm cf gletcxtl dcf cwtsdkmetc { wsw flarlw~rcyklw

Wc bmwm ce cf gletcxtl dcf cwtsdkmetc { wsw flarlw~rcyklw

Rcdsgc fm grcmtkykdmd dcf cwtsdkmetc dcbkdl m fmfakgm dc trmewhkwke

Cwtkhsfm fm grcmtkykdmd dcf cwtsdkmetckegrchcetmedl fm dkhcewke cw~letecm { fdkgmdcf m~rcedkpm`c

Rcwtrkeac cf ~m~cf dc flw ~rlicwlrcw { flw

imgkfktmdlrcw dcf m~rcedkpm`c

Cerk}scgc cf ~m~cf dc flw ~rlicwlrcw { flw

imgkfktmdlrcw dcf m~rcedkpm`c

Wc gcetrm ce fm tcgelflam { flw gletcekdlw Wc gcetrm ce fm gmfkdmd& ~rlgcwlw { gletcxtl dcm~rcedkpm`c

Wswtkts{c fmw fcggklecw dc gfmwc Cwt chbcbkdl ce flw ~rlgcwlw lramekpmgklemfcw {wlgkmfcw dc trmewilrhmgke

^rkykfcakm m flw }sc {m ome m~rcedkdl Ffcam { hltkym m m}scfflw }sc el cwtem~rcedkcedl


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El ~mrcgc }sc cwtm cylfsgke& wke chbmral& wc ~rldspgm m fm ycflgkdmd }smfaselw dcwcmrmhlw% Rcgkcetchcetc& dcetrl dcf ~rl{cgtl csrl~cl C}skbcft/2>>;+ /Cdsgmtkle ]smfkt{ Kh~rlychcet b{ C(Fcmrekea Tcgoelfla{+&eshcrlwlw cx~crtlw dc ymrklw ~mwcw ome wkdl ~rcasetmdlw mgcrgm dcf ~rcwce{ dcf istsrl dcf C(Fcmrekea% Trcw glegfswklecw ~rkegk~mfcw ~scdce cxtrmcrwcdc cwmw cetrcykwtmw0

Glewtmtmr cf arme grcgkhkcetl dc fmw wlfsgklecw C(Fcmrekea cefm hm{lrm dc flw ~mwcwGlewtmtmr }sc hsgomw sekycrwkdmdcw ome dc`mdl dc ~cewmr cecf C(Fcmrekea glhl sem m~scwtm cwtrmtakgm& cetcedkcedl cfC(Fcmrekea glhl sem ~mrtc elrhmf { ombktsmf dc fm cewcmepmdc tldlw flw dmw% Cwtl cw& m~rcedcr { cewcmr gle tcgelflam&

gfmwc { iscrm dc cffm%Wke chbmral& om{ ~rclgs~mgke ~lr}sc cwtm ketcarmgke dcfm tcgelflam el cwt ws~lekcedl se ~rlgcwl dc keelymgke&wkel }sc wc cwt mecxmedl m wktsmgklecw dc m~rcedkpm`ctrmdkgklemfcw%

Wkrym glhl c`ch~fl rcgkcetc dc cwtm ~rclgs~mgke fmw glegfswklecw dc TocQlrfd Cglelhkg Ilrshw Aflbmf Mdykwlr{ Glhhkttcc le Tcgoelfla{ medCdsgmtkle Dsbm{ /Elykchbrc& 2>>?+0 Fm cdsgmgke cwt ce se hlhcetl dctrmewkgke dcwdc se hldcfl trmdkgklemf omgkm ltrl hldcfl dledc fm tcgelflam `scam se ~m~cf ketcarmf% Wke chbmral& fm tcgelflam el om trmewilrhmdl tldmyfm cdsgmgke /gktmdl ~lr Bmtcw& 2>>;+

Flw cwtsdkmetcw wle emtkylw dkaktmfcw hkcetrmw }sc flw~rlicwlrcw cwte rcpmamdlw%Hw }sc ketrldsgkr glh~ctcegkmw dcf Wkafl __K& fm tcgelflam wcstkfkpm gle ircgscegkm ~mrm mstlhmtkpmr ~mrmdkahmw cdsgmtky

lbwlfctlw%Fm tcgelflam gmhbkm fl }sc flw cwtsdkmetcw,gksdmdmelwecgcwktme m~rcedcr%

Cwtc { el ltrl cw cf rctl mf }sc wc ceircetm ol{ fm keelymgke ce cf m~rcedkpm`cwktsmdl ce fm Wlgkcdmd dcf Glelgkhkcetl% M fm ketcarmgke ce flw ~rlgcwlw cewcmepm m~rcedkpm`c gle se ~m~cf ketcarmf dc fm tcgelflam bmwmdm cedcwmrrlffl dcf wlitqmrc wlgkmf { fm Qcb 2%> wc fc dcelhkem dcwdc }sc Dlqecw/2>>3+ mgsmrm cf trhkel& C(Fcmrekea 2>%


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Ce flw wkaskcetcw m~mrtmdlw cxmhkemrchlw trcw dc flw ~rkegk~mfcw rflw }sc wc ceircetm cwtc hlykhkcetl0 =+ fm cylfsgke dcwdc flw trmdkgklemcetlrelw dc m~rcedkpm`c ykrtsmfcw omgkm cetlrelw ~rl~kmhcetc 2%>: 2+ fm m~lr cw~mgklw dc ilrhmgke gletrlfmdlw ~lr cf mfshel /cetlrelw ~crwlemfcwdc m~rcedkpm`c+ { 7+ fmw ~rl~scwtmw dc trmbm`l ~cdmaakgl ce fm ilrhmbmwmdmw ce fm hkgrldkdgtkgm { flw hkgrlgletcekdlw%

2%=%(Keelymgke { ~fmtmilrhmw tcgelfakgmw 2%>

Dkrchlw dcwdc se ~rkegk~kl }sc cf C(Fcmrekea cw mfal hw }sc dkwtrkbsgke dglelgkhkcetlw /Gmwtml& 2>>?0 13+% Wke chbmral& mgtsmfhcetc& ce fm dc flw gmwlw& cf C(Fcmrekea wc glegkbc isedmhcetmfhcetc ce ilrhm dc gsrwlircgkdlw lefkec% Dc cwtm hmecrm& fm tcgelflam dc m~rcedkpm`c dlhkeme

mrtkgsfm m trmyw dc ~fmtmilrhmw tcgelfakgmw dc dkwtrkbsgke dcf m~r/Fcmrekea Hmemachcet W{wtch& FHW+& }sc omgce dcf gsrwl }sc wc licrtmsekdmd bwkgm dc lramekpmgke dcf glelgkhkcetl% M trmyw dc cwtmw ~fmtmflw mfshelw mggcdce m flw gletcekdlw& mgtkykdmdcw& tmrcmw { tstlrcw dcCwtc tk~l dc wlitqmrc fl cegletrmhlw ce fm kehcewm hm{lrm dc cetlrelwykrtsmfcw dc m~rcedkpm`c dc escwtrmw sekycrwkdmdcw& ce trcw tk~lw dkicrycrwke ~fmtmilrhmw ~rkymtkymw bmwmdmw ce gdkal ~rl~kctmrkl0 ocrrmglhl QcbGT { Bfmgjblmrd& molrm sekdmw: 2+ ycrwke wlitqmrc fkbrc0 Hlld

Mtstlr l Bldkeatle: { 7+ ycrwke dc cetlrelw ykrtsmfcw dc m~rcedkpm`cdcwmrrlffmdlw ~lr fm ~rl~km sekycrwkdmd%Trmdkgklemfhcetc& m trmyw dc cwtm hmecrm dc cetcedcr cf C(Fcmrecegletrmhlw dlw hldmfkdmdcw ilrhmtkymw dkicrcetcw0 =+ sem ilrhmgkglh~fctmhcetc m dkwtmegkm: { 2+ se rcgsrwl glh~fchcetmrkl dc fmw gfmw~rcwcegkmfcw& }sc kegfswl glewkdcrm ws swl l~gklemf% Hw }sc ~mrm keilrhmgke& ~mrm rcwlfycr dsdmw& lbwcrymr { ~rmgtkgmr% Cwtm hldmfkdmd cw fm hw cxtcedkdm ce fmw sekycrwkdmdcw trmdkgklemfcw%

Ce escwtrm l~keke& dlw dcbkfkdmdcw ~mrcgce dcw~rcedcrwc dc c~fmetcmhkcetl% Fm ~rkhcrm dc cffmw tkcec }sc ycr gle fm kegm~mgkdmd dwkwtchm dc m~rcedkpm`c ce acecrmr sem escym mfimbctkpmgke ce m~rcecfcgtrekgl { fm md}skwkgke dc escymw glh~ctcegkmw ce cwc hbktl% mfimbctkpmgke glewkwtc ce rcwlfycr sem cgsmgke gs{lw trhkelw wle0tk~l dc keilrhmgke wc ecgcwktm& dedc lbtcecrfm { ghl trmewilrhmrfm glelgkhkcetl& ~rcwcetmrfm { acwtklemrfm /Ymrkw& 2>>3+%^lr}sc& glhl elw rcgscrdm Olrtle /2>>=+& cf m~rcedkpm`c cfcgtrekgl el glewkwwlfmhcetc ce emycamr ~lr Ketcrect l ce dcwgmramr hmtcrkmf dc ilrhmgke c


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fecm% Ce escwtrm l~keke& fmw gm~mgkdmdcw { glh~ctcegkmw rc}scrkd~scdce wcr hcrmw mggklecw kewtrshcetmfcw& wkel }sc dcbce ~lwkbkfktmr m cwtsdkmetcw dmr cf wmftl dc fm Wlgkcdmd dc fm Keilrhmgke m fm WlgkcdmGlelgkhkcetl%

Fm wcasedm dc fmw dcbkfkdmdcw dcf ~fmetcmhkcetl metcrklr& cw }sc fm hm{dc fm acetc glegkbc cf C(Fcmrekea wfl glhl se gsrwl ilrhmf& { el glhlsem ocrrmhkcetm { sem mgtktsd omgkm fm ilrhmgke ~crhmecetc { ~mrm fmacwtke dcf ~rl~kl glelgkhkcetl% Glhl m rhm @mec Jekaot /isedmdlrm dcfC(Fcmrekea gcetcr+ ce se ~ldgmwt }sc rc~rldsgc sem cetrcykwtm glegcdkdmm fm glewsftlrm Jkecl& mgcrgm dc fmw escymw tcedcegkmw dc fm TcfcilrhmgC(Fcmrekea cw tmhbke glhsekgmgke& glfmblrmgke cetrc cwtsdkmetcwglh~mrtkr glelgkhkcetl { cx~crkcegkmw ZX fm acetc ~kcewm ce C(Fcmrekeglhl gsrwlw ilrhmfcw { tldmw cwtmw ~lwkbkfkdmdcw wle mfal hw% C(Fcmreel cw {m fm cx~rcwke mdcgsmdm ZX tkcec hw }sc ycr gle cf c(trmbm`mdlr { gcf m~l{l mf rcedkhkcetl%Cwtmw ~lwkbkfkdmdcw tkcece }sc ycr gle cf dcwmrrlffl dc ocrrmhkcetmw armtsk~mrm cf C(Fcmrekea& escymw mgtktsdcw omgkm fm Qcb { =%( Cdsgmgkle 2%>dlgescymw tcedcegkmw ce fm glegc~gke dcf m~rcedkpm`c%2%2%(Trcw acecrmgklecw dc C(Fcmrekea

Sem bscem hmecrm dc ykwsmfkpmr fm cylfsgke dc fmw ~fmtmilrhmw dc m~rcedkcw fm }sc ~fmetcme dkicrcetcw mstlrcw glhl Jmrrcr /2>>1+ l Mdjkew /2>>1+&}skcecw ~rcwcetme cf C(Fcmrekea 2%> glhl cf rcwsftmdl dc sem cylfsgke dcfmw tcedcegkmw }sc kew~krme fm ilrhmgke C(Fcmrekea& { mhblw elw ~rl~ledlw hmecrmw dkwtketmw dc cetcedcr cwtm cylfsgke%Tle{ Jmrrcr& mstlr ~lr gkcrtl dcf imhlwl bfla cfcmrekea Tcgoelfla{&~rchkmdl cf ml 2>>? ~lr flw ~rchklw Cdsbfla Mqmrdw glhl cf hc`lrbfla wlbrc C(Fcmrekea& memfkpm cwtm cylfsgke ~cewmedl ce sem m~fkgmgce cf hsedl fmblrmf& mse}sc ~scdc wcr ffcymdl mf tcrrcel dc fm ilrhmgkemgmdhkgm wke hm{lrcw dk gsftmdcw% Dkwtkeasc trcw ctm~mw& m fmw }sc C(Fcmrekea =%>& C(Fcmrekea =%7& { C(Fcmrekea 2%>% ^rcwcetm wsw gmrce cf wkaskcetc gsmdrl0


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Trcw acecrmgklecw dc C(Fcmrekea /Jmrrcr& 2>>1+

Cf C(Fcmrekea =%> wc glegc~tsmfkpm m}s glhl fm ~rkhcrm acecrmgkm~rcedkpm`c cfcgtrekgl /mse}sc hw ~rl~kmhcetc ombrm }sc ombfmr dgm~mgktmgke l cetrcemhkcetl+ dcwmrrlffmdm { cetrcamdm m trmyw dc fmGlegcbkdm ce hldl dc gsrwlw& fm hm{lrm dc fmw ycgcw lramekpmdlw mfrcddc wcwklecw dc 9> hkestlw& acecrmfhcetc wc trmtm dc gsrwlw wkegrecetrcamdlw m flw mfshelw m trmyw dc se msfm ykrtsmf& l bkce dcwmrrlffmtrmyw dc mfasem ocrrmhkcetm dc mstlr% Fm cewcmepm wc lramekpm dc htrmdkgklemf& wscfc cwtmr dkwcmdm ~lr ~rlicwklemfcw { wc acwtkleme etcam trmyw dc se FHW%Cf C(Fcmrekea =%7 omgc rcicrcegkm m sem wcasedm acecrmgke dc m~rcedc m~mrkgke hw rcgkcetc& { ce fm gsmf cf m~rcedkpm`c wc dcwmrrlffm dchw r~kdm { flw gletcekdlw tkcedce m wcr ~kcpmw hw ~c}scmw% Wc ~lwcf m~rcedkpm`c ce cf ~rl~kl mhbkcetc dc trmbm`l% Cf gletcekdl wscfc wgrcmdl ~lr flw dlgcetcw stkfkpmedl ~fmetkffmw dcwmrrlffmdmw gle dctcrhkemocrrmhkcetmw dc mstlr l bkce m trmyw dc acwtlrcw dc gletcekdl /GFHWw+%


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Cf C(Fcmrekea 2 cw se arme wmftl ce cf m~rcedkpm`c ce rcicrcegkm mf }sc wc hscycetrc fmw irletcrmw dc flw dlw metcrklrcw% Cwt bmwmdl ce ocrrmhkcetmw glhbkeme fm imgkfkdmd dc fm grcmgke dc gletcekdlw& ws dkwtrkbsgke m trmyfm Rcd { fm glfmblrmgke% Omgc cw~cgkmf okegm~k ce cf wlitqmrc wlgkmf glhsekdmdcw ce Rcd%Ce fm hkwhm dkrcggke& cw ketcrcwmetc cf trmbm`l dc Wmh W% Mdjkew dcwgrkbkcedl fm glewtmetc ~rlarcwke dc flw ~rldsgtlw { ~mrmdkahmw }sc omeaskmdl fm cylfsgke dcf m~rcedkpm`c cfcgtrekgl glr~lrmtkyl ce ws ykm`c /glrtlwk wc }skcrc ce mlw ~crl ketcfcgtsmfhcetc kh~lrtmetc+& dcwdc ~lwkgklecwgcetrmdmw ce fm tcgelflam cdsgmtkym omwtm fmw rcdcw dc m~rcedkpm`c { fm dkaktmf ~rl~km dc fm Qcb 2%>% Dcelhkem m cwtc ~rlarcwl lfmw dc keelymgkedkwtkeasc trcw lfmw wsgcwkymw }sc wc ~ldrme dc ekr ~lr cf wlitqmrc glhcrgkmcf wlitqmrc fkbrc { cf gletcekdl mbkcrtl wsgcwkymhcetc& tmf glhl wc hscwtrm cefm tmbfm wkaskcetc%

Imwcw ce flw ~rldsgtlw tcgelfakglw dc keelymgke ce cf m~rcedkpm`c%Mdm~tmdl dc Mtjkew /2>>1+

Fm ~rkhcrm dc cffmw cwt ce cwtc hlhcetl tldmym ce fm grcwtm dc fm lfm& { ws~scf gmhbkl dc fm ilrhmgke ~rcwcegkmf ce cf msfm m fm cewcmepm cfcgtrekgmecgcwkdmdcw dc flw ycedcdlrcw { dc flw glh~rmdlrcw dlhkeme cwtc hcrgmdl%

Dcwdc cf ~setl dc ykwtm dc fmw kewtktsgklecw cdsgmtkymw glh~rmdlrmw ~rldsgtl& cf lb`ctkyl ~rkegk~mf crm mshcetmr cf ehcrl ~ltcegkmf dc mfshelw m


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flw }sc dmr wcrykgkl { rcdsgkr cf glwtc dc fm ilrhmgke% Fm ch~rcwm ycedcdemtsrmfhcetc& bswgm ws ~rl~kl bcec gkl%Cf rlf dcf kewtrsgtlr cw cf dcf ~rlicwlr cx~crtl ce fm hmtcrkm% Fm keelymgk~rkegk~mf gle cwtmw ocrrmhkcetmw cw fm glocrcegkm { fm gle mepm

gsmfktmtkym glhl gsmetktmtkym& ce fm cetrcam dc fm keilrhmgke m flw mMdchw& ws~crm fmw fkhktmgklecw iwkgmw dcf msfm dc gfmwc trmdkgkleGlhl m rhm Mdjkew /2>>1+& cf ~mrmdkahm dc m~rcedkpm`c dc cwtm ~rklfm dc keelymgke cw se hldcfl dc tmffm ekgm ~mrm tldlw }sc ~scdc wcgmrmgtcrkpmdl glhl dc gle mepm% Cw ~rcgkwmhcetc fm gle mbkfkdmd~rldsgtl cf ymflr mmdkdl }sc ycedc fm glh~mm ~rl~kctmrkm% Cf ~rldsgtdlhkemetc cw sem ~fmtmilrhm dc dkwtrkbsgke dcf m~rcedkpm`c ZFHW FcmHmemachcet W{wtchwX rcmfkpmdm gle wlitqmrc ~rl~kctmrkl& { cf rcws

cwtrcffm dcf ~rldsgtl flw keilrhcw }sc cfmblrmbme wlbrc fm stkfkpmgke }gmdm swsmrkl rcmfkpmbm dc fm ~fmtmilrhm%Fm wcasedm lfm dc keelymgke ce cwtmw ocrrmhkcetmw cwt mfgmepmearme msac ce cwtlw hlhcetlw& mse}sc me tkcec rcglrrkdl& { wc gmrmgtcrk~lr wcr ~rldsgtlw dc wlitqmrc fkbrc ~crwlemfkpmdlw& wkcedl Hlldfc cf hc`lrdc wsw cx~lecetcw% Fmw ecgcwkdmdcw dc flw ~rl~klw ~rlicwlrcw& ilrhmdl~rlicwklemfcw dkrkace cwtc hlykhkcetl }sc tkcec se lb`ctkyl hmrgmdmhcetc~cdmaakgl { }sc wc gcetrm ce hc`lrmr flw htldlw cdsgmtkylw% Cf rlf dcf

~rlicwlr wc dc ec glhl ketcarmf& { bswgm hc`lrmr fm trmewicrcegkm glelgkhkcetlw ce wktsmgklecw ~mrtkgsfmrcw { gletrlfmdmw%Cf ~mrmdkahm dc m~rcedkpm`c wkasc wkcedl sel(m(hsgolw& ~crl gle ars~l~crwlemfkpmdlw% Fm keelymgke ~rkegk~mf cw fm mdm~tmgke ~cdmaecgcwkdmdcw dc flw ars~lw cw~cg glw dc mfshelw% Cf ~rldsgtl dlhkemecw cf Wkwtchm dc Acwtke dc Gletcekdlw /Gletcet Hmemachcet W{wtcGHW+% Glhl m rhm Mdjkew /2>>1+& ws~lec sem ~rlarcwke emtsrmf dcwgletcekdl mbkcrtl dcwmrrlffmdl gle tcgelflam wlitqmrc fkbrc omgkm m~fkgmgk

dc m~rcedkpm`c mbkcrtl glewtrskdmw gle tcgelflamw 2%>Cwtmw m~fkgmgklecw ilrhme fm tcrgcrm lfm dc keelymgke }sc {m wc mtkgfmrkdmd ce cf olrkpletc% Ce cffmw& glhl ce fm Qcb 2%>& cf cwtsdkmetc& fm}sc m~rcedc& tkcec cf gletrlf dcf ~rlgcwl dc m~rcedkpm`c& { fmw ocrrmhkcetmdkwcme ~mrm }sc flw ~rl~klw cwtsdkmetcw fmw stkfkgce ~lr w hkwhlw%Om{ }sc m~fmsdkr cwtc cwiscrpl gfmrk gmdlr dc Mtjkew& mse}sc kedsdmbfchmfasemw dc fmw gmrmgtcrwtkgmw }sc gktm dc cwtm tcrgcrm lfm wle dCw~cgkmfhcetc }sc fm wsacrcegkm l ~rl~lwkgke }sc dm ymflr m cwtm keelymwcm fm glhsekdmd& l }sc ws lb`ctkyl ~rkegk~mf wcme fmw rcdcw wlgkmf


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Wcasrmhcetc ~lr}sc fl memfkpm dcwdc cwmw ~rchkwmw& mw glhl dcbkdl melycdmd dcf icehcel& cf mstlr el dctcrhkem cf tk~l dc ~rldsgtl /tcgelfakgl+dlhkemetc dc cwtm tcrgcrm lfm% ]skp ~lr}sc molrm el wc bsw}sc se ~rldsgtl&wkel sem hmecrm dkwtketm dc ketcrmgtsmr gle fm Rcd& bmwmdm ce fm marcadc dkicrcetcw wcrykgklw { m~fkgmgklecw }sc ketcrmgtme cetrc w { elw ~crhkm flw swsmrklw ketcrmgtsmr cetrc elwltrlw% Cetcedchlw }sc cf dcwmrrlffl dccetlrelw dc m~rcedkpm`c ~crwlemfcw /~crwlemf fcmrekea ceykrlehcetw ^FC+cwt ffmhmdl m `samr se kh~lrtmetc ~m~cf ce cwtc tcrrcel% Dkwgstkrchlw wlbrccfflw ce cf ~rxkhl m~mrtmdl%^crl wk bkce cw gkcrtl }sc fmw rcdcw wlgkmfcw { fmw rcdcw dc m~rcedkpm`c wgmrmgtcrwtkgm isedmhcetmf dc cwtlw cetlrelw dc m~rcedkpm`c ~crwlemfcw& ecw hcelw }sc ykcece dc ekdlw ~lr fl ~crwlemf% Cw cf ~rl~kl m~rcedkpm`c {cf ~rl~kl dcwmrrlffl ~crwlemf fl }sc wc bswgm& ketcrmgtsmedl gle flw dchw mtrmyw dc rcdcw dc m~rcedkpm`c tmhbke ~crwlemfcw& ~crl dcwdc escwtrl ~rl~kcetlrel& bswgmedl m}scffmw gscwtklecw }sc wle rcfcymetcw ~mrm elwltrlw%Cwtm hmecrm dc ceilgmr cf m~rcedkpm`c ffcym glewkal armedcw rctlw ~mrmm~rcedkpm`c glr~lrmtkyl& ~crl el wle mbwlfstmhcetc keglh~mtkbfcw% Sem~rkhcrm hmecrm& wcegkffm ~lr fl dchw& dc ketcarmr fm wcasedm { fm tcrgclfm& cw el ketcetmr rcdsgkr cf m~rcedkpm`c m trmyw dc wkwtchmw glr~lrmtdc m~rcedkpm`c le(fkec m sem ~fmtmilrhm FHW l GFHW dc m~rcedkpm`c% C~fmtmilrhm ~scdc { dcbc wcr sem ~kcpm hw dc escwtrl cetlrel dc m~rcedkpm`c~crwlemf%Cf wcasedl arme rctl ykcec dctcrhkemdl ~lr fm kdcm dcf m~rcedkpm`c mbkcrtl&bmwmdl ce cf gletcekdl mbkcrtl& }sc wc om gleycrtkdl ce cf ycrdmdcrl hltlrdc fm Qcb 2%>%Cwtmw rc cxklecw glhkcepme m glbrmr ykwkbkfkdmd ce fm fktcrmtsrm gkcetcwtm hmecrm wc om kekgkmdl se bsce dcbmtc ce fm Rcd mgcrgm dc }s cfchcetlwdc m~rcedkpm`c dcbce cwtmr ce sem ~fmtmilrhm dc dkwtrkbsgke dc gletcekdlw

gleycegklemf%

2%7%( Cetlrelw dc M~rcedkpm`c ^crwlemfcw

Mf kasmf }sc lgsrrc gle fm Qcb 2%>& flw cetlrelw ~crwlemfcw dc m~rcedkpm`/^crwlemf Fcmrekea Ceykrlehcetw ^FC+ el wle sem m~fkgmgke% Hw bkce se^FC wc glh~lec dc tldmw fmw dkicrcetcw ocrrmhkcetmw }sc stkfkpmhlw ceescwtrm ykdm dkmrkm ~mrm cf m~rcedkpm`c% /Mttqcff& 2>>104+

El cw dkigkf cegletrmr dcbm`l dc cwtm kdcm ltrm ycp fm m~lrtmgke dc fm~c}scmw ~kcpmw dcwmrrlffmdm ~lr Qckebcracr /2>>2+% Fm kdcm cw ~rl~lrgk


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mf cwtsdkmetc ws ~rl~kl cw~mgkl ce fm rcd& bm`l ws mbwlfstl gletrlf& }s~crhktm dcwmrrlffmr { glh~mrtkr wsw kdcmw%Fm dc ekgke hw glh~fctm dc cetlrel dc m~rcedkpm`c ~crwlemf elw fm lircgcFsbcewj{ /2>>1+& }skce fl dc ec glhl mfae tk~l dc kewtmfmgke l fsamr ~m

}sc se swsmrkl tceam mggcwl& marcasc& gle asrc { hmek~sfc flw rcgsrwlwrcicrcegkmw dkaktmfcw ~rlycekcetcw dc wsw cx~crkcegkmw dc m~rcedkpm`c cL dkgol dc ltrm hmecrm& wk stkfkpmhlw ombktsmfhcetc ce escwtrl trmbm`l ~rlgcwmdlr dc tcxtlw /L~ce Li gc qrktcr+& se wcrykgkl dc glrrcl /ahmkf+&ymrklw bflaw /bflaacr { Qlrd^rcww+& se emycamdlr / rcilx+& mfae wcrykgkhmrgmdlr wlgkmf /dcfkgklsw+& cf cetlrel ykrtsmf dc fm sekycrwkdmd& fm ~fmdc trmbm`l dc fm ch~rcwm& ctgtcrm& cwtc cw se cetlrel ~crwlemf dc m~rced~ldcrlwl%

^crl se cetlrel dc m~rcedkpm`c ~crwlemf el cw fl hkwhl }sc se cetlrelykrtsmf dc m~rcedkpm`c% Ce cf cxgcfcetc tstlrkmf wlbrc ^FCw }sc elw ~rl~lMfme Gmee /w,i+& ~rcwcetm fmw wkaskcetcw dkicrcegkmw cetrc cfflw0

Dkicrcegkmw cetrc Cetlrelw Ykrtsmfcw dc M~rcedkpm`c { Cetlrelw crwlemfcw dc M~rcedkpm`c/Gmee& w,i+

Sem rc~rcwcetmgke ar gm dc }s cfchcetlw ~scdce glh~lecr se cetlrel~crwlemf dc m~rcedkpm`c cw cwtm cwts~cedm khmace dc Hmrtke Qcffcr /2>}sc ~rcwcetm ce ws bfla dc M~rcedkpm`c Wlgkmf dc fm L~ce Sekycrwkt{%cwm hkwhm dkrcggke ~scdc cf fcgtlr cegletrmr keilrhmgke ymfklwm wlbrc

m~rcedkpm`c wlgkmf { fm isegke dc flw cetlrelw dc m~rcedkpm`c ~crwlemfcwc gletcxtl%

YFC , FHW ^FC

Se wkwtchm dc wlitqmrc dkwcmdl ~mrmm{sdmr m flw dlgcetcw& imgkfktmedl fm acwtkedc flw gsrwlw dc ilrhmgke ~lr ~mrtc dcwsw cwtsdkmetcw: wlbrc tldl ~mrm m{sdmr m~rlicwlrcw { mfshelw ce fm mdhkekwtrmgkedcf gsrwl%

Cf wkwtchm ~scdc omgcr se wcaskhkcetl dcflw ~rlarcwlw dc flw mfshelw& }sc ~scdc wcr gletrlfmdl tmetl ~lr cf dlgcetc glhl ~lr flwmfshelw%

Wkwtchmw }sc m{sdme m flw mfshelw mc`crgcr cf gletrlf { m acwtklemr ws ~rl~klm~rcedkpm`c%Cwtl kegfs{c fm ~rcwtmgke dc m~l{l m flwcwtsdkmetcw ~mrm0

cwtmbfcgcr wsw ~rl~klw lb`ctkylw dcm~rcedkpm`c

acwtklemr ws ~rl~kl m~rcedkpm`c

acwtklemr tmetl cf gletcekdl glhl cf~rlgcwl&

glhsekgmrwc gle ltrlw ce cf ~rlgcwldc m~rcedkpm`c%


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Rc~rcwcetmgke ar gm dc se Cetlrel dc M~rcedkpm`c ^crwlemf /Qcffcr& 2>>?+/Ycr m~edkgc+

Cwtmw ocrrmhkcetmw ~scdce isegklemr ~lr wc~mrmdl& mse}sc wc cwtedcwmrrlffmedl ocrrmhkcetmw ~mrm ketcarmrfmw% M~fkgmgklecw }sc ~rl~lrgk

fm ~lwkbkfkdmd dc marcamr wcrykgklw dkicrcetcw% Cetrc flw hw mymepmdlCFAA /ott~0,,cfaa%lra,+% Cfaa wc dc ec glhl ~crwlemf fcmrekea fmedwgm~c/~mkwm`c dc m~rcedkpm`c ~crwlemf+ dc gdkal iscetc mbkcrtl% Cw sem m~fkg}sc ~rl~lrgklem m wsw swsmrklw sem glhbkemgke dc qcbflaw& cw~mgkl dcc(~lrtmilfkl { ocrrmhkcetmw ~mrm glecgtmrwc cetrc cfflw { grcmr glhsekdmdcw%[m omgc bmwtmetc tkch~l }sc cwt dkw~lekbfc se bfl}sc ~mrm ~ldcr glecgtmrse gsrwl dc Hlldfc gle cwtm m~fkgmgke /Lgtctl& 2>>9+%Ltrl ketcrcwmetc ketcetl cw cf }sc cwt dcwmrrlffmedl fm sekycrwkdmd keafcwm

dc Blftle /ott~0,,qqq%blftle%mg%sj,+& dcelhkemdl ^FC_ /ott~0,,qqq%rcflmd%mg%sj,~fcx,+% Mhbmw m~fkgmgklecw wc bmwme ce cwtedmrcw mbkSe cetlrel dc m~rcedkpm`c cw& ~lr fl tmetl& mfal }sc omgchlw ~lr elwltrlwhkwhlw& stkfkpmedl escwtrmw m~fkgmgklecw imylrktmw0 escwtrl bfla& escwqkjkw& escwtrl c(~lrtmilfkl& escwtrlw hmrgmdlrcw wlgkmfcw& escwtrl glrrcl qcbctgtcrm% [ cw m}s dledc dcbcrmhlw glecgtmr cf GFHW dc escwtrm kewtktsgkcdsgmtkym l ~rlicwklemf% ^lr}sc cf ~mrmdkahm dc m~rcedkpm`c el cw {m trmbmsel(m(hsgolw& dkwtrkbs{cedl glelgkhkcetl& wkel }sc wc bmwm ce fm grcmgk

{ acwtke dcf glelgkhkcetl ~lr ~mrtc dc flw swsmrklw%


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QCB 2%>%%0 CF SWL DC FM QCB CE FM WLGKCDMD DCF GL

El uso de la web 2.0 en la Sociedad del conocimiento

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