Faculta de Filosofía y Letras - Documentos para la Historia Argentina - Tomo I - Real Hacienda -...

8/3/2019 Faculta de Filosofía y Letras - Documentos para la Historia Argentina - Tomo I - Real Hacienda - 1913

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S Lmdxb{mk kh L`bftflçm p Bh{rmt !!T[SJ l*S S ®çl 2TÇBSB

KFDXGHC[FT

YM_M BM

E`t{fr`m Mrahc{`cm

[FGF @

_HMB EMD@HCKM

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OXHCFT M@_HT

Dfgymýçm Tòk'Mghr`dmcm kh O`bbh{ht kh Omcdf

Dmbbht De`bh ?<4 p Dmcambbf 880

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®Bm Lmdxb{mk kh L`bftflçm p Bh{rmt" `ct{mbmkm hc

=50<" th em yrfyxht{f" khtkh hb yr`cd`y`f" ht{`gx'

bmr hb htyçr`{x kh `c|ht{`amd`ôc hc bmt gm{hr`mt m}xh th hu{`hckh tx hcthýmczm¾# Bf k`jf dfc humd'

{`{xk tx hu'khdmcf" hb Kr# K# Jftà C`dfbít Gm{`hc'

zf" }x`hc" ymrm khgft{rmrbf" rhdfrkô bmt huybfrm'

d`fcht mr}xhfbôa`dmt hc {hrr`{fr`f mrahc{`cf" `c`'

d`mkmt omjf bm k`rhdd`ôc khb jhlh khb Gxthf H{cf'

aríl`df" hc bm mkg`c`t{rmd`ôc kh tx yrhkhdhtfr

Kr# K# Ufrohr{f Y`chrf#

Hc bm yrfy`m mkg`c`t{`*md`ôc khb Kr# Gm{`hczf

dfghczô mcíbfam huybfrmd`ôc kh mrde`|ft" ‛ }xh

mtç dfgf dxo`hr{mt yfr bm {`hrrm p yfr bmt e`hromt"

}xhkmc" hc lrmaghc{ft" rhb`}x`mt kh rmzmt }xh em'

o`{mrfc hc cxht{rf txhbf" fojh{ft }xh khcxcd`mc

tx dxb{xrm"‛ mymaíckfth hc ymyhbht mgmr`bbhc{ft

th hcdxhc{rm bm |`km kh ahchrmd`fcht }xh ymtmrfc"

hc hb yhrçfkf kh bhc{m hbmofrmd`ôc kh cxht{rm tf'

d`hkmk" kh `c{hràt gít `cghk`m{f" t` dmoh" }xh bf

yr`ghrf#

@c`d`mkm bm form" lxà mk|hr{`km tx {rmtdhckhcd`m"

bm chdht`kmk kh gmpfrht rhdxrtft ymrm yrfthax`rbm

p bm dfc|hc`hcd`m kh yfchrbm omjf k`rhdd`ôc dfg'

yh{hc{h#

Ht{f huyb`dm bm mdhr{mkm rhtfbxd`ôc khb Kr# Y`'

chrf" yfr thaxckm |hz khdmcf kh bm Lmdxb{mk" mb

&



yfchr m dmraf khb Kr# K# Bx`t Gmrçm [frrht" ht'

yhd`mbghc{h |hrtmkf hc bm {àdc`dm kh bm e`t{fr`m"

yrflhtfr kh bm gm{hr`m hc bm Xc`|hrt`kmk kh BmYbm{m" p mx{fr kh ghr`{çt`gft ht{xk`ft" bm dfgy`bm'

d`ôc p yxob`dmd`ôc kh bft kfdxghc{ft ymrm bm e`t'

{fr`m mra'hc{`cm#

Emgh {fdmkf hc txhr{h" mb fdxymr hb yxht{f }xh

hcmb{hd`hrfc bft khdmcft Mcmkôc" Amcà" Y`chrf pGm{`hczf" mx{fr`zmr bm yxob`d`kmk khb yr`ghr |fbx'

ghc yrhymrmkf yfr hb k`rhd{fr kh yxob`dmd`fcht"

Kr# [frrht# Bf ema'f dfc bm thaxr`kmk kh }xh hb

{rmomjf tm{`tlmrí m bft ht{xk`ftft" p ht{`gxbmrí hb

mcehbf kh yhch{rmr hc hb ymtmkf" ymrm huyb`dmr hb

yrhthc{h#

Bft yfthhkfrht kh mrde`|ft

pymyhbht mc{`axft }xh'

kmc `c|`{mkft m dffyhrmr hc form kh {mc{f `c{hràt#

Dfc {mb mpxkm p bf }xh rhtxb{h kh `c|ht{`amd`fcht

}xh th rhmb`zmríc lxhrm khb ymçt" ht kmobh txyfchr

}xh th hcr`}xhdhrí dmkm |hz gít ht{h dmxkmb ymrm

bm yrhymrmd`ôc kh bm e`t{fr`m mrahc{`cm#

Cf {hrg`cmrà bmt bçchmt }xh mc{hdhkhc t`c marh'

amr }xh dfc bm cxh|m yrxhom kh tx bmofr" bm Lm'

dxb{mk kh L`bftflçm p Bh{rmt" km {ht{`gfc`f kh }xh

gmc{`hch ht{h dfcdhy{f kh bm lxcd`ôc xc`|hrt`{mr`m:

bm Xc`|hrt`kmk cf khoh thr tfbmghc{h `ct{`{x{f kh

hcthýmczm f k`lxt`ôc kh bm d`hcd`m" t`cf {mgo`àc

ôramcf kh hbmofrmd`ôc kh bm d`hcd`m g`tgm#

_fkfblf _`|mrfbm"Khdmcf#



MK\H_[HCD@M

Hc bm mk|hr{hcd`m khb {fgf @@@ kh bm thr`h }xh

dfgyrhckh bft kfdxghc{ft ymrm bm e`t{fr`m khb

|`rrh`cm{f khb _çf kh bm Ybm{m" cft dfgyrfgh{`gft

m huyb`dmr bm ht{rxd{xrm }xh m cxht{rf jx`d`f dfc|h'

cçm kmr m ht{m yxob`dmd`ôc kh kfdxghc{ft" }xh bm

Lmdxb{mk kh L`bftflçm p Bh{rmt th em yrfyxht{f dfc'

{`cxmr gh{ôk`dmghc{h#

Hbbm khyhckh" dfgf th dfgyrhckhrí" kh bm dmekmk

p r`}xhzm khb mdhr|f kfdxghc{mb `càk`{f m cxht{`!f

mbdmcdh" kh bm lmd`b`kmk kh rhmb`zmr bm `c|ht{`amd`ôc

hc bft rhyft`{fr`ft yúob`dft p yr`|mkft }xh gmpfrht

dfthdemt yrfgh{hc" p kh bmt chdht`kmkht yr`gfrk`m'

bht kh bm hcthýmczm kh bm e`t{fr`m hc cxht{`Sm Lm'

dxb{mk#

Hc bf }xh m bm e`t{fr`m mrahc{`cm th rhl`hrh" bm

{mrhm kh oxtdm p yxob`dmd`ôc kh mc{hdhkhc{ht th em

`c`d`mkf hc =091: humg`cmckf |mr`ft mrde`|ft cm'

d`fcmbht p yrf|`cd`mbht" frkhcmckf çck`dht p md{`'

|mckf yrfarht`|mghc{h bm dfgy`bmd`ôc kh kfdxghc'

{ft rhbm{`|ft m bm ahfarmlçm" e`t{fr`m p h{cfarmlçm khb

_çf kh bm Ybm{m p ymçtht b`gç{`!flht# Hb hu'khdmcf

kh bm Lmdxb{mk" kfd{fr Jftà C`dfbít Gm{`hczf" emhuyrhtmkf" hc k`t{`c{mt fyfr{xc`kmkht" hb yrfyôt`{f



‛ \@E ‛

p ybmc }xh khoçm yhrtha'x`r bm {mrhm mefrm m cxht'{rf dmraf#

Tta``c dfct{mcd`m }xh form hc bm mc{hyfr{mkm" bft

k`hz |fbúghcht kh kfdxghc{ft mymrhd`kft emt{m

yr`cd`y`ft kh =0=4" emc t`kf dfctmarmkft m {rht àyf'

dmt `gyfr{mc{çt`gmt kh cxht{rm h|fbxd`ôc cmd`fcmb

f thm" mb |`rrh`cm{f" mc{hdhkhc{ht kh bm rh|fbxd`ôc

pframc`zmd`ôc dfct{`{xd`fcmb# Hb dfct`khrmobh gm'

{hr`mb kh dfy`mt mxc `càk`{mt hu`t{hc{ht hc cxht{rmt

a'm|h{mt" }xh m k`deft yhrçfkft dfrrhtyfckhc" ht{í pm

dbmt`l`dmkf yfr gm{hr`mt p frkhcmkf drfcfbôa`dm'

ghc{h" p" hc txot{mcd`m" bf lfrgmc: kfdxghc{ft yú'

ob`dft tforh mkg`c`t{rmd`ôc" dfbfc`zmd`ôc" jxt{`d`m

h `ct{rxdd`ôc yúob`dm kxrmc{h bm úb{`gm àyfdm

kh bm kfg`cmd`ôc e`tyíc`dm# Yrfdhkhc" hc gíu`gm

ymr{h" khb Mrde`|f ahchrmb kh bm Cmd`ôc" p mrde`|ft

khb Gxthf G`{rh" Oòb`f{hdm Cmd`fcmb p Dxr`m hdbh'

t`ít{`dm gh{rfyfb`{mcm> p htmt dfy`mt" kho`kmghc{h

mx{hc{`dmkmt }xh pm dfct{`{xphc bhamjft `gyfr{mc'

{ht" tfc bmt }xh yr`ghrf tmbkríc m bxz#

_htyfck`hckf" mt`g`tgf" m bmt `ck`dmd`fcht khb hu

khdmcf kfd{fr Cfrohr{f Y`chrf" th dfc{`cxmrí bm `c'

|ht{àmd`ôc p yxob`dmd`ôc" ymr{`dxbmr`zíckfcft dfc

{fkft m}xhbbft gm{hr`mbht" `càk`{ft f yfdf dfcfd`kft"

}xh ema'mc mb ht{xk`f kh bft lmd{frht `c{hrcft kh bm

e`t{fr`m mrahc{`cm" hc txt àyfdmt kh gmpfr `c{hràt

tfd`fbôa`df> {rmphckf m dfc{ròxd`ôc" mkhgít" bmt df'

y`mt hu{rmçkmt khb mrde`|f kh @ck`mt kh Th|`bbm p|mb`ftft dfcjxc{ft }xh yrf|`hchc kh dfbhdd`fcht

ymr{`dxbmrht" yxht{ft m cxht{rm k`tyft`d`ôc dfc {fkmbòhrmb`kmk#



@U ‛

Hc hb yrhthc{h |fbxghc" yr`ghrf kh bm thr`h ah'

chrmb }xh th `c`d`m" th {`hchc hc dxhc{m {fkmt bmt

yrh|`t`fcht" htyhd`mbghc{h m}xhbbmt }xh `gyr`ghc

thaxr`kmk m bm dfgyxbtm p rmzôc kh yrfdhkhcd`m m

bmt y`hzmt f dfcjxc{ft" p dxmckf thm khb dmtf" ht'

yhd`mbghc{h ymrm bft kfdxghc{ft yrfdhkhc{ht kh

dfbhdd`fcht mrahc{`cmt" th `c{hrdmbmríc cf{mt huyb`'

dm{`|mt }xh t`r|mc kh k`rhdd`ôc m bft ht{xk`ftft#

Yfr mefrm th yxob`dmc ymr{h kh bft bhamjft dfc'

dhrc`hc{ht m bm mkg`c`t{rmd`ôc kh bm _hmb Emd`hckm"

kxrmc{h hb |`rrh`cm{f> kfdxghc{ft yúob`dft omjf hb

rxorf" xcft" kh huyhk`hc{ht" }xh yfchc kh gmc`l`ht'

{f `c{hrhtmc{çt`gft mtyhd{ft kh bm |`km mkg`c`t{`'m'

{`|m kh m}xhbbm àyfdm" p t`gybht yrfomczmt" f{rft"

kh md{ft" yrfdhk`g`hc{ft p ehdeft hc ahchrmb" kfckh

hb `c|ht{àmkfr yfkrí bfarmr oxhcm txgm kh rhýh'

u`fcht tforh bmt yríd{`dmt" `cd`khcd`mt" xb{hr`fr`km'

kht p yfrghcfrht }xh dx`kmom fothr|mr hb lxcd`f'

cmr`f hc yxc{f m bm dfrrhd{m mkg`c`t{`'md`ôc kh bft

dmxkmbht#

Em kh thax`r m ht{h |fbxghc kh kfdxghc{ft }xh

txd`c{mghc{h ehgft khl`c`kf" f{rf kh çckfbh mcí'

bfam" }xh pm ht{í hc yrhctm" p" ymrm hbh|mr hcmbaf hb `c{hràt kh bm dfc{ròxd`ôc frà`cmb }xh

th khthm flrhdhr m bft `c|ht{àmkfrht p htyhd`mb'

ghc{h m bft thýfrht yrflhtfrht p ht{xk`mc{ht kh

bm Lmdxb{mk" hb {fgf {hrdhrf" thrí kht{`cmkf m

xcm ghgfr`m kh armc `gyfr{mcd`m ymrm hb gít

dfgybh{f dfcfd`g`hc{f khb lmd{fr hdfcôg`df hc

cxht{rm e`t{fr`m dfbfc`mb: `càk`{m" yxhkh khd`rth"

p }xh dfct{`{xph xcm |hrkmkhrm mk}x`t`d`ôc ymrm



ht{h Dfryxt }xh th framc`zm# Tx mx{fr" kfc G`axhb

Bmt{mrr`m" bm {`{xbm: Ohframc`zmd`ôc p ybmc kh thax'

r`kmk hu{hr`fr kh bmt gxp `c{hrhtmc{ht Dfbfc`fj`

Fr`hc{mbht khb _çf Ymrmaxmp f kh bm Ybm{m#

Hc ht{h thc{`kf" th em kh yrfthax`r dfc hb gm{h'

r`mb bfarmkf p dfc hb }xh ymxbm{`cmghc{h mdrhzdm

cxht{rf lfckf kh dfy`mt p gmcxtdr`{ft `càk`{ft" p{fkmt bmt dxht{`fcht kh gh{fkfbfaçm e`t{ôr`dm }xh

thmc kh cxht{rm dfgyh{hcd`m" thríc fothr|mkmt ht'

drxyxbftmghc{h#

Bxçt Gmrçm [frrht"

K`rhd{fr kh Yxob`dmd`fcht



Y_@GH_M YM_[H

HUYHK@HC[HT KH _HMB EMD@HCKM

YXOB# TND# E@T[#



3

KFDXGHC[FT

_HBM[@\FT M BM _HMB EMD@HCKM

%=11<'=159)

C#f =# ‛ Hb Af|fr kh Oxhcft M`rht" rhyrhthc{m }xh bft d`cdxhc{m g`b

yhtft }xh T# @\`# mxghc{f xb{`g{h m bft th`td`hc{ft g`b" }xh ht{m'

omc thýmbmkft kh T`{xmkf ymrm m}xhbbmt Dmumt" cf txlrmamc bmt

drhd`kmt k`mr`mt m{hcd`fcht kh m}xhbbm Yrf|#m p txhbkft m{rmtmkft"

dfgf mdrhk`{m hb Yrhtxyxht{f" }xh {`hch k`rà`kf" t`c dfgyrhehc'

khr hb _mgf kh @\`mr`cm" }xh dfctxgh dhrdm kh ]xm{rfd`hc{ft g`b

yhtft p }xh t` ht{ft th b`mc kh huà`r" kh bft th`td`hc{ft" p d`c'

}xhc{m g`b" khb t`{xmkf dfgf bf em ht{mkf b`md`hckf emt{m mefrm"

cf bh }xhkm dfc }xh m{hckhr m bft khgít txybhghc{ft" c` m}xhb

Ym`t r`ckh c`caft mxu`b`ft" }xh bh yrfgh{hc mbò`f#

%4 kf H`çhrf kh =119)#

Hu`b`f# Thýfr

Gxç thýfr gçf# Dfc lhdem kh ?5 kh Maft{f xb{`gf th

t`r|h \# H# yrh|hc`rgh em rhtxhb{f hb _hp" }xh mkhgmt kh

hb t`{xmkf" }xh ht{m thýmbmkf m bmt Dmumt kh Oxhcft Mprht

kh th`td`hc{ft g`b yhtft mb mýf" th rhg`{mc í hbbmt yfr bmt

kh B`gm d`cdxhc{m g`b mc`gmbht" }xh emc kh tmdmrth kht'

ghgormckf bm mtàcmd`ôc kh d`hc g`b yhtft" }xh tforh bmt

kh m}xhbbm Dmy`{mb ht{í thýmbmkm ymrm hb _mgf kh lfr{`l`'

dmd`fcht kh bm Yrf|`cd`m kh Ymrmcí#

Hc =; kh Gmrzf" yrôu`gf ymtmkf %c#¹ ;?9) k` cf{`d`m

m \! H# kh bmt txgmt }xh hc bmt md{xmbht d`rdxct{mcd`mt

ehrmc `ck`tyhctmobht ymrm bmt m{hcd`fcht kh ht{m Yrf|`c'

d`m" }xh mtdhckçmc thaúc hb Yrhtxyxht{f lfrgmkf yfr bft

Fl`d`mbht _t# kh Oxhcft Mprht" p mdfgymýh m \# H# kh xc

g`bbôc" {rh`c{m p {rht g`b {rhtd`hc{ft fdehc{m" p kft yhtft}xh th k`t{`caxçmc `ck`tyhctmobht ymrm bmt fdxrrhcd`mt kh

[`hrrmt" mkhgmt kh xc g`bbôc d`hc{f kfdh g`b p d`c'



dxhc{m yhtft" }xh th ht{momc kho`hckf kh bft txhbkft m{rm'tmkft p f{rmt mdrhehct`mt dfc{rm hb _hç# Ehrmr`f#

Hb _mgf kh Gmr`cm" }xh cf {`hch f{rf lfckf" }xh hb khb

t`{xmkf kh bm Yrf|`cd`m" yfr}xh cf th bh em |hr`l`dmkf" c`

th bh |hr`l`dm rhghtm mbaxcm dfc thymrmd`ôc" p gh |hf hc bm

yrhd`t`ôc kh txlrmamrbh bmt Ymr{`kmt chdhtmr`mt m txt Dm'

rhcmt" rhdfrr`kmt" arm{`l`dmd`fcht" amt{ft kh Efty`{jmbht"

|òhrht" p f{rmt xrahcd`mt" }xh mdxkhc" dfctxgh dhrdm kh

dxm{rfd`hc{ft g`b yhtft# Xc`km ht{m txgm mb g`bbôc {rh`c{m

p {rht g`b {rhtd`hc{ft fdehc{m p kft yhtft }xh |mc tàc`l`'dmkft dfgyfchc bmt kft kh xc g`bbôc {rhtd`hc{ft {rht g`b"

{rhtd`hc{ft fdehc{m p kft yhtft kh }xh rht{mkft bft <89 4}xh th efrkhcm mb \`rrhp khb Yhrú hgo`h m bmt Dmjmt kh

Ox#S M`rht bft =99 }xh r`ckh bm Yrf|`cd`m p mxc bft ?99 kh bòrmczm hu{rmfrk`cmr`m dfc{rm bft Fl`d`mbht _hmbht kh

Yf{ft`" dfcdhy{xmckf ht{m yrf|`cd`m dfgf mtàcmd`ôc lùm

kxrmc{h bm md{xmb dfct{`{xd`ôc th |`hch hc dfcfd`g`hc{f

}xh lmb{m ymrm hb dfgybh{f gmt kh 489 yhtft t`c {rmhr m

dfct`khrmd`ôc hb mbdmcdh" }xh }xhkm huyrhtmkf kh ="==? TS

9#89 yt# }xh rhtxb{mc khohrth m bm [rfym h @ck`|`kxft hg'

ybhmkft hc hb _hmb Thr|`d`f#

Bmt yfdmt yrfyfrd`fcht }xh r`ckh ht{h Ym`t ymrm txlrm

amr bft mxu`b`ft dfrrhtyfck`hc{ht m bbhcmr {mc drhd`kft tx'

ybhghc{ft dfcdxrrhc m mxghc{mr bft myxrft" }xh gh d`r'

dxckmc yfr {fkmt ymr{ht" t`c htdbmrhdhr mr|`{r`f" }xh yrf'

kxzdm bft mxu`b`ft kh }xh dmrhzdf t`c rhdxrtf" p gh fobàmc

m rhyrfkxd`r m \# H# dxmc{f hc bm huyrhtmkm lem# kh =; kh

Gmrzf bh {hcaf tàc`l`dmkf#Crf# Thýfr Axmrkh m \# H# gx#S mý#S Gfc{h|`khf Ehc#!! 4

kh =11<#

Hugf# Thýfr Kfc Jxb`íc kh Mrr`mam#

%Mrde`|f Ahchrmb kh bm Cmd`ôc" dfrrhtyfckhcd`m [àr{`z" Mgmam p Aíb|hz"



' 8

C#f ?#‛Yrhthc{md`ôc khb fl`d`mb kh bmt _hmbht Dmjmt" kfc Gmr{`c

Jfthye Mb{fbmax`rrh" rhdbmgmckf tforh xcm rhtfbxd`ôc kh T# @\@# yfr

bm dxmb th bh {rmtbmkmom m bm lmd{frçm kh bm \`bbm kh Frxrf#

%=4 kh Jxb`f kh =11<)#

Thýfr Af|hrcmkfr p Dmy`{íc Ahchrmb#

Kc# Gmr{`c Jfthybç kh Mb{fbma```rrh" Lmd{fr Fl`d#! Hb# kh

ht{mt NS Dmjmt" dfc bm gmpfr m{hcd`ôc mc{h \# T# kàf>

]xh yfr ghk`f khb [ehc`hc{h kh _hp th gh b`m hdef tmohr

bm Hhmb k`tyft`d`ôc hc }xh T# G# frkhcm }xh ymth pf m thr'

|`r bm ybmzm kh [b`htfrhrf Fl`d`mb _b# kh bm \`bbm kh Frxrf"

p ht{mckf g` rhtàcmd`ôc yrfc{m m tx dxgyb`g`hc{f" tfbf

kh|f emdhr yrhthc{h m T# G# dfgf bf lhd{xf hc hb md{xmb

Dfrrhf Gmrç{`gf" }xh ht gxp yftòbh }xh th gh empm dfg'

yrhehck`kf hc ht{m _hmb rhtfbxd`ôc" h}x`|fdmckf `c|fbxc'

{mr`mghc{h hb cfgorh kh g` Ymkrh dfc hb g`ô" hc bm Fl`'

d`cm khb Khtymdef Xc`|hrtmb kh @ck`mt" hc hb dfcdhy{f kh

thr Pf" Kfc Gmr{`c kh Mb{fbmax`rrh" Lmd{fr Fl`d`mb _hmb

}xh bf lxh emt{m hb mýf kh <= t`c k`t{`cax`r" c` {hchr yrh'

thc{h }xh khtyxàt mdí tfp Pf" hb }xh à dfc{`cxmkf hb hjhr'

d`d`f kh ht{h Hgybhf" xtmckf t`hgyrh kh bft cfgorht kh

Gmr{`c Jfthye#

Gxà|hgh m ht{m dfcjh{xrm" f yrhtxgyd`fc kft rmzfcht>

ymrm bm yr`ghrm" dfcdhy{xmckf yfr xcm htyhd`h kh dmt{àf

ht{m {rmtbmd`ôc cf embbf yfr gmt }xh eh yrfdxrmkf humg`'

cmr htdrxyxbftmghc{h g` dfckxd{m" }xh mpm `clbx`kf m ht{m

kh{hrg`cmd`ôc f{rm dmxtm }xh m}xhb rhymrf }xh yxtf m bmt

dxhc{mt kh Dmjmt _hmbht }xh k`hrfc g` Ymkrh Kfc Gmr{`c

kh Mb{fbmax`rrh" K¹# Yhkrf Ghkrmcf" p K¹# Jxmc kh Oxz'

{`cmam" m bft mýft kh =1<= m =1<5" yhrf dfgf hc hbbmt" c` hc

bm tm{`tlmdd`ôc m bft dmraft }xh rhtxb{mrfc kh tx humghc"

cf {x|h pf ymr{h" yfr}xh hc{rh m thrt`r hb Hgybhf hc Fd{/#

khb mýf kh =1<1 : ht gxp lmd{òbh }xh yfr cf k`t{`cax`r hc

bmt Fl`d`cmt khb Khtymdef" t` hb md{xmb Lmd{fr ht hb g`tgf}xh bf lxà hb mcf khb <= gh emSmc myb`dmkf bm yhcm }xh

em ymrhd`kf dfrrhtyfckhr m g` Ymkrh#

Yhrtxíkhgh gmt m ht{f" hb em|hr |`t{f bm _b# Frc# }xh

th k`rà`ô m \" T# dfc lhdem =? kh Jxb`f khb mýf kh 19 hc



' < '

}xh th bh yrh|hcçm yxt`hth xcm Yhrtfcm }xh `x{hr`cmghc{h

t`r|`hth hb Hgybhf kh Lmd{fr" hc bxamr khb Yrfy`h{mr`f txt'

yhctf KS Gmr{`c Jye# kh Mb{fbmax`rrh" hc }xh \# T# |`hc

tm{`tlhdef kh bm h}x`|fdmd`ôc }xh th ymkhdçm kh bmt Yhrtf'

cmt kh YS à E`jf" dfc tx jxt{`l`dmd`ôc yrfdxrf rhghk`mrbf

t`c rhgf|hrgh" bf }xmb th myrf|f hc bm Dfr{h# Mefrm |hf

}xh bm Hb# frkhc }xh th gh em hc{rhamkf tfbf emobm dfc KfcGmr{`c Mb{fbmax`rrh" p cf dfc Gmr{`c Jfthye" p m`t` cf ht

gxdef gh `gma`ch" }xh ht f{rf h}xòfdf hb }xh th em ymkh'

d`kf" yhrtxmk`àckfth" m }xh mxc dfc{`cxm kfc Gmr{`c kh

Mb{fbmax`rrh g` Ymkrh hc bm Lmd{frçm#

Bm thaxckm rmzôc ht" }xh em|`hckfth rhg`{`kf m bm Dfr{h

bmt yr`ghrmt dxhc{mt }xh pf k`" kh bft gmchjft kh _hç# Em'

d`hckm" cf tfbmghc{h th myrf|mrfc" t`cf }xh th gh k`hrfc

bmt armd`mt kh ymr{h kh T# G# yfr thr bmt yr`ghrmt }xh th

mrrhabmrfc m bm @ct{rxdd`ôc dfgxc`dmkm m ht{mt _t# Dmjmt#

Yft{hr`frghc{h cf th em flrhd`kf kxkm" f rhymrf mbaxcf hc

cxht{rmt dxhc{mt" c` hc hb gmchjf kh bm _hmb Emd`hckm p m

|`t{m kh ht{h yr`cd`y`f th dfrrfofrm gmt hl`dmzghc{h bm `c'

t`cxmkm tftyhdem hc frkhc mb fràhc kh bm ghcd`fcmkm _hmb

Frkhc }xh mxc}xh k`rà`km í g` Ymkrh" gh txjh{m m txlr`r

bm yhcm kh dxbym cf dfgh{`km yfr g`#

\# T# ht hb yr`cd`ymb {ht{àf kh g`t fyhrmd`fcht" yxht

dfc tx `cdhtmc{h dhbf" bft em ht{mkf htyhdxbmckf" p mxc tm'

{`tlhdef kh g` dfckxd{m {xof bm ofckmk kh mdrhk`{mrbm dfc

bm dhr{`l`dmd`ôc }xh th t`r|`ô dfcdhkhrgh" bm }xmb ht gmt}xh txl`d`hc{h yS# yfchrgh mb rhtaxmrkf kh }xmbht}x`hr kht'

m`rh yr# hb gfkf dfc }£# eh formkf hc {fkf hb {`hgyf kh tx

Af|`hrcf# F{rf {mc{f e`zf hb Hugf# Thýfr Oxdmrhb`" Dfc{m'

kfr Gmpfr kh Dxhc{mt" em k`def bf g`tgf" p bf em dhr{`l`'

dmkf mc{ht kh mefrm" mjjfpmckf g` myb`dmd`ôc" g` dhbf" phb `cdhtmc{h {rm|mjf }xh eh `gyhk`kf hc hb mxghc{f" p dfc'

thr|md`ôc kh bm _hmb Emd`hckm# Cf yxhkf yxht yhrtxmk`r

gh" m }xh t`hckf ht{f |hrkmk" gh empm khtdfcdhy{xmkf mc{h

T# G# p txt G`c`t{rft" emt{m hb armkf kh emzhrgh txlr`r xcm

yhcm ymrm bm }xmb cf eà kmkf gf{`|f#

Hc ht{m m{hcd`ôc emaf m T# G# bm gmt rh|hrhc{h txyb`dm

m l`c kh }xh th kàch rh|fdmr bm yrf|`khcd`m kh }S th {rm{m"

p rht{`{x`rgh m g` Hgybhf kh Lmd{fr _b# kh ht{mt Dmjmt"

yfr bm dfct`khrmd`ôc kh cf b`m|hr kmkf c` rhgf{f gf{`|f"

y( |hrgh kht{hrrmkf dfc khtm`rh : P m \# T# txyb`df dfc hb



V 1 '

gmpfr hcdmrhd`g`hc{f th t`r|m hc rhtyxht{m kh bm g`tgm_b# Frkhc }xh bh |`cf dfgh{`km mdfgymýmr ht{m rhyrhthc'

{md`ôc" m l`c kh }xh th `c{hbàhcd`h ghjfr tx _b# Jxt{`l`dm'

d`ôc"

[fkf ht{f cf }x`{m hb }xh yfr g` ymr{h {hcam hb gmt dm

|mb dxgyb`g`hc{f bf }xh T# G# gmckm" yxht pm khjf mthc'

{mkm g` rhtàcmkm fohk`hcd`m m {mc txyrhgm k`tyft`d`ôc#

Gmt cf fg`{f rhyrhthc{mr í# \# T# }xh th b`mdh `ck`tyhctm'

obh hb khtmefaf kh mbaúc {`hgyf ymrm bm hc{rham yfr lfrgmb

@gohc{mr`f" mt` kh bft Dmxkmbht" Bòrft" p Kfdxghc{ft kh

}xh ht{mgft ehdeft dmraf bft {rht fl`d`mbht _hmbht dfgf kh

{fkf bf yhdxb`mr m bm Lmd{frçm" u3fr}[`h khjmrbf t`c dxhc{m"

c` rmzôc" yfkrçm rhtxb{mr mbaúc }xhormc{f m bm _hmb Emd`hc'

km" f g` ht{`gmd`ôc" p xcf c` f{rf" ht dfclfrgh m Jxt{`d`m

p# T# th thr|`rí kh{hrg`cmr bf }xh {x|`hrh yfr gmt dfg'

ohc`hc{h mb _hmb Thr|`d`f#

Oxhcft Mprht" =8 kh Jxb`f kh =11<#

Gmr{`c Jfthye Mb{fbmax`rrh#

Thýfr Kfc Jxmc Jfthye kh \hr{`z#

%Mrde`|f Ahchrmb kh bm Cmd`ôc" dfrrhtyfckhcd`m \àr{{z" Mrr`mam p Aíb|hz"

=1=< ' ==11)#

C#f 4#

‛Dmr{m khb fl`d`mb kh bmt _hmbht Dmjmt kfc Gmr{`c Jfthye

Mb{fbmax`rrh" mb afohrcmkfr \hr{`z" rhg`{`àckfbh bm yrhthc{md`ôc

mc{hr`fr#

%=5 kh Jxb`f kh =11A)#

Gxp Thýfr g`ô : Mxc}xh yfr bm rhtyxht{m }xh eh kmkf mb

[ehc`hc{h kh _hp" p txyfcaf hcdmg`cmrm m \# T# |hrí tx

jxt{`l`dmd`ôc k`tyxht{m g` |fbxc{mk m }xmc{f thm khb tfoh'

rmcf marmkf khb _hp k`tyfchr kh g` yhrtfcm" p thýmbmkm'

ghc{h m ymtmr mb cxh|f kht{`cf }xh th em kàcmkf kmrghhc tx Dmumt kh Frxrf" t` ht }xh th kh|h hc{hckhr dfcgàf

ht{m _R kh{hrg`cmd`ôc }xh ymrhdh emobm dfc g` Ymkrh"

dfgf yfr `c|fbxc{mr`m h}xòfdmd`fc em mdfc{hd`kf hc f{rmt



‛ 5 ‛

fdmt`fcht" cf fot{mc{h dfc hb foah{f kh tfb`d`{mr bm khd`t`ôc

kh ht{h yxc{f" gh em ymrhd`kf emdhr m T# G# bm _hyrhthc{m'

d`ôc dfrrhtyfck`hc{h" lxckmkm hc bmt rmzfcht }xh àxmb'

ghc{h `cdbxph bm mkjxc{m }xh {mgo`àc k`r`jf m \# T# dfc

bm rhck`km txyb`dm }xh bh emaf kh}xh dxmckf ymr{`d`yh m

cxht{rf tfohrmcf yfr ghk`f kh tx Thdrh{mr`f kh Ht{mkf pkhb Khtymdef Xcòhrtmb kh @ck`mt" em|hrgh dfgxc`dmkf

bm d`{mkm _hmb Frkhc" th t`r|m rhg`{çrthbm myfpmckf tx

dhr{hzm dfc hb lxckmghc{f khb huhgybmr kh f{rm h}xòfdm'

d`fc }xh \# T# rhghk`f dfgf dfrrhtyfckçm#

]xhkf m bm k`tyft`d`ôc kh \# T# dfc rhck`km |fbxc{mk

y`k`hckf í K`ft Axmrkh tx \`km gS mS Oxhcft Mprht" =5

kh Jxb`f kh =11<#

O# =# g#¹ kh \# T# tx gmt m{hc{f Txok`{f p tha#¹ Thr|#*S/!

J`g# Jfthye kh Mb{fbmax`rrh#

Thýfr kfc Jxmc Jye# kh \hr{`z#

%Mrde`|f Ahchrmb kh bm Cmd`ôc" dfrrhtWjfckhcd`m \àr{`z" Mrr`mam p ]íb|hz"

gh ' ===1)#

C#f ;#‛Mb Thýfr kc# Jfthye kh Amb|hz K`rà`hckf bmt _hyrhthc{m'

d`fcht kh kc# Jxmc Mckràt Mrrfpf p Dfy`m kh bmt Dmr{mt dfc }#h bmt

mdfgymýf hb Dfc{mkfr gmpfr kh Dxhc{mt" k`rà`kmt m }xh th bh

mofch hb txhbkf kh Fl`d`mb _hmb kh Tmc{m Lh khtkh }xh fo{x|f hb

[`{xbf kh {mb>

p}xh tx [hc{h" dfc{`cxà

dfchb

g`tgf afzh }xh emht{mkf emt{m mefrm k`tlrx{mckf#

%?= kh Jxb`f kh =11<)#

Mb @b{gf# Tfr# kc# Jye# kh Ambohz#

Gfc{h|`khf" ?= kh Jxb`f kh =11<#

Gxç Tr# g`ô# Hb Dfc{mkfr G¹!# kh Dxhc{mt kh ht{mt Yrf|*/#

gh em k`rà`kf bmt mkjxc{mt _hyrhthc{md`fcht khb Fl`d!# _b#

cfgormkf y*# bmt Dmjmt kh T{m# Lh kc# @c¹# Mckràt kh Mrrf'

pf hc }xh tfb`d`{m th bh m|fch hb txhbkf hc{hrf kh fl`d`mb

_b# khtkh }S yr# bm jxc{m kh frkhcmczm th mdfrkô dfc{`'



‛ 0 ‛

g`mth hc hb {rm|mjf kh m}/S Dfc{mkmp

}*# hb [e/#}S

bh

txot{`{xpm k`tlrx{h bm g`tgm arm{`l`dmd`ôc }xh ht{mom af'

zmckf" p afzmc bft khgít kh tx dbmth g`hc{rmt txot`t{m hc

m}xhb kht{`cf yfr cf yfkhrth gmc{hchr dfc bft 499 yt# }/#

mtçacmthbh hc bm _b# frkhc kh ?4 kh 1/SS kh =118 > dx`ft kf'

dxghc{ft fràcS p Dfy`m khb Fl`d`f khb ghcd`fcmkf Dfc'

{mk¹S g¹S mdfgymým í \# T# @# m l`c }** T# G# th kàch rhtfb'

|hr bf }S# lxhrh kh tx _b# marmkf hc hb mtxc{f" m }xh th dfc'

{rmbbhc#

%8=<) *SSS Hb Af|hr/// kh OS M``*S# mdfgymòm bmt _hyrh'

thc{m khb Fl`d`mb _hmb kh Tmc{m Lh hc }xh tfb`d`{m th bh m|fch

hb txhbkf }#£ bh ht{m thýmbmkf yfr rmzôc kh tx hgybhf khtkh

}xh th bh myb`df mb {rm|mjf kh bm Dfc{mkxr`m yrmb# p }xh hb

{b`hc`hc{h" }xh bh txt{`{xpm" k`tlrx{h kh bmt g`tgmt fohcd¹*S

}xh bft khgít kh tx dbmth#

%Mrde`|f Ahchrmb kh bm Umkôc" dfrrhtyfckhcd`m \àr{`z" Mrr`mam p Aíb|hz"

=11< ' =111)#

C#f 8# ‛ _hmb Dàkxbm" hc rhtyxht{m m |mr`mt dfctxb{mt tforh dforf

kh `gyxht{f m bft mbdfefbht kh [xdxgmc" k`tyfc`hckf }xh th dforh

hb ; ( m bft lrx{ft khb ym`t p kh Dmt{`bbm" p |hc{m kh o`hcht rm`dht>

? ( tforh bmt gxçmt" kho`hckf kht{`cmrth ht{h `gyfr{h mb gmc{h'

c`g`hc{f kh bm {rfym kh bm lrfc{hrm# Y`kh }xh th bh r`ckm dxhc{m kh

bm hjhdxd`ôc kh bm frkhc#

%=9 kh Maft{f kh =[1<)#

Hb _hp# ‛ K/# Amck`k# _mgft Dfc{mkfr Gmpfr kh Dxhc'{mt kh bm Yrf|`cd`m kh O/# MpS Hc dmr{m kh ?1 kh Fd{xorhkh =114 tfb`d`{í`t khdbmrmd`ôc kh bm kxkm fdxrr`km hc hb

[xdxgmc hc }S m bm dmc{`kmk }xh m}xhbbm Yrf|`cd`m th kh'

|rm huà`r yfr rmzôc kh Mbdm|mbm hc bft hlhd{ft kh Dmt{`bbm"

}xh th `c{rfkxdhc dfc Khtymdef khb [ròxcmb kh _hmb Em'd`hckm k`dem D`xkmk" huyfc`hckf }xh dfgf g` _hmb Dàkxbm

kh 49 kh Gmrzf kh =11? emobm úc`dmghc{h kh bft lrx{ft khbm {`hrrm p gxçmt" kxkmrfc bft Fl`d`mbht _hmbht kh bm g`t'

%=) Dfrrhtyfckh mb c{çghrf kh mrdbhm khb fl`d`f bòrmkf mb g`c`t{rf kh ht{mkf" plfrgm ymr{h `c{harmc{h khb kfdxghc{f# S#\# kh bm K#j#



‛ bf'

gm Yrf|`cd`m tforh bm dmc{`kmk }xh b`m|rmc huà`r kh bfthlhd{ft }xh `c{rfkxdçmc dfc khtymdeft kh hth [ròxcmb kh

_b# Emd`hckm" p {mgo`àc kh bf rhtyhd{`|f m bm |hc{m kh o`h'

cht rm`dht" dmtmt j {`hrrmt" }xh hc àxmbht {àrg`cft }xh bft

lrx{ft khb ym`t ymamomc tfbmghc{h hb ? y# ( dfc mrrhabf

m bm bhp =;" {`{# =4# Bòrf 5 kh bm _hdfy`bmd`ôc kh bmt kh Ht'

{ft _hpcft" p }xh khthmckf yrfdhkhr dfc md`hr{f" ft y`k`h'

rfc bht yrh|`c`hth`t bf }xh kh|`mc huhdx{mr" hc dxpf dfcdhy'

{f" p {hc`hckf khdbmrmkf bm jxc{m kh frkhcmczm" cf embbmrth

mx{fr`zmkm ymrm mb{hrmr bf k`tyxht{f hc m}xhbbm" dfct`kh'rmt{h`t `ck`tyhctmobh kmrgh dxhc{m m l`c kh }xh yrf|`khcd`h

bf dfc|hc`hc{h# Hc f{rm dmr{m kh =9 kh Maft{f kh =11; hu'

yfcà`t" }xh ymrm hb dxgyb`g`hc{f kh bm d`{mkm dàkxbm kh

49 kh Gmrzf kh =11? ymtmt{h`t {ht{`gfc`f kh hbbm m bft Fl`'

d`mbht _t# kh Jxjx`" p khtkh hc{fcdht th ht{mobhd`ô mbb` hb

dforf kh bm Mbdm|mbm hc bft {àrg`cft }xh yrhtdròçm" yhrf

}xh dfgf mb g`tgf {`hgyf dfc{hc`m bm dbmxtxbm kh }xh

hb }xm{rf yfr d`hc{f }xh th gmckmom dformr hc bft lrx'

{ft kh bm {`hrrm hrm dfclfrgh m bf }xh th yrmd{`dmom hc{fkf hb rhpcf" em|h`t dfc{hgybmkf kh |rm# fobàmd`ôc hu'

yfchrgh }xh ht{m }xf{m cf hrm ahchrmb dfgf th `ct`'

cxmom y# yfr f{rm _hmb Dàkxbm kh ?0 kh Maft{f kh =1;4"

tfbf th hu`jm hc ht{m dmum" p txt txlrmamczmt hb kft jj#

d`hc{f" thaúc bf k`tyfcçmc bmt Bhpht" p txyb`dí`t {fgh

bm yrf|`khcd`m dfc|hc`hc{h# P em|`hckfth |`t{f hc g` Dfc'

thjf kh bmt @ck`mt" dfc bf }xh `clfrgf bm Dfc{mkxr`m" kùf

g` L`tdmb" p dfctxb{mkfgh tforh hbbf" eh rhtxhb{f }xh `cgh'

k`m{mghc{h k`tyfcaí`t dfgf ft bf gmckf" }xh bft Fl`d`mbht_hmbht kh bmt Dmumt khb [xdxgmc m huhgjòf khb }xm{rf

y# ( }xh dformc yfr hb khrhdef kh bm Mbdm|mbm" kh bft lrx'

{ft khb ym`t" hu`jmc bm ghcd`fcmkm dmc{`kmk kh bft lrx{ft

kh Dmt{`bbm" }xh th dfckxdhc m m}xhbbm Yrf|`cd`m" khtkh htm

D`xkmk" p kh bm |hc{m kh o`hcht rm`dht" dmtmt p khgít }S

dmxth hb d`{mkf krf#" hc bm dfclfrg`kmk }xh bf {hcaf rhtxhb'

{f" khumckf dfrrhr yfr mefrm hb ? y# ( ht{mobhd`kf tforh bmt

gxçmt" ghk`mc{h bm dfc{ròxd`ôc kh th`t rhmbht }xh th u)hr'

dòh yfr dmkm xcm ymrmbm

gmcx{hcd`ôc khbm {rfym

}xhkh'

l`hckh m}xhbbmt lrfc{hrmt kh bmt `c|mt`fcht kh bft `ck`ft `c'

l`h`bht" p }xh ymrm dfr{mr hc{hrmghc{h hb khlfrgh gh{efkf"

}xh th em thax`kf hc htm D`xkmk hc bm yhrdhyd`ôc kh bm Mb'

dm|mbm mb ? y" ( dfc{rm bf gmckmkf p fothr|mkf ahchrmb'



‛ bç'

ghc{h hc bmt rht{mc{ht yrf|`cd`mt ghcft r`dmt { y`caxht }xh

htm huy`kí`t í bft _hdmxkmkfrht kh ht{h Khrhdef bft fl`d`ft

p yrh|hcd`fcht }xh dfc|hcamc" m l`c kh }xh hc bf txddht`|f

yrfdhkmc m tx dforf `ck`t{`c{mghc{h mb rhtyhd{f khb }xm{rf

y# ( kíckfgh dxhc{m kh bmt rhtxb{mt t`c yhrk`km kh {`hgyf#

P kh ht{h khtymdef th {fgmrm rmzôc hc bm hcxcd`mkm Dfc{m'

kxrçm Ahchrmb khb rhlhr`kf g` Dfcthjf# Lhdef hc T# @bkh'

lfctf m =9 kh Maft{f kh =11<# ‛ Pf hb _hp#

Yfr gmckmkf khb _hp crf# Tfr#

K/# Gàxhb kh Tmc Gmr{`c Dxh{f#

%Oòb`f{hdm Umd`fcmb" dfbhdd`ôc kh gmcxtdr`{ft" cúghrf =T4?)#

C#f <# ‛ _hmb Frkhc k`tyfc`hckf }xh bm Jxc{m kh _hm- Emd`hckm kh

Ot# Mt#" dfc hb Dfc{mkfr" humg`chc t` tfc txl`d`hc{ht bft gf{`|ft

kh xc kxhýf kh omrdf ymrm }xh th bh hu`gm kh {fdmr hc Tmc{m Lh"

lxckmkf hc }xh pm tm{`tlmdçm bft khrhdeft hc hb yxhr{f kh mrròm'

km" f thm hc hb kh bmt Dfcdemt#

%=9 kh Maft{f kh =11<)#

Hb _hp# ‛ Af|hrcmkfr" p Dmy`{íc Ahchrmb kh bm D`xkmk"

p Yrf|`cd`m kh Oxhcft Mprht# Hc dmr{m kh |h`c{h p t`h{h

kh Lhorhrf kh g`b th{hd`hc{ft th{hc{m p {rht" k`t{h`t dxhc{m

|ft" p htft Fl`d`mbht _hmbht dfc {ht{`gfc`f kh }xh K//# Gm'

cxhb Lrmcd`tdf Lhrcmckhz" Gmht{rh khb Omrdf cfgormkfTmc Jxmc Omx{`t{m fdxrr`ô mb Af|hrcmkfr khb Ymrmaxmp" p[hc`hc{h kh Fl`d`mb _hmb kh m}xhbbm Dmum" huyfc`hckf" }xh

embbíckfth m ofrkf khb g`tgf Omrdf ymrm dfckxd`rbft mb

Yxhr{f kh bmt Dfcdemt mbaxcft hlhd{ft kh g` _hmb Emd`hckm

dfc f{rft kh ymr{`dxbmrht }xh thr|çmc kh bmt{rh" p rhtaxmrkf

kh m}xhbbft th bh yrh|`cf dfcthdxhc{h m g` _hmb Dàkxbm kh

k`hz p th`t kh Gmrzf kh g`b th{hd`hc{ft ththc{m p cxh|h"

e`d`hth htdmbm hc Tmc{m Lh ymrm tm{`tlmdhr bft khrhdeft }xh

mkhxkmomc mbb` bft hlhd{ç3t kh ymr{`dxbmrht" thaúc hb yr`|`bh'

a`f }xh afzmom hc bm yrfy`m D`xkmk" p }xh dfct`khrmckf bft

yhrjx`d`ft }xh mdmtf yfkr`mc rhtxb{mr kh thax`r ht{h rxgof"

yfr cf embbmrth t`{xmkf hb Yxhr{f kh Tmc{m Lh" hc hb _`f



‛ =? ‛

Armckh" f Ymrmcí" yfr kfckh th cm|hamom ymrm hb kh bmtDfcdemt" t`cf hc {`hrrm mkhc{rf" m dxpf ymrmjh bbhamom xcyh}xhýf _`f" f ormzf kh Ymrmcí" }xh dfrr`hckf gmt kh

|h`c{h p d`cdf bhaxmt thymrmkf kh tx gmkrh" |fb|çm m `cdfr'

yfrmrth |h`c{h bhaxmt k`t{mc{h kh Tmc{m Lh" kmckf hc ht{h

htymd`f |mr`mt oxhb{mt yhbàrftmt" `)fr bf }xh txdhkçm }xh

bbhamckf xc Omrdf m bm ofdm khb _`mdexhbf hc fdmt`ôc

}xh ht{xo`hth |mjf hb Ymrmcí cf yfk`m hc{rmr yfr bm yfdm

maxm }xh bh dfgxc`dmom ht{h _`f |`àckfth yrhd`tmkf m

kh{hchr emt{m bbhamr bm drhd`hc{h" huyxht{f m bmt bmt{`gftmt

dfcthdxhcd`mt kh bmt ofrrmtdmt" }xh th huyhr`ghc{momc mbb`

dfc lrhdxhcd`m" p }xh mxc }xmckf bbhamth hb Omrdf mb ymrmjh

kh{hrg`cmkf cf yfr htf th h|`{mr`mc bft yhbàrft" yxht t`hc'

kf bmt drhd`hc{ht" p omjmkmt khb Ymrmcí {mc `cdfct{mc{ht"

yfkrçm txddhkhr hc hb {`hgyf }xh th yrmd{`dmom hc Tmc{m Lhhb rhdfcfd`g`hc{f kh bft hlhd{ft kh ymr{`dxbmrht dfc hb l`c

kh huà`r kh hbbft bft khrhdeft" omjmth hb _`mdexhbf kh {mb

lfrgm }xh }xhkmth hb Omrdf `gyftò`b`{mkf kh cm|hamr" pyfr dfctàx`hc{h arm|mkm g` _hmb Emd`hckm dfc hb dft{f

kh dfckxd`r txt `c{hrhtht yfr {`hrrm m htm D`xkmk" }xh k`t{m

d`hc bhaxmt" k`gmcmckf mt` g`tgf hb Gmht{rh bm `ck`tyhctm'

obh yrhd`t`ôc kh htyhrmr bm drhd`hc{h ymrm dfc{`cxmr tx |`mjh

mb Yxhr{f kh bmt Dfcdemt dfc bft cf{fr`ft yhrjx`d`ft }xh th

{fdmc" yfr dxpm rmzôc y`k`ô th bh `ckxb{mth kh hc{rmr hc hb

huyrhtmkf Yxhr{f kh Tmc{m Lh yrf{hu{mckf bft kmcft }xh

rhtxb{mthc t` th khtm{hckçm ht{m `ct{ç`cd`m" hc dxpm |`t{m

gmckmrfc hb d`{mkf Af|hrcmkfr" p {hc`hc{h kh Fl`d`mb _hmb

tàx`hth tx |`mjh hc khrhdexrm" t`c hc{rmr hc hb Yxhr{f kh

Tmc{m Là" m{hck`hckf" m }xh yfr ht{m yrf|`khcd`m cf txlr`'

rçm m}xhbbm D`xkmk kh{r`g&¹ mbaxcf hc txt khrhdeft" rht'

yhd{f kh {hchr hc htm Myfkhrmkf }xh rhdfaçm bft }xh bm df'

rrhtyfckçmc" hc bft Omrdft }xh mrròmomc mb Yxhr{f kh bmt

Dfcdemt" dfgf th |hr`l`dmom hc bft }xh {rmctyfr{momc bft

o`hcht fdxymkft í bft hu{`cax`kft _haxbmrht kh bm Dfgym'ýçm: ]xh kh ht{m rhtfbxd`ôc th k`hth dxhc{m mb {ròxcmb kh

_hmb Emd`hckm kh ht{m D`xkmk" hc }xmb dfcdhy{xmckf dfc|h'

c`hc{h m g` _hmb throçd`f th yxt`hth hc yrmd{`dm ymrm h|`{mr

cf tfbf bft d`{mkft yhrjx`d`ft t`cf {mgo`àc f{rft }xh hu'

yhr`ghc{mrçm g` _hmb Emd`hckm hc hb md{f kh khtdmramr" pdmramr bft Omrdft hc Tmc{m Là" m dmxtm kh }xh |`c`hckf

bft hlhd{ft }xh bm yhr{hchdçmc hcd`gm kh bft khgít" hrm ch'



' =5 '

dhtmr`f ehdb`mrbft m {`hrrm ymrm rhdfcfdhr t` th dfckxdçmc

ht{ft dfc hudhtf" bm dfcl`rgf frkhcmckf th k`hth m|`tf m bft

{hc`hc{ht kh Fl`d`mbht _hmbht kh T{m Lh" p Ymrmaxmp ymrm

tx fothr|mcd`m" p dxgyb`g`hc{f > P em|`hckfth |`t{f hc g`Dfcthjf kh bmt @ck`mt" dfc bf }xh `clfrgf bm Dfc{mkxr`m"

p k`uf g` L`tdmb" p dfctxb{mkfgh tforh hbbf" eh rhtxhb{f }xh

dfc mcxhcd`m kh Jxc{m lfrgmb kh _hmb Emd`hckm" m }xh kh'

ohrí dfcdxrr`r {mgo`àc hb Dfc{mkfr Gmpfr" humg`cà`t" dfgfft bf gmckf" dfc {fkm jxt{`l`dmd`ôc bft gf{`|ft }xh |mc hu'

yrhtmkft" x f{rft }xh fdxrrmc emt{m khgft{rmr bft hlhd{ft

}xh ahchrmbghc{h yrfkxzh bm cm|hamd`ôc khb _`f Ymrmcí"

huyrhtmckf yfr dfct`ax`hc{h t` kh yrmd{`dmrbm hc bm lfrgm

}xh }xhkf khl`c`km th huyhr`ghc{mrmc mbaxcft khtfrkhcht"

dmymzht kh `c{hrrxgy`r hb oxhc frkhc }xh khoh txot`t{`r

ymrm bm thaxr`kmk kh g`t _hmbht `c{hrhtht" p bft khb Yxob`df"

kíckfgh dxhc{m kh txt rhtxb{mt# Lhdef hc Tmc @bkhlfctf m

k`hz kh Maft{f kh g`b th{hd`hc{ft th{hc{m p th`t#

Pf Hb _hp#

%O`J)b`f{hdm Umd`fcmb" dfbhdd`ôc kh gmcxtdr`{ft" cúghrf =44?)#

C#f 1# ‛ Dxhc{m kh T`tm kh bm yrf|`cd`m kh Tmb{m dfrrhtyfck`hc{h mb

mýf =11<# ‛ Myrfomkm yfr hb dfc{mkfr kh bm Mxk`hcd`m _hmb kh

Dxhc{mt kh Oxhcft M`rht#

%?9 kh Maft{f kh =11<)#

Tmb{m ‛ T`tm ‛ =11<

Bft 4 k`yx{mkft : K#// Jxmc Grxz# ‛ K#/* Lrmc#!¹ \`z#*S pZhor`mc ‛ p K#/ Jxmc Ymbmd`ft#

[hcdmkm hc ?8 Kh M|ft{f u 54#

MbdS B`}x`kf 19= ?5 grt# ‛ Hc{hr!!

Cf ex|f Txtyhck`kf#

Mofcf ‛ ==<8 y#/ Ymr{#/S U! my# =8#

®kft



' =; ‛

Tmb{m" =11<#

_htxghc Ahchrmb

Dmraf## 40 <95 – 1 –

Km{m### 4? 45= – 4 – ( 6"

Mbdmcdh# 1 T) ??1 – 4 – \t

Lhchd`gSS#

Yfr gmchrm }!!# tha¹# th gmc`l`ht{m khb rhtxghc mc{hdhk!*#

@gy**# hb Dmraf armb# kh ht{m dxhc{m kh bft K`yx{mkft pMkg!SSS }xh lxhrfc Khb _mgf Kh T`tm kh bm D`xkS# kh Tmb{m

Yrf|S# khb [xdxgmc dfrrhtyfckSS mb mýf kh =11<"" ‛40–<95 yS 1 uS p mtdhck`hckf bm Km{m hc hb g`tgf [`hgyf

m 4?#45=y#S

4 1-5u#S

rhtxb{mc kh mbdmcdh m lm|fr Khb _mgf"p dfc{rm bft K`yx{mkft Mkg!S£!R 1#??1 yS 45 uS dxpm dmc{`'

kmk hc{rhamrfc txt txodhtfrht" p Kh hbbm ht{íc ehdeft

dmraf yfr yr`ghrm Ymr{`km hc bm Dxhc{m t`ax`hc{h }xh hu`t{h

hc ht{h [rmb# p dfc }xh th em dfgyrf|mkf#

Hc bm abftm kh bm Ymr{`km c#SS – my#SS kh bm frkcmz#/ kh

ht{m dxhc{m" th emc khdbmrmkf yfr mbdmcdh b`}x`kf dfc{rm

bft rhlhr`kft K`yx{mkft Mkg!SSS 4; yS 1# 4; uS yfr bft gf'

{`|ft }xh hc hbbm th huyrhtm#

Hcbm abftm

khbm

Ymr{`kmy#S

–my#SS

–th

emckhdbmrmkf m

lm|fr kh bft K`yx{mkft Mrc!/SS =#=<8 yS 1# 4; uS yfr bmt

dmxtmt }£# hc hbbm th rhl`hrhc" p dx`m dmc{`kmk khohrí rhom'

jmrth khb mbdmcdh B`}x`kf }xh th rhtxb{f hc bm Dxhc{m mc{h'

r`fr dfc{rm bft g`tgft K`yx{mkft" txyxht{f }xh {mgo`àc bm

r`ck`hrfc" p ht{íc dfclfrght hc txt rhtyxht{mt tha/# }S# gmt`ck`|`kxmbghc{h th huyb`dm hc bm d`{mkm abftm" p t`hckf

m}xhb mbdmcdh kh =05; y#S }xhkmrm rhkxd`kf dfc ht{m rhomjm

m 5=5 yS =; uS Kh }xh th lfrgmrm hb rhtyhd{`|f Yb`haf em'

d`àckfth mc{ht mb hlhd{f bm dfrrhtyfck**# dfctxb{m m bm Ghtm

gm`fr#

Hc bm abftm Kh bm Ymr{`km c#S– my#S¹ th emc khdbmrmkf

80– y/# m lm|fr Khb DfgmckSS khb Lxhr{h kh T!!# Lhrc!!¹# _`f

Khb \mbbh K¹' Gmr{`c Mohbbmchkm yfr bm h}x`|fdmt/" }xh th



‛ =8 ‛

ymkhd`ô"hx

hb mjxt{h kh txt txhbkft" tforh }xh th bh em kh'

umkf tx Kuf# m tmb|f#

P b`m|`hckf tm{`tlhdef bft K`yx{mkft Mkg`c`t{rmkfrht" m

bft khgít rhymrft }xh th bh khkxuhrfc Khb rhdfcfd`g`hc{f

Kh ht{m Dxhc{m" th km yfr b`}x`kmkm p Lhchd`km %omuf bft

{àrg`cft huyb`dmkft) yfr g` K¹# Lrmc!!/# Kh Dmorhrm" Dfc'

{mkfr g#/// Khb [rmb# p Mxk`hcd`m N#! kh Dxhc{mt kh ht{mt

Yrf|`cd`mt" hc Oxhcft Mprht í ?8 kh Maft{f kh =154#

%Oòb`f{hdm pmd`fcmb" dfbhdd`ôc kh gmcxtdr`{ft" cúghrf `[¶<)#

C#f 5# ‛ Hb dfc{mkfr gmpfr" kfc Dmck`kf _mgft" th k`ràh mb afohr'

cmkfr \hr{`z `ct`t{`hckf hc hb yhk`kf kh bfdmb ymrm hb [ròxcmb kh

dxhc{mt#

%?8 kh Thy{`hgorh kh =11<)#

Gxç Thýfr g`ô : Bxhaf }xh {fgh yfthd`fc hb mýf kh =1<0

khb Hgybhf kh Dfc{mkfr Gmpfr kh Dxhc{mt kh ht{mt Yrf|!!S

khb _`f kh bm Ybm{m" YmrmaxmwS" p [xdxgmc" }S bm _hmb y`h'

kmk gh dfcl`r`ô" ymth mb Hugf# Thýfr Kfc Lrmcd`tdf kh

Oxdmrhb`" m dx`f dmraf ht{mom hb Af|`hrcf kh ht{m Ybmzm" hb

Fl`d`f }xh hc {ht{`gfc`f mdfgymýf tfb`d`{mckf dfc mrrhabf

m bf k`tyxht{f yfr bm bhp }xh hc hb d`{f" khtàcmth hc bm Lfr'

{mbhzm" p Dmtm _hç# kfckh {`hchc tx rht`khcd`m" p emo`{md`ôc

bft Af|hrcmkfrht bft myfthc{ft ymr{h p bxamr dfgohc`hc{h"

kfckh yfchr g` Mxk`hcd`m" p [ròxcmb dfc bm khthcd`m" pmx{fr`kmk }xh dfgo`hch" p khohc {hchr bmt Mxk`hcd`mt kh

bmt @ck`mt#

Yfr dfc{hu{md`fc khb rhlhr`kf fl`d`f gh kùf kh ymbmorm

T# H# }xh mdfgymýmkf pf kh tx Thdrh{mr`f hb Dmy/" kh @c'

lmc{hrçm K#¹ Jxmc kh Ohrbmcam rhdfcfd`hth hb ymrmah }xh

embbmth gmt dfggfkf" p m yrfyft`{f ymrm hb l`c#

_hdfcfd`kft hc hlhd{f yfr g` p hb d`{mkf Thdrh{mr`f bft

rhymr{`g`hc{ft kh }xh dfct{m bm Lfr{mbhzm" p Dmtm _hmb"

embbh }xh hc bm ymr{h }xh g`rm mb Cfr{h" }xh ht bm gmt dfg'

gfkm" ht{mom dfbfdmkf hb [ròxcmb kh _hmb Emd`hckm dfc bm

hu{hct`ôc" p khthcd`m }xh dfgo`hch" p ht yrhd`tf> ]xh xcm|`|`hckm gx` rhkxd`km" }xh mc{hr`frghc{h t`r|`ô kh emo`'



‛ =< ‛

{md`fc m bft Dbf|&*/S hrm `cbg{`b ymrm hb `c{hc{f" p bm fdx'ym|m hb Thdrh{mr`f: ]xh bft khgít }xmr{ft ht{momc {mg'

o`àc fdxymkft dfc bm Thdrh{mr`m" p hb Fl`d`f kh Af|`hrcf" hb

kh _hmb Emd`hckm \hhkxrçm" p Fl`d`cm kh [hgyfrmb`kmkht"

p hb rht{f }xh hrm xc mbgmzhc dfc tfbm xcm bxz ht{mom t`r'

|`hckf kh ]xmr{hb m bm [rfym }xh hc{rmom kh Axmrk`m hc bm

Lfr{mbhzm#

K` bxhaf rmzôc mb Thýfr Oxdmrhb` kh bf }xh b`m|`m rhdf'

cfd`kf dfc tx Thdrh{mr`f" p gh k`jf }xh t` yxk`hth yfchr g`

khtymdef hc hb mbgmzhc }xh fdxym|m bm [rfym bh yrfyfrd`f'cmrçm tx mbfumg`hc{f hc f{rm y`hzm }xh th embbm|m t`c dfc'

dbx`r í dft{m kh Bh|mc{mr mbaf gmt bmt Ymrhkht" p {hdemrbm"

p pf hc bm ht{rhdexrm kh cf em|hr f{rf rhdxrtf {xoh m o`hc

txah{mrgh m }xh mt` th e`d`hth#

@cghk`m{mghc{h dfct`khrmckf pf }xh bm form yrfphd{mkm

kxrmrçm gmt {`hgyf khb }xh khthm|m" p dôgohcbm ymrm df'

ghczmr m {rm|mjmr" hc bmt fyhrmd`fcht kh g` fob`amd`ôc mb'

}x`bh xcm dmtm dfggfkm ymrm hb l`c dfc rhtyhd{f m bm dfbf'

dmd`ôc khGhtmt p

mrde`|fkh

ymyhbht hc}xh dfghcdà m

{rm'

|mjmr#

[rm{mckf khtyxàt kh emdhr emo`{mobh hb Mbgmzhc }xh mdm'

omom kh thr|`r kh }xmr{hb kh bm [rfym mdfrkh th tfbmth" pk`hth xcm bxz u)mrm yfkhr {rm|mjmr p hc ht{h ht{mkf th em'

bbm|m bm form }xmckf hb Thýfr Oxdmrhb` th hgomrdf ymrm Ht'

ymcm" }xhkmckf pf t`c htyhrmczmt kh \`km dfc bm hclhrgh'

kmk arm|h" p k`bm{mkm }xh hc m}xhb {`hgyf ymkhd`#

Dfgombhd`kf kh g` d`{mkm hclhrghkmk" ymth m rhdfcfdhr

hb ht{mkf hc }xh th embbm|m g` ]xmr{hb"p

bh embbh ehdef

khyft`{f kh hlhd{ft" }xh ht{momc mdfy`mkft ymrm hgo`mr kh

tfdfrrf m bmt @tbmt Gmb|`cmt" p dfc f{rft aàchrft yhr{hch'

d`hc{ht m Dfg`tft : _hdfcfdç {mgo`àc }xh bm bxz }xh th em'

|`m kmkf hrm kh rhlbhuf gxp htdmtm ymrm {rm|mjmr" p }xh bm

exghkmk" p lr`mbkmk kh bm Y`hzm cf th mkmy{m|m dfc hb y`m'

kftf mc`gf kh T# G# khdbmrmkf hc tx _hmb Frkhc kh 1 kh

Gmrzf kh =11= kh }xh {mgo`àc mdfgymýf {ht{`gfc`f hc }xh

dfc gf{`|f kh em|hr kmkf Dxhc{m kh g` dfgombhthcd`m th

gh yrh|`cf dfc{`cxmth h|mdxmckf bft `gyfr{mc{ht mtxgy{ft

}xh gh ht{m|mc hcdmramkft" thaúc gh bf yhrg`{`hth bm Tm'

bxk" p dfc ht{ft rhtyhd{ft cf gh myrhtxrh m tfb`d`{mr bm ybmc'

{`l`dmd`ôc kh g` [r`oxcmb hc hb gfkf p d`rdxct{mcd`mt }xh

frkhcm bm Bhp ghct`fcmkm" emt{m }xh dfc gf{`|f kh em|hr



‛ =1 ‛

kh ymtmr \# T# m htm Ybmzm bh yhkç yrf|hphth th gh emo`b`{m'

thc bft myfthc{ft kh bm mc{àxm dmtm kh bft Af|hrcmkfrht

}xh bm dfct`khrm|m khtfdxymkm" m }xh gh rhtyfck`ô \# T

}£# ymrm yfchr hc ht{mkf kh thr|`d`f m}xhbbft myfthc{ft ht{m'

|m `clfrgmkf th chdht`{mc }x`czh g`b yhtft p }xh cf bft em'

|`m dfc ht{h kht{`cf#

Hc ht{mt d`rdxct{mcd`mt cf eh oxhb{f m {fdmr m \# T# hc

hb mtxgy{f htyhrmckf tx rht{`{xd`ôc ymrm emdhrbf" yhrf df'

gf ht{f th k`bm{m {hcaf yfr yrhd`tf kh g` fobàmd`ôc hb rh'

cf|mrbf m l`c kh }xh dfc ht{h gf{`|f yxhkm \# T# dfgf }xh

bh dfrrhtyfckh rhyrhthc{mr m T# G# bf }xh bh ymrhzdm dfg'

ohc`hc{h" m l`c kh }xh th gh yrfyfrd`fch hb bxamr dfgyh{hc{h

m bm khthcd`m p mx{fr`kmk kh g` [ròxcmb dfgf T# G# {`hch

gmckmkf#

Cxht{rf Thýfr Axmrkh m \# T# gxdeft mýft dfgf yxhkf

p khthf#

Oxhcft M`rht" ?8 kh Thy{`hgorh kh =11<#

O# =# g# kh \# T#Tx gmt m{hc{f Thr|`kfr#

Dmck`kf _mgft#

Thýfr Af|hrcmkfr p Dmy`{íc Ahchrmb kfc Jxmc Jfthye

kh \hr{`z#

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gh'`rc)#

C#f 0# ‛ _hmb frkhc ymrm }xh {fkft bft hgybhmkft kh bm Mkg`c`t'

{rmd`ôc" |à`bhc m l`c kh }xh hb dfc{rmomckf c` hb dfghrd`f dbmc'

kht{`cf `gy`kmc bm rhdmxkmd`ôc kh lfckft kh bm _hmb Emd`hckm#

%D`rdxbmr `gyrhtm)#

%=8 kh Thy{`hgorh kh =11<)#

Ymrm }xh bft y`mkftft khthft" dfc }xh hb _hwS yrfdxrm

hc |`h`` kh txt Yxhobft yxhkhc {hchr hb kh|`kf hlhd{f ht

`ck`tyhctmobh }xh bft dmxkmbht khb Hrmr`f kht{`cmkft m

gmc{hchr bm mkg`c`t{rmd`ôc kh Jxt{`d`m" bm txot`t{hcd`m

YòOB# Thf# E`t{# ?



‛ =5 ‛

khb Huhrd`{f" p bm thaxrm khlhctm khb Ht{mkf" th rhdmxkhc

`c{harmghc{h" p }xh dhth yfr dfcth}òhcd`m hb htdmckmbftf"

p dmt` ahchrmb khtmrrhabf dfc }xh yfr ghk`f khb dfc{rmomc'

kf" p kh dbmckht{`cft dfghrd`ft th mg`cfrmc f th mc`}x`'

bmc m}xhbbft g`tgft lfckft# P yxht \# T# dfcfdh gxp o`hc

}xh bm yr`ghrm" p hthcd`mb`t`gm fobàmd`ôc kh {fkft bft G`'

c`t{rft kh T# G# ht bm kh yrfgf|hr dfc bft gmpfrht ht'

lxhrzft tx Nhmb thr|`d`f" p hb |hrkmkhrf o`hc kh txt \mtm'

bbft" p }xh ht{ft fojh{ft cf yxhkhc dfcthax`rth t`c }xh bmt

dfc{ròxd`fcht" p khrhdeft ht{mobhd`kft th yhrdòmc dfg'

ybh{mghc{h `clhr`rí \# khtkh bxhaf }xh {fkft bft }xh {`hchc

bm lfr{xcm kh thr|`r mb Nhp hc dxmb}x`hrm hgybhf yxob`df

ht{íc ht{rhdb`mghc{h fobàmkft m hgybhmr bm mx{fr`kmk }xh

bht b`m dfcl`mkf hc dhbmr p hu{`cax`r hb {rm{f `bçd`{f" `gy`'

k`hckf bmt hc{rmkmt p hu{rmdd`fcht lxr{`|mt dfc bm jxr`t'

k`dd`ôc yrfy`m" p hc bft dmtft hc }xh cf mbdmcdh" dfc m|`tft

fyfr{xcft m }x`hc yxhkm rhghk`mrbft# P dfgf m ht{m ahch'

rmb fobàmd`ôc mýmkh T# G# bm khb ymr{`dxbmr hcdmraf }xh

gh gmckm emdhr m \# ymrm }xh dfc hb gmpfr kht|hbf th kh'

k`}xh m yhrthax`r bft dfc{`cxft lrmxkht }xh th emdhc dfc'

{rm bft jxt{ft khrhdeft kh tx _hmb Emd`hckm emt{m bfarmr

kht{hrrmrbft dfc txt mx{frht kh {fkf hth k`t{r`{f" bh mk|`hr{f

hc tx _hmb cfgorh }xh mt` dfgf hb _hwS yrhg`mrí hb Zhbf

dfc }xh \# khthgyhýmrh ht{m dfcl`mczm" thrm gxp kh tx _hmb

khtmarmkf }xmb}x`hrm fg`t`ôc" khtdx`kf f lmb{m }xh hc hbbm

{hcam# Ymr{`d`yôbf m \# kh frkhc kh T# G# ymrm tx `c{hbàhc'

d`m p yxc{xmb dxgyb`g`hc{f : P }xh kh hb rhdòf kh ht{m ghkh hb dfrrhtyfck`hc{h m|`tf# K`ft axmrkh m P# gxdeft mýft#

T¹# @bkhlfctf =8 kh Thy{`hgorh kh =119#

%Emp xcm rúor`dm)#

%Gxthf G`{rh" mrdb``|f dfbfc`mb" Mrg# O" Dmj# ?=" Y# =" ?\!#/ kh Frò# ==)#



=0 ‛

C#f =9# ‛ B`}x`kmd`ôc }xh lfrgm ht{m Dfc{mkxr`m kh _hmb Emd`hckm

khb {f{mb `gyfr{h m }xh emc mtdhck`kf `ft amt{ft }xh emc dmxtmkf

bft fl`d`mbht p Gmr`chrft }xh kh T# G# L# th dfckxhbmc khtkh Yhr'

cmgoxdf mb _`f Jmch`rf" hc xcm hgomrdmd`ôc }xh cmxlrmaf hc hb

ht{rhdef }xh k`|`kh bmt `tbmt Gmb|`cmt" kh bm }xh bbmgmc bm Armc

Gmb|`cm" dx`m txot`t{hcd`m p {rmctyfr{h khtkh m}xhbbmt @tbmt" emt{m

yfchrbft hc bm Ybmzm kh bm Dfbfc`m khb Tmdrmghc{f th em |hr`l`'

dmkf kh dxhc{m kh bm g`tgm _hmb Emd`hckm m tm|hr:

%=5 kh Thy{`hr{çorh kh =11<)#

Hc bmt @tbmt Gmb|`cmt

Yfr d`hc{f d`c}xhc{m p cxhoh yhtft" {rht rr#! amt{mkft hc hb

yr`ghr mxu`b`f kh \`tdfdef" p Macmrk`hc{h }xh th bht

rhg`{`ô yfr hb G`c`t{rf kh Hb# Emd`hckm kh bmt d`{mkmt

@tbmt kfc Jxmc kh bm Y`hkrm" bxhaf }xh {xof bm cf{`d`m

khb cmxlrma`f }xh bht gf{òf m moràmrth kh m}xhbbm Df'

bfc`m" dfgf bf huyrhtm hb d`{mkf G`c`t{rf hc bm yr`ghrm

ymr{`km kh =?18 rr#! kh ybm{m kh tx Dhr{`l`dmd`ôc lhdem

49 kh Mor`b xb{`gf =80"4

Yfr th{hc{m p th`t yhtft amt{mkft hc km gmcx{hcd`ôc kh {rht

fl`d`mbht p xc D`rxjmcf hc =0 k`mt dfc{mkft khtkh 4= `c'

kxtòh kh K`d`hgorh khb mýf ymtmkf kh =11; emt{m =0

hudbxtòh kh Ehchrf khb yrhthc{h" }xh th hgomrdmrfc hc

hb Ohramc{`c kh T# G# cfgormkf Tmc Lrmcd`tdf kh Ymxbm

m kft rmd`fcht mb kçm m dmkm xcf" m ; rr#! rmd`ôc" thaúc

bf huyrhtm hb yrh|hc`kf G`c`t{rf hc bm thaxckm ymr{h kh

tx Dhr{`l`dmd`ôc 91<

Yfr th`t yhtft `gyfr{h kh bm gmcx{hcd`ôc kh f{rf Fl`d`mb

}xh th yrhthc{f hb =? kh Hchrf d`{mkf" p th hgomrdf dfc

bft mc{hdhkhc{ht hc bft g`tgft {àrg`cft thaúc bf huyrhtm

bm 4#* ymr{h kh bm rhlhr`km dhr{`l`dmd`ôc 99<

Yfr d`hc{f |h`c{h p fdef yhtft" `gyfr{h kh ;=9 rmd`fcht fr'

k`cmr`mt amt{mkmt bmt 459 kh hbbmt dfc ?9 efgorht kh bft

}xh th yrhthc{mrfc yr`ghrf" p bmt 49 rht{mc{ht dfc 8 }xh

th yrhthc{mrfc hb k`m =? d`{mkf" emt{m hR k`m hc }``y th

hgomrdmrfc dfc bft Fl`d`mbht mb rhtyhd{f kh ? @&? rrt# dmkm

rmd`ôc" mymrhdh kh bm ;#!! ymr{`km kh bm huyrhtmkm Dhr'

{`l`dmd`ôc =?5#=



'tf'

yfr d`hc{f {rh`c{m p fdef yhtft `gyfr{h kh xc ght kh

arm{`l`dmd`ôc kh ghtm }& th b`orf mb Dmy`{íc khb rhlhr`kf

Ohramc{`c yfr bft ; Fl`d`mbht p ? dmkh{ht ymrm }xh kx'

rmc{h bm cm|hamd`ôc txog`c`t{rmth m rmzôc kh ghk`m

ghtm m ht{ft" p ghtm hc{hrm m bft fl`d`mbht" mb rhtyhd{f

dmkm arm{`l`dmd`ôc kh 14&< rrhmbht kh ybm{m" thaúc bf yrh'

o`hch bm 8#/ ymr{`km kh bm ghcd`fcmkm Dhr{`l`dmd`ôc# # # # =45#

Yfr g`b th{hd`hc{ft k`hz p fdef yhtft th`t rrhmbht" |mbfr kh

8"899 rmd`fcht frk`cmr`mt" amt{mkmt dfc ;5 @ck`|`kxft

}xh }xhkmrfc hc bm yrhohc`km Dfbfc`m: bmt 40<9 dfc bft

kh bm yr`ghrm yrhthc{md`ôc" bmt 8;9 dfc bft kh bm ?#/" p

bmt g`b rht{mc{ht dfc bft }xh em|`mc }xhkmkf k`tyhrtft

yfr hb dmgyf khb g`tgf |mbfr dmkm xcm }xh bmt mc{hdh'

khc{ht gf{`|mkmt emt{m hb k`m =8 kh Mor`b kh ht{h yrh'

thc{h mýf }xh th hgomrdmrfc hc m}xhb yxhr{f hc bm Lrm'

am{m kh T# G# Tmc{m Lbfrhc{`cm" dfgf gmt bm{mghc{h

dfct{m kh bm <#£ ymr{`km kh bm ghcd`fcmkm Dhr{`l`dmd`ôc# # =1=5"<

Yfr kftd`hc{ft fdehc{m p cxhoh yhtft" d`cdf p ghk`f rr#!

`gyfr{h kh 8=8 Efty`{mb`kmkht dmxtmkmt dfc mbaxcft kh

bft @ck`|`kxft hclhrgft mb rhtyhd{f kh ; p? rr#! dmkm

Efty`{mb`kmk" tha`g huyrhtm bm 1#/ ymr{`km kh bm ghcd`f'

cmkm dhr{`l`dmd`ôc ?50#8 @&?

Yfr }x`c`hc{ft kft yhtft" d`cdf rhmbht `gyfr{h kh |mr`mt

y`hzmt kh rfym" hc{rhamkmt m bmt yhrtfcmt }xh th dfct`'

khrmrfc gít chdht`{mkmt" ymrm tx khdhcd`m p mor`af" dfgf

bf yrh|`hch bm fd{m|m ymr{`km kh bm yrhohc`km dhr{`l`dmd`ôc 89?"8

4"9=5"; =&?

Hc hb Ohramc{`c

Yfr d`hc{f fdef yhtft" `gyfr{h kh 59; rm'

d`fcht hc{hrmkmt frk`cmr`mt kh Mrgmkm

txog`c`t{rmkmt m ?1 `ck`|`kxft kh {rfym"

p dr`mkft kh Fl`d`mbht khtkh =0 kh Hchrf

kh ht{h mýf" }xh th hgomrdmrfc hc hb Ohr'

amc{`c Tmc Lrmcd`tdf kh Ymxbm emt{m =0

kh Lhorhrf }xh bbhamrfc mb Yxhr{f kh

Gfc{h|`khf" mb rhtyhd{f kh = rhmb dmkm

rmd`ôc dfgf mymrhdh kh bm yr`ghrm ymr'

{`km kh bm }xhc{m lfrgmkm yfr kfc Gm'

{ehf Yh{`tdf Dfc{mkfr kh bm Hb# Mrgmkm# =95"'



‛ ?= ‛

Yfr xcyhtf 1 rrhmbht" |mbfr

kh{rh`c{m bòrmt

kh |hbmt kh thof dfctxg`kmt hc kft bxdht

frk`cmr`mt }xh th bht gmc{xo`hrfc hc'

dhck`kmt hc hb d`{mkf {`hgyf kh tx cm'

|hamd`ôc m rmzôc kh ghk`f rhmb dmkm b`'

orm" p dfct{m kh ? ymr{`kmt kh bm d`{mkm

}xhc{m 99="1 =90"1

Hc bm Lrmam{m Tmc{m Lbfrhc{`cm

Yfr kftd`hc{ft fdehc{m p fdef yhtft" `g'

yfr{h kh ?"49; rmd`fcht frk`cmr`mt kh Mr'

gmkm" txog`c`t{rmkmt í ;5 @ck`|`kxft kh

{rfym p Gmr khtkh hb k`m 49 kh Mor`b khb

yrhthc{h mýf }xh th {rmtbmkmrfc kh bmt

@tbmt SGmb|`cmt m ofrkf kh bm huyrhtmkm

Lrmam{m" emt{m =8 kh Jxc`f `cdbxtòh }xh

lfckhf hc hb Yxhr{f kh Gfc{h|`khf" mb

rhtyhd{f kh xc rhmb dmkm rmd`ôc" thaúc

mymrhdh kh bm {hrdhrm ymr{`km kh kem

}xhc{m ?55"

Yfr }xm{rf yhtft" {rht p ghk`f rrhmbht" |m'

bfr kh 1= bòrmt kh |hbmt kh thof dfctx'

g`kmt hc kft bxdht Frk`cmr`mt" }xh th

gmc{xo`hrfc hcdhck`kmt kxrmc{h hb {`hg'

yf kh bm cm|hamd`ôc" m ghk`f rhmb dmkm

bòrm dfgf mymrhdh kh bm ;#/ ymr{`km kh

bm rhlhr`km dxhc{m 99;"4 `&S

Yfr d`cdf yhtft kft rhmbht" |mbfr kh {rht

Df`t kh bfcm cxhom" }xh hc{rhamrfc kh

ghcft kh bft |h`c{h p t`h{h }xh th bht

k`hrfc ymrm tx khtdmctf m =; rr& dmkm

xcf" dfct{m kh bm }x`c{m ymr{`km kh bm

huyrhtmkm }xhc{m 998"? ?01#8?

\`hchc bmt txgmt ?01"8 4=?5"4S?Yfr }xm{rf yhtft |mbfr kh kft Gmc{mt kh

Yfbhcd`m }xh th bh k`hrfc m xc Tmrahc{f

p Y`bf{f" p cf bft hc{rhamrfc" thaúc hu'

yrhtm bm thu{m ymr{`km kh bm ghcd`fcmkm

}xhc{m m k`hz p th`t rrhmbht dmkm xcm # # # 99;



Yfr d`hc yhtft" xcf p ghk`frrhmbht `gyfr'

{h kh {fkmt bmt g#hk`d`cmt p x{hcd`b`ft }xh

bh txog`c`t{rmrfc kxrmc{h bm cm|hamd`ôc

m |mr`ft `ck`|`kxft }xh th dfckxjhrfc hc'

lhrgft thaúc bf huyrhtm yfr ghcfr hc

?; ymr{`kmt bm d`{mkm }xhc{m =99"= =&? ;9="1

Yfr {rh`c{m p cxhoh yhtft" p xc rhmb `gyfr'

{h kh bm gmcx{hcd`ôc }xh th bh txog`'

c`t{rf m bm yr`ghrm ymr{`km }xh dfckxjf

hb Ohramc{çc" khtkh tx mrr`of mb Yxhr{f

kh Gfc{h|`khf" emt{m yfchrbm hc bm Ybmzm

kh bm Dfbfc`m khb Tmdrmghc{f" dfgf bf

mdrhk`{m bm frkhc khb Tfr# Dmy`{íc Ah'

chrmb" rhbmd`ôc kh dfgyrm dhr{`l`dmd`ôc"

p rhd`of khb Dfg`t`fcmkf" }xh hc Dfy`m

dhr{`l`dmkm khb Fl`d`mb _hmb kh m}xhbbm

Dmjm" th cft rhg`{`ô ymrm hlhd{f kh lfr'

gmr ht{m b`}x`kmd`ôc ‛ 940"=

‛"

48*<0"4=&?

Thaúc mymrhdh kh bm mc{hdhkhc{h B`}x`kmd`ôc `gyfr{m hb

{f{mbb amt{f |hr`l`dmkf dfc bft `ck`|`kxft }xh ghcd`fcm" {rht

g`b }x`c`hc{ft ththc{m p cxhoh yhtft" {rht j ghk`f rrS df'

rr`hc{ht#

_hmb Dfc{mkxrçm kh Oxtcft M`rht" =5 kh Thy{`hgorh kh =11<#

Yhkrf Gdkrmcf ‛ Gmr{`c Jfthye kh Mb{ôbm a```rrh#

%Mrde`|f Ahchrmb kh bm Cmd`ôc" dfrrhtyfckhcd`m \àr{`z" Mrr`mam p Aíb|hz"

gh ' =111)#



‛ ?4 ‛

C#f ==# ‛ Hb htdròmcf kh _hmb Emd`hckm rhg`{h xcm yh{`d`ôc khb

Dfc{mkfr kfc Dmck`kf _mgft" tfb`d`{mckf mbfjmg`hc{f#


Hudhbhc{`t`gf Thýfr: Hc hb {`{xbf yr`ghrf khb Bòrf fd'

{m|f kh bm rhdfy`bmd`ôc kh bmt Bhbht kh @ck`mt th k`tyfch yfr

bm {hrdhrm kh hbbmt" }xh bft \`rrhpht 4! Yrht`khc{ht kh bft

[ròxcmbht thýmbhc hc bmt dmtmt _hmbht bft M`Kfthc{ft ymr{h

j bxamr" }xh dfgo`c`hrh" p lxhrh chdhtmr`f" kfckh bft Dfc'

{mkfrht kh Dxhc{mt th yxhkmc jxc{mr m emdhr Mxk`hcd`m"

{fgmr Dxhc{mt p {rm{mr kh bft chafd`ft {fdmc{ht m hbbmt"

bft }xmbht ht{àc dfc bm khdhcd`m" p mx{efr`kmk" }xh khohc {h'

chr bmt mxk`hcd`mt kh bmt @ck`mt> p dfrrhtyfck`hckf m \# H#

k`def thýmbmg`hc{f" yfr bf }xh rhtyhd{m m ht{m Ybmzm kfckh

khof rht`k`r" {hchr g` Mxk`hcd`m" p {fgmr Dxhc{mt hc bft

{àrg`cft }xh yrhtdr`|h hb {`{xbf kh g` hgybhf" htyhrf }xh

\# H" hc dxgyb`g`hc{f kh bm Bhp huyrhtmkm"p

dfgf hcdmr

amkf yfr tx Gmaht{mk kh mxu`b`mr bft mtxgy{ft kh g` hg'

ybhf" th t`r|m kh{hrg`cmr hb mdfgfkmg`hc{f }xh {xo`hrh

yfr dfgohc`hc{h" ymrm yfr g` ymr{h dfcdxrr`r khtkh bxhaf

m {rm{mr kh g` dfg`t`ôc: Cxht{rf Thýfr dfcthr|h bm \`km

kh \# H# gxdeft mýft dfgf khthf#

Oxhcft M`rht {rh`c{m p xcf kh Hchrf kh g`b th{hd`hc{ft th{hc{m p th`t#

Kfc Dmck`kf _mgft#

Hugf# Thýfr Kfc Lrmcd`tdf Oxdmrhb` p UJrtxm#

Dfcdxhrkm ht{m Dfy`m dfc f{rm àxmb kh tx dfc{hu{f }xh

ymrm hc bm Dfc{mkxrçm Gm`fr kh Dxhc{mt m }xh gh rhg`{f

hc bf chdhtmr`f" p ht{m tm}xh ymrm hc{rhamr mb Thýfr Dfc'

{mkfr Gm`fr kh hbbmt" bm }xh tàcf p l`rgf hc Oxhcft' M`rht

m |h`c{h p d`cdf kh Thy{`hgorh kh g`b th{hd`hc{ft th{hc{m

p th`t#

Ymobf Ohrx{`Htdrò#¾ kh Nhb# Emd*

%Mrde`|f Ahchrmb kh bm Cmd`ôc" dfrrhtyfckhcd`m \àr{`z" Mrr`mam p Fíb|hz"

[r"< ' ==11)#



?; '

C#f =?# ‛ H` Af|hrcmkfr kh Oxhcft M`rht# Ymr{`d`ym @cm|hr k`rà`kf

mb \`rrhp khb Yhrú p Yrht`khc{h kh Demrdmt bmt kft _t# frct# }#h th

bh hgoçmrfc y#m bm rhghtm kh Dmxkmbht m m}#Em Yrf|`cd`m: yhrf }xh

t`cf th |hr`l`dm hb }xh |hcamc ht{ft tfdfrrft" cf yfkrm lxckmr tx

htyhrmczm hc bm txgm }xh yxhkmc lrmc}xhmrbh bft @ck`|`kxft dfg'

yrhehck`kft hc bm Cf{m }xh th bh mdfgymýf" mt` ymrm }xh txt gm'

chjft cf tfc {mc dxmc{`ftft dfgf th huyrhtmc" dfgf yfr}xh txt

mxu`b`ft cf tfc dmymdht m txlrmamr m {mc |mt{ft flrhd`g`hc{ft#


@b{gf# Thýfr#

Gxç thýfr g`ô: Bmt kft frct# mohr{fr`mt }xh \# T# @# th

t`r|`ô k`rà`rgh hc lem# kh 5 kh Jxc`f xb{`gf ymrm hb \`'

rrhp khb Yhrú" p Yrht`khc{h kh Demrdmt eh k`rà`kf m ht{ft

kht{`cft" tàc`l`díckfbht bmt xrahcd`mt" dfc }xh gh embbf

m ýc kh }xh yrfyfrd`fchc dmxkmbht tformc{ht m bmt fdx'

rrhcd`mt }xh yxhkmc tforh|hc`r hc ht{m Yrf|`cd`m" dx`mt

rhghtmt |hr`l`dmkmt }xh thmc th gmc{hckríc hc Dmumt" dfgfthymrmkf khyft`{f" p \# T# @# gh yrh|`hch ymrm `c|hr{`rbmt

hc bft l`cht" p dfclfrg`kmk }xh huyrhtm#

T`c hgomraf }xh hb dhbf kh \# T# @# yrfgxh|h {fkft bft

ghk`ft" }xh ht{`gm fyfr{xcft m yrfyfrd`fcmr bft mxu`b`ft

kh bft dxmbht }xh th chdht`{mc ymrm {mc{mt m{hcd`fcht" yxh'

khc htyhr`ghc{mrth mbaxcmt htdmdhtht" t` kh B`gm" p Yf{ft-

cf th |hr`l`dmc bft hgo`ft frkhcmkft> yxht mxc}xh bm cf{m

}xh rhg`{h \# T# @# kh bft Txah{ft mdmxkmbmkft }xh b`mor`m

hc Oxhcft M`rht" yxhkh emdhr yhrtxmk`r }xh yrfyfrd`fcm'

rçmc lfckft dfc bm dmb`kmk kh rh`c{harf" }xh W4xk`hrmc txo'

|hc`r m rhghk`mr bmt chdht`kmkht" }xh th yrhthc{mthc" yfr

rhlhr`rth hc hbbm mtdhckçmc bft gmchjft yrfy`ft kh bft @c'

k`|`kxft }xh th huyrhtmc" m xc g`bbôc cf|hd`hc{ft p |h`c{h

g`b yhtft" cf yxhkh c` khoh hc{hckhrth bm dfcl`mczm m bft {àr'

g`cft" }xh huàh bm rhlhr`km cf{m>

yfr ht{mr dfc|hc`km t`c

k`tdhrc`g`hc{f kh bft a`rft" p lfckft }xh {`hch m}xhb |hd`c'

kmr`f dx`ft htlxhrzft cf hudhkhríc m yfkhr lrmc}xhmr gmtkh bft ?99 ] y#S SS! }xh hb mýf kh =1==" c#/ 14 m|`th: Txgm"

}xh mxc }xmckf thm hlhd{`|m" o`hc k`t{`cax`rí bm yhch{rmd`ôc

%=) [mdemkf hc fb frà`cmb#



‛ ?8 ‛

kh \# T# @# }xh cf txlrmam m}xhbbft rhdxrtft" J`mt{m kfckh

gmc`l`ht{m bm rhlhr`km cf{m> }xh mkhgmt kh dfgyrhehckhr

Txah{ft }xh emc gxhr{f" p dx`ft dmxkmbht th b`mc k`t{r`'

ox|kft hc txt ehrhkhrft" ht{m dfcdh|`km dfc gxdem h}x`|f'

dmd`ôc#

Cxht{rf Thýfr axmrkh m \# H# @ gS mS

Gfc{h|`khf" ?5 kh Thy{`hgorh kh =11<#

b`gf# Thýfr" kc# Jfthye kh Amb|hz#

%Mrde`df Ahchrmb kh bm pmd`ôc" dfrrhtyfckhcd`m \dr{`z" Mrr`mam p Aíb|hz"

=11<'11)#

C#f =4# ‛ _hmb Dàkxbm ymrm bm humdd`ôc kh mbdmombmt m rmzôc khb < (dfgf ymrm bm myb`dmd`ôc kh ht{h mb Dfbha`f kh _haxbmrht Jhtxç{mt

ymrm bm Dmtm kh Mkxmcm#

%4 k3 Cf|`hgorh kh =11A)#

Hb _hp#

Fl`d`mbht kh g` Hhmb Emd`hckm kh bmt Dmtmt kh bm D`xkmk

kh bm Ymz# Hc dmr{m kh |h`c{h p fdef kh WGmrzf kh g`b th{{h'

d`hc{ft th{hc{m p }xm{rf" ymr{`d`yí`t em|hr rhd`|`kf hb cxh|f

_habmghc{f }xh ft rhg`{`ô g` \`rrhp khb Yhrú ymrm hb

Ht{mobhd`g`hc{f kh Mkxmcm p dforf khb Khrhdef kh Mb'

dm|mbm hc htm D`xkmk" mdfgymýmckf [ht{`gfc`f kh bmt

Yrf|`khcd`mt dfc }xh bf Ohr`l`dmt{h`t" dfc yhrg`tf khb

g`tgf \`rrhp hc bm Dmttm Dfbha`f }xh em` [xo`hrfc bft

_haxbmrht m bm hu{`cax`km Dfgymýçm yfr tx oxhcm k`t'

yft`d`ôc ymrm bmt fl`d`cmt Mbgmdhcht p }xh k`dem Mkxm'

cm th mor`ô hb k`m K`hz p T`h{h khb g`tgf ght kh Gmpfdfc dfcfd`kmt |hc{mjmt kh @ck`ft" p \hd`cft# Hc dxpm

m{hcd`ôc Txyb`dí`t cg k`ach gmckmr }xh hc mkhbmc{h t`r|m

yrhd`tmghc{h kh Mkxmcm bm rhlhr`km Dmtm Dfbha`f dxpm

pct{mcd`m rhyh{çt{h`t hc Dmr{mt kh t`h{{h kh Maft{f kh g`b

th{{hd`hc{ft th{hc{m p }xm{rf |h`c{h kh Mor`b p T`h{{h kh

Maft{f kh g`b th{{hd`hc{ft th{{hc{m p d`cdf# P em|`hckfth

|`t{f hc g` Dfcthjf kh bmt @ck`mt dfc bf }xh `clfrgf tx



‛ ?< ‛

Dfc{mkxrçm j k`jf g` L`tdmb th b`m {hc`kf yrhthc{h }xh dfcgf{`|f khb cxh|f ht{mobhd`g`hc{f kh Mkxmcm hc B`gm myhr'

{xrm kh lmrkft" Dmufcmt" p Khrd`ft kh mxghc{f kh khrh'

deft }xh e`zf" p yxtf hc yrmd{`dm g` \`rrhp" Kfc Gmcxhb

kh Mgm{" {hcaf rhtxhb{f yfr Khtymdef kh |h`c{h p th`t kh

Jxb`f Xb{`gf" hc{rh f{rmt dftmt" }xh ghk`mc{h em|hr df'

gh{`kf ht{h Chafd`f mb \`d`{mkfr Ahchrmb kh bft [ròxcm'

bht kh Jxt{`d`m p _hmb Emd`hckm kh ht{h _hpcf" emam thtmr

khtkh bxhaf bm dfc{ròxd`ôc Mbgfamr`lmtdf" p {mgo`àc hb

mc{àxf khrhdef kh Mohr`m" kh }xh eh bòrmkf mb Dfghrd`fyfr Armd`m htyhd`mb" p }xh xc`lfrgh }xmc{f lxhth yftòbh

bm Frkhcmctm kh bm Mkxmcm kh bm D`xkmk kh B`gm m bm ht{m'

obhd`km hc bm kh Gàj`df htyhd`mbghc{h tforh bmt mombxmd`f'

cht }xh t`hgyrh khohr`g emdhrth hc m}xhbbm" t`c dmxtmr kh'

gfrmt" c` yhrjx`d`ft ò# bft dfc{ròxphc{ht> p }xh thm bm

humdd`ôc kh bm Mbdm|mbm m rmzôc kh th`t yfr d`hc{f }xh th

em kh ymamr hc hb Yhrú" dfgf hc bm Cxh|m Htymým" m hothy'

d`fc tfbf kh bmt Yrf|`cd`mt kh Lrfc{hrm hc bmt }xh yfr emf'

rm th dfc{`cxmrm dformckf hb }xm{rf" p eh rhthr|mkf bm md't`fc kh bft }xh emc rhdbmgmkf hb hudhtf }xh dfc{ròxphrfc

khtkh bm cxh|m ybmc{m kh Mkg`c`t{rmd`ôc hc B`gm ymrm }xh

xthc kh tx khrhdef mbb`" thaúc bht dfc|hcam" dfc yrhd`tm

Mxk`hcd`m kh g` L`tdmb dxpm _hmb _htfbxd`ôc ft ymr{`d`yf

m l`c kh }xh" dfgf ft bf gmckf" ft mrrhabà`t m hbbm hc bm humd'

d`ôc kh Mbdm|mbm" p mdxkí`t m m}xhb g` \`rrhp p m bm Jxc{m

kh [hgyfrmb`kmkht ymrm bm myb`dmd`ôc }xh Tfb`d`{í`t khb

hcxcd`mkf Dfbha`f m l`c kh }xh dfc{`cxà hc bm Mkxmcm kh

ftm D`xkmk# Lhdef hc Tmc Bfrhczf hb _hmb m {rht kh Cf'|`hgorh kh g`b th{{hd`hc{ft th{{hc{m p th`t# Pf hb _hp# Yfr

gmckmkf khb _hp Cxht{rf Thýfr ‛ Gàxhb kh Tmc Gmr{`c

Dxh{f ‛ {rht rxor`dmt#

Dfcdxhrkm ht{h {rmtbmkf dfc bm _hmb Dàkxbm frà`cmb

kh tx dfc{hc`kf }xh th embbm hc xc ]xmkhrcf kh frkhcht

Txyhr`frht huyhk`kmt yS# hb mrrhabf p af|`hrcf khb _mgfkh _hmbht Mbdm|S }S }xhkm hc hb Mrde`|f kh ht{m _b# Dmjm

dfcbm }#£ om dfrrha`kf

pdfcdhr{mkf m

}xhhc bf chdhtmr`f

gh rhg`{f p ymrm }/ kh hbbf dfcfdh kfckh dfgohcam kh gmc'

km{f |hromb kh bft T# T# [hc**/!" kh Fl`z# _t# kh ht{m hc bm

D`xkmk kh crm# Tm# kh bm Ymz p _b# Dfc{mkxrçm kh hbbm

hc |h`c{h p kft kh Maft{f kh g`b th{hd`hc{ft p fdehc{m



' ?1 '

mxft t`hckf {aft# K#¹ Lrmc#!!¹ [mrlmc kh bft

Afkft pKS Ohrc¹# Ohb{rmc" yrhthc{ht#

Hc {ht{`gfc`f kh \hrkmk#

Dr`ty`c kh Phrm p Mrma#

%Ht¹¹# kh T#Gma/!# p _R Emz/S*# )

%Oòb`f{hdm :T!md`fcmb" dfbhdd`ôc kh |`mcxtdr`{ft" cúghrf ZT0?)#

C#f =;#

‛Hb afohrcmkfr kh Oxhcft M`rht huyfch bft gf{`|ft }xh bh

emc yrhd`tmkf m kh{hchr m kfc `\@mr{`c Jfthye kh Mb{fbmax`rrh hc

hb hjhrd`d`f kh Lmd{fr Fl`d`m- _hmb kh m}xhbbm#

%1 kh Cf|`hgorh kh =11<)#

88=

Mb = =Xcf# Thýfr kc# Jfthye Amb|hz#

1 kh Cf|`hgorh kh =11<#

Gxç Thýfr c``f

Hc bmt yrhthc{ht fdxrrhcd`mt" p yfr bft gf{`|ft }xh huyb`'

dm bm mkjxc{{m Dfy`m kh bm Yrf|`kS }*/ b`h huyhk`kf" eh dfc'

t`khrmkf `Krhd`tf hb kh{{hchr m kc# Gmr{`c Jfthye kh Mb{f'

bmax`rrh hc hb Hahrd`d`f kh Lmd{{fr Fl`d`mb _hmb kh ht{mt

Dmjmt yr# mefrm" p kxrmc{{h ht{{ft yr`ghrft Ghtht" hc }xh

dfcdhy{{xf bm gmpfr exrahcd`m p chdhtmr`f tx mk}x`r`kf

dfcfd`g`hc{fyS

lmd`b`{mr bmt Dfgyrmt"}S

kh Dxhc{{mt kh

bm _b# Emd`hckm khohc hahdx{{mrth : Bf }xh emaf yrhthc{{h

m \# T# @# m l`c }/# th t`r|m {rmtbmkmrbf m cf{{`d`m kh T# G#h `cdb`cmr tx _hmb Mc`gf m tx myrf|md`fc hc bm d`hr{m `c{h'

bàhcd`m }!# c`caúc f{{rf yr`cd`y`f" }S hb kh tx ghjfr Thr'

|`d`f" em yfk`kf `clbx`r m ht{m `c{{hr`cm kh{{hcd`fc#

Hb Af|///# kh Oxhcft'M`rht huyfch bft gf{`|ft }S bh emc !SSS

yrhd`tmkf m kh{{hchr SSS yr# mefrm m kc# Grc# Jye# kh Mb'

{fbmax`rrh hc hb Hahrd`d`f kh Lmd{{fr Flb# _b# kh m}xhbbm#

%Mrde`|f Ahchrmb kh bm kmd`ôc" dfrrhtyfckhcd`m \àr{`z" Mrr`mam p Aíb|hz

=11<'11)#

%=) [mdemkf hc hb frà`cmb#

%?) [mdemkf hc hb frà`cmb#



?5

C#f =8# ‛ Hb G`c`t{rf Dmb|hz y`kh b`}x`kmd`ôc kh bft |mbfrht kh bm

_hmb Emd`hckm" ymrm m{hckhr m bmt chdht`kmkht p m l`c kt }xh T# G#

thym hb ht{mkf kh tx dforf#

%=9 kh Cfm!bhgorh kh =11<)#

]xhr`hckf hb Nhp tm|hr çR yxc{f lbuf hb {f{mb" p b`}x`kmkf

|mbfr kh tx Nhmb Emd`hckm" p dmkm xcf kh txt Armckht kf'

g`c`ft kh mgomt Mghr`dmt" h @tbmt L`b`y`cmt" em rhtxhb{f}xh {fkft txt \`rrhpht p Af|hrcmkfrht" t`c u3hrk`km kh

{`hgyf" emamc b`}x`kmr dfc bm gmpfr humd{`{xk" p dx`kmkf

bft |mbfrht kh dxmc{ft _mgft dfgyfchc hb _hmb Hrmr`f hc

txt rhtyhd{`|ft K`t{r`{ft" p Af|`hrcft" dfc huyrht`ôc kh

tx yrfkxd{f hc{b`hrf" hb b`}x`kf kh {fkft hbbft" omtmkft

amt{ft kh Mkg`c`t{rmd`ôc" p hb tformc{h f lmb{m }xh rhtxb{h

ymrm fdxrr`r" p bbhcmr bmt m{hcd`fcht" p fobàmd`fcht kh txt

rhtyhd{`|ft gmckft : P }xh huhdx{mkm ht{m b`}x`kmd`ôc `c'

k`tyhctmobh yfr bft [ròxcmbht kh Dxhc{mt" Dfc{mkfrhtGmpfrht kh hbbmt" x Fl`d`mbht _hmbht W`mt{m l`c khb mýf yrô'

u`gf ymtmkf kh =118" bm rhg`{mc yfr ht{m \`m rhthr|mkm kh

@ck`mt" dfc xc Ht{mkf dbmrf" p humd{f" p bf dfc{`cúhc mb

l`c kh dmkm xcf" ymrm }xh T# G# yxhkm hc{hrmrth khb mxghc'

{f" f omjm kh txt _hc{mt hc htft Kfg`c`ft" p myb`dmr bmt

yrf|`khcd`mt fyfr{xcmt dfc bm kho`km `ct{rxdd`ôc" p htyh'

d`l`df dfcfd`g`hc{f# Kh tx _hmb Frkhc bf ymr{`d`yf m \# T#

ymrm }xh huy`km bmt gmt yrhd`tmt" p hl`dmdht m tx yxc{xmb

dxgyb`g`hc{f m {fkmt bmt Dmumt" p [ròxcmbht kh bm _hmbEmd`hckm kh tx Jxr`tk`dd`ôc" kíckfgh m|`tf kh }xhkmr hc

ht{m `c{hbàhcd`m#

K`ft ax!!# m \# T# gS mS

Tmc Bfrhczf" =9 kh C!f|`hgorh kh =11A#

Jfthye kh Amb|hz

Kxykf#

Thýfr Af|hrcmkfr kh Oxhcft Mprht#

%Kèb`f{hdm pmd`fcmb" dfbhdd`ôc kh gmcxtdr`{ft" cúghrf =44<)#



?0 ‛

C#f =<# ‛ Hb G`c`t{rf Dmb|hz dfgxc`dm" dfc gf{`|f kh xcm dfctxb{m

tforh bm dfc|hc`hcd`m kh mdfgymýmr dfc bmt dxhc{mt hu{rmd{ft ghc'

txmbht kh b`t{m kh {rfymt" th m{hcam m bf k`tyxht{f hc bm @ct{rxdd`ôc

yrmd{`dm" ymrm h|`{mr mtç dfclxt`fcht#

%; kh Cf|`hgorh kh =11<)#

Hb mc{hdhtfr kh Pg# hc hb hgybhf kh Dfc{mkfr Gmpfr

kh Dxhc{mt kh htmt Yrf|`cd`mt dfctxb{f hc dmr{m kh =? kh

Jxb`f kh ht{h mýf bf dfc|hc`hc{h }xh thr`m hb mdfgymýmr

dfc bmt dxhc{mt" hu{rmd{ft ghctxmbht kh bmt _h|`t{mt kh bm

[rfym hu`t{hc{h hc hbbmt" hc bxamr kh bmt B`t{mt }xh ht{íc

gmckmkmt rhg`{`r dfclfrgh m bmt Bhpht" p m bm @ct{rxdd`ôc

yrmd{`dm" }xh lfrgmkm yfr bm Dfc{mkxrçm Ahchrmb kh @c'

k`mt" p myrf|mkm yfr hb _hp" th dfgxc`df ymrm tx xc`lfrgh

fothr|mcd`m# Bmt B`t{mt htyhd`l`dmt }xh dfc huyrht`ôc kh

Fl`1&S" p tfbkmkft" p k`|`t`ôc kh dxhryft" p dfgymýçmt" th

khohc emdhr ghctxmbghc{h dfc hb huhcd`mb dfgyrf|mc{h kh

bm dxhc{m" p yfr kfckh th hahdx{mc bft mjxt{ht yfr hb Dfc'

{mkfr Fl`z!# _b# p hlhd{úmc bft ymaft dfc bha`{`g`kmk" p lfr'

gmb`kmk" t`c }xh bm d`rdxct{mcd`m kh }xh yfr lmb{m kh dmx'

kmbht empm mbaúc m{rmtf hc hbbft" yxhkm `clbx`r m }xh th

fg`{m tx hgo`f hc xc`ôc kh bmt g`tgmt Dxhc{mt" t`cf o`hc

mb dfc{rmr`f emd`hckf xcm b`}x`kmd`ôc mcxmb khb `gyfr{h

{f{mb khb em |hr kh bm [rfym > kh bf ymamkf m oxhcm dxhc{m

p kh bf }xh th rht{m" km m}x` xc yxc{f p thaxrf dfcfd`'

g`hc{f ymrm yrf|`khcd`mr bf }xh dfc|hcam" t`c bmt kxkmt m

}xh km gmrahc xcm cf{`d`m dfclxtm> p yfr g¹S dfgf bm }xh

g`c`t{rmrçmc bft hu{rmd{ft dfc }S em }xhr`kf txyb`r bmt

b`t{mt p rh|`t{mt lfrgmbht hb d`{mkf dfc{mkfr gmpfr> p hc

ht{m `c{hb`ahcd`m" yrh|hcaf m \# G# kh Frkc# kh T# G# dxg'

ybm b`{hrmbghc{h hc ht{h ymr{`dxbmr" p bft khgít kh tx g`c`t'

{hr`f bmt Bhpht à `ct{rxdd`ôc k`tyxht{m ymrm tx khthgyhýf#

K`ft axh# m \g# g#S m#S

Tmc Bfrhczf" ?; kh Cf|`hgorh kh =11<#

Jfthye kh Amb|hz#

Thýfr kfc Lrmcd¹# Dmorhrm#

%O`ob`f{hdm Cmd`fcmJ" dfbhdd`ôc kh gmcxjdr`{ft" cúghrf ¡¡Z`lb)#



‛ 49

C#f =1# ‛ _hmb Frkhc m bft jxhdht kh O`hcht kh K`lxc{ft" ymrm }xh hc

mkhbmc{h" m l`c kh {hchr hc hb Dfcthjf kh @ck`mt xcm rmzôc `ck`|`'

kxmb kh bm rhdmxkmd`ôc" rhg`{mc xc kxyb`dmkf kh bm dxhc{m kh tx

{xrcf" %`)

%?5 kh Cf|`hgorh kh =11<)#

Hb _hp#

Yrhd`khc{h" p Fpkfrht kh g` Hb# Mxk`hcd`m kh bm D`xkmk

kh bm Ybm{m# M|`hckfth |`t{f hc g` Dfcthjf kh bmt @ck`mt

|mr`ft {ht{`gfc`ft }xh emc rhg`{`kf bft Fpkfrht kh bm kh

Gàu`df" }xh yfr {xrcf emc hc{rmkf m huhrdhr hb Jxzamkf

kh O`hcht kh K`lxc{ft kh mbaxcft mcft m ht{m ymr{h" rht'

yhd{`|ft mb mx{f }xh dfc mrrhabf m bm yrmd{`dm mc{àxm emc

tfb`kf yrf|hhr" myrfomckf bm dxhc{m" }xh bht em yrhthc{mkf

tx mc{hdhtfr" p mk|hr{`kfth }xh yfr bf k`g`cx{f kh bmt cf'

{`d`mt }xh dfgyrhehckhc" cf th yxhkh lfrgmr jx`d`f kh t`

bmt k`bàhcd`mt }xh yrhdhk`hrfc mb rhlhr`kf md{f" th embbmc"

f cf mrrhabmkmt mb gàr`{f kh txt ymr{`kmt" ymrm f|`mr th'

ghjmc{ht `cdfc|hc`hc{ht> p }xh hc mkhbmc{h th yxhkm {hchr

hc bm Dfc{mkxrçm Armb# khb huyrhtmkf g` Dfcthjf xcm rmzôc

`ck`|`kxmb kh bm rhdmxkmd`ôc" k`t{ròxd`ôc" p gmchjf kh

ht{h rmgf" p kh tx humd{`{xk hc dmraf" p km{m > eh rhtxhb{f

yfr yxc{f ahchrmb" }xh {fkft bft Jxhdht kh O`hcht kh K`'

lxc{ft kh g`t _hpcft kh bmt @ck`mt" emamc tmdmr xc Kxyb`'

dmkf kh bm dxhc{m }xh k`hrhc hc txt {xrcft dfc bmt rhtyhd{`'

|mt cf{mt yxht{mt yfr hb Dfc{mkfr kh ht{h rmgf m ht{`bf kh

Dfc{mkxrçm Gmpfr" p }xh bh rhg`{mc mb {`hgyf }xh dfcdbx'

pmc tx dfg`t`ôc" yfr gmcf kh g` `clrmhtdr`{f Thdrh{mr`f m

bm khb hcxcd`mkf g` Dfcthjf> p hc tx dfcth}xhcd`m ft fr'

khcf p gmckf" kh`t bmt frkhcht dfc|hc`hc{ht ymrm tx kh|`km

fothr|mcd`m hc ht{h Jxzamkf" k`tyfc`hckf }xh hb Dfc{mkfr

khb yrfy`f _mgf" t`hc{h ht{m g` _hmb Dàkxbm hc bft Bòrft

kh tx dmraf" m l`c kh }xh dfct{h t`hgyrh tx dfc{hc`kf yfr thr

mt` g` |fbxc{mk" p {mgo`àc }xh th {fgh rmzôc kh hbbm hc bm

%=) Kh ht{m rhmb frkhc th hc|`ô xcm dfy`m í bm _hmb Mxk`hcd`m kh B`gm" dfgf

th |hrí , dfc{`gxmd`ôc#



‛ 4= ‛

Ahchrmb khb ghcd`fcmkf g` Dfcthjf# Lom# hc Tmc @bkhlfctf

hb Nhmb" m ?5 kh Cf|`hgorh kh =11<#

Pf HB _hp#

Y# G# K# _# C# T#

&3# Gàxhb kh Tmc Gmr{`c Dxh{f#

[fgôth rmzôc hc bm Dfc{mkxrçm Ahchrmb kh bmt @ck`mt#

Gmkr`k =9 kh K`z`hgorh kh =11A#

[`bfgmt Fr{bz kh Bmckmzxr`#

Fohkhd`km hc bm Ybm{m hc =1 kh Jxb`f kh g`b th{hd`hc{ft

th{hc{m p t`h{h mcft#

%Oòb`f{hdm pmd`fcmb" dfbhdd`ôc kh gmcxtdr`{ft" cúghrf T0T4)#

C#f =5# ‛ _hmb Frkhc" k`tyfc`hckf }xh bft Jxhdht kh O`hcht kh K`

lxc{ft rhg`{mc xc kxyb`dmkf kh bmt dxhc{mt#

%?5 kh Cf|`hgorh kh =11<)#

Hb _hp

\`rrhp" Yrht`k*S> p F`kfrht kh g` O#R MxkS kh B`gm"

emo`àckfth |`t{f hc g` dfcthjf kh bmt @ck`mt |mr`ft [ht'

{`gS }£# b`mc rhg`{`kf bft f`kfrht kh bm kh Gàu`df" }S# yS

{xrcf emc hc{rmkf m hjhrdhr hb jxzamkf kh O`hcht kh K`'

lxc{ft kh mbaxcft mýft m ht{m ymr{h" rhtyhd{`|ft mb mx{f"

}S# dfc mrrhabf m bm yrmd{`dm mc{àxm emc tfb`kf myrf|mr"

myrf|mckf bm Dxhc{m" }S bht em yrhthc{mkf tx Mc{hdhtfr" p

mk|`r{`hckfth }S yS bf k`g`cx{f kh bmt cf{`d`mt" }S# dfg'

yrhehckhc" cf th yxhkh lfrgmr jx`d`f" kh t` bmt k`bàS# }Syrfdhk`hrfc mb rhlhr`kf mx{f" th embbmc f cf mrrhabmkmt mb

gàr`{f kh txt ymr{`kS yS# f|`mr thghjmc{ht `cdfc|hc`hc{ht"

p }xh hc mkhbmc{h th yxhkm {hchr hc bm dfc{mk*" armb# khb hu'

yrhtmkf g` Dfcthjf xcm rmz/# `ck`|`kxmb kh bm rhdmxkmd/#"

k`t{ròxd/# p gmchjf kh ht{h rmgf" p kh tx humd{`{xk hc

dmraf p Km{m# Eh rhtxhb{f yfr yxc{f armb# }S# {fkft bft

Jxhzht kh O`hcht kh K`lxc{ft kh g`t _h|cft kh @ck`mt em'



‛ mt'

amc tmdmr xc Kxyb`dmkf kh bm dxhc{m" %l # k`hrhc hc txt {xr'

cft dfc bmt rhtyhd{`|mt cf{mt yxht{mt yS hb dfcl//# kh ht{h

rmgf kh dfc{mkxr`m gm¹S" p }S# bm rhg`{mc mb {`hgyf }xh

dfcdbxçmc tx dfg`t`ôc y!! gmcf kh g` @clrmtdr`y{f Thdrh{¹#

m bm kh hb hcxcd`mkf g` dfcthjf" p hc tx dfcthdxhcd`m" fr'

khcf" p gmckf kht`r bmt frct# dfc|hc`hc{ht yS# tx kho`km fo'

thr|mcd`m hc ht{h jxza*S/# k`tyfc`hckf }S# hb dfc{///# khb yrf'

y`f rmgf t`hc{h ht{m g` _S Dàkxbm hc bft B`orft kh tx dmr'

af" m l`c kh }S dfct{h t`hgyrh tx dfc{hc`kf" y//# thr mt` g`

|fbxc{mk" p {mgo`àc }!!# th {fgh rmz!!# kh hbbm hc bm armb# khb

ghcd`fcmkf g` Dfcthjf# Lhdef hc T!!# Bfrhczf hb _!# m ?5 kh

Cfrh# kh =11<" ‛ Pf hb _hp# ‛ Y//# gmckmkf khb _hp Cxht'

{rf O¹R ‛ K# Gxl# kh T# Gmr{`c Dxh{f# ‛ [fgôth rmz//#

hc bm Dfc{S armb# kh bmt @ck`mt# Gmkr`k =¹# kh Korh# kh =11<"

‛ K# [fgmt Fr{`z kh Bmckmzxr`#

%Gxthf G`{rh" mrde`|f dfbfc`mb> Mrg# b`" D# T@" Y# =?" !N#/ kh Frk# =?)#

C#f =0# ‛ _hmb Frkhc" dfg`t`fcmckf m K# Jfrah Htdf|hkf" f`kfr

kh Db`mrdmt" ymrm }xh emam mrrhabft hc bm Dmtm kh Gfchkm kh Yf'

{ftç" _hmb Emd`hckm" K`rhdd`ôc p Txyhr`c{hckhcd`m kh Mzfaxht p

hc bm Mkg`c`t{rmd`ôc kh Jxt{`d`m kh bm \`bbm" {hgyfrmr`mghc{h"

g`hc{rmt cf hu`t{m hb hcdmramkf kh hjhdx{mrbft#

%4 kh K`d`hgorh kh =11<)##

Hb _hp#

Dfc|`c`hckf {mc{f m g` _hmb Thr|`d`f yfchr hc kho`kf

mrrhabf bm Dmtm kh Gfchkm kh bm \`bbm kh Yf{ft`" pm `cdfr'

yfrmkm m g` _hmb Dfrfcm" txt dmumt kh g` _hmb Emz`hckm"

K`rhdd`ôc" p Txyhr`{hckhcd`m khb Omcdf kh Mtfaxhrft" p bm

Mkg`c`t{rmd`ôc kh Jxt{`d`m kh bm d`{mkm |`bbm" p hb k`t{r`{f

kh txt g`cmt" j m{hck`hckf m }xh ymrm ht{ft ymr{`dxbmrht" parm|ht mtxgy{ft th emdh yrhd`tf khyft`{mr g` dfcl`mczm hc

bft G`c`t{rft [famkft kh bm MxkS kh Demrdmt> {hc`àc'

kfbm kh |fz K¹# Jfrah Htdf|hkf" Fpkfr }xh tf`t kh bm g`t'

gm MxkS eh |hc`kf hc cfgormrft yrhthc{hghc{h ymrm ht{ft

fojh{ft" m l`c kh }xh rhxc`hckf hc |fz hb Dfrrha`g`hc{f kh



' 44 '

m}xhbm \`bbm" p txt Ymr{`kft" p bm Txyhr`{hckhcd`m khb Omcdfkh Mzfaxhrft" p kh bm Dmtm kh Gfchkm" àxmbghc{h }xh hb

mrrhabf kh bmt dmumt kh g` Hhmb HBmz`hckm kh {fkf m}xhb

k`t{r`{f" yfkí`t" p kh|m`t huhrdhr khtkh bxhaf" yfr hb tfbf

{`hgyf kh g` Hhmb |fbxc{mk {fkmt bmt lxcd`fcht }xh ft

thmc mchumt mb khthgu3hxf kh ht{m Dfg`d`fc }xh l`f m |rf#

dx`kmkf" dhbf" p |à`bmcd`m yfr g` _hmb thr|`d`f" kh|`hckf

ymrm hbbf hc{hckhrft `cghk`m{mghc{h dfc hb \`t`{mkfr Armb#

khb _hpcf khb Yhrú" yxht yfr ht{h ghk`f {hckrà Pf bmt cf'

{`d`mt }xh dfrrhtyfckmc" p hc{hckhrà`t hc tx dfcth}xhcd`mg`t _t# Kh{hrg`cmd`fcht tforh bft mtxgy{ft }xh bf rh}x`h'

rmc dfc dfcd`khrmd`fc m }xh hb [ehc`hc{h Armb# Kc# Yhkrf

Dh|mbbft" |`rrhp" Af|hrcmkfr" p Dmy`{íc Armb# hbhd{f cxh'

|mghc{h kh hth k`t{r`{f" ht{mrm {mb |hz hgybhmkf hc Dfg`d`f'

cht kh {mc{m arm|hkmk }xh cf thm dfc|hcòbh dfc txt fdx'

ymd`fcht bm `c{hbàhcd`m kh ht{ft mtxgy{ft" }xh y`khc {fkm

tx m{hcd`ôc ymrm hb ghcfr ht{mobhd`g`hc{f> p dfgf }x`hrm

}xh hb d`{mkf g` \`rrhp bh ht{m pm hcdmramkf thymrmkmghc{h

dfcdxrrm hl`dmtghc{h dfc tx mx{fr`kmk" p yrf|`khcd`mt m}xh {hcamc hlhd{f hc ht{m ymr{h g`t _t# `c{hcd`fcht# Yfr

{mc{f" gmckf mb ghcd`fcmkf \`rrhp" m g` _b# Mxk/# kh bmt

Demrdmt" p m {fkmt bmt khgít yhrtfcmt }xh th dfgyrhehckhchc tx Jxr`tk`dd`ôc kh bm rhlhr`km \`bbm kh Yf{ft` p g`c`t{rft

kh g` _b# Emd`hckm" ft empmc" rhdfcftdmc" p fohkhtdmc hc

|`r{xk kh ht{m g` Dàkxbm" f [ht{`gfc`f kh hbbm" dfgf m {mb

Jxhz hcdmramkf yfr g` m bft huyrhtmkft fojh{ft }xh |mc kh'

dbmrmkft" ymrm }xh dxgybmc |xht{rmt Frkhcht" p bmt emamc

dxgyb`r yxc{xmbghc{h hc txt rht`)hd{`|ft hcdmraft" t`c }xhyfr gf{`|f mbaxcf kh }xmc{ft yxhkmc flrhdhrth hc ht{m Df'

g`d`fc" ft thm b`d`{f bbh|mr khrhdeft c` hgfbxghc{ft mbax'

cft" yxht ht{h thr|`d`f kh|h rhyx{mrth dfgf yxrmghc{h hu'

{rmfrk`cmr`f" hc `c{hbàhcd`m kh }xh hb gàr`{f }xh emaí`t

dfc ht{h gf{`|f" ft thr|`rí ymrm gmpfr tm{`tlmdd`ôc kh |xht'

{rm dfckxd{m" p yrhg`f txddht`|f" }xhkmckf pf hc rhabmr

bm mpxkm kh dft{m" }xh ymrhtdm dfc|hc`hc{h dfc rhlbhdd`fc í

bft gmpfrht amt{ft }xh yxhkm m{rmhr ht{m dfg`d`fc# Kmkf hc

Gmkr`k í 4 kh K`z`hcorh kh =11<# Ht dfy`m khb Frà`cmb# ‛Xcm rxor`dm khb Hugf# Tfr# K#¹ Jfthye kh Amb|hz#

%Oòb`f{hdm Cmd`fcmb" dfbhdd`ôc kh gmcxtdr`{ft" cúghrf ?04S)#

YfOB# Thd# E`t{#



4; ‛

C#f ?9# ‛ _htxghc }xh gmc`l`ht{m bft Amt{ft kh bm Yrf|`cd`m khb

_`f kh bm Ybm{m p Yrf|`khcd`mt huyhk`kmt ymrm txt m{hcd`fcht#

Thaúc mdrhk`{m hb Yrhtxyxht{f lfrgmkf yfr Gmrzf kh 18

}xh cf dfgyrhehckh bmt G`b`d`mt" }£# yfr Gm`f tàx`hc{h th

yxt`hrfc m txhbkf yS dxor`r bft k`t{mc{ht yxht{ft kh bm lrfc'

{hrm p dxpft txhbkft ymtmrmc kh =99 yhtft mb mýf # #

="944"45?&Hudhtf }xh m` hc hb amt{f kh Gmr`cm khtkh hb mýf kh 14

}xh th bh dfct`khrmrfc yrhd`tft =49 yhtft emt{m hb kh 18"

}xh th bh dfct`khrmc dhrdm kh ;99 {S! yhtft# # # ?19#999#

Amt{f mcxmb kh bm Yrf|S # # # ="494"45?#

Cf{m# Th ht{íc kho`hckf emt{m Gmrzf kh 18 m bm {rfym"

g`b`d`mt h `ck`|`kxft hgybhmkft hc hb _hmb Thr|`d`f yt#

=#==?"989#

Th rhg`{mc kh bmt Dmjmt khb Yhrú <89#

999Yrfkxd{f kh bmt kh bm Yrf|S =99#999

189#999

Hc|`hc bft Fl`d`mbht _t# kh Yf{ft` yfr bòrmczm

hu{rmfrk`cmr`m yfr tfbm xcm |hz ?99 # 999

Bmt ymr{`kmt kht{`cmkmt m ht{ft flrhd`g`hc{ft

txgmc 089#999

Lmb{mc ymrm hb dfgybh{f khb amt{f mcxmb 484#45?

=#494#45?

Ht{m khgft{rmd`ôc emdh k`t{`cax`r" }xh mxc dfct`khrmkm

bm bòrmczm ht{rmfrk`cmr`m kh bft ?99 T) yhtft %}xh th emc

lrmc}xhmkf yfr tfbf xcm |hz ) dfgf mtàcmd`ôc l`jm" kxrmc{h

hb {yf# kh bm md{xmb dfct{`{xd`ôc" lmb{mc m hb dfgybh{f kh bmt

fobàmd`fcht 484"45? u)t# mb mýf" t`c {rmhr m dfct`khrmd`ôc

hb mxg*¹# kh g`b`d`mt" yhfcht" p f{rmt yrf|`khcd`mt }xh tx'gmc gmt kh =99 yS mb mýf# p ="=?9#989 yS }S# th khohc kh

txhbkft m{rmtmkft" p f{rmt mdrhehcd`mt#

%Mrde`|f Ahchrmb kh bm Cmd`ôcS dfrrhtyfckhcd`m \àr{`Zj Mrr`mam p Aíb|hz"

=11<'11)#



48

C#f ?=# ‛ Hb Af|hrcmkfr kh O#t'M`rht em yrh|hc`kf m bft [ròxcmbht"

Af|hrcmkfrht p Dfrrha`kfrht kh m}xhbbm Yrf|`cd`m mxu`b`ft hc bf

yftòbh mb _mgf kh G`chrft#

%5 kh Kxhrf kh =111)#

Mb @b{gf# Tr# kc# Jye# Amb|hz#

Gfc{h|`khf" Hch`rf T kh =111#

854#

Gxç Tfr# g`ô : Bm _b# Frc# kh }xh th m{{`hckm" p lm|frhzdm

hc {fkf bf yftòbh mb _mgf kh G`chrft" eh ymtmkf m bft

[ròxcmbht" Af|hrcmkfrht p Dfrrha`kfrht kh ht{{m Jxr`tk`d'

d`ôc thaúc \# T# @# gh ymr{{`d`ym hc lem# kh =¹# kh Fd{xorh

``b{`gf p m hlhd{f kh }xh th |hr`l`}xh bm y`mkftm _b# `c{hc'

d`ôc kh T# G#" cf k`tyhctmrh yrf|`khcd`m mbaxcm hc bft flrh'

d`g`hc{ft" }xh m}x` fdxrrmc"

%Mrde`|f Ahchrmb kh bm Cmd`ôc" dfrrhtyfckhcd`m \àr{`::" Mrr`mam p Amb |hz"

gh'ccj#

C#f ??# ‛ _hmb Frkhc" hc |`t{m kh ht{mr {hrg`cmkm bm `ct{mbmd`ôc kh

bm dmtm ymrm mdxýmr gfchkm hc Yf{ftç" khrfamckf bm _hmb Dàkxbm

}xh yrfeòh bm mdxýmd`ôc kh bm gfchkm kh frf hc hbbm#

%=1 kh Gmrzf kh =111)#

@clfrgmkf hb _hp kh }xh th embbm pm hc{hrmghc{h dfcdbx`'

km bm dmtm kh Gfchkm kh bm \`bbm kh Yf{ftç" dfc {fkmt bmt fl`'

d`cmt rhtyhd{`|mt ymrm bm bmofr kh Gfchkmt }xh hc hbbm th

hjhdx{m" dfgf {mgo`àc bmt |`|`hckmt kht{`cmkmt y*# bft }xh

khohc |`|`r hc hbbmt" p bmt tmbmt kh E`bhrmt" Gfb`cft" p |fbmc'

{ht" fyhrmkmt kh bft @ct{rxghc{ft chdhtmr`ft ymrm bm huyrh'

tmkm bmofr }xh th emdh pm kh dfrkfcd`bbf" p khb _hmb Oxt{f

em rhtxhb{f T# G# m dfctxb{m khb Dfcthjf kh @ck`mt kh ??

kh Lhorhrf yrôu`gf ymtmkf> }xh cf khoh txot`t{`r pm bm

yrfe`|`d`fc kh bmormrth hb Frf hc m}xhbbm dmtm" `gyxht{m

yfr _hmb Dàkxbm kh =8 kh K`d`hgorh kh =1<= dfc bm dmb`kmk

kh yfr mefrm> rhtyhd{f kh }xh ht{mckf dfgf ht{m yhrlhd'

{mg*S dfcdbx`km" p dfrr`hc{h" em dhtmkf bm dmxtm yr`cd`ymb



'th'

}xh gf{`|f m}xhbbm yrf|`khcd`m" mxc}xh dfc bm d`{mkm dbmx'txbm" jxc{f dfc bm lmb{m kh cf{`d`mt }xh hc{fcdht th {xo`h'

rfc kh bft G`chrmbht `cghk`m{ft mb g`tgf Yf{ftç> p hc tx

dfcthdxhcd`m yrh|hcaf í \# H# kh frkhc khb Nhp" }xh dh'

tmckf kem# yrfe`|`d`fc" th mgfchkh khtkh mefrm hc mkhbmc{h

hc bm hcxcd`mkm dmtm kh Gfchkm kh Yf{ft` {fkf hb Frf }xh

yrfkxzdmc bft g`chrmbht kh bmt Yrf|`cd`mt `cghk`m{mt í

ht{m \`bbm" p yfr dfcthdxhcd`m ghcft k`t{mc{ht kh B`gm" hc

kfckh th em yrh{hck`kf mgfchkmr emt{m mefrm" p }xmc{f

th yrhthc{h hc hbbm `ck`t{`c{mghc{h yfr bft G`chrft f dfg'yrmkfrht kh ht{h Gh{mb" hc bm yrfy`m dfclfrg`kmk }xh th

yrmd{`dm dfc bm Ybm{m gmpfrghc{h }xmckf ht{m rhtxhb{m

yfr T# G# yfdf em" bm g`cfrmd`ôc kh Khrhdeft hc ht{h Gh'

{mb: p m l`c kh }xh {hcam kho`kf dxgyb`g`hc{f ht{m _hmb

khbòhrmd`ôc" p }xh th dfctàm hb gmpfr `cdrhghc{f kh bft

_S Frft" p hb ghcft yhrjx`d`f kh bm Cmd`ôc hc tx Dfghr'

d`f> k`tyfckrí \# H# th bbh|h m hlhd{f yfr {fkft bft ghk`ft

}xh b`mbbh dmymdht m mrrmàmr hc bm huyrhtmkm dmtm kh bm'

ofr kh ht{h Gh{mb" hc `c{hbàhcd`m kh }xh th yrh|`hch khht{m rhtfbxd`ôc m bft G`c`t{rft m }x`hcht dfrrhtyfckh hc

m}xhbbm \`bbm#

K`ft axh# m \# H# gS mS

Hb Ymrkf" =1 kh Gmrzf kh =111#

Jye# kh Amb|hz#

KxyS¹#

T/'# K/# Yhkrf Dhombbft#

%Gxthf G`{rh" mrde`|f dfbfc`mb> Mrg# O" D# ?=" Y# =" C#/ kh Frk# T<)#

C#f ?4# ‛ Dfgxc`dmd`ôc khb dfc{mkfr kh _hmb Emd`hckm" kfc Lrmc'

d`tdf kh Dmorhrm" mb Dmo`bkf kh Oxhcft M`rht" ymrm }xh rhg`{m dfc

txt dfrrhtyfck`hc{ht dfgyrfomc{ht bmt dxhc{mt yhr{hchd`hc{ht mb

rmgf kh yrfy`ft kh ht{m d`xkmk dfgyrhck`kmt hc{rh bft mýft

=1<0 m =11<#

Cúghrf 85#

Gxç Tfr# g`ô# ‛ Yfr hb Dmy`{# <¹# kh bm @ct{rxdd`ôc khb

Af|`hrHF p khthgyhýf kh ht{m Dfc{mkxrçm kh g` dmraf#



‛ t`'

ht{m gmckmkf th r`ckmc hc hbbmt cf tfbf bmt dxhc{mt kh _b#EmzS# dfgyrhehct`|mt m bm Jxr`tk`dd`ôc }xh bh ht{m thým'

bmkm" t`cf bmt kh Yrfy`ft kh bmt D`xkmkht kh hbbmt" dfgfdfct{m khb d`{#¹ Dmy{#¹ }#S hc {ht{`gfc`f ymtf m \# T# ymrm

tx yhrlhd{m `c{hb`ahcd`m#

_hdfcfd`kmt bmt Dxhc{mt" p Ymyhbht dmxtmkft hc bm d`{mkm

Dfc{mkxrçm emt{m g` `carhtf" cf hcdxhc{rf hc hbbm mbaxcf

kh ht{ft kfdxghc{ft }S# mdrhk`{h em|hrth yxht{f hc huhdx'

d`fc hb dxgyb`g`hc{f khb cfg`cmkf Dmj)/# <¹# yfr}xh jxt'

{mghc{h fdxymkf g` mc{hdhtfr hc hb khthgyhýf kh bm lfr'gmd¹# khb ht{mobhd`g*/# kh ht{m khyhckhcd`m" mc{hr`frht m{rm'

tft kh _b# EmzS }S bm rhdmramrfc" p fdxrrhcd`mt khb kht'

ymdef frk`cmr`f kh bm g`tgm" kxrmc{h tx hu`t{hcd`m hc bm

cfg`cmkm Dfc{mkxrçm cf bh lxh |mt{mc{h hb {`hgyf ymrm

{rm{mr kh ht{h _mgf> yhrf pm fp khthgomrmzmkm kh m}xh'

bbft {rm|mjft p pf khthftf kh tm{`tlmdhr dfc hb gmpfr dhbf"

p khthgyhýf kh g`t fob`amd`fcht" cf yxhkf ghcft }xh yh'

k`r m \# T# t`r|m gmckmr ymtmr m g`t gmcft bmt Dxhc{mt

yfr kxyb`dmkf dfrrhtyfck`hc{ht mb _mgf kh yrfy`ft kh ht{mD`xkmk }£# yfr k`tyft`d`fcht kh \# T# th gmchjm" p k`t{r`'

ox`h" dfgyrhehct`|mt khtkh hb mýf kh =1<0 hc }xh {x|f

yr`cd`y`f ht{h ht{mobhd`g`hc{f" emt{m hb kh =11< mgoft `c'

dbxt`|ht" p txddht`|mghc{h bft khgít mýft" frkhcmkmt dfc

thymrmz/# kh dmkm xcf m Ht{`bf kh Dfc{mkxrçm" p dfc bft

dfgyrf|mc{ht }S# bmt bhu`{`gmc" rhdfcfd`kmt p myrf|mkmt

yfr \# H" ymrm }xh abfzmkmt" p lhchd`kmt yfr ht{m Dfc{mkx'

rçm yxhkm rhg`{`rbmt m T# G# }xh {fkf ht dfclfrgh dfc txt

_hmbht k`tyft`d`fcht#Crf# Thýfr Axh#£ m \# T# g#S m#/

Oxhcft Mprht" ?< kh Jxc`f kh =111#

O# =# g# kh \# T#

Tx gmt m{¹# Tha¹# Thr|`kfr#

L`!mc#/!S kh Dmorhrm#

G# @# Dm|`bkf Jxt{`d`m p _ha`g`hc{f kh bm D`xkmk kh

Oxhcft M|rht#



‛ 45 ‛

Mxc}xh thaúc bf ht{mobhd`kf yfr k`lhrhc'

Dmyç{xbf {ht Nhmbht k`tyft`d`fcht" p yrmd{`dm fothr

Thu{f# |mkm th b`mc kh|`kf rhg`{`r mb {ròxcmb kh

}xhc{mt kh B`gm {fkmt bmt kh bmt Yrf|`cd`mt

khb N`f kh bm Ybm{m" kh|`hckf dhtmr hc ht{m yrmd{`dm" gh'

k`mc{h bf }xh úb{`gmghc{h em rhtxhb{f tx Gmaht{mk> hb

Dfc{mkfr }xh th t`r|m cfgormr {fgmrm" b`}x`kmrm" p lhch'

dhrí bmt }xhc{mt kh bmt g`tgmt Yrf|`cd`mt }xh th hc{`hckhc

dfgyrhehck`kmt hc bft {rht Af|/¹S kh Oxhcft Mprht" Ym'

rmaxmp" p [xdxgmc" kh {fkft bft rmgft kh bm _hmb Em'

d`hckm }xh yhr{hchzdmc m tx Gmaht{mk" dfgf {mgo`àc bmt

kh bmt yhcmt kh Dígmrm" amt{ft kh Jxt{`d`m" Yrfy`ft" t`tmt"

p {fkmt bmt khgít }xh khomc" p ht{àc fobàmkft m kmr bft

fl`d`mbht _hmbht" {ehtfrhrft" |hehkfrht" mrrhckmkfrht" Mk'

g`c`t{rmkfrht" l`hbht" dfrrha`kfrht# Khyft`{mr`ft" mthc{`t'

{mt# Yrf|hhkfrht" p khgít yhrtfcmt kh }xm#b}x`hr ht{mkf"

p dfck`d`ôc }xh thmc" m dx`f dmraf ht{x|`hrhc f ex|`hrhc

ht{mkf bmt Mkg`c`t{rmd`fcht" Mrrhckmg`hc{ft" p dformczmt

kh bmt d`{mkmt _hc{mt" h `gyft`d`fcht p kh f{rmt dxmbht'

}x`hrm kh dxmb}x`hr cm{xrmbhzm }xh thmc" }xh k`rhd{m f `c'

k`rhd{mghc{h em`mc yhr{hchd`kf" yhr{hchzdmc" ô yhr{hchd`h'

rhc m bm _#! Emz`hckm" mt` kh bmt }xh th embbmc ht{mobhd`kmt"

dfgf kh bmt }xh hc mkhbmc{h th `gyxt`hrhc t`c hudhyd`ôc

kh bmt }xh dfrrhtyfckmc" p ht{àc dfcdhk`kmt yfr tx Gmaht'

{mk m bm g`tgm D`xkmk kh Oxhcft M`rht" p khgít khb k`t'

{r`{f" p jxr`tk`dd`ôc kh k`deft {rht Af|`hrcft dfc mrrhabf m

bf yrh|hc`kf hc bm Bh` thu{m" {`{xbf {rhdh" bòrf }xmr{f kh

bm rhdfy`bmd`ôc kh @ck`mt" t`c }xh yxhkm {fgmr" c` lhchdhr

k`demt dxhc{mt" c` f{rmt mbaxcmt hb {ròxcmb kh B`gm" bm Mx'

k`hcd`m kh bmt Demrdmt" c` bft Af|hrcmkfrht" Jxt{`d`mt" c`

f{rmt yhrtfcmt ymr{`dxbmrht" t`cf tfbf hb d`{mkf dfc{mkfr hc

dx`f {ròxcmb th em kh {rm{mr" bf }xh m ht{f {fdmrh" p cf hc

f{rf mbaxcf" yfr}xh {fkft emc kh }xhkmr `c`|`kft kh tx df'

cfd`g`hc{f" t`c hgomraf kh }xmb}x`hrm frkhcmczmt" p dàkx'

bmt kh tx Gmaht{mk" }xh tforh hbbf ht{àc kmkmt" hc dx`m rh'

abm th emc kh dfgyrhehckhr bmt dxhc{mt" }xh mb {`hgyf khb

`carhtf kh k`def cxh|f Dfc{mkfr ht{àc yrhthc{mkmt"p

t`c

h|mdxmr hc B`gm" f hc f{rm }xmb}x`hrm ymr{h mxc}£# th em'

bbhc hgyhzmkmt m {fgmr" yfr}xh {fkmt bmt em kh abftmr" p

lhchdhr hb g`tgf Dfc{mkfr yfr t` tfbf" p dfc bm `c`|`d`fc"

}xh }xhkm huyb`dmkm" ymrm bf }xmb kh|hrm mt`t{`r m bm Dfc'



' 40 ‛

{mk``r`m {fkftbft kçmt

cflhr`mkft yfr bmt

gmýmcmt" kht'kh bmt fdef emt{m bmt kfdh#

Dfcdxhrkm dfc hb dmy`{xbf thu{f kh bm `ct{rxdd`ôc kmkm

ymrm ht{m Dfc{mkxrçm gm///# kh }xhc{mt myrf|mkm yfr TxSbmaht{mk tx lem# hc Gmkr`k m kfdh kh Cf|rh# khb mcf ym'

tmkf kh g`b th{hd#¹S ththc{m" p t`h{h" m bm }xh gh rhg`{f hx

bf chdhtmr`f j ht{m Dfy`m tm}xh ymrm hc{rhamr mb Thýfr

Dfc{mkfr gm¹!# kh dxhc{mt bm }xh tàcf j l`rgf hc Oxhcft

Mprht m |h`c{h p th`t kh Jxc`f kh g`b th{hd`hc{ft th{hc{m

p t`h{h#Ymobf Ohrx{`#

Htd#/ _hç#

%Mrde`|f Ahchrmb kh bm Cmd`ôc" huyhk`hc{ht kh Dmo`bkf)#

C#f ?;# ‛ Fl`d`f khb Tfr# Dh|mbbft m bm Mxk`hcd`m kh Demrdmt" ymrm

}xh emam }xh bmt dmjmt _t# khb cxh|f \`rrhpcm{f rhg`{mc txt

Dxhc{mt p Dmxkmbht m ht{m [eht#m Armb# kh Oxhcft Mprht#

%=9 kh Jxb`f kh =111)#

Dfgyrhehck`kmt dfgf ht{íc hc hb K`t{r`{f kh ht{h Cxh'

|f \`rrhpcm{f bmt Dmjmt Gm{r`dht kh Dmrmcamt" Dexdx`{f"

Dfdb`momgom" Dmrmompm" Yf{ftç" Ybm{m" G`z}xhz" Frxrf" pbm Ymz" }xh mc{ht dfrrhtyfckçmc mb kh B`gm" ht dfct`'

ax`hc{h }xh mt` dfgf hc m}xhb {`hgyf bft Fl`d`mbht _hmbhtkhtymdemomc mccxmbghc{h m bmt Dmjmt _hmbht kh m}xhbbm

Dmy`{mb" bft Dmxkmbht kh bm _hmb Emz`hckm }xh hc hbbmt

th mdfy`momc" p txt dxhc{mt" u3mrm }xh th rhdfcfd`hthc hc

hb [ròxcmb" }xh bh kh|`m huhdx{mr" hc mkhbmc{h |hcam {fkf

hb k`chrf yhr{hchd`hc{h mb _hmb Ehrmr`f" m bmt Dmjmt _hmbht

kh Oxhcft Mprht" kfckh {mgo`àc {`hch T" sTb# f{rf [ròxcmb

}xh yxhkh" p }xh khoh abfzmr bmt dxhc{mt }xh ht{íc fobàm'

kft m hgo`mrbh#

Hc ht{h dfcdhy{f hcdmraf m \# T# th t`r|m yrh|hc`r" mbft Fl`d`mbht _hmbht kh bmt Dmjmt d`{mkmt" p m {fkmt bmt yhr'

tfcmt }xh {hcamc Mkg`c`t{rmd`ôc kh _hmb Emz`hckm" }xh

hc bf txodht`|f kmckf yr`cd`y`f dfc bft dmxkmbht" p dxhc{m

kh ht{h mýf" th hc{`hckmc dfc bmt fl`d`cmt kh Oxhcft M|rht



‛ ;9 ‛

dfgf dfgo`hch" yfr bf }xh htyhrf khb zhbf kh \# T# ht{h m

bm g`rm khb dxgyb`g`hc{f kh htm k`tyft`d`ôc" kíckfghm|`tf kh em|hrbm rhdò`kf"

ççxht{rf Thýfr axmrkh í \# T# gxdeft mýft#

Oxhcft Mprht p Jxb`f =9 kh =111#

K# Yhkrf kh Dh|mbbft"

M bm Hhmb Mxk`hcd`m kh bm Ybm{m#

%Oòb`f{hdm cmd`fcmb" dfbhdd`ôc kh gmcxtdr`{ftS cúghrf 89<S)#

C#f ?8# ‛ Dfgxc`dmd`ôc mb Dmo`bkf" tfb`d`{mckf }xh bft htdròmcft

khc dxhc{m kh bmt txomt{mt ymrm hb dforf kh bft khrhdeft dfrrht'

yfck`hc{ht" mt` dfgf {mgo`àc th dforh hb khrhdef kh mcdbmjh m bft

cm|`ft dfc kht{`cf m ht{h yxhr{f#

Mb @{{#S Dm|&/ Jxt{`d`m p _hu`gJ/#

Hb Hhu*//# MblhrS J\# j [ehtfrhrf cfgormkf yfr ht{h @{{S

Mpxc{mg`hc{f ymrm bm rhdmxkmd`ôc khb _mgf kh Yrfy`ft

yxht{f mbm fohk#/* kh \# H# dfcbm kh|`km |hchrmd`ôc K`zh

}xh kh|`hckf bft htt#/¹S khb cxg#/ kmr ymr{h kh bmt txob`mt{mt

}xh th emdhc ymrm rhdmxkmr hb xcf p ghk`f yfr d`hc{f kh

krf# kh Yrhafchrçm em cf{mkf hb }xh ht{mt th emdhc t`c

yrhdhkhc{h rhdmxkmd`ôc kh ht{h krf# }xh dhkh hc ohchl`d`f

kh ht{h @{{#£ dxhryf p ymrm }xh ht{f th htdbmrhtdm bh ymrhdh

mb huyfchc{h hb }xh bm jxt{`lbdmz`fc kh \# T# T# hbh|hc frkh'

cmr }xh bft kdeft# htt#¹¹S khc Dxhc{m lfrgmb kàbft _hgm{ht

}xh th emc ehdef kh o`hcht rm`dht f gxhobht }xh dmc{`'

kmkht kh }xh txjh{ft p hc}#£ mýft ymrm}xh thbht dfgyhbm

p myrhg`h m bft @c{hrhtmkft mbm hueò`z`fc khb kef# krf#

F{rf t` k`zh }xh àxmbg*£# kh|h ht{h @{{*# Dxhryf rhdmx'

kmr hb krf# khb Mcdbm kh {fkft bft Cm|`ft p lrmam{mt kh

rhurf# }xh o`hchc dfc kht{`cf m ht{h Yxhr{fp

yfr yxrm {fbh'

rmcd`m p dfgohc`hc*# yrfy`m mcdbmc hchb Yxhr{f kh Gfc'{h|`khf khtkh kfckh `c{rfkxdhc txt hlhd{ft m ht{m D`xkmk

p dfcfd`hckf hb huyfchc{h }xh ht khtx fobà¹¹# hb rhdfg'

ohc`r mbft gmht{rht bf e`zf dfc k¹# Thr|mctf kh Dmbhrm



‛ ;= ‛

myfkhrmkfkhb grh# kàbm lrma//# kh rhurf# Tmc Pftt

pMc`'

gmt p dfc k¹# Maxt{çc Dmtt`g`rf kh Max`rrh yS bf}xh df'

rrhtyfckçm mb [ftdmcf p hb yr`ghrf rht`qck`f hc ht}xhbm

tx lem# =0 khb }xh dfrrh }xh y//# hb T//# MbdS kh =/# |f{f kàbm

D`xkmk kh Gfc{h|`khf ht{m|m rh}xhr`kf ymrm }xh th mkhx'

khc hc m}xhbbm D`xkmk bft krft# kh mcdbmjh p hb tha/*/# bh

dfc{hu{f mb huyfxhc{h }xh g`hc{rmt hb @{{S Dm|!!¹# cf kh'

d`k`hth mkfckh bh dfrrhtyfckçm ymamr txtyhckçm hc em'

dhrbf : \# T# dfc dfct`khrmd`ôc m ht{f p m hb krf# }xh {`hchc

p bht ht{m khdbmrmkf yfkrmc mdfrkmr bf}xh dfgohcam phu'

yhk`r bmt yrf|`khczR gmt fyfr{xcmt hc Jxt{`d`m#

Oxhcft M`rht p Maft{f ?= kh =11<#

Gm{e`mt kh Memrfm Omrrhcm#

%Mrde`|f Ahchrmb kh bm pmd`ôc" huyhk`hc{ht kh Dmo`bkf)#

C#f ?<# ‛ _hmb Dàkxbm ymrm }xh hc bft _hpcft kh bmt @ck`mt th fothr'

|h yfr yxc{f ahchrmb bf rhtxhb{f hc }xmc{f mb gfkf kh ymamrth hb

khrhdef kh Mbdm|mbm hc bmt |hc{mt kh Tfbmrht" p f{rmt l`cdmt" ymb`m'

kmt dfc hb cfgorh kh bfdmd`ôc p dfckxdd`ôc" h{d#

%?= kh Maft{f kh =111)#

Hb _hp#

Yfr }xmc{f em|`hckf bbhamkf í g` Hhmb cf{`d`m }xh hc bm

@tbm kh Dxom" p f{rmt ymr{ht th dhbhormomc |hc{mt kh Tfbm'

rht p f{rmt l`cdmt" ymb`íckfbmt dfc hb cfgorh kh bfdmd`ôc" pdfckxdd`ôc hc lrmxkh khb _hmb khrhdef kh Mbdm|mbm> kh bf

}xmb th |hc`m hc dfcfd`g`hc{f" }xh tfbf hb kh bfdmd`ôc dfc'

|hc`m m ht{ft Dfc{rm{ft" t`hckf {fkmt txt dbmxtxbmt `ct'

{rxghc{mbht omt{mc{hghc{h khgft{rm{`|mt kh bmt |hc{mt

}xh th `c{hc{momc fdxb{mr" p khb lrmxkh dfgh{`kf dfc{rm

hb huyrhtmkf khrhdef> cf{íckfth yfr k`lhrhc{ht {ht{`gf'c`ft kh Htdr`{xrmt }xh th emc f{framkf" ht{mr mrrhckmkft

bft Tfbmrht dfc yhryh{x`kmk {rmctg`t`obh m bft Ehrhkhrft"

p txddhtfrht khb dfckxd{fr" dfc bm yhct`ôc mccxmb }xh th

ht{`yxbmom dfrrhtyfckhr mb yr`cd`ymb |mbfr kh bm l`cdm> kh



' ;? '

txhr{h" }xh hb bfdmkfr cf m|`m kh yfkhr mb{hrmrbm" t`hckf

b`d`{f mb mrrhckm{mr`f dfct{rx`r hk`l`d`ft" dfgf t` lxhrm

yrfy`f hb {hrr`{fr`f" ymtmrbft m f{rft `ck`|`kxft thaúc bh

dfc|`c`hth" ymamckf {fkf hb |mbfr khb Tfbmr mb kxhýf }xh

bf hcmahcmom" }x`hc th rhthr|mom hb khrhdef kh dfgyrmrbft hk`l`d`ft dfc yrhlhrhcd`m m f{rf" t`hgyrh }xh th `c{hc'

{mthc |hckhr" dxpmt dbmxtxbmt yhrtxmkçmc }xh hc rhmb`kmk

hrmc |hc{mt bmt }xh th dhbhormomc dfc cfgorh kh dhctf rh'

k`gòbh" p }xh th fdxb{mom bm |hrkmkhrm hthcd`m khb Dfc'

{rm{f" yfr cf ymamr bmt kft Mbdm|mbmt }xh th mkhxkmomc"

hc bf }xmb th `cd`kçm {mc dfgxcghc{h" dfgf }xh hc bmt em'

d`hckmt kh Dmgyf" f yrhk`ft rút{`dft th m|`m ehdef rhdò`r

dfc ht{h l`c hb dhctf rhthr|m{`|f: |`t{f hc g` Dfcthjf kh

bmt @ck`mt" dfc bf huyxht{f yfr g` L`tdmb" t`hckf dfc|h'

c`hc{h h|`{mr bft arm|ht yhrjx`d`ft }xh dfc{rm g` _hmb Em'

d`hckm rhtxb{mc kh thghjmc{ht lrmxkht" eh rhtxhb{f m Dfc'

txb{m khb huyrhtmkf g` Dfcthjf kh {rh`c{m kh Jxc`f kh ht{h

mýf" }xh th dforh" p hu`jm ahchrmbghc{h hb _hmb khrhdef

kh Mbdm|mbm kh }xmbht}x`hrm htyhd`h kh dhctf" pm thm dfc'

tàcm{`|f f rhthr|m{`|f dfrr`hckf àxmbht xcf p f{rf omjf

xc dfcdhy{f ymrm bm rhaxbmd`ôc> yrmd{`díckfth bf g`t'

gf hc bft Dfc{rm{ft hcl`{hx{`dft> p hc }xmc{f m bft kh bf'

dmd`ôc" p dfckxdd`ôc" }x`hrf }xh th humg`ch t` ht{m ht yfr

{`hgyf `ckhl`c`kf" f gxp k`bm{mkf" kh txhr{h }xh ymth kh

k`hz mcft > hc dxpft dmtft th em kh mkhxkmr" p dformr {mg'

o`àc hb khrhdef kh Mbdm|mbm" yfr hb lrmxkh }xh th dfgh{h"

f th yrhtxgh hc ht{m htyhd`h kh bfdmd`fcht> p khdbmrf }xh

ymrm }xh cf th dmcth" th emc kh emdhr bft mrrhckmg`hc{ft

yfr ghcft {`hgyf }xh hb kh bft k`hz mýft" p t`c dbmxtxbmt

}xh `ckxzdmc yhryh{x`kmk" c` {rmtbmd`ôc kh kfg`c`f" f f{rm

h}x`|mbhc{h> yhrf t` bm |hc{m kh bft Tfbmrht lxhrh tfbf

ymrm lmor`dm kh dmtmt" f f{rft hk`l`d`ft" ht g` |fbxc{mk }xh

th dforh tfbf bm g`{mk kh bm Mbdm|mbm kh tx yrhd`f m{hck`hc'

kf mb mxghc{f" p mkfrcf kh bm yfobmd`ôc: Yfr {mc{f gmc'

kf m bft \`rrhpht kh g`t _hpcft kh bm Cxh|m Htymým" hb

Yhrú" p Cxh|f _hpcf kh Armcmkm" m bft _hahc{ht" p Fpkf'

kfrht kh g`t _hmbht Mxk`hcd`mt" Af|hrc mkfrht# @c{hckhc'

{ht" p khgít Jxhdht p Jxt{`d`mt kh bft huyrhtmkft g`t Kf'

g`c`ft" dxgybmc p huhdx{hc" p emamc dxgyb`r p huhdx{mr

hc bm ymr{h }xh bht {f}xh f {fdmr yxhkm {fkf bf dfc{hc`kf

hc ht{m g` _hmb Dàkxbm" emd`hckf cf{`l`dmr m bft Htdr`|m'



‛ ;4 ‛

cft kh txt rhtyhd{`|mt jxr`tk`dd`fcht" }xh t` yfr tx ymr{hf{framthc hc mkhbmc{h Htdr`{xrmt }xh cf thmc hc bm lfrgm}xh |m rhlhr`km" {hcamc hc{hck`kf ymrm }xh cf mbhaxhc à'

cfrmcd`m" kh }xh yfr tfbf ht{h ehdef th bht txtyhckhrí kh

Fl`d`f" dfgf m dfc{rm|hc{frht kh g`t _hmbht frkhcht : yfr

thr mtt` g` \fbxc{mk" p }xh kh hbbm th {fgh bm rmzôc hc bm

Dfc{mkxrçm ahchrmb khb hcxcd`mkf g` Dfcthjf# Lhdem hc

Tmc @bkhlfctf m |h`c{h p xcf kh Maft{f kh g`b th{hd`hc{ft

p th{hc{m p t`h{h#

Pf Hb _hp#

Yfr gmckmkf khb _hp" cxht{rf T/*/#

Gàxhb kh T#/* G{`c# Dxh{f#

KxyS¹#

Ymrm }xh hc bft _hp cft kh bmt @ck`mt th fothr|h yfr yxc'

{f ahchrmb bf rhtxhb{f hc }xmc{f mb gfkf kh ymamrth hb khrh'

def kh Mbdm|mbm hc bmt |hc{mt kh Tfbmrht" p f{rmt l`cdmt"

ymb`mkmt dfc hb cfgorh kh bfdmd`ôc p dfckxdd`ôc" p huh'

dx{h bf khgít }xh th gmckm hc hb ymr{`dxbmr#

[ôghth rmzôc hc bm Dfc{mkxrçm Armb# kh bmt @ck`mt" Gm'kr`k |h`c{h p t`h{h kh Ma*S/# kh g`b th{hd`hc{ft th{S!!# p t`h{h#

Hc |md#*S kh Dfc{#¹! Armb#

Yhkrf kh Ambbmrrh{m#

%Oòb`f{hdm Nmd`fcmb" dfbhdd`ôc kh gmcxtdr`{ft" cúghrf <<Ò<J#



;;

C#f ?1# ‛ _htyxht{m kh bft Fl`d`mbht _t# kh Oxhcft M`rht m bft Dmyç'

{xbft kh bm _hyrhthc{md`ôc h `clfrgh khb Dfc{mkfr" p [htfrhrf khb

Hu{f# kh bm yrhthc{h Huyhk`d`ôc" m dhrdm khb |mbfr kh bm gfchkm kh

frf" p ybm{m" p khb gfkf kh dmramrth hc `ft Ymaft }xh th b`mdhc hc

ht{m Yrf|`cd`m#

%=< íh Fd{xorh kh =111)#

=#/

Hb `c{rçcthdf |mbfr" f bhp khb Kfobôc kh m fdef hc ht{m

Yrf|`cd`m" ht dfgxcghc{h ht{`gmkf yfr k`hz p th`t yhtft

thcd`bbft" t`c }xh empm frkhc khb Tfohrmcf }xh kh{hrg`ch

gmt |mbfr m ht{m gfchkm" p {fkf bf }xh ht{f hudhkh" ht md'

d`khc{mb" yrfdhk`kf kh bmt Xrahcd`mt kh hb Dfghrd`f" yhrf

khoh kh mk|hr{`rth }xh hc ht{mt _t# Dmumt th fothr|m bm

yrmd{`dm kh ohchl`d`mr bft Dmxkmbht }xh hc{rmc hc hbbmt

hc htyhd`h kh frf" yfr m}xhb mxghc{f" f {mc{f yfr d`hc{f

gmt m }xh dfrrh hc hb dfgúc kh hb Yxhobf" }xhkmckf hb oh'

chl`d`f !}xh rhtxb{m m lm|fr khb Hb# Hrmr`f" p }xmckf cf

{`hchc c`caxcf" {mgo`àc th dmgo`mc" f rhkxdhc yfr tfbf

tx `c{r`ct`df |mbfr kh =< yt# thcd`bbft#

?#/

¡T`hgyrh }xh hc bft _t# Khtymdeft" Cfgormg`hc{ft" f

[`{xbf th @gbbhc thýmbmkft bft Txhbkft hc yt# lt# khohc tm'

{`tlmdhrth hc bm g`tgm gfchkm" dfgf th fothr|m hc ht{ft

Fl`d`ft#

4#¹

Bft txhbkft dfct`acmkft hc yhtft" t`c f{rm huyrht`ôc

khohc hc{hckhr" p tm{`tlmdhrth hc yt# thcd`bbft kh m 5 rr#!

ybm{m gmdx}x`cm" }xh ht bm gfchkm dfrr`hc{h kh bm Yrf'

|`cd`m"

dfgfmt`

th huhdx{m hc ht{ft Fl`d`ft dfcbft

khbm

[rfym \h{hrmcm p kh`cmt dbmtht dfgyrhohck`kmt hc hb _habm'

ghc{f lfrgmkf yfr ht{m Dmy`{mc`m Acb# hc 0 kh Lhorhrf kh

ht{h mýf" p hc bft khgít huyhk`kft yfr T# G# }xh th embbmc

dfcdh|`kft hc bft g`tgft {àrg`cft> yS mkhgmt kh }xh



' ;8 '

emobíckfth kh yhtft hc ahc`#" th hc{`hckh hc ht{m Yrf|`c'd`m yfr bm rhlhr`km gfchkm thcd`bbm" }xmckf em t`kf kh hb

_b# marmkf kh }ch bmt dfctàcmd`fcht thmc tm{`tlhdemt hc

yS lxhr{ht" t`hgyrh th em huyrhtmkf hc bft rhtyhd{`|ft

Khtymdeft ht{h rh}x`t`{f > lxhrm kh }xh bft yhtft lS f ybm{m

kfobh {`hchc hc ht{m Dmy`{mb xc {rht yfr d`hc{f kh mxghc{f

tforh tx `c{r`ct`df |mbfr" t`c }xh th yxhkm mb{hrmr hc gm'

chrm mbaxcm" ht{mobhd`kf hc |`r{xk kh Frkhcht" j Omckfyxob`dmkf yfr bm g`tgm Dmy`{mcçm Ahchrmb" p T# G# hc _b#

Frkhc kh < kh Cf|S# kh =11? %kh }xh mdfgymým Dfy`mDhr{`l`dmkm) k`rà`km mb g`tgf Af|`hrcf" {`hch k`tyxht{f"

`}xh hb |hchl`d`f }xh yrfkxzdm hb dmgo`f kh bm ybm{m kfobh

}xh hc{rmrh hc ht{mt _t# Dmumt" dfc kht{`cf ymrm Ymamg*!!S

kh bm [rfym \h{hrmcm" th myb`}xh y!!# \ht{xmr`ft kh hbbm"

hc dxpf dfcdhy{f tfbf }xhkm ymrm ht{h l`c xc ghk`f yfr

d`hc{f" rhtyhd{f m }xh hb kft p ghk`f rht{mc{h }xh km ymrm

hb ymaf khb lbh{h p dfckxdd`ôc kh bft Dmxkmbht }xh |`hchc

kh Yf{ft`" p mt` bft fl`d`mbht _t# mofcmc m T# G# dfc hb rh'

lhr`kf mxghc{f" bmt dmc{`kmkht }xh hc bm kem# gfchkm hc'

{rmc hc ht{mt _t# Dmumt" ghk`mc{h m }xh emp bm thaxr`kmk

kh }xh dfc hb g`tgf khtdxhc{f khohc tmb`r kh hbbmt" mt` hc

bft Ymaft }xh th emdhc m bm [rfym" dfgf hc bft Dmgo`ft`}xh th huhdx{mc dfc bft @ck`|`kxft khb Dfghrd`f> kh }xh

th tàxh" }xh bm ghcd`fcmkm yrmd{`dm khoh dfct`khrmrth" cf

tfbf mx{fr`zmkm yfr tx mc{àòhkmk p cf{fr`hkmk hc bm g`t'

gm Dfr{h" t`cf {mgo`àc dfclfrgh m bm ghc{h khb Tfohrmcf"

p }xh yfr dfctàx`hc{h" cf kh|hc tm{`tlmdhrth hc yS lS# t`c

tx huyrhtm _b# frkhc bft txhbkft dfctàcmkft hc y#S t`c txhuyrhtm huhc{hcd`fc#

Bft txhbkft dfctàcmkft hc HudS ymrhdh }xh pm cf hu`jh

khdbmrmd`ôc mbaxcm" thaòc th rhl`hrh khb @clfrgh khb Tfr#

Dfc{mkfr" yhrf kh|hgft mýmk`r }xh ht{m Yrf|`cd`m ht{m hc

yrmd{`dm hb mofcmr xc yhtf yr# dmkm hudS¹R

8#/

]xhkm rhtyfck`kf hc hb c#¹ 4#



‛ ;< ‛

Cf dfrrhtyfckh m ht{m Fl`d`cm tx dfc{ht{md`ôc#

_hmb Dfc{mkxrçm kh Ot# Mt#" =< k`h Torh kh =111#

kc# Yhkrf Ghkrmcf# ‛ kfc

Gmr{çc Jfthl Mb{fbmax`rrh#

‛ K# Mbhjmckrf Mr`zm#

%Gxthf G`{rh" mrde`|f dfbfc`mb> Mrg# O" Dmj# ?=" Y# ?9" C#¹ kh Fr# J`b)#

C#f ?5# ‛ _hmb Dàkxbm lhdem hc Mrmcjxhz m =4 kh Mor`b kh =111

tforh hb mrrhabf kh mrrhckmg`hc{ft" f rhgm{h kh K`hzgft#

Hb Hhp# ‛ Yfr }xmc{f emx`hckf txd`{mkf dfc{rf|hrt`m

hc bm D`xkmk kh bm Emomcm" mb{`hgyf khrhgm{mrth bft K`hz'

gft kh bft Ymr{`kft kh T#// Jxmc kh bft _hghk`ft" p tmc{m

dbmrm" hc{rh g`t G`c`t{rft _!# hb _!!¹# Fo`tyf kh bm @abht`m

Dm{ehkrmb kh Dxom" p hb Jxhz kh K`hzgft kh hbbm" tforh t`

ht{h dfgf emdhkfr kh hbbft" p thaúc bm yrmd{`dm fothr|mkm

emt{m hc{fcdht hrm" f cf mro`{r`f ymrm huhdx{mr thghjmc{S

mrrhckmg#*!/! l`jmt bmt dfcfz#SS yrfyfrd`fcmr bm rhdmxkmd`ôc

kh bm arxhtm" p tx k`t{r`oxd`ôc dfc `ckhyhckhcd`m kàbft

g`tgft G`c`t{rft" p mkg`{`r bmt l`mczmt khb Amcmkf t`c

gmc`lht{mrbmt" c` yrfdhkhr tx myrf|md`fc" cf hc{rha#// bft

b`orft }xh kh|`mc lfrgmr bft Mrrhckmkfrht c` ymtmrth í

bmt fl`d`cmt _S ymrm }xh dxt{fk`mthc hc hbbmt" p {mgo!!# ymrm

}xh hb g`tgf Jxhz Hdd#!S¹ p txt khyhck`hc{ht th myb`dm hc

bft krft#" p dft{mt yrfdhtmbht m tx mk|`{r`f" p yrmd{`dmr {f'

kft bft mtxc{ft }xh k`rhd{m ô `ck`rhd{mghc{h {fdmomc mb

mrrhckmg`hc{f y//# mc{h Cf{mr`f" dmrhd`hckf khldh# yx¹*# yfr

cf thr htt#// _#! dfgf y`khc bmt Bhpht" `c{hc{mckf yhrtxm'

k`r mb Jxhz Emdhkfr }xh lxhrm kh bft kft _#S Cf|hcft dfc

dx`f {`{xbf mt`t{çmc mbft huyrhtmkft rhgm{ht > cf {hc`mc krf#

bft G`c`t{rft _S ymrm `c{hr|hc`r hc hb Af|`hrcf" p `c{hr'

|hcd`ôc khb yrfkxd{f kh bft K`hzgft p gxdef ghcft hcbft

kh bm Tha#SS dmtm huxtmkm kht{`cmkm m bm lmor`dm kh bm Dm'

{ehkrmb" p t`hckf dfc|hc`hc{h h|`d{mr {fkm dfc{rf|hrt`m p



‛ ;1 ‛

Jftmoxtft

`c{rfkxd`kft hc bft mrrhckmg`hc{ft"p

k`t'

{ròxd`ôc kh K`hzgft }#£ gh yhr{hchdhc hc krf" kh dfcdh'

t`fcht" Myft{ôb`dmt" p mrrhabmr {fkmt bmt fyhrmd`fcht kht'

{ft md{ft dfclfrgh mbm k`tyft`d`ôc kh bmt Bhpht" p gfkhr'

cmt N#S rhtfbxd`fcht" hc |`r{xk kàbmt }xmbht {`hchc g`t G`'

c`t{rft krf# ymrm dmb`l`dmr bmt dfck`d`fcR kàbft mrr`hckft"

yrfyfrd`fcmr bm oxhcm mkg`c`t{rmd`ôc" yrfgf|hr hb mx'

g!¹# armkxmr bm thaxr`kmk kàbmt l`mczmt mxu`b`mr bm rhdmxkm'

d`ôc" p `c{hr|hc`r bft rhymr{`g *¹S ymrm }xh th mjxt{hc mb

]xmkrmc{h pcf th yhrjxk`}xh ymrm m# # # #

Eh rhtxhb{fmdfctxb{m khg` Dfcthjf kh bmt @ck`mt kh =#¹ kh Lhorhrf

yrfu"/// ymtmkf dfc yrhdhkhc{h |`t{m khb L`tdmb" ymrm }xh

th bfarh hb l`c huyrhtmkf" p xc`lfrgmr bm yrmd{`dm gmckmkmaxmrkmr úb{`gmghc{h hc {fkmt bmt @abht`mt khg`t Kfg`'

c`ft kh bmt @ck`mt" }xh hcbft rhgm{ht# Mkg`c`t{rmd`ôc" rh'

dmxkmd`ôc p k`t{ròxd`ôc kh K`hzgft kàbft g`tgft kfg`'

c`ft th fothr|h hc bf txdht`|f hb rhabmghc{f lfrgmkf yfr

bm Dfc{mkxrçm ahchrmb }xh ht khb {hcfr tàx`hc{h

]xh th emc kh emdhr" p yxob`dmr bmt dfck`d`fcht" dfgf{fkf }xmc{f th formrh hc bm gm{hr`m" dfc jE!h|`m `c{hr'

|hc¹¹# kàbft rhtyhd{`|ft \`rrhpht" Af|hrcmkfrht" p khgítGc{rft# }xh kh|hc dfcdxrr`r mb md{f#

]xh cf th em kh dfcg`cmr m bft khxkfrht ymrm bm ymam

dfgf ht{m khdbmrmkf yfr yxc{f armb# p }xh hb myrhg`f kàbft

khxkfrht gfrftft bhaft th emam bm |`m frk`cmr`m p dfc hb

yr`|`bha`f }xh dfgyh{h m bm cm{xrmbhzm kàbft K`htgft# ]xhmxc}xh hb rmgf kh K`hzgft cf th yxhkh c` kh|h kfg`cmr

kh _!# Emd`hckm" c` {rm{mrth dfgf bft f{rft kh hbbm" dfc'throf Pf hb k`rhd{f kfg`c`f" p hc |{k# kh hb kh bm Txyrh'

gm yrf{hdd¹¹# p Ym{rfcm{f }xh huhrzm hc {fkmt bmt @abht`mt

Gh{rfyfb`{mcmt" p Dm{ehkrmbht kàbmt @ck`mt kh bft kft Cf'

|hcft }xh yhr{hchdhc mg` _R Ohrmr`f kàbmt \mdmc{ht" gm'

pfrht p ghcfrht" p ghtmkmt }#S {mgo#S¹ tfc g`mt khb `cgh'

k`m{f `c{hràt }xh {hcaf hc }xh hb cf|hcf p ghk`f kh Lmor`'

dm p hb yrfkxd{f kh bm thaxckm dmtm htdxtmkm th mkg`c`t'

{rhc f `go`hr{mc hc txt bhu`{`gft kht{`cft p hc }#£ bft Eft'

y`{S dxrmt p khgít ymr{`d`yht hcbm gmttm kh K`hzgft yhr'

dò¹# bf }xh bh dfrrhtyfckm thaúc hb ]xmkrmc{h ht lfrzftf

p gx` dfrrhtyfck#S£ }xh hc bft Mrrhckmg`hc{ft" Mkg`c`t'

{rmd`fcht p rhdmxkmd`ôc" p k`t{ròxd`ôc kh bft K`hzgft" phc bmt dxhc{mt kh Lmor`dmt `c{hr|hcamc dfc jxr`tk`d`fc



' ;5 '

àxmbj

xc`km mb yrfy`f l`c" hb \`rrhp Af|hrcmkfr" f @c'

{hck#*!! bft G`c{rft# _#S p Jxhdht f Jxhtht Emdhkfrm kh

K`hzgft cfgormkft y//# hb rhtyhd{`|f mrzfo`tyf" f Fo`tyf"

p Dmo`bkf#

]xh bmt l`cdmt yr`cd`ymbht p kh bm thaxckm dmtm huxtmkm

th b`mckh f{framr mtm{`tlmdd`fc khb \`rrhp Af|hrcmkfr" f

@c{hck#*£ p hb Jxhz kh k`hzgft" }xh bft bòrft }xh emckh

bbh|mr bft Mkg`c`t{rmkfrht" f Mrrhckm{mr`ft ymrm mthc'

{mr bft |mbfr!!S kh K`hzgft" emckh thr lfrgmbht p th emckh

yrhthc{mr mbm huyrhtmkm Jxc{m" mbm hty`rmd`ôc khb mrr`hc'

kf }xhkmckf mrde`|mkft hc ymrmah thaxrf#

]xh hb Cf{mr`f }xh md{{xh hc bft rhgm{ht" p k`bàhcd`m

kh K`hzgft" thm yrhd`tmghc{h Htdròmcf _R dfgf ht{m

gmck¹#

]xh yfr bm g`tgm Jxc{m th lfrgh Mrmcdhb hc}S dfc

yrfc{#*S h}x`kmk p Jxt{`d`m th rhaxbhc" p {mthc bft krft#

}xh yfr rmzôc kh rhgm{ht" p khgít }xh th md{xà kh|hc bbh'

|mr hb cfr¹# p Jxhdht Emdhkfrht kh K`hzgft dfc huyrhtm

khdbmrmd`ôc p yrfeò`d`ôc kh yhrd`|`r dftm mbaxcm bft G`'c`t{rft _S yfr }S# tforh embbmrth o`hc kf{mkft ht yxrm

ghc{h kh fl`d`f p kh bm fobàmd`ôc khtút hgybhft tx dfc'

dxrrhcd`m txdhk`hckf bf g`tgf mbft Jxhzht Emdhkfrht

}xmc{f tfc dmcôcàft" f" yrh|hckmkft kh bm g`tgm @abh'

t`m"# # # }xh {rmomjmc mtx ohchl`d`f" p hb Mrzfo`tyf" Fo`tyf pDm|`bkf bh thýmbm kh txt rhtyhd{`|mt }xmr{mt bm arm{`l`dm'

d`ôc f mpxkm kh dft{m h}xòmbhc{h" p }xh hc hb md{f kàbft

rhgm{ht" p jxc{mt th huhdx{h lxhrm kàbm @aS# hc bm tmbm

Dmy`{xbmr" t` f hc f{rf Ymrmah `cghk`m{f m hbbm dfgf thyrmd{`dm" f kh|h yrmd{`dmr hc bmt @abht`mt kh @ck`mt yfc`àc'

kfth kh mdxhrkf tforh ht{h yxc{f hb \`rrhp Af|///# f @c{hc'

khc{h" p bft Mrzfo`tyft p Fo`tyft# Yfr {mc{f yfr bm yrh'

thc{h frkhcf p gmckf mg`t \`rrhpht khb Yhrú cxh|m Ht'

ymým" p cxhof rh`cf kh Armcmkm" mbft rhahc{ht" p mxk`hc'

d`mt# Af|hrcmkfrht" Dfgmckmc{ht ahchrmbht" @c{hckhc{ht"

[ròxcmbht kh Dxhc{mt" Fl`d`mbht _!# p f{rft }xmbht!}x`hrm

Jxhzht" p @G`c`t{rft kh m}xhbbft k`t{r`{ft p rxham" p hc'

dmraf m bft Gxç _|S¹S Mrzfo`tyft" p _h|!!¹!# Fo`tyft f @abh't`mt Gh{rfyfb`{mcmt" p Dm{ehkrmbht" m bft \hchrmobht Khm'

cht p Dm|`bkft khtút @abht`mt mbft Jxhzht Emdhkfrht kh

hbbmt p khgít yhrtfcmt m}x`hcht dfrrhtySS# }xh dmkm xcf

hc bm ymr{h }xh rhtyhd{`|mghc{h bh {fdmrh axmrkhc dxg'



' ;0 '

ybmc p huhdx{hc" p emamc axmrkmr dxgyb`r p huhdx{mr bmhuyrhtmkm g` _hmb rhtfbxd`ôc" yxc{xmb p hlhd{`|mg*£# th'

aúc p hc bm lfrgm }xh |m khdbmr*S/# yfr thr mt` g` \fbxc'

{mk" p }xh kh ht{m g` rhmb dàkxbm th {fgh rmzôc hc bm

huyrhtmkm Dfc{mkxrçm ahchrmb Lhdem hc Mrmcjxhz ç` =4

kh Mor`b kh =111# Pf hb _hp# ‛ Yfr gmckm{f khb _hp crf#

Thýfr# ‛ Gàxhb kh Tc# Gmr{`c Dxh{f#

Dfcdxhrkm ht{h {ht{`gfc`f dfc hb kh bm _#! dàkxbm kh tx

dfc{hu{f }xh mt` g`tgf th embbm {ht{`gfc`mkm hc bft huyh'

k`hc{ht kh dmkm mýf }xh th lfrgmc ymrm hb rhgm{h armb# kàbftK`hzgft kh ht{h Fo`tymkf" m }xh hc dmtf chdhtmr`f gh rh'

l`hrf# P ymrm }#S txr{m bft hlhd{ft }#S empm bxamr hc dxgyb`'

g`hc{f kh bf frkhcmkf hc mx{ft yrf|hçkf ht{h kçm" yfr bft

thýfrht }xh dfgyfchc bm Jxc{m kh K`hzgft> bf mx{fr`zf"

tàcf p l`rgf hc bm D`xkmk kh bm Tmc{çt`gm [r`c`kmk# ‛Yxhr{f kh Tmc{m jC@mr`m kh Oxhcft Mp#S m ?; kh Fd{xorh khb

=154 mýft# ‛ Hc {ht{`gfc`f kh \hrkmk# ‛ Jfthl Bx`t Dm'

orm-

%Mrdb``|f Ahchrmb kh bm Cmd`ôc# \`rrh`cm{f" =11<'=111)#

C#f ?0# ‛ Dmr{m khb g`c`t{rf Dmb|hz mb afohrcmkfr kh Oxhcft M`rht"

kfc J# J# kh \hr{`z" mdxtmckf rhdòf kh bm kt ht{h tforh dmxkmbht

}xh emo`mc bbhamkf m Oxhcft M`rht yrfdhkhc{ht kh Yf{ft` p kht{`cf

kh bft g`tgft#

%=9 kh Jxc`f kh =111)#

Dfc dmr{m kh \# T# kh < kh Gmrzf kh ht{h mýf" cxghrf 80<"

th emc rhdò`kf bmt dmr{mt kh bft Fl`d`mbht _hmbht kh Yf{ft`"

p mb g`tgf {`hgyf th em hc{hrmkf hb _hp kh em|hr bbhamkf

m Oxhcft Mprht th{hd`hc{ft }xm{rf g`b }x`c`hc{ft |h`c{h

p d`cdf yhtft rhg`{`kft yfr m}xhbbft: }xh bft kftd`hc{ft

d`cdxhc{m p th`t g`b th`td`hc{ft {rh`c{m p t`h{h" }xh yfr k`t'

yft`d`ôc kh bft g`tgft dfckxdh K¹# [efgmt _fghrf" cfth b`m|`mc rhdò`kf c` bft fdefd`hc{ft g`b yhtft rhg`{`kft

yfr hb \`rrhp kh B`gm" mxc}xh thaòc bmt cf{`d`mt dfc }xh

\# T# th embbm|m" cf {mrkmrçm gxdef hc |hr`l`dmrth tx'

yhrd`|f" dx`mt dmc{`kmkht" p bmt }xh mc{hr`frghc{h em|`m

YXOB# ThD# E@T[# ;



' 89 '

\# T# bfarmkf" bmt `gyhckçm hc bmt ghk`mt ymamt dfc }xhghctxmbghc{h th txog`c`t{rm m bm [rfym" mdfy`f kh |`|h'

rht ymrm bm Huyhk`d`ôc" p f{rft `ck`tyhctmobht fojh{ft

khb _hmb thr|`d`f# K`ft axh# m \# T# gxdeft mýft#

Mrmcjxhz" =9 kh Jxc`f kf =111#

Jey# kh Amb|hz#

Kxy!/!#

T///# K/# Jxmc Jfthl \hr{`z#

%Gxthf G`{rh" mrde`|f dfbfc`mb> Mrg# O" Dmj# ?=" Y# =" C#/ kh fr# ?1)

C#f 49# ‛ Dfgxc`dmd`ôc kh Kfc Yhkrf kh Dh|mbbft m bm _hmb Mx'

k`hcd`m kh Demrdmt" tforh xcm _hmb Frkhc `c{hryrh{mckf bmt k`t'

{`c{mt k`tyft`d`fcht tforh khlrmxkmd`ôc kh rhc{mt rhmbht dfgh{`kmt

yfr dfc{rmomckf kh g`b`{mrht# Hb _hp txyr`gh hc ht{h dmtf hb lxhrf

htyhd`mb p emdh yr`|m{`|f kh bft @c{hckhc{ht p txokhbhamkft kh _hc'

{mt bm jxr`tk`dd`ôc ymrm jxzamr bft khb`{ft ghcd`fcmkft" t`c rhdf'

cfdhr lxhrf kh yr`|`bha`f> p tfbf mx{fr`zm mb Dfcthjf kh Axhrrm pDfgmckmc{ht hjhdx{mr bmt yhcmt kh bm frkhcmczm#

%< kh K`d`hgorh kh =111)#

_b# Khdbmrmz/# TS# bm `c{hbàhcd`m kh bm lxhrzm }S hc bmt

dmxtmt kh lrmxkht kh rhc{mt rhmbht" hc }xh thmc dfgyrh'

ehck`kft bft g`b`{mrht kh|h kmrth mb Mr{`dxbf 4#/ {rm{mkf

5#¹ {`{# ?#¹ p Mr{`dxbf 49" {rm{mkf 5#¹ {`{# =#¹ kh bmt cxhomt

frkhcmczmt G`b`{mrht> P m bft mr{çdxbft ?9 p ?= {`{# 5#/ kh

bm _b# khdbmrmd`ôc kh bm frkhcmczm kh SG`b`d`mt" thaúc m|`>

tf dfgxc`dmkf m bm Jxc{m khb _htaxmrkf kh xc`ôc kh _hc'

{mt yfr hb @b{///# Tfr# K/# GàR kh Gxz}x`z Thdrh{mr`f kh

Ht{mkf p khb Khtymdef Xcòhrtmb kh Emd`hckm hc ymyhb

kh ?; kh Jxb`f kh =1<0 }#* m bm bh{rm ht dfgf tàxh

Hc =1 kh Gmrzf kh ht{h mýf gh dfgxc`df hb Tfr# Kc#

Jxmc Arha#/ kh Gxc`m`c bm _hmb frkhc tàx`hc{h#

Hc hb Mr{`dxbf 49 {rm{mkf 5#/ {`{# =9 khb {fgf 4#¹ kh bm

frkhcmczm Armb# yrh|`hch huyrhtmg*S# }xh hb G`b`{mr rhf"

kh dfc{rmomckf thm jxzamkf p dmt{àmkf yfr bm Jxt{`d`m

G`b`{mr" m }xh dfrrhtyfckh p tfbg**# yfr hb [ròxcmb kh



' 8= '

_hc{mt }#!!/ om|`hckf `c{hr|hc`kf bm mdxtmd`ôc f rhdfcf'd`g*¹# kh txt G`c`t{rft th |hr`ýdmth bm myrhehcd`fc _hmb

kh dfc{rmomckft#

Dfc{rm bf k`tyxht{f hc ht{h mr{çdxbf {`hch yrhtf p ht{m

yrfthk`hckf hb @c{hck&£ kh Gxrd`m" dfc{rm A`cht Orfdmb"

Armcmkhrf kh _hag*/# kh G`b`d`mt kh m}xhbbm D`xkmk yfrdfc`yrhb`hxk`kf hc xcm dmxtm kh dfc{rmomckf kh [m|mdf"

myrfy`íckfth xcm Jxr`tk`dd`ôc }xh cf {`hch" rhtyhd{f kh

}xh cf em ehdef dfct{mr bm myrhehcd`fc _hmb khb dfc{rmomc'

kf" hc hb G`b`d`mcf" }xh ht hb dmtf }xh bh khtmlfrm> P ymrmh|`{mr hc bf txothtòf" paxmbht yrfthk`g&/! Gmckm T# G#yfr yxc{f armb# }xh cf |hr`l`díckfth kb`m# myrhehcd`fc

_hmb kh Dfc{rmomckf hc hb yrhtxc{òf rhf G`b`d`mcf" th

hc{rhaxh `cghk`m{mg#*S tx yhrtfcm mb Dfrfchb f Dfgmck#*/

kh tx _ha`g*¹# dfc bmt dmramt }xh rhtxb{mc kh bm dmxtm

ymrm }S# hb Jhlh G`b`{mr yxhkm yrfthkhr dfclfrgh m bf yrh'

|hc`kf hc hb d`{mkf Mr{`dxbf 49 kh bm Frkhcmczm Armb#" bf

ymr{`d`yf m \# T# @# kh tx _hmb Frkhc m l`c kh }£# ymth

bmt dfrrhtyfck`hc{ht m }xh th dxgybm ht{m _htfbxz#/ y#// bft

txokhbhamkft j khyhck`hc{ht kh _hc{mt#

Hc bft Mr{çdxbft ?9 p ?= khb {`{# 5#/ kh bm _hmb Khdbm'

rmz¹# kh 49 kh Gm`f kh =1<1 tS# yxc{ft hthcd`mbht kh bm Fr'

khcmczm kh G`b`d`mt th yrh|`hch bf tà#*S

/ Cf t`hckf kh g` myrf|mz#/ }xh bmt Jxt{#S Frk#S yrf'

/ thkmc c` yxhkmc yrfthkhr dfc{rm `ck`|`kxft kh G`b`d`mt"

/ yrh|`c`àckfbft" f yrh{hck`hckf {fdmrbht hb dfcfd`g*¹# kh/ dmxtm p emd`àckfth dfc ht{h gf{òf yrhckm" yS# rh{hchr

/ hb yrhtf > Gmckf }xh }*¹# fdxrrm mbaúc dmtf yrht`tf }xh/ thm `ch|`{mobh bm Yrf|`k*" kh yrhckhr m mbaxcf

> p hc {f'

/ kft bft kh dfgyh{hcd`m kh Jxr`tk`dz/# dfc bm G`b`{mr"!! }xh khohc huhrdhr bft dfrfchbht" bmt Jxt{`d`mt Hdbht`mt{`'

/ dmt" f thdxbmrht" khc y#*£ `cghk`m{mg#*** mb Fl`d`mb" Tmra#*/*

/! f Dmof" }xh th embbm gmt yrôu`gf hc hb g`tgf yxhobf"

/ f hc f{rf" hb }xmb ymtmrm m @clfrgmrth khb gf{òf kh bm

/ yr`t`ôc" p ymrm }xh yxhkm emdhrbf dfc gmt dfcfd`g`hc{ft/! mb Dfrfchb" ht{mrm fobàmkf hb Jxhz Thdxbmr f Hdbht`mt'

/ {`df" m hc{rhamrbh bft mx{ft fràt# f dfy`m mx{fr`zmkm kh/ hbbft khc{rf kh bmt ?; frmt dfc{mkmt khtkh bm hc }xh lxà/ yrhtf hb `ck`|`kxf kh G`b`d`mt#

/ Bxhaf }xh hb Fl`d`mb" Tmrahc{f f dmof rhtòm bft mx'! {ft" bft ymtmrm dfc tx `clfrgh mb Dfrfchb" f Dfgmck**#



' 8? '

/ }x# rhdfcfd`hckf hc tx' |`t{m p dfc k`d{mghc kh tx Mth'!! tfr" bm cm{xrmbhzm kh bm dmxtm" yrhohckrm m bm Jxt{`d`m

/yxhkh yrfthax`rbm }xmckf thm kh dmtf huhy{xmkf> j kh/ cf thrbf yhk`rí bm yhrtfcm khb _hf" }xh cf yfkrm rh{h'

/ chr bm Jxt{S# hc{rhaíckfbh t`c bm ghcfr k`bmd`ôc" mb Fl`'

/ d`mb" Tmra#S¹" dmof" f ymr{`km }xh ymrm rhtò`rbf k`yx'

/ {mth hb Dfrfchb }x# gmc{hc`hckf hc thaxrm yr`t`ôc" t`

/ th txot{mcd`mrh dfgyh{hcd`m t#S }#// khom dfcfthr kh bm

/ dmxtm" mdxk`rí ç` xc Txyrhgf Dfcthjf kh Axhrrm" yfr

/ ghk`f kh tx Thdrh{mr`f" k`r`j`hckf yfr hb Dfrrhf" frk¹#/ dfy`m kh bft mx{ft formkft" p kht`k`km bm dfgyh{hcd`m/ yfr ht{h [ròxcmb" t` th kh{hrg`cmrh m lmofr khb Jxhz

!/ frk¹# hc{rhamrm hb Dfrfchb m k`tyft`d`ôc kh ht{h hb _hf"

/p Mx{ft }xh m bm Dfgyh{hcd`m th ex|`hrhc ehdef p kh'

/ |`hrfc thax`r tyrh# bm yhrtfcm khb _hf : O`hc hc{hck`kfS! }xh bm kh{hrg`cmd`ôc kh bmt dfgyh{hcd`mt kh bft Dfgmc'

/kmc{ht kh G`b`d`mt p f{rft Jxhdht m kh thr yfr g` rhlh'

/r`kf Txyrhgf Dfcthjf kh Axhrrm" f yfr g` huyrhtm _hmb

/ _htfbxd`ôc hc xb{`gf rhdxrtf t`c }h# f{rf Jxhz c` [r`'/ oxcmb yxhkm ghzdbmrth hc thghjmc{ht mtxgy{ft#/

Hc hb Mr{`dxbf 4#¹ {rm{mkf 5¹ {`{# ?#¹ kh bmt Frkhcmczmt

G`b`{mrht kh ?? kh Fd{S kh =1<5 th k`tyfch bm tà!S

@axmbgJS }xhkmrm khtyfjmkf khb lxhrf g`b`{mr hb }xh

dfgh{`hrh khb`{f kh rfof" ô Mgmcthemg"J¹ khc{rf kh Jm

Dfr{h p hb }xh khb`c}x`hrh hc }xmb}&/! yJS dfc{rm bm Mkg`'

c`t{rmzc# p _hdmxkmz`fc kh g`t rhc{mt" tyrh# }h# yr# k`bàJ

kh G`c`t{rft kh hbbm th |hr`l`dmth bm yrhehcd`fc _hmb kh bft

lrmxkht" hc tx yhrtfcm" dmtm" f h}x`ymjht" dfc htyhd`mb`kmk

dfc{rm hb [momdf" m dx`f lmofr }x`hrf }xh txot`t{mc hc tx

lxhrzm bmt frkhcht mc{hr`frg#*!S hqyhkçkmt yhrf ymrm yrf'

thkhrth dfc{rm hb G`b`{mr" hc dx`m dmtm" ô h}x`ymjh th embbm

hb lrmxkh em kh jxt{`l`dmrth }h# `c{hr|`cf tx k`b`lj#/! f dfc'

thc{`g#S¹ hc fdxb{mrbh#

P hc hb Mr{`dxbf 4#¹ {rm{mkf 5#¹ {`{# =9 kh bm yrfy`m Frkh'

cmczm Armb# khb huhrd`{f" th gmckm bf tà**#

Hb }xh e`d`hrh x fdxb{mrh mbaúc dfc{rmomckf kh }xm'3

[ht}#!S aàchrft ô rfymt }# yxhkm thr" dx`f |mbfr cf huhkm

kh ?9 rr#* kh |hbbôc" thrm yfr bm =#!S |hz dmt{àmkf" dfc yhcm

dfryfrmb" yfr bm ?#¹' f huhk`hckf kh bft ?9 rr# thrm dmt{`'

amkf dfc Om}xh{mt p dfckhcmkf m yrht`k`f yfr hb {yf# }xh

bh lmb{h" hc{rhamckf mb G`c`t{rf kh bm _b#S _hc{m" m }c# df'



' 84 '

rrhtyfckm bft aàchrft myrhehck`kft hc hb lrmxkh" yhrf t`

hc }xmb}&!* kh Jft dmtft rhlhr`kft" dfgh{`hrh hb dfc{rmomc'

kf" dfc Mrgmt p yfr lxhrzm" thrm dfckhcmkf m gxhr{h"

yrfthk`hckfth m tx j``ta#/ yr# bm Jxt{#/* 4@`b`{mr" p Dfcthjf

kh Axhrrm" t` hb khtdxer`g{#!S |`c`hrh kh k`bàhcd`m khb Df'

gmckmc{h kh bm [rfym" yhrf mc{hr`frghc{h ex|`hth `c{hr'

|hc`kf mdxtmz#/* f rhdfcfd`g`hc{f yfr y#*S kh G`c`t{rft kh

g`t _hc{mt thrí jxzamkf yfr tx [ròxcmb dfc `c`|`d`fc kh

bm Jxr`tk`dd`ôc G`b`{mr" hc hb dfcfd`g#*/ kh txt dmxtmt |hr`'

l`díckfth bm myrhehct`ôc _b#

[fgmkf dfgf txhcm" p dfgf mc hc{hck`kf bft G`b`{mrht

hc bft dmttft }xh mc fdxrr`kf bf }h# k`tyfch hb mr{`dxbf 4#/

pm d`{mkf kh bmt cxhomt Frkhcmctmt G`b`{mrht cf yfkrm" bm

jxr`tk`dd`ôc kh rhc{mt yrfthkhr dfc{rm hbbft }kf# th jxt{`l`'

}xh ybhcmg#** }xh lxhrfc mx{frht kh dfc{rmomckf" f khb

lrmxkh" }xh bh `c{rfkxjhrfc" }xh bh huy`k`hrfc" }h# m`t`kmrfc"

[ moràmrfc" bft khthgomrdft" f }h# kh }#S}#*/ gfkf dfcdxrr`h'

rfc mb khb`{f" c` {mgyfdf yfkrm yrfthkhrth yfr bm jxr`tk`d'

d`ôc kh Hhc{mt mxc}xh th ohr`l`}xh bm myrhehcz#/ rhmb khbdfc{rmomckf dfgf cf thm hc bm yhrtfcm# Dmtm" f h}x`ymjh

khb g`b`{mr j mxc hc ht{ft dmtft th m kh jxt{`l`dmr" }#S `c{hr'

|`cf tx k`bà#!! f dfcthc{`g#*¹ hc fdxb{mrth bf }xh rmrm oht

thrm yftòbh dfcthax`r#

Bft cfg`cmkft Mr{çdxbft {rmct{frcmc hc hb {yf# }xh gmtdfc|`hch gmc{hchrth bft ht{mobhd`g#*¹S p Dhk#S Ohmbht }xh

khtkh hb Tàbf ymtmkf |`hchc lùmckf p rhdfghckmckf bm jx'

r`tk`dd`ôc yròm{òm hc bft @c{hckhc{ht p txokhbhamkft kh

_hc{mt" ym# hb dfcfd`g`hc{f kh bft dfc{rmomckft p lrmxkht`ck`t{`c{mghc{h dfc{rm bmt yhrtfcmt kh }xmb}x`hr lxhrf t`c

htdbx`r hb G`b`{mr c` hb kh bm Dmttm _b# |`hc thm yrhck`àc'

kfbht hb dfc{rmomckf f |hr`l`díckfth mohrbh huhdx{mkf `g'

yfc`hckf paxmbht yhcmt }h# m bmt yrmbht# khlrmxkmkfrht" mbft mxd`b`mkfrht" hcdxor`kfrht" htyhckhkfrht" p dfgyrmkf'

rht#

H ehdef yrhthc{h mb _hp" p ht{ft mc{hthk#*SSS p bm yrhthc'

{mz#¹ }h# e`zf K#/ Lrmc#!!/ Dmrrmtdf" kh Mdxhrkf dfc \# T#

5# hc }h# huyxtf bft arm|çt`gft yhrjx`d`ft }h# ymkhthr`m bm

_m# Emz#S** t` {x|`hrm hl{f# bf }xh yrh|`hchc bft huyrhtmkft

Mr{çdxbft p bmt gmbmt dfcth}xhcd`mt }h# rhtxb{mrçmc kh cftxot{mcd`mrth {fkmt bmt Dmxtmt yfr bm jxr`tk`dd`ôc kh _hc'

{mt yfr }h# ymr{`kft bft dfcfd`g#*/S hc{rh ht{m p bm G`b`{mr



' 8; '

mgomt th hgomrmtmr`mc hc bmt Dmxtmt kh dfgyb`d`kmk dfc

bft ym`tmcft" }xh tfc lrh}xhc{`t`gmt p c`caxcm yfkrçm `ct'

{rx`rth thaúc dfgo`hch" p hc{hrmkf T# G# kh {fkf" p kh bm

`c{hbà#* p hu{hcd`fc }xh th m hgyhzmkf m kmr mb mr{`dxbf 4#/

[rm{#¹ 5#¹ {`{# ?#/ kh bmt Cxhomt Frkhcmczmt G`b`{mrht mb

Mr{`dxbf 49 {rm{#¹ 5#¹ {`{# =9 kh bmt g`tgmt frkhcmczmt p m

bft Mr{çdxbft ?9 p ?= {`{# 5#/ kh bm _hmb Khdbmlmz#!S kh bm Fr'

khcmczm kh G`b`d`mt> th m thr|`kf T# G# rhtfb|hr yfr |`m kh

Khdbmrmz#*! }h# }xmc{f hc bft Mr{çdxbft th embbm k`ty{f# phu{hck`kf cf khoh mb{hrmr hc dftm mbaxcm" bf }h# yfr ht{m'

obhd`g#*¹S p Dhk#S _#S ht{m k`ty#*¹ p fothr|mkf mthrdm kh bm

yròm{òm jxr`tk`dd`ôc kh bft @c{hckhc{ht p Txokhbhamkft

kh _hc{mt" p kh hb gfkf kh huhrthrbm `ck`t{`c{mg#*S dfc{rm

bft G`b`{mrht hc {fkmt bmt dmxtmt kh lrmxkht p dfc{rmomckft

t`c chtht`kmk kh }xh th |hr`l`}#S bm myrhb`hcd`fc khb lrmxkh

hc bft {àrg`cft hc }xh th m hc{hck`kf hb Mr{#¹ 4#¹ {rm{# 5#¹

{`{# ?#¹ c` kh }xh th emam bm jxt{`lbdmz`fc yft`{òm }h# mb l`c

kh hb th frkhcm kh emohr `c{hr|hc`kf bm k`bà#* f dfcthc{`'

g#*/ khb g`b`{mr ym# bm fdxb{mz`fc khb lrmxkh" c` }xh tx myrh'

ehcd`fc th huhdx{h yfr bft G`c`t{rft kh _hc{mt dfgf yí'

rhth bf km m hc{hckhr hb Mr{#¹ 49 {rm{#¹ 5#¹ {`{# =9 yr# }h# kh

}xmb}x`hr gfkf p yfr %jxmb}r# gmcf }xh th huhdx{h" p mxc

t`c |hr`l`dmrth bm myrhehcd`fc hc bft dmtft hc }h# embbm tx'

l`d`hc{h yrxhom kh mohr t`kf dfgh{`kf hb lrmxkh mc kh {hchr

bft jxhzht kh _hc{mt _t# khthgomrmtmc m tx Jxr`tk`dz#/ yr`'

om{òm dfc{rm bft G`b`{mrht" dfgf dfc{rm bmt khgít yhrtf'

cmt kh }xmb}r# f{rf lxhrf hb gmt yr`|`bha`mkf yxht ym# ht'

{mtdmxtmt {fkf

lxhrf thm kh hc{hckhr

tyrh# yhrk`kf#

Mt` g`tgf khdbmrm T# G# }xh cf ht tx _b# mc`gf }xh bf

k`ty#*¹ hc bft Mr{çdxbft ?9 p ?= kh bm _hmb Khdbmrmz#!! m bm

Frk#!! kh G`b`d`mt" ym# hb gfkf kh yrfthkhr" bmt jxt{#S Frk#S

dfc{rm bft g`b`d`mcft hc bft dmtft hthy{xmkft p kh lfrgmrth

p k`r`j`rth bmt dfgyh{hcd`mt th }#/S* ht{hckhr" n bft yrfthk`'

g#*¹! kh bft @c{hckhc{ht p Txokhbhamkft kh _hc{mt" ymrm

bm }xh cmkm th m mb{hrmkf hc bm _hmb Khdbmrmz#/ c` ht bm |f'

bxc{mk kh T# G# }xh th mb{hrh#

M{hck`hckf hb _SSp" m }xh bmt yhcmt `gyxht{mt hc hb mr'{`dxbf 49 {rm{#/ 5#/ {`{#/ =9 m bft g`b`{mrht" m}#//SS yfr tx Df'

gmck#*S th bht myrhehck`hth hb lrmxkh yfkrmc rhlrhcmr gmt

ht{h khb`{f }xh bmt yhcmt dfgxcht : M rhtxhb{f T# G# }h# eh'

dem bm myrhehcd`fc khb lrmxkh m xc g`b`{mr hc yfdm f gxdem



' <8 '

yfrd`ôc th m hc{rhamkf dfc hb yfr hb Dfgmck&S m bm jxr`t'

k`dz#¹ kh _hc{mt" }xh yfr hbbm th bh t`òt{mct`h bm Dmxtm p}h# yxht{m hc ht{mkf kh dhc{#* th rhg`{m dfc hb _hf mb Df'

gmckm* ymrm }xh bm jxt{#* G`b`{mr p Dfcthjf kh Axhrrm rht'

yhd{òf" bh `gyfcam p emam huhdx{mr bm yhcm kh ht{m Fr'

khcmczm# ]xh tyrh# }h# yfr bft Dfgmckmc# *SS th hc{rhaxh hb

G`b`{mr p hb lrmxkh dfc}xhrkh myrhehck`kf m bft Jxhdht kh

_hc{mt _t# f khjh kh hc{rhaírthbh" th kh yfr xcft p f{rft

}xhc{m mb _hp" yr# ghk`f kh bft Thdrh{mr`ft rhtyhd{òft

ymrm }xh tx Gma#S dfcftdm" p yrhg`h" m bft }xh ghjfr bh

t`rohc p bf g`tgf tyrh# }xh txot{mcd`mkmt bmt dmxtmt p rh'

g`{`kmt m bft Dfgmck#*SS th embbmc `gyxht{f p huhdx{mkf

bmt yhcmt kh bm Frkhcmczm" p }h# hc bft dmtft hc }xh bmt

myrhct`fcht h @ct`hrhc yr# bft G`c`t{rft kh _hc{mt ht{h hc

hb Mk|`{r`f kh bft Jxhdht kh hbbmt" rhg`{`r bm dmxtm txot'

{mcd`mkm dfc hb _hf" mb Dfgmck#*£ G`b`{mr tyrh# }#S dfct`'

khrhc m kh thr kh gmt htdmrg#*/ bm yhcm kh bm Frkhcmczm bm

}xmb bh khohrí `gyfchr p emam huhdx{mr hc dfcthjf kh Axh'

rrm rhtyht{òf" kíckfth }xhc{m hc {fkft bft dmtft m T# G#

hc hb gfkf p ymrm hb l`c }xh frkhcm hc bmt khgít dmxtmt

p em|`hckf dfgxc`dmkf ht{m rhtfbxd`ôc mb G`c`t{hr`f kh

Axhrrm" gh m|`tm hb Tfr# Kc# Jxmc Arha#¹ Gxrçm`c" hc ym'

yhb kh ?= khb dfrr`hc{h mohr kmkf dfc m}xhbbm lem# bmt ôr'

khcht dfrrhtyfck`hc{ht ymrm tx dxgyb`g`hc{f mb Dfcthjf

kh Axhrrm" m bft Dmy`{mcht p Dfgmck#*SS Armbht# p m bft

@ctyhd{frht kh bft dxhryft bf }h# ymr{`d`yf m \# T# T# kh

tx _hmb Frkhc" ymrm tx `c{hbà#* p }#* yrhohcamc kh {fkf bf

huyrhtmkf m bft Mkg`c`t{rmkfrht ymrm tx Af|#//# Ht dfy`mkhb Fràb#

Mdfgymýf m \# T# xc huhgybmr kh bm _b# khdbmrmd`ôc T#*

bm `c{hbàhcd`m p lxhrzm }xh hc bmt Dmxtmt kh lrmxkht kh

_hc{mt _t# hc }xh thmc dfgyrhehck`kft bft G`b`{mrht kh|h

kmrth m bft Mr{çdxbft kh bm cxhom Frkhcmczm p m bft kh

bm Khdbmrmz#/ kh bm Frkhcmczm kh G`b`d`mt m l`c kh }h# mt`àc'

kfbm \# T# cf{fr`m hc bm Jxr`tk`d#!! kh htm _b# Mxk#* |`j`bh

tx dxgyb`g#*¹ C{rf# Tfr# axh# m \# T# g#S m#S

Oxhcft Mprht" < kh K`z#/ kh =111#

K#/ Yhkrf kh Dh|mbbft#

M bm _hmb Mxk#S kh bm Ybm{m#

%OèXf{hdm Cmd`fcmb" dfbhdd`ôc kh gmcxtdr`{ft" cúghrf `T=?)#



Ô< ‛

C#f 4=' ‛ _hmb Dàkxbm ymrm }xh bft yrf|`t{ft hc hgybhft kh @ck`mt"

}xh cf {hcamc mchum bm dformczm kh bft _t# [ròx{ft" p dxpf tmbm'

r`f bbhaxh m fdb`f g`b yhtft mcxmbht" th bht rh{hcam hc dmkm mýf xcm}x`c{m ymr{h kh hbbft" yfr |`m kh l`mczm kh txt rhtyhd{`|mt rht`'

khcd`mt" p }xh bft khgít }xh bf {hcamc `clhr`fr dfc{`cúhc kmc'

kfbf hc bm lfrgm yrh|hc`km yfr Bhpht#

çbF kh Nchrf kh =115)#

Hb _hp#

Yfr }``mc{f khthmckf fo`mr hb `cdfc|hc`hc{h khb hgyhýfkh arm{`{xk hc }xh dfct{`{xphc m bft Afohrcmkfrht bft l`m'

kfrht kh txt rht`khcd`mt gmckf ò g` Dfcthjf kh bmt @ck`mt

humg`ch" p gh dfctxb{h mdhrdm kh t` thr`m fyfr{xcf }xh

armkxmkm bm dmc{`kmk dfrrhtyfck`hc{h m dmkm hgybhf hc

®= md{f kh tx yrf|`d`fc" th ht{mobhd`hth bm rh{`hcd`fc yfr

}x`c{mt ymr{ht kh tx mccxmb txhbkf ymrm rhtyfctmo`b`kmk

kh bm rhd`khcd`m" p m l`c kh }xh hom}xmkm t`c rhtxb{mrbht

dmraf" th bht kh|fb|`hthc bmt dmc{`kmkht }xh th rh{x|`hrmc

yfr ht{m dmxtm> p m|`hckfbf huhdx{mkf hc dfctxb{m kh ?;

kh Cf|`hgorh kh ht{h mýf" dfc yrhthcd`m kh bf }xh tforh

hb mtxc{f `clfrgf bm Dfc{mkxrçm Ahchrmb p huyxt`hrfc g`t

l`tdmbht: eh rhtxhb{f }xh m {fkft bft yrf|`t{ft hc hgybhft

kh g`t _hpcft kh bmt @ck`mt }xh cf {hcamc mchum bm df'

ormczm kh bft _t# [ròx{ft hc txt rhtyhd{`|mt Jxr`tk`dd`f'

cht"

pdxpf tmbmr`f bbhaxh m bm dmc{`kmk kh fdof g`b yt#

mcxmbht" th bht rh{hcam hc g`t _t# Dmumt khb K`t{r`{f m

}xh dfrrhtyfckmc hc dmkm xc mýf bm }x`c{m ymr{h kh hbbft

yfr |`m kh l`mczm kh txt rhtyhd{`|mt rhd`khcd`mt" p }xh cf

rhtxb{mckfbht dmraf mbaxcf kh hbbmt th bht kh|xhb|m `c{h'

armghc{h" }xhkmckf bft khgít dxpft txhbkft cf bbhaxhc

yrh|hc`kmt yfr bhpht" dfgf emt{m mfrm th em ehdef# Yfr

{mc{f" p ymrm }xh ht{m g` _htfbxd`ôc {hcam hb kh|`kf dxgS

yb`g`hc{f" gmckf m g`t \`rrhpht" Af|hrcmkfrht" Mxk`hc'

d`mt"Fl`d`mbht _t# p khgít Jxhzht" p

G`c`t{rft kh g`t Kf'

g`c`ft kh bmt @ck`mt m }x`hcht dfrrhtyfckm" bm dxgybmc"

p huhdx{hc" p emamc axmrkmr" dxgyb`r" p huhdx{mr" yxc{xmb"

p hlhd{òmghc{h thaúc" p hc bm lfrgm }xh |m rhlhr`kf"

yfr thr mtt` g` |fbxc{mk" p }xh kh ht{m g` _b# Dàkxbm th



' 81 '

{fgh rmzôc hc bm ghcd`fcmkm Dfc{mkxrçm Ahchrmb# Lb`m# hc

Gmkr`k m 49 kh K`z`hgorh kh =111# Pf hb _hp# ‛ YfrG# K# _# C# T# Kfc Gnjxhb kh Tmc Gmr{`c Dxh{f#

Kfc Lrmcd`tdf Gmdemkf#

Fohkhd`km hc bm Ybm{m hc ÇÍ kh Fd{xorh kh g`b th{h'

d`hc{ft th{hc{m p fdef#

%O`ob`f{hdm pmd`fcmbj dfbhdd`ôc kh gmcxmdrç{fTj cúghrf ?08T)#

C#f 4?# ‛ Bm Dfc{#m g#fr p kh Hu{f# dfc{ht{m mb Hu#gf T#r K#c Jye#

kh Dmb|hz bm _#b frc# Trh# }xh th tm{`tlmam hb < ( m bft @ck`|#ft

}xh t`r|`hrfc hc bm huyhk`d`ôc Kh B`g`{ht#

Hugf# T¹!#

Thýfr#

Ymrm }#£ {hcam hb kh|`kf p yxc{xmb dxgyb`g`hc{f hc

{fkmt txt ymr{ht" bm _#! frc# kh 1 Kh Lhorhrf Kh ht{h mýf"

hc }xh T# G# kh{hrg`cm hb ymaf khb < ( tforh hb yrmb# Khbft rhd`|ft }xh }xhkmrfc t`c tm{`tlmdhr m |mr`ft @ck`|`'

kxft }xh t`r|`hrfc hc bm huyhk`d`ôc Kh b`g`{ht" p G`t`f'

cht bm eh ymtmkf hc dfy`m kh Fl`d`f m bft Fl`d`mbht _S Kh

ht{mt Dmjmt" }xhkmckf pf m hb dx`kmkf kh tx fothr|mcd`m"dfgf bf mdrhk`{mrm fyfr{xcmghc{h bm rhg`t`ôc Kh txt rht'

yhd{`|mt dxhc{mt m \# H# yfr thymrmkf" thaúc th yrh|`hch:

P dxpm cf{`d`m dfgxc`df m \# H# dxgyb`hckf g` fob`am'

d`ôc yfr mefrm hc tx rhtyxht{m#

Urf# T¹S axmrkh m \# H# gR mS

Ot# Mt# 49 k₢ Mor`b Kh =115#

Hudgf# T///# K¹# Jfthl kh Amb|hz#

%Mrde`|f Ahchrmb kh bm pmd`ôc# _hmb Emd`hckm" =115'ç15ç>#



85

C#f 44# ‛ Hb \`rrhp kh Oxhcft M`rht m|`tm mb Hugf# Tr# Kc# Jye# kh

Dmb|hz hb rhdòf kh bmt _#t Dàkxbmt" p frct# rhbm{òmt m bft cfg'

ormg`hc{ft kht{`cmkft m bft txah{ft ymrm bm Mkg`c`t{rmd`ôc kh bm

_#` rhc{m kh [m|mdft xb{`gmg#{h ht{mobhd`km hc ht{mt Yrf|#mt

%=< kh Jxb`f kh =115)#

Mb Hugf# Tr# K:! Jye# kh Acb|hz#

Gfc{#f =< kh Jxb`f kh =115#

Gxç thýfr g`ô# Dfc bm r!# frc# }xh \# H# gh dfgxc`dm

dfc lb`m# kh ?9 kh Gmrzf xb{`gf" rhd`|f bmt rS dàkxbmt { fr'

khcht kh bft cfgormg`hc{ft kh bft hgybhmkft hc hb ht{m'

obhd`g`hc{f kh bm rhc{m kh {momdf hc {fkmt bmt Yrf|`cd`mt

kh ht{h \`rrh`cm{f m dx`f K`rhd{fr Ahchrmb K#/ Lrmcd`tdf

kh Ymxbm Tmcz tàc`l`}xh g` yrfc{m k`tyft`d`ôc m lrmc'

}xhmrbh }xmc{mt yrf|`khcd`mt ht{`gh dfc|hc`hc{ht ymrm bm

yxc{xmb fothr|mcd`m kh }xmc{f k`tyfch tx G" yS# yfchr hchuhdxd`fc yrfc{m p huyhk`{mghc{h bmt `ct{rxdd`fcht kh

}xh |`hchc hcdmramkft> p em|`hckf huà`kf bmt }xh ghb`m yrh|hc`kf thr chdhtmr`mt yfr mfrm m hb hlhd{f" }xhkf

dfc hb dx`kmkf kh `gymr{`r# ### bmt khgít" }xh thmc dfckx'

dhc{ht m hb dxgyb`g`hc{f kh bm }xh th huyrhtm hc bm d`{mkm

N!# frc# p hc bm kh ?; khb g`tgf ght#

Crf# Thýfr#

Cxghrf 5#

Hb \`rrhp kh Oxhcft M`rht" mdxtm hb rhdòf kh bmt _*#

dàkxbmt" p frcht" kh bft cfgormg`hc{ft kh bft txah{ft kht'

{`cmjkft mb ht{mobhd`g`hc{f kh bm _hmb rhc{m kh [m|mdft hc

m}xhbbmt Yrf|`cd`mt" p em huà`kf bmt yrf|`khcd`mt }xh th

bh b`mc gmc`lht{mkf fyfr{xcmt m ht{h fojh{f#

%Mrde`|f Ahchrmb kh bm Cmd`ôc# _hmb Emd`hckm" =115'=15=)#



' 80 '

C#f 4;# ‛ Mb Hugf# Tr# Kc# Jye# kh Dmb|hz" _htyfck`hckf m bm _#b

frc# kh 1 kh Mor`b xb{`gf" }#h k`tyfch hb ht{mobhd`g`hc{f kh xcm

mkxmcm hc Oxhcft M`rht#

%=< kh Jxb`f kh =115)#

Mb Hugf# T& K:! Jye# kh Ambdhz#

Gfc{{#/# Jxb`f kh 15#

G`b` TS g`ô# M g` mrr`of m Ot# Mt# k`tyfckrà kh mdxhr'

kf dfx hb @c{hckhc{h kh Hu{f p _!# Emz*S//#" hb t`{`f hc }S#

dfc gm`fr yrfyfrd`ôc khohrí ht{{mobhdhrth khtkh bxhaf

xcm Mkxmcm" ymrm hb yrfc{f khtymdef kàbmt dmramzfcht"

}S# mkhxkmc khrhdeft rS m tx hc{{rmkm" p tmb`km" t`c htyh'

r`ghc{mr khgfrmt hc tx orh|h huyhkS# {fgmckf {fkmt bmt

yrf|`khcd`mt" }xh th rhaxbç`rhc yrhd`tmt m ht{h `c{hc{f" pdfclfrgh gh dfgxc`dm \# H" dfc lem# kh 1 kh Mor`b xb'

{`gf" }xhkmckf `c{hb`ahcd`mkf kh }xh |hckríc yrfc{m'

ghc{h m ht{{h kht{`cf bft txah{ft cfgormkft yfr T# G# ymrm

thr|`r bft hgybhft kh mkg`c`t{rmkfr" dfc{{mkfr" p |`t{{m

yr`cd`ymb kh ht{m fl`d`cm#

Crf# Thýfr

Cxghrf 0#

Hb \`rrhp kh Ot# Mt# Huyfch yrf|`khcd`mrm kh mdxhrkf

dfc hb @c{hck*S# hb Ht{mobhd`g*/# kh bm Mkxmcm" }£# frkhcm

T# G# th hu`jm hc m}xhbbm dmy`{mb dfc bmt yrfyfrd`fcht

}xh th rh}x`hrhc#

%Mrde`|f Ahchrmb kh bm Umd`ôc# _hmb Emd`hckm" =115'cTbw#



' <9 '

C#f 48# ‛ Mb Tr# Kc# Jye# kh Dmb|hz" Dfc{ht{mckf m bm _#` Frkhc kh

=#9 kh Gmpf hc }xh th yrh|`hch bm yxob`dmd`ôc kh f{rm kh ?9 kh

Mor`b kh 1< huyhk`km ymrm h|`{mr bft lrmxkht }xh th dfgh{hc dfc

gf{`|f kh bm yhrg`t`ôc kh dfckxd`r hc bmt hgomrdmd`fcht lxhrm kh

ymr{#km kh _ha#f dmxkmbht f mbmjmt ymrm gmc`lht{mrbmt hc hb md{f

kh bm |`t`{m#

%; kh Thy{`hgorh kh =115)#

Mb Tfr# Z3#/ Jye# kh %n`b|hz#

Ot# Mt# ; kh Thy# =115#

Hugf# T/#

Gxç thýfr gçf : Hc dfcth}``hcf`m kh bf }xh gh yrh|`h'

ch \# H# hc dmr{m kh =#¹ kh Gmpf xb{`gf" eh huyhk`kf bmt

dfrrhtyfck`hc{ht frct# mlbc kh }xh th yxob`}xh hc ht{m Dm'

y`{mb p hc Gfc{h|`khf bm _!# frc# kh ?9 kh Mor`b kh 1<

}xh `cthr{m" huyhk`km ymrm h|`{mr lrmxkht hc bmt gmc`lht'{md`fcht kh dmxkmbht p mbmjmt }xh th mdft{xgormc emdhr

khc{rf kh bmt ?; efrmt kh bm bbhamkm kh bft \mahbht m htft

Kfg`c`ft : @axmbghc{h }xh hc hb md{f kh bm |`t`{m }xh th

ymth m bmt hgomrdmd`fcht }xh rharhthc kh m}xhb Yxhr{f m

hbbft o`hc thmc kh bmt khb dfghrd`f bòrh" f kh bmt txah{mt

m b`zhcd`mt ymr{`dxbmrht kh htm |`m rhthr|mkm> p }xh hc bft

rha`t{rft kh hbbmt th mcf{h em|hrth yrmd{`dmkf ht{m k`bàhc'

d`m ymrm }xh kh c`caúc gfkf th mbhaxh àcfrmcd`m#

Cxghrf ;;#

Hb \`rrhp kh Oxhcft M`rht m|`tm em|hr k`tyxht{f hb dxg'

yb`g`hc{f kh bm _hmb frkhc kh yr`ghrf kh Gmpf kh =115

hc }xh th bh yrh|`cf bm yxob`dmd`ôc kh f{rm kh ?9 kh Mor`b

kh 1< huyhk`km ymrm h|`{mr lrmxkht hc bmt gmc`lht{md`fcht

kh bft dmxkmbht p mbmjmt }xh dfckxdhc bmt hgomrdmd`fcht

lxhrm kh ymr{`km kh rha`t{rf#

%Mrde`|f Ahchrmb kh bm pmd`ôc# _hm-" Emd`hckm" =115'=15=)#



‛ <= ‛

C#f 4<# ‛ _hmb Frkhc ymrm }xh bmt dmr{mt }xh th k`r`jmc mb `c{hc'

khc{h kh hjhrd`{f f kh rhmb emd`hckm th yr`cd`y`hc dfc /@\@xp Thýfr

g`ô/ p th dfcdbxpmc dfc /Tx gmt thaxrf thr|`kfr/ yfr bmt rmzfcht

}xh th huyrhtmc#

%? kh Fd{xorh kh =115)#

Mxc}xh yfr xb{`gmt cxh|mt frkhcmczmt G`b`{mrht ht{m

khdbmrmkf }xh bft dmy`{mcht Ahchrmbht" }xmckf {rm{hc kh

fl`d`f m bft @c{hckhc{ht" xthc ymrm htdr`|`rbht" hgyhzmckf

dfc bm ymbmorm" j l`cmb`dhc dfc l`rgm rmtm> dfgf }x`hrm ht'

{mt frkhcmczmt cf {x|`hrfc foah{f m bmt @ck`mt" hc kfckh

cf emoçm @c{hckhcd`mt" }xmckf th lfrgmb`zmrfc" cf yxhkh

dfc|hc`r hc ht{m ymr{h rhtyhd{f kh bmt k`t{`c{mt d`rdxct{mc'

d`mt {hrr`{fr`mbht ymrm thax`r hc bm Mghr`dm hb g`tgf ht{`bf#

Bm txgm k`t{mcd`m kh htft Kfg`c`ft em ehdef k`t{`cax`r

gxdef hc bft efcfrht" thrhgfc`mt" p lmdxb{mkht m bft yr`c'

d`ymbht hgybhft mep drhmkft" ymrm}xh yhrd`|`hthc hu{hr`fr'ghc{h htft Cm{xrmbht bm armckhzm" j tfohrmcçm khb _hp" p{rm{íckfth khb Khdfrf kh xc hgybhf dfgf hb kh @c{hckhc{h

kh huhrd`{f" p Hb# Emd`hckm cxh|mghc{h ht{mobhd`kf" cxcdm

dfcfd`kf" p {mc yr`cd`ymb" h `gyfr{mc{h mb _hp" dfgf }xh

hc hb th rhlxckh bm rhdmxkmd`ôc" dfcthr|md`ôc" p k`t{r`ox'

d`ôc kh {fkft bft _mgft kh tx _hç# Emd`hckm" dfc xcm {f{mb

`ckhyhckhcd`m kh bft \`rrhpht" em rhtxhb{f T# G# hc lxhrzm

kh ht{mt rhlbhu`fcht" p kh }xh hb @c{hckhc{h ht xc Ahlh yr`c'

d`ymb" t`c rhdfcfdhr gmt Txyhr`fr`kmk }xh bm khb Txyhr`'{hckhc{h Ahchrmb kh bm _hmb Emd`hckm kh @ck`mt kh }x`hc ht

Txokhbhamkf" }xh \# H# p txt Txodhtfrht hc hth \`rrhpcm{f

k`t{`cam mb @c{hckhc{h kh huhrd`{f p _b# Emd`hckm kh hb" hg'

yhzmckf txt dmr{mt" }xmckf empm gf{`|f kh htdr`|`rbh dfc

Gxp Tfr# g`ô" p dfcdbx`hckf dfc hb dxgyb`kf kh tx gmt th'

axrf thr|`kfr: p mt` bf yrh|hcaf m P# H# kh frkhc kh T# G#ymrm }xh bf {hcam hc{hck`kf" p dx`kh kh tx |hr`l`dmd`ôc#

K`ft axh# m \# H# g#¹ m#S

Tc# @bkhylfctf ? kh Fd{xorh kh =115#

Jj)e# kh Amb|hz#

Tfr# kc# Jxmc Jye# kh \hr{`z#

%Gxthf G`{rh" mrde`|f dfbfc`mb> Mrg# O" Dmj# ?ç" Y# =" còg# kh frkhc 80)#



<? ‛

C#f 41# ‛ Mb T#fr K"c Jye# kh Dmb|hz# M|`tmckf }xhkmr k`tyxht{f hb

dxgyb`g`hc{f kh bm _#` Fr# kht# kh b#f Maft{f xb{`gf }#h yrh|`hch

bft {àrg`cft hc }#h th emc kh |hr`l`dmr bft _ha`t{rft kh Dmxkmbht

p hlhd{ft kh `ft Ym}xhof{t Dfrrhft p }#h cf th |mrçhc mxc }xmckftmbamc hgomrdmd`fcht kh Axhrrm kh bft g`tgft Yxhr{ft p m bft

yrfy`ft kht{`cft }#h m}xhbbmt#

%49 kh Cf|`hgorh kh =115)#

Íb mTÇ#/!' K#/ JyJ`# kh Amb|hz"

Ot# Mpt# Cf|#/ 49&15#

Hugf# T#///

Gxp T*//# g`ô: dfc lb`m# kh =#¹ kh Maft{f xb{`gf gh rh'

y`{h \# T# ymrm bm yxc{xmb fothr|#S bm H#! Frc# kh 8 kh K`z#/S£

kh =11? hc }xh th yrh|`cf m ht{h {r`oxcmb kh H!# EmzSS# th

mor`hth rha`t{rf kh ybmzm m bft Ym}xhof{t Dfrrhft hc bftg`tgft p yrhd`tft {àrg`cft }xh m bmt hgomrdmd`fcht kh

bm H#! mrgmkm f Gmrdemgf dfc mrrhabf mbf }#S ht{mom úb{`'

gmghc{h gmckmkf tforh hu{rmcahrft p }S thymrmkmg*S th

lfrgmth f mor`hth f{rf rha`t{rf kàbft hlhd{ft }S# th hgomr'

dmthc hc bft g`tgft Ym}xhof{t" y/*# h|`{mr kh ht{h gfkf bm

k`bmt/# hc bm hc{rham kàbft dmxkmbht# P gh mk|`hr{h mefrm

\# }S# ht{m H# k`tyft`d`ôc kh|h bbh|mrth m kho`kf hlhd{f

mxc hc hb dmtf kh em|hr \mahbht kh Axhrrm hc bft g`tgft

Yxhr{ft hc }S# ht{àc bmt hgomrdm¹SS p kh|mc dfgf ht{m rh'arhtmr m htft Hhpcft# Hc tx dfcth}S eh ymtmkf bmt frkh'

cht dfrShtySSS m `mt fl`d`cmt kh H!# Emz!!S m }S# dfgyh{h hb

dxgyb`g#*/ kh bf huyxht{f p }xhkf hc |hr`l`dmrbf hc bm ymr{h

}S# gh {fdm Tha¹# \# gh frkhcm#

%Mrde`|f Ahchrmb kh bm Cmd`ôc# _hmb Emd`hckm" =115'=15=)#



' <4

C#f 45# ‛ _hyrhthc{md`ôc khb Dfc{mkfr Gmpfr kh Dxhc{mt" kfc

Lrmcd`tdf kh Dmorhrm" mb Thýfr Dfc{mkfr Armb# kh @ck`mt tforh

bmt `cd`khcd`mt hc hb f{framg`hc{f ymrm bm Dfckxdd`ôc kh T`{xmkft"

m F# Gm{hf _mgôc kh Mbzmam#

%=#¹ kh K`d`hgorh kh =115)#

Gxç T# g`ô p g` lm|frhdhkfr# Yfr cf mdxgxbmr ymyhbht

p yfr}xh txyfcaf }xh T# H# ymtmrm m \# T" `cghk`m{m'ghc{h bft }xh bh k`r`jf hc ht{m lhdem" cf bft kxyS/#

Yfr hbbft th `gyfckrí \# T# rhc`kf bmcdh }xh eh khlhc'

k`kf" mx{efr`zmkf kh bmt lmdxb{mkht }xh gh km g` hgybhf"

hc d`hr{m Jxc{m Ahchrmb kh _b# Emz!!" }xh mdm|m kh emdhrth

y*# {rm{mr kh dfcl`rgmr m kfc Gm{ehf _mgôc kh Mbzmam

dxýmkf kh kc# Yhkrf Ghkrmcf hb Fl`d`mb _hmb hc hb hgybhf

kh T`{xmk`t{m AhcR khb _hpcf" !}xh hb Hu//# T¹S \`rrhp

bh em dfcdhk`kf" fobàíckfth m dfckxd`r m ht{m Dmy`{mb kh

bmt khgít Dmjmt khb \`rrhpcm{f" {fkft bft Díckmbmt }xhyrfkxzdmc m kft p ghk`f yfr d`hc{f#

Gh dfct{m }xh emp gxdeft }xh bf emríc yr# kft" p mbaxcft

ù3r xcf p ghk`f" p ht{m k`lhrhcz`m o`hc dmbdxbmkm cf omjm kh

|h`c{h g`b yhtft mb mýf hc yhrjx`d`f kh bm _b# Emd`hckm#

[fkft bft }xh dfgyfchc bm Jxc{m bh dfcfdhc" p yfr {mc{f

of{mrfc hc hbbm" }xh th ht{hck`hth hb Mdxhrkf" dfc rhtyhd{f

kh `clfrgh khb [ròxcmb kh Dxhc{mt> Hb @c{hrhtmkf {xof

gmchjf mrr`|m" p momjf" p lmd`b`{f }xh th mýmk`hth mb Mdxhr'

kf mb md{f kh ht{hckhrth d`hr{mt huyrht`fcht" }xh khb ml`r'

gm|mc hc tc bxdrftf kht{`cf" p pf th bmt em|`m chamkf mc'

{hr`frghc{h" dfgf }xh dfcfdçm h|`khc{hghc{!h }xmc{f th

yhrjxk`dmomc bft `c{hrhtht khb _hp: Ht{hck`kf hb Mdxhrkfm tx dfc{hgybmd`ôc" rhdfa`ô bm yr`cd`ymb l`rgm kh T# H#

yxtf bm txpm kc# Gmr{`c Jfthl kh Mb{fbmax`rrh yfr}xh cf

bh`ô mb l`rgmr" p jxzaf thaúc gh em yrf{hu{mkf }xh cf ex'

|`hrmc mýmk`kf thghjmc{h yrfyft`d`ôc: lmd`b`{f bm khb K*S:

Dmormb }xh emdh kh Mxk`{fr kh Axhrrm" yfr yxrf rhtyh{f"

m bm }xh |`f mbb` kh tx Hu#* thaúc {mgo`àc gh mthaxrf Gh'krmcf yfr Dxýmkf kh @c{hrhtmkf cf {xof of{f hc ht{m

jxc{m mxc}xh cf bh lmb{f |fz" p mdd`ôc p hc ht{h ht{mkf th

{rm{ô kh rhdfjhr g` l`rgm: Bhp hb Mdxhrkf" p e`hckf }xh

m}xhbbf cf hrm bf {rm{mkf" gh chaxà motfbx{mghc{h m yf'



' <í {'

chrbm:Oxtdmrfc }xmc{ft ghk`ft tfc `cgma`cmobht" ym#yhrtxmk`rgh" p cf fg`{`hrfc hb }xh ht gmt dfgúc hc bm

Mghr`dm> yhrf hb gmt fyxht{f m g` rmzôc: Yhrk`kmt bmt

htyhrmczmt th k`rà`hrfc mb Tfr# \`rrhp" }xh gh gmckfbbmgmr: Yrfdxrh `c{rx`r m T# H# kh bf }xh mdmtf àcfrf

ymrm b`mzhr ht{m Armd`m b`m Mbzmam" t`c }xh th {rm{mth kh gh'

jfr yft{fr: [xoh g` bmraf rm{f kh dfclhrhcd`m" p rhlbhu#/ pyfr ``b{`gf dfcfd`hckf bf lxckmkf kh g` rht`t{hcd`m gh gmc'kf T# H# l`rgmth hb Mdxhrkf p }xh huyxt`hth f yrf{ht{mth m

dfc{`cxmd`ôc" bf }xh gh ymrhd`hth: Mt` bf hahdx{h dfc bmtyrf{ht{mt" p yrh|hcd`fcht }xh \# T# |hrm hc bft d`{mkft kf'

dxghc{ft" p yrhthc{íckfth yfr f{rf htdr`{f Mbzmam m T# H"

y`k`hckf bm omb`kmd`fc khb Mdxhrkf yfr gmpfr cxghrf kh

of{ft" |fb|`ô m khdrh{mr T# H# m tx lm|fr" gmckmckf th bbh|h

m kh|`kf hlhd{f" p th yfcam hb cxh|f khdrh{f m dfc{`cxmd`ôc

kh g` yrf{hu{m# [fkf rhtxb{m khb rhlhr`kf {ht{`gfc`f `c'

{harf }xh k`r`jf mb G`c`t{rf" dfc Dfy`m Dhr{`l`dmkm kh g`xb{`gf `clfrgh" p yfr hbbft th `gyfckrí \# T# ghjfr#

Bft `c{hrhtht khb Nhp tfc tfbf bft }xh gxhohc g`t md'd`fcht: Bft g`ft gh bft mthaxrm T# G# dfc g` txhbkf" }xh

ht txl`d`hc{h m g` khdhcd`m" p bm kh g` lmgS" p kh cmkm

ht{fp gmt k`t{mc{h> }xh kh m{ehtfrmr hc Mghr`dm dmxkmb"

bf }xh mct`f ht fy`c`ôc : Dfcl`f kh|hr m \# T# bm kh }xh

khthf gxdef marmkmr" p thr|`r o`hc" p bh rxhaf }xh hc fdm'

t`fcht fyfr{xcmt bm emam mt` hc{hckhr" p }xh hc ht{m k`t'

yhcth \# T# bf gfbht{f" p yhrtxmkm khb htghrf dfc }xh eh

yrfdxrmkf `ct{rx`r m \# T# kh {mb cf|hkmk" }xh m}x` bm emc

|`t{f dfc mkg`rmd`ôc yfr}xh {fkft drh`mc `cmddhtòbh hbfyfchrth m {mc hbh|mkm kh{hrg`cmd`ôc# Hb Nhp ht yr`g¹#

p dmg`cmckf dfc mrrhabf m bmt Bhpht" p bm _mzôc" emrà bf

g`tgf dfc dfct{///# hc !}xmc{mt fdmt`fcht th yrhthc{hc#

Pf }xhkf hc yrfgf|hr hb mtxgy{f" yfr }xmc{ft ghk`ft

gh thmc yftòbht bxhaf }xh |hcam hb @c{hckhc{h" }xh ht{m

ymrm |hr`l`dmrth kh xc k`m m f{rf" p kh }xmc{f fdxrrm kmrà

dxhc{m m \# T# m }x`hc rm{`l`df g` rh|hrhc{h l`hb rhdfcf'

d`g`hc{f p rxhaf m K`ft gh axh# bm |`km kh \# T# tàbft#

Oxhcft Mprht =#¹ kh Jxc`f kh =115#

P hc Dfrrhf 5 kh Jxb`f Ym}xhof{ hb _hp lxh hb kxy#¹#

%Xcm rúor`dm)#



' <8 ‛

Hugf# Thýfr:

Hc Jxc{m Ahchrmb kh _hmb Emd`hckm 2`xh th dhbhorf hb

?= khb yrôu`gf ght ymtmkf" th |`f xc htyhk`hc{h" thax`kf

yfr kc# G{ehf _mgôc kh Mbzmam" D`{xmk`t{m Armb# khb

\`rrhpcm{f" cfgormkf yfr hb Hugf# \`rrhp: Hc hbbm th

mdfrkô yfr {fkft of{ft %huhy{f hb kh T# Hu#( }xh cf mt`t{h

çB bmt jxc{mt" mxc}xh bmt mx{fr`zm dfc tx l`rgm) }xh th hu'

{hck`hth hb mdxhrkf" dfc rhtyhd{f mb @clfrgh khb [ròxcmb

kh Dxhc{mt" }xh dfrrh hc kef# htyhk`hc{h"

pkhb }xmb `cdbx`f

dfy`m dhr{`l`dmkm m \# H#

Mb {`hgyf kh |hr`l`dmrth ht{m fyhrmd`ôc hc hb Bòrf }xh

dfrrhtyfckh" th bh marhamrfc d`hr{mt huyrht`fcht" }xh pf

om|`m rht`t{`kf mc{ht dfc hb g`tgf @c{hrhtmkf" p cf{íc'

kfbmt ht{mgymkmt mb md{f kh l`rgmr" gh chaxà m emdhrbf"

yfr }xh hbbmt tfc k`mgh{rmbg#*S fyxht{mt" m f{rmt kh g`

`clfrgh }xh omc rmpmkmt" p }xh yfdf mc{ht em|`m pf g`tgfyrfkxd`kf" p yr`cd`ymbghc{h yfr }xh thkhc hc dfcfd`kf

UShrjx`d`f kh bm _hç#

Emd`hckm }xh kh|f g`rmr dfchb

gm`frdhbf: @ct{mckf hb `c{hrhtmkf dfc armckh hgyhýf ymrm }h#

th rhdfa`hth g` l`rgm" lx` bbmgmkf yfr T# Hum# p f`kmt bmt

jxt{mt dmxtmt yfr }h# rht`t{çm" gh gmckf T# H# l`rgmth hb

mdxhrkf" p Yrf{ht{mth hc hb bf }xh {x|`hth yfr dfgohc`hc{h

mt` bf hahdx{h" khtyxàt kh mbaxcft k`mt" yfc`hckf m tx dfc'

{`cxmd`ôc bmt yrf{ht{mt" p yrh|hcd`fcht }xh \# H# cf{mrm

®c hb {ht{`gfc`f `c{harf }xh ymtf m txt gmcft# Bft yhr'

jx`d`ft kh }xh ht{m mghcmzmkm bm _hç# Emd`hckm" hc bm |m'

b`kmd`ôc kh ht{h mdxhrkf" tfc dfct`khrmobht" p {mc{f }xhm jx`d`f yrxkhc{h" lfrgmkf yfr yhrtfcmt yrmd{`dmt kh bm

26`xkmk" cf |mjmrmc hc dmkm mýf kh ?9 yhtft#

Hc ht{f th armkúm bm k`lhrhcd`m" kh bm dfckxdd`ôc m ? =;

yfr d`hc{f" kh {fkft bft dmxkmbht }xh yrfkxzdm hb \`rrhp'

cm{f m ht{m Dmy`{mb" hc }xh Mbzmam ht{m dfgyrfgh{`kf" m

bm kh = Pc m }xh f{rft th fobàmc m |hr`l`dmrbm> dfgf ht{h

rmgf cf th em tmdmkf m yxob`dm txomt{m" c`caxcf em yf'

k`kf emdhr txt ghjfrmt" p bm _hç# Emd`hckm bf ymkhdh : Pf

ht{fp o`hc `clfrgmkf" }xh tfbf htyhrmc gxdeft hb yr`ghrYrhaôc ymrm yrhthc{mrth" gmt t` yfr bf mdfrkmkf cf yxhkh

ht{f ohr`l`dmrth" emt{m bmt rhtxb{mt kh T# G# c` {mgyfdf th

{`kg`{hc m bft }xh yr`|mkmg#S th yrhthc{mc" emd`hckf {mc

dfcfd`kmt |hc{mjmt" ¶]x`hc kxkm }xh thríc `cghctft bft

YòOB# ThD# E@5[# S



' << ‛

yhrjx`d`ft khb _hmb Ehrmr`f6 Cf dhtmrh xc yxc{f kh rh'

dbmgmrbft" hc khthgyhýf kh bmt fobàmd`fcht m }xh gh dfct'

{`{x`h g` hgybhf> p ht{mckf ymrm |hr`l`dmrth kh xcf m f{rf

gfghc{f" bm |hc`km khb cxh|f @c{hckhc{h kh Hu{f# hc ht{mt

Yrf|`cd`mt" {rm{mrh dfc ht{h G`c`t{rf kh Ymbmorm" p yfr

htdr`{f" tforh bft ghk`ft kh }xh th mdxkm hc {`hgyf m rh'

ghk`mr ht{h kmýf: hc{rh{mc{f eh drhçkf kh|f kmr dxhc{m m

\# H# dfc kfdxghc{ft" kh xc mtxc{f {mc dfct`khrmobh" p}xh em thax`kf xcft {rmg`{ht {mc rx`kftft" dfgf `chtdxtm'

obht hc g`fl`d`f"

p yrfy`ft khb efcfr" p l`khb`kmk dfc }xhgh yrhd`f" p yrhd`mrh tyrh# kh khlhckhr bft `c{hrhtht khb

_hp#

Cf fg`{f yfchr hc bm dfct`khrmd`ôc kh \# H# }xh hb hu'

yrhtmkf T`{xmk`t{m Ahchrmb" ht dxýmkf kh kc# Yhkrf Gh'

krmcf" Fl`d`mb _hmb kh ht{mt Dmumt" p }xh yfr ht{h bhamb

`gyhk`ghc{f" cf l`rgf hb mdxhrkf>

}xh kc# Gmr{`c Mb{f'

bmax`rrh gh em yrh{hu{mkf" }xh bf l`rgf t`c bhhrbf" hc bm

dfcl`mczm kh }xh th emor`m hu{hck`kf" dfgf th mdfrkô hc bm

jxc{m" dfc txahd`fc mb @clfrgh khb [ròxcmb kh Dxhc{mt>p }xh hb Kr# Kc# Jye# Bx`t Dmormb" }xh emdh kh Mxk`{fr kh

Arrm# rhdfgohc`kf gh mthaxrf" }xh yxtf tx l`rgm yfr yxrf

rhtyhd{f m bm }xh |`f mbb` kh \# H#

Ht{ft ehdeft" }xh mdmtf yfr khb`dmkft yxk`hrmc gmýmcmcf dfgyrf|mrth" bft huyfch fp m \# H# dfc bm gm`fr t`cdh'

r`kmk" p rhtyhd{f kh g` mgfr mb _hç# thr|`d`f > \" H# dfc txt

hbh|mkft {mbhc{ft" tmorí emdhr kh hbbft" hb xtf gmt dfclfr'

gh m }xh ht{h th |hr`l`}xh" t`c }xh {rmtd`hckmc txt rhtxb{mt

m g`t yhrjx`d`ft" c` th `gma`ch }xh yxhkm {rm{mr g` txofr'k`cmd`ôc" kh flhckhr hb mb{f Dmríd{hr kh g`t Txyhr`frht#

Hc khthgyhýf kh ht{m g`tgm fobàmd`ôc kmrà ymr{h m

\# H# hc bft Dfrrhft txodht`|ft" kh bm thr`h }xh axmrkf ht{h

chafd`f" t`c fg`{`r ghk`f kh Yrfgf|hrbf" m ohchl`d`f kh bm

_hmb Emd`hckm" dfgf g` Yrmb# `ct{`{x{f# Cxht{rf Tfr# axh#

m \# H# g#S m#S Oxhcft Mprht" =#¹ kh Jxc`f kh =115# Hugf#Tfr# O# B# G# kh \# H# tx gmt m{hc{f rhtyhd{ftf txok`{f#

Lrmcd# kh Dmorhrm#

Hugf# Tfr# Kc# Jfthye kh Amb|hz#



' <1 '

KFDXGHC[FT JXT[@L@DM[@\FT KH BM Y_HTHC[MD@ÔC

Cxghrf `#

Hc bm D`xkmk kh bm Tmc{`t``cm [r`c`kmk" Yxhr{f kh Tmc{mGmr`m kh Oxhcft Mrrht" m |h`c{h j xcf kh Gmpf kh g`b th'

{hd`hc{ft th{hc{m | fdef mýft: Bft Thýfrht" hb Hudhbhc{ç'

t`gf Thýfr Kfc Yhkrf Mc{fc`f kh Dh|mbbft" Dfr{ht" Ef'

pft" Dmbkhrôc" Dft" Mrh|mbf" Omrrhkm" Bm \ham" Yfrrmt"

Ht{rmkm" p Htdmbmc{h n#S Dm|mbbhrf kh bm _hmb Frkhc khTmc Jhcmrf" Dfghckmkfr kh Tmarm" p Thch{" hc bm kh Tmc[`maf" Ahc{`b Efgorh kh Dmcgrm kh Tx Gmaht{mk dfc hc'

{rmkm# Dmy`{íc Ahchrmb kh bft _hmbht Hudhrd`{ft" Af|hr'

cmkfr" p Dfgmckmc{h Ahchrmb kh Gmkr`k" p tx K`t{r`{f"

khb Dfcthjf kh Tx Gmaht{mk hc hb Txyrhgf kh Axhrrm"

Dfgmckmc{h Ahchrmb kh bmt Lxhrzmt kh [`hrrm" p Gmr" kht'

{`cmkmt m bm Mghr`dm Ghr`k`fcmb" \`rrhp" Afohrcmkfr" pDmy`{íc Ahchrmb kh bm Yrf|`cd`m khb _`f kh bm Ybm{m" Oxh'

cft MSrht" Ymrmaxmp" [xdxgmc" Yf{ft`" Tmc{m Drxz kh bm

T`hrrm" Demrdmt" p kh bmt D`xkmkht" p Yxhobft kh Ghckfzm"

p kh Tmc Jxmc" Txyhr`fr Yrht`khc{h kh bm _hmb Mxk`hcd`m

kh Demrdmt" p Txyhr`{hckhc{h Ahchrmb kh _hmb Emd`hckm"

hc {fkft bft _mgft" p yrfkxd{ft kh hbbm: Hb Thýfr KfcLrmcd`tdf kh Dmorhrm Dfc{mkfr Gmbfr kh Dxhc{mt kh ht{mt

Yrf|`cd`mt" Kfc Gmr{`c Ju:)b`# Mb{fbmax`rrh lmd{fr Dfg`ttm'

r`f kh Axhrrm" Jxhz" Fl`d`mb" _hmb kh ht{mt _hmbht Dmjmt"

Hb Kfd{fr Kfc Jfthye Bx`t Dmormb" Mofamkf kh bm _hmb

Mxk`hcd`m kh bm Ybm{m" Mxk`{fr kh Axhrrm @c{hr`cf" dfcmt`t{hcd`m khb Kfd{fr Kfc Jfthye Ymdehdf }xh emzh kh

L`tdmb" p Khlhctfr kh _hmb Emd`hckm" p kh g` hb Htdr`omcf

kh hbbm:

Ht{mckf hc Jxc{m Ahchrmb kh _hmb Emd`hckm ymrm {rm'

{mr kh mtx rmy{ft kh hbbm" th {xof m bm |`t{m" hb Huyhk`hc{h

Formkf" ymrm hb gà{fkf dfc }xh kh|hc dfckxd`rth m ht{mt

Dmjmt _hmbht" kh bmt kh Dmrmcamt" Dexdx`{f" Dfdem|mc|m"

Dmrmompm" Yf{ft`" Ybm{m" fb`t}xh" Frxrf" p bm Ymz" bft dmx'

kmbht kh Tx Gmaht{mk" }xh hc dbmth kh t`{xmkf" th rhg`{hcm ht{m Dmy`{mb dfcth}xhc{h m bmt Frkhcht }xh ymrm hbbf

th emc huyhk`kf# P hc m{hcd`ôc" m bf }xh tforh hb mtxgy{fth rhyrhthc{f m T# H# yfr hb T`{xmk`t{m Ahchrmb kh k`deft

dmxkmbht Kfc Gm{ehf _mgôc kh Mbzmam" dfgf m bft kh'



‛ {ç5 '

gmt }xh dfct{m khb g`tgf huyhk`hc{h" th mdfrkô yfr TxHu*#" j bft khgít Thýfrht }xh dfgyfchc ht{m Jxc{m" }xh

dhtmckf Kfc Jxmc _x`t kh Bxcm" hc bm dfckxd`fc }xh

emdh kh bft d`{mkft dmxkmbht" khtkh bmt Dmjmt kh Dmrmompm>

Dmrmcam" Dexdx`{f" Ymz" Frxrf" Dfdb`m|mc|m" p bm Ybm{m"

emt{m bmt kh Yf{ft`" hc \`r{xk kh cfgormg`hc{f khb Hudh'

bhc{`tt`gf Thýfr \`rrhp kh B`gm" yrmd{`!}xh hb d`{mkf Mb'

zmjSm" yfr T`" f txt Dfg`t`fcmkft bm huyrhtmkm dfckxd`fc"

|mjf khb thaxrf kh bmt l`mczmt }xh ymrm bmt dfckxd{mt kh

Yf{ft` {`hch f{framkmt hc ht{m" bmt }xh kh|hrmc hc{hckhr'th dfgf rhtaxmrkf kh hb {fkf kh k`demt dfckxd`fcht" em'

d`àckfth tm|hr ht{m d`rdxct{mcd`m" m bft l`mkfrht ymrm bm

@c{hb`ahcd`m kh tx rhtyfctm|`b`kmk# ]xh yfr bft fl`d`mbht

_hmbht kh# bmt Dmjmt" th bh lmd`b`{hc bft mxu`b`ft chdhttm'

r`ft" kh Gxçmt" p Ax`mt" dfrrhtyfck`hc{ht m ht{h l`c" ht{mc'

kf yrfc{f m tm{`tlmdhr ht{ft Amt{ft" |mjf khb g`tgf y`h

}xh bft mofcm |m bm _hmb Emd`hckm : Htdr`|`hckfth yfr bm

Thdrh{mr`m kh Dígmrm" bmt Dmr{mt D`rdxbmrht" dfrrhtyfc'

k`hc{ht m bft Dfrrha`kfrht kh m}xhbbmt Yrf|`cd`mt" ymrm}xh bm lmd`b`{hc dfc yrfc{`{xk" hb mxu`b`f chdhtmr`f" mb Hu'

yrhttmkf T`{xmk`t{m Ahchrmb> }xh c`caxcm f{rm yhrtfcm"

}xh cf {hcam bft Yfkhrht khb T`{xmk`t{m Ahchrmb" th bh hc'

{rhaxhc dmxkmbht kh bm _hmb Emd`hckm" kh|`hckf ht{h gm'

c`lht{mr hc bmt rhtyhd{`|mt Dmjmt hb yfkhr" p cfgormg`hc'

{f" }xh km ymrm bm rhdhyd`ôc kh bft Dmxkmbht : Yrhl`c`àc'

kfthbh yfr bft Fl`d`mbht _hmbht mb Myfkhrmkf" hb [hrg`cf}xh kh|h Fothr|mr ymrm mdxk`r m rhdfjhrbft" thaúc hb ht'

{mkf" p k`t{mcd`m kh dmkm Dmjm" dfc mrrhabf m bm yrmd{`dm

}xh emt{m m}x` th em fothr|mkf : Cf{`d`íckfth m tx Gmaht'

{mk ht{m _htfbxd`ôc" dfc {ht{`gfc`f kh {fkf" t`c }xh g`hc'

{rmt {mc{f th tm|hc txt rhtxb{mt" th `ccf|h" hc cmkm ht{m

Mdfrkmkm _htfbxd`ôc# Mtt` bf gmckmrfc" p l`rgmrfc Tx

Hu*" p T# T# kh }xh kfp lh# ' ' Kfc Yhkrf kh Dh|mbbft# ‛Gmr{`c Jye# kh M#b{fbmax`rrh# ‛ Kfc Jye# Bx`t Dmorm-# ‛Jxmc Hxahc`f _fkr`axhz#

Hu{hck`kf hb Mdxhrkf mc{hdhkhc{h" p l`rgmkf yfr txHu*" p khgít Thýfrht" }xh mymrhdhc : Yfr hb Thýfr Dfc{m'

kfr Gm`fr kh Dxhc{mt th k`jf : ]xh Tx Tm# cf th dfclfrgm

hc bm xb{`gm huyrhtt`fc }xh th bh em mýmk`kf p }xh k`zh# ‛Cf{`d`íckfth m *Tl# G# ht{m rhtfbxd`ôc dfc {ht{`gfc`f kh



' <0 '

{fkf t`c }xh g`hc{rmt {mc{f th tm|hc txt rhtxb{mt th `c'cf|h hc cmkm ht{m mdfrkmkm rhtfbxd`ôc# ‛ Yfr}xh hc tx

@clfrgh }xh dfrrh hc hb Huyhk`hc{h Frà`cmb yrf{hu`f rh'

dbmgmr bft Ohchl`d`ft kh bm bbR Emd`hckm hc }xmb}x`hr

dmtf" p gfkf }xh th gmc`l`ht{hc# P mxc yrfkxjf ht{mt hu'

yrhtt`fcht" dfc cf{`d`mt l`khkàcmt }xh bh emc kmkf kh }xh

th yfkrmc yrhthc{mr |mr`ft Txah{ft" }xh th fobàxhc m bm

dfxkxd`fc kh Dmxkmbht kh }xh th {rm{h" yfr gxdef ghcft"

}xh hb md{xmb T`{xmk`t{m Ahchrmb# ]xh yfr f{rm ymr{h cf

th em tmdmkf ht{h rmgf" m yxob`dm Txomt{m" dfgf kh _!#

Emz!! thaúc bf gmckmc bmt bhpht" p th b`m txot{mcd`mkf t`c

kmr |`t{m mb L`tdmb" kh bmt L`mczmt p [`{xbf úb{`gmghc{h

yrhthc{mkft# Yfr {fkf bf }xmb yrf{hu{m cf th bh ymrh yhr'

jx`d`f kh ht{h mdxhrkf" c` ghcft th bh dfct`khrh yfr hb" t`c

lmdxb{mk u3mrm yrfgf|hhr {fkft bft ghk`ft kh }xh yxhkm

rhtxb{mr }xmb}x`hrm çc{hrht mb _hmb Ehrmr`f" bft }xmbht

kh|h mj`{mr yfr tx @ct{`{x{f dfc gm`fr dmraf }xh bft kh'

gmt#

P }xh t` th k`hth Dxhc{mt m T# G# dfc {ht{`gfc`f dfgfth gmckm" thmc dfc @c|hrt`ôc kh ht{m yrf{hu{m" dfgf ymr{f

hthcd`mb`tt`gm khb g`tgf Mdxhrkf" hc dxpft [àrg`cft bf

l`rgf k`def Thýfr Dfc{mkfr Gmpfr# ‛ Lrmcd`tdf kh Dm'

orhrm# ‛ Jcmc Hxahc`f _fkrçaxhz# ‛ Oxhcft Mprht" p Jx'

c`f Yr`ghrf kh g`b th{hd`hc{ft th{hc{m p fdef#

]xhkmckf dfgf em }xhkmkf" yhck`hc{h kh bm _hmb _htfbx'

d`ôc kh T# G# bf k`tyxht{f yfr Mdxhrkf kh Jxc{m Ahchrmb

kh _hmb Emd`hckm" kh |h`c{h p xcf kh Gm`f : Axírkhth hc{rh'

{mc{f bf mdfrkmkf hc bm d`{mkm Jxc{m# ‛ Dh|mbbft# ‛ Gmckôp l`rgf hb Khdrh{f mc{hdhkhc{h hb Hudg#¹ Thýfr \`rrhp" Af'

|hrcmkfr p Dmy`{íc Ahchrmb kh ht{mt Yrf|`cd`mt khb _`f

kh bm Ybm{m" hb k`m kh tx lhdem" kfp lhh# ‛ Jxmc Hxahc`f

_fkràxhc" Htdr`|mcf kh Emd`hckm _hmb" p _hu`t{rft#

Hc Oxhcft Mprht k`m ght p mýf cf{`l`}xh hb Khdrh{f

mc{hdhkhc{h m Kfc Gm{ehf _mgôc kh Mbzmam" kfp lhh#

‛ _fkrçaxhz#

Dfcdxhrkm dfc hb Khdrh{f Frà`cmb kh xc Htdr`{f yrh'

thc{mkf yfr Kfc Gm{ehf _mgôc kh Mbzmam hc bft Mx{ft"

tforh bm dfckxd`fc kh Dmxkmbht kh T`{xmkft" í lfumt |h`c{h

p xcm oxhb{m> p kh Frkhc kh Tx Hum# mx{efr`zf" p l`rgf bm

yrhthc{h hc ht{h bòrf# Hc Oxhcft Mprht m Yr`ghrf kh Jx'

c`f kh g`b th{hd`hc{ft th{hc{m p fdef mýft# ‛ Hc {ht{`gfc`f



‛ 19 ‛

kh \hrkmk#Jxmc Hxahc`f _fkrçaxhz" Htdr`|mcf kh Em'd`hckm Nhmb" j _hu`t{rft#

Dfcdxhrkm dfc hb Mdxhrkf" j khgít k`bàhcd`mt Frà`cm'

bht kh tx dfc{hu{f }xh dfrrh hc hb bòrf kh hbbft khtkh lfumt

Kftd`hc{mt {rh`c{m oxhb{mt" emt{m Kftd`hc{ft {rh`c{m p{rht" p ymrm hc bm _hmb Dfc{mkxrçm kh Dmjmt m }xh gh rh'

l`hrf" p ymrm hc{rhamr mb çShcfr Dfc{mkfr Gm`fr kh Dxhc'

{mt" mx{efr`zf" p l`rgf bm yrhthc{h hc Oxhcft M`rht" lb`f#

x{ txyrm# ‛ Hc {ht{`gfc`f kh \hrkmk# Jxmc Hxahc`f

_fkràxhz# ‛ Htdr#¹ kh E#S _#S

Cxghrf ?#

Hugf# Tfr#

Tfr#

Dfgf hb Tr# @c{hckhc{h kh Hu{f# p _b# Emd`hckm kh ht{h

\`rrhpcm{f" mxc cf th embbm hc ht{m Dmy`{mb m bm Tmb`km khb

Dfrrhf" cf em yfk`kf g` Dhbf mkhbmc{mr xc Ymtf" hc mx'

ghc{f kh bft _t" @c{hrhtht" Trh# hb Yxc{f kh T`{xmk`t{m

Armb# khb _cf#" kh }xh k` ymr{h m R# H# dfc kfdxghc{ft" hc

hb m|`tf mc{hr`fr" dfc lem# kh =#¹ kh Jxc`f yrfu#¹ ymtmkf" pk`r`jf txt kxy#S¹S hc ht{h" p ymrm }xh bm tm|`m yhch{rmd`ôc

kh \# H# yxhkm {fgmr ghjfr xcm `khm kh ht{h mtxc{f" hc bmt

ymr{ht }xh lfrgmc tx k`lhr#!! dfc yhru#¹ kh bm rhmb Emd`hckm

gh eh rhtxhb{f m `cdbx`r m \# H# dfy`m hc ofrrmkfr" kh bft

kft hu{rmd{ft }xh gh em yrhthc{mkf dfcl`khcd`mbghc{h" xcf

kh bft Yft{frht" hc }xh `cdbx`h" m Jx`d`f Yrxk#*S bmt x{`b`km'

kht" p bft amt{ft" p emdh |hr }xmc{f k`l`hrh tx Yft{xrm kh

bm kh Mbzmam# Dfgf kh ht{ft kfdxghc{ft" cf yxhkh fp em'

dhrth xtf mba#¹ yfr g`" emt{m bm bbhamkm khb rhlhr#*S/ Thýfr

@c{#S" cf {xof yfr dfckxdhc{h l`rgmrbft hb @c{hrhtmkf" yhrf

thrm xcf kh bft }xh ghjfrhc hb _mgf" emt{m hb Yxc{f }xh

gmc`l`ht{mc" p Pf cf yhrkhrà kh |`t{m txt |hc{mjmt" thax'

r`kmk" hc dxgyb`g`hc{f kh g` fobàmd`ôc# Cxht{rf Thýfr

Axmrkh gxdeft mýft m \# H#

Oxhcft M`rht" 5 kh Jxb`f kh =115#

Hugf# Thýfr Jfthye kh Dmb|hz##



1=

Cxghrf 4#

Mt`hc{f kh T`{xmkft }xh khohc dfckxd`rth hc ; dfckxt`fcht mb mýf

kh bmt Dmjmt kh Yf{ft` m ht{m Dmy`{mb dfc l`mczmt kh =9999 yt#

ymrm txt rhtxb{mt#

=#899#999 yt# kh }xhc{m khb Hhp p ymr{`dxbmrht mb = \? y# ( # ??#899

;99#999 kh Jxj```" Tmb{m" [xhxgmc p Tc# [`maf = y# (### ;#999

=99#999 kh Dôrkfom \? |' 899

?1#999

Amt{ft kh Dfckxt`fc

<9< Txrrfcht m ?"899 yt# txrrfc tx ah`Sm p rh{fof kh

dxhrf m =? rr# txrrfc 0=?

494 Gxçmt dfckxzhc ? txrrfcht# Tx lbh{h =? yt 4#<4<

89 Dmrrh{mt dfckxdhc ;9#999 yt# dmkm xcm m =89 yt# =#899

; Dfckxd{frht m =#899 yfr |`mah < # 999

Amt{ft yhrtfcmbht ?99 yt# yfr |`mah 599

; Khtymdeft =99 yt# yfr |`mah ;99

Myfkhrmkf kh Yf{fh` ymrm hb rhdxtf kh dmxkmbht#### =#999 ?9#?;5

X{`b`kmkht b`}x`/!/ y#S # <#18?

Ht{fp `ct{rx`kf }xh kh bmt Dmjmt txomb{hrcmt m bm kh Yf'

{ft` mt`hckhc hc hb k`m m gmt kh ?999 yt# bft amt{ft kh bm

dfckxd`fc kh Dmxkmbht" hc |`r{xk kh frct# cf ymthc m bm

kh B`gm kh ht{m rhtxb{m emc mxghc{mkf bmt rhghtmt kh

omrrmt hb kxybf" hc dx`m dfct`khrmd`ôc cf th yxhkh fob`amr

mb Dft{hf kh ht{m fob`amd`ôc: gmt o`hc gh dfct{`{x`rà m

omjmr bft dmxkmbht kh Yf{ft` hc bft t`{mkft ; dfckxt`fcht

m bft 09 k`mt kh bm tmb`km" m bm bbhamkm kh ht{m Dmy`{mb" cf

ohr`l`dmckf hc kef# ybmzf t` gh rhomjmrmc 899 yt# kh bm

Dfckxz#¹¹ m ohchl`d`f kh bm _b# Emd`hckm" dfc dx`m yrfc{`'

{xk yfkrm ht{h \`rrhpcm{f txohc`r m txt xrahcd`mt ht{mt

tfc bmt dfck`d`fcht kh g` yrfyft`d`ôc p tyrh# bm dfckxd`fc

kh {fkft bft dmxkmbht m = `&S dx`m k`lhr#* tyrh# th mdhrdm m

?9 ] y#*S/ m lm|fr kh bm _hmb Emz#S* h{d#



1? '

Cxghrf ;#

Mt`hc{f kh T`{xmkft yfr kfc Gm{ehf kh Mbzmam }#h dfckxzh hc ? t`'

{xmkft m` mýf dfc hb ? =? y# ( }xh th bh mofcm kh bft Dmxkmbht}xh omjmthc kh Yf{ft` m ht{mt _t# Dmjmt#

=#899#999 yt# }xh th dfgyx{mc mb mýf kh }x#!* kh bm _hmb

Emd`hckm ?=&? Y' ( 41 # 899

;99#999 yt# kh Jxjx`" Tmb{m" [xdxgmc p Tc# [`maf kh tx

dfghrd`f = ( y# ( <#99]

=99#999 yt# kh Dôrkfom kh }xhc{m khb Dfghrd`f mb = yfr (# # # = # 999

yt# ;;#899

Amt{ft kh Dfckxt`fc

<9< Txrrfcht m ?"899 yt# txrrfc ahram p rh{fof kh

dxhrf =? rrt# tx dft{f 0=?

494 Gxçmt }xh dfckxzhc ? txrrfcht tx lbh{h =? yt#

emt{m Jxjx` 4#<4<

89 Dmrrh{mt dfckxdhc ;9#999 yt# lbh{h =89 yt = # 899

? Dfckxd{frht m =#899 yt# |`mah 4#999

Amt{ft yhrtfcmbht kh bft Dfckxd{frht <99

Myfkhrmkf hc Yf{ft` ymrm hb rh|`tf kh Dmxkmbht tx

txhbkf mcxmb ?#?99 =1#9;5

Th rhtxb{mc bç}x`kft mcxmbghc{h yhtft ?=#;8?

Cf{m# ‛ ]xh ymrm }xh cf dfclxckmbm k`tj)mr`hkmdb

}xhth {fdm m yr`ghrm |`t{m hc{rh hb df{hjf }xh lfrgmc ht{ft

Hu{rmd{ft" p bf }xh rhtxb{m khb xb{`gf `clfrgh ehdb`f tforh

hb mtxgy{f yfr hb Dfc{#/// g#¹!S kh dxhc{mt" th kh|h {hchr

yrhthc{h> }xh emp m}x` kft Ymr{`kmt }xh lfrgmc bm k`lh'

rhcd`m> xcm kh gmt kh <T)yt# }xh th kh|hc rhomjmr mb b`'

}x`kf }xh th bh tmdm m Mbzmam" yfr}xh ht bf }xh `gyfr{mc

bmt dfckxd`fcht kh txt dxhc{mt kh bft 199 yt# }xh |`hr'

{hc bmt 1 Dmjmt hc bmt kh Yf{ft`> p f{rm kh ;899 }xh yrfkxdh

hb ghk`f g`bbôc }xh {rmoh khb Dfghrd`f" }xh mxc}xh hc ht{mYmr{`km cf {`hch cmkm bm Ohb# Emd`hckm tyrh# ht x{`b`kmk

khb T`{xmk`t{m yfr}"* m hb th bm marham `clmb`obhghc{h hb df'

ghrd`f yfr tx g`tgm thaxr`kmk#



' 14 ‛

Hugf# Tfr#

Thýfr : Mxc}xh hb Tfr# @c{hckhc{h kh Huhrd`{f p _b# çbm'

z`hckm cf th em rharhtmkf m ht{m Dmy`{mb" ymtf m Gfc{h|`'

khf K#/ C`dfbít kh Emdem |hd`cf j khb Dfghrd`f kh ht{m

D`xkmk" p bh yrhthc{f xc Yb`haf kh Yrfyft`d`fcht" dfxdh'

|`kmt trh# rhabmt armbht# p kh h}x`kmk" dfc bm yr`cd`ymb kh

fobàmrth m dfckxd`r yfr =9 mcft m = `&S yfr ( m ht{m dmy`'

{mb {fkft bft dmxkmbht kh T# G# }#* em|`m kh {rmehr m ? `S

K"/* Gm{ehf _mgôc kh Mbzmam" md{xmb T`{xmk`t{m Armb# : Hb

huyrhtmkf Tfr# @c{hckhc{h khdrh{f }xh pf `clfrgmth trh#

hb mtxgy{f" hu{hck`àckfgh m emdhr Ym{hc{ht bmt k`lhrhc'

d`mt hc ht{h Chafd`f : Bm yrmd{`dm emt{m m}x` fothr|mkm yfr

B`gm" p }xh xc`hth hb htdr`{f kh Emdem" p g` @clfrgh mb

huyhk`hc{h frà`cmb }xh dfrrh trh# bm gm{hr`m > mt` bf huhdx{h

yrfc{mghc{h" p mxc `cdfryfrh |mr`ft htdr`{ft kh Yrfyft`'

d`fcht }xh gh k`rà`hrfc trh# bf g`tgf {rht |hd`cft kh Yf'

{ftp > hb kh bft fl`d`m#S _t# kh m}xhbbmt Dmu#S > g`t rhtyxht{mt

p xcm dhr{`l`dmd`ôc kh bft kh ht{mt ymrm mdrhk`{mr bft Dmx'

kmbht }xh mdmom kh dfckxd`r kh tx dxhc{m hc hb yr`ghr t`'

{xmkf hb rhlhr`kf Mbzmam" p dfgyrf|mr hb cf{fr`f yhrjx`d`f

}xh em txlr`kf bm _b# Emz#**S" yxht bbham m <=;4 yhtft = rb#

hc tfbf ht{m rhghtm" dfgf {fkf dfct{m gmt k`lxtmghc{h hc

g` d`{mkf @clfrgh" }xh eh drh`kf kh|f ymtmr m gmcft kh

\# H# ymrm }h# `cdfryfrmkf m g`t mc{hr`frht m|`tft trh# bm

gm{hr`m yxhkm \# H# lfrgmr jx`d`f dm|mb kh bm rmzôc p lxc'

kmghc{f dfc }xh khtkh hb yr`cd`y`f `!ht`t{` ht{h cfgorm'

g`hc{f"p

mxc yxk`hrm mýmk`r xc l`hb [ht{`gfc`f khb dfct`'

khrmobh çc{hrht }xh yrfkxd`rbm ht{h chafd`f mb ? y# ( dfc

txah{f khb gmpfr Dmxkmb }xh {`hch Yf{ftp" p }h# e`zf bm

yrfyft`d`ôc flrhd`hckf bòrmrgh =9 ] y#S kfobht yfr tfbf g`

dfckhtdhckhcd`m" dx`m ht}xhbm dfcthr|f frà`cmb" dfgf t`

mdmtf lxhrm Pf hb kxhýf kh ht{m Mbmjm" c` dmymz kh thgh'

jmc{h dfrrxyd`ôc : g` úc`df `c{hràt th z`lrm hc }xh \# H#

bbhaxh m lfrgmr dfcdhy{f kh }xh {fkft g`t mcehbft" p g`t

[mrhmt th k`ràhc m rhtaxmrkmr bft `c{hrhtht khb _hp" p mx'

ghc{m#rbft dfc g` |à`bmcd`m emt{m hb xb{`gf yxc{f" p mxcmtt` cf yfkrh dfrrhtyfckhr kh|`kmghc{h m bmt efcrrftmt

dfcl`mczmt" }#£ eh kh|`kf m bm y`hkmk kh \# H#

Cxht{rf Tfr# axh# m \# H# g#S m#S

Dfc{mk#* g#¾!! p km Huhrd`{f" ; kh Thy{`hgorh kh =115#

Hugf# Tfr# K#/ Jfthye kh Dmb|hz#



1;

Cxghrf 8#

Bm Dfc{mkxrçm G#fr p kh Hu#f mb Tfr# @c{hck#{h Tforh hb T`{xmkf kh

Mbzmam p rh{hcd`ôc kh ? ] y#t kh tx ``mohr#

=#/ ‛ Hc hb fl`d`f kh ht{h cxghrf km ymr{h bm dfc{mk#S kh

ht{mr y& bbhamr hb T`{xmkf" ymrm }#S th t`r|m gmckmr ht{ft

fýd#S _t# emamc kem# rh{hcd`ôc#

?¹ ‛ Hc hb kh ht{h c#¹ `cthr{m hb mc{hr`fr bm dfc{mk#!! m bft

fl`d"S ymrm }xh rhtyhd{f m emohrth mc{`d`ymkf bmt bbhamkmt

khb T`{xmkf m bmt rhtxb{mt kh kb`f# fl`d`f emamc bf }#£ dfrrht'

yfckm hc rhtaxmrkf kh bm O"R @[mzS!!#

4#¹ ‛ Hc hb kh ht{h cxghrf dfc{hu{mckf bft fl`d#S _t# k`'

d`hckf }xh Mbzmam cf em yxht{f hc Mrdmt gmt }#S bf }xh em

{rme`kf kh bhu#!/!! hc{rham j }#S cf {`hchc kh }xh mt`rth#

;#¹ ‛ Hc ht{h c#¹ th k`f ymr{h kh {fkf mb Tfr# @c{hckhc{h

dfc dfy`m dhr{`l`dmkm kh ht{h xb{`gf#

8#¹

p<#/

‛Hc ht{h cxghrf dfc{hu{m m bft mc{hr`frht hb

Tfr# @c{hck#*S gmc`lht{mckf em|hr ehdef àxmb yrh|hcz`fc m

ht{ft fl`d#S _t#

Gxç Thýfr g`ô: Ht{m ymrm bbhamr kh Yf{ftç hb =S!# D`'

{xmkf }xh dfckxdh kh tx dxhc{m kc# Gm{hf _mgôc Mbzm'

am" p t`hckf kh tx fobàmd`ôc em|hr dfckxd`kf {mgo¹# m tx

dft{m m bmt Dmjmt kh Yf{ft` bft Dmxkmbht }xh o`hr{hc hc

hbbm" bmt f{rmt 1 cfgormkmt> Bm Ymz" Frxrf" Dfdemomgom"

Bm Ybm{m" Dexdx`{f" Dmrmcamt" p Dmrm|mpm" th emdh yrhd`'tf !}xh \" T# th t`r|m gmckmr }xh khb yrfkxd{f khb ? SS

y# ( }xh th bh mofch rh{hcamc hc Mrdmt ht{ft Flt# rt# ? ¡

yt# m oxhcm dxhc{m ymrm }xh bm r#! Emd`hckm th rh`c{harh m

tx {yf# kh bmt Ymr{`kmt }xh em`m khthgofbtmkf hc bmt d`'

{mkmt DfckxdS }**# {hcaf cf{*# th emc ehdef yfr dxhc{m kh

T# G# hc ht{m fdmt`ôc dfgf hc bmt mc{hr`frht" p khlhd{f kh

dfgyrf|mr dfc humd{`{xk bmt Ymr{`kmt }xh kh ht{h d`{xm'

kf th k`rà`hrfc kh dmkm dmjm m bm kh Yf{ft`" yhk` hc hb

Dfrrhf mc{hdhkS# m txt rhtyhd{`|ft fl`d`mbht rS xcm rmzôcd`rdxct{mcd`mkm" p l`rgmkm kh bmt }S thmc dfc k`t{`cd`ôc

kh bf }xh dmkm xcf mofcf mb Dfckxd{fr ¶}x`hc lxh ht{h6 phc }xh gfchkmt th k`rà`hrfc" p bxhaf }xh rhd`|m ht{ft

Kfdxghc{ft bft ymtmrh m \# T# frà!SR ymrm }xh emam kh



' 19 ‛

hbbft hb xtf }xh dfgohcam hc rhtaxmrkf kh bm rb# Emz/#C{rf# T& axh# m \# T# g#/ m#/ Dfc{#!! g#¹! p kh Hu#*¹ == Ma&¹

kh =115#

Tr# Kc# Gmcxhb Lhrcmckhz#

Gxç Tfrht" g`ft hc lem# kh == khb Dfrr`hc{h ymth mb Tfr#

@c{hckhc{h bm tàx`hc{h _hyrhthc{md`ôc#

/ Gxç Tfr# g`ô : Ht{m ymrm bbhamr kh Yf{ftç hb yr`ghr/ D`{xmkf }xh dfckxdh kh tx dxhc{m Kc# Gm{hf _mgôc/ Mbzmam : j t`hckf kh tx fobàmd`ôc em|hr dfckxd`kf/ {mgo`àc m tx dft{m m bmt Dmjmt kh Yf{ftç bft Dmxkmbht/ }xh o`hr{hc hc hbbm bmt f{rmt 1 cfgormkmt" Bm Ymz" Frx'/ rf" Dfdemomgom" bm Ybm{m" Dç`xdx`{f" Dmrmcamt" p Dmrm'

/ |mpm" th emdh yrhd`tf }xh \# T# th t`r|m gmckmr }xh!! khb yrfkxd{f kh ? `&S ( }xh th bh mofch rh{hcamc hc/ Mrdmt ht{ft Fl`d`mbht r#S kft g`b yhtft m oxhcm dxhc{m"

/ y#* }xh bm rb# Emd`hckm th rh`c{harà m tx {yf# kh bmt ymr'

/ {`kmt }xh em`m khthgofbtmkf hc bmt rhlhr`kmt dfckxd`f'

/ cht }xh {hcaf cf{`d`m th emc b`hdef yfr dxhc{m kh T# G#/ hc ht{m fdmt`ôc" dfgf hc bmt mc{hr`frht" m hlhd{f kh dfg'/ yrf|mr dfc humd{`{xk bmt ymr{`kmt }xh kh ht{h D`{xmkf/ th k`r`j`hrfc kh dmkm dmum m bm kh Yf{ftç

>yhkç hc hb Df'

/ rrhf mc{hr`fr m txt rhtyhd{`|ft Fl`d`mbht r#S xcm rmzôc d`r'

!! dxct{mcdçmkm" p l`rgmkm kh bmt }xh thmc dfc k`t{`cd`ôc

/ kh bf }xh dmkm xcf mofcf mb Dfckxd{fr ¶%bx`hc lxh ht{h6

/ p hc }xh gfchkmt th k`rà`hrfc" p bxhaf }xh rhdòm ht'

/ {ft kfdxg#/S bft ymtmrh m \# T# Frà#S ymrm }xh emam kh/ hbbft hb xtf }xh dfgohcam hc rhtaxmrkf kh bm rb# Em'/ z`hckm#/

P dfc cf{`d`m kh em|hr bbhamkf hb D`{xmkf kh }xh {rm{m

ht{h fl`/#" t`c }xh empm ghk`mkf {yf# txl`d£# ymrm }*# hb hu'

yràt#/ Tfr# @c{hckhc{h dfgxc`}xh m \gt# bm frc# rhtyhd'

{`|m" bh {rmtbmkf m \gt# m bm bh{rm y#* }xh hc tx |`t{m emamc

bf }xh dfrhtyfckm hc rhtaxmrkf kh bm r!# Emd*# t`r|`àckfth\gt# kh m|`tmrgh hc rhtyxht{m" }xhkmc hc huhdx{mrbf#

C{rf# Tr# axh" m \# gt# m#S Tfrht# Fl`d`mbht _t#

Dfc{mkxrçm gm`fr" p kh Hu{f# =4 kh Maft{f kh =115#



‛ 1< '

Gxç Tfr# g`ô:

Hc fýh`f kh mphr }xh rhd`|``cft h`` {`hg`)f}xh ht{m|m K¹# Gm{hf Nmc`fc kh Mbzmam" hc{rhamckf hc Zx'

rrfcht hb T`{xmkf" }xh kh tx }xhc{m em |hc`kf kh Yf{ft`"

p bbhaf hb g`tgf k`m" `cthr{m \g" hb }xh k`dh" em htdr`{f"

mb T¹S @c{hckhc{h %kh }xh cf em {hc`kf rhtyxht{m) ymrm

}xh cft gmckh rh{hchr mb huyrhtmkf Mbzmam" kft g`b yhtft

m oxhcm dxhc{m" m l`c }xh bm J\# EmzS# th rh`c{harh m tx {`hg'

yf kh bmt ymr{`kmt }xh mpm khthgofbtmkf hc bmt dfckxd`f'

cht" }xh {`hch cf{`d`m th emc ehdef hc ht{m fdmt`ôc" p hc

bmt mc{hr`frht" yfr }xhc{m kh T# G# m k`demt Dmjmt kh Yf'{ft`" kh bft Dmxkmbht" kh bmt Mrdmt }xh dfgyrhehckh ht{h

\`rrhpcm{f dx`ft dft{ft t`hc{m \g# kh|hc thr khb dmraf kh

Mbzmam" yfr bf }xmb cft yrh|`hch emamgft bf }xh dfrrht'

yfckm" hc rhtaxmrkf khb Nb# Ehrmr`f#

Dfc ht{h f tx Mj{fkhrmkf" yhrd`|`f hc Yf{ft`" hb kft pghk`f yfr d`hc{f dfrrhtyfck`hc{h mb dmxkmb" kh }xh th hc'

dmraf" dfc{`cxmckf bm yrmd{`dm ht{mobhd`km" cf em yxht{f

hc ht{mt Ht# Dmjmt" t`cf yrhd`tmghc{h m}xhbbm dmc{`kmk"

}xh em {rm`kf kh hlhd{`|m hc{rham" hc hbbmt" p yfr dfcth'}xhcd`m" cf {hchgft kh }xh mt`rcft" ymrm yfkhr |hr`l`dmr"

bft khthft kh \g# }x`hc th thr|`rí khd`rcft bf }xh hc ht{h

dmtf dfc|hckrí huhdx{hgft f kh{hrg`cmrí yfr t` bf }xh bh

ymrhtdm" gmt mdhr{mkf kh bmt fob`amd`fcht" hc }xh Mbzmam

th emjt` dfct{`{x`kf#

Crf# Tfr# axh# m \g# gS mS#

Oxhcft M`rht" =; kh Maft{f kh =115#

O# B# G# kh \g# txt thaxrft thr|`kfrht#

M# Jye# MXfbmax`rrh#

Mbhjmckrf Mr`zm#

Tfr# K#/ Lrmc#!S/ Dmorhrm#

Gxç Tfr# g`ô: em bbhamkf hb md{xmb D`{xmkf" mxc mc{ht

kh bf }xh Pf yhcth" p yfr {mc{f" cf em kmkf bxamr" m }xh

\# T# em`m yfk`kf dfgxc`dmr txt Frkhcht m ht{ft Fl`d`mbhtr#S ymrm }xh mthaxrmthc bft `c{hrhtht kh bm _b# Emd`hckm" hc

bm Ymr{`km }xh dfctxb{m m \# T# hc g` Fl`d`f kh == khb df'

rr`hc{h" bxhaf }xh bf txyh" ymth Pf f{rf" m ht{ft Khyhck`hc'

{ht" `cdhr{mckf`ht m bm Bh{rm hb }xh k`r`aç m \# T#" p gh



rhtyfckhc bf }xh \# T" |hrm yfr tx dfy`m dhr{`l`dmkm }xhmdfgymýf" j hc tx Frk# huyhk`rí bmt frkhcht }xh dfct`khrh

gmt fyfr{xcmt mb `c{hc{f" p pf htj)hrf em|hr dx|`hr{f hcht{m ymr{h kh g` fob`amd`ôc#

Crf# Tfr# axh# m \# T# g#S m#*

Dfc{mkxrçm gm`fr# p kh Hu{dp# =1 kh Maft{f kh =11T#

Tr# Kfc Gmcxhb Lhrcmckhz#

Gxç Tfr# g`ô: Dfc ht{m lhdem yrh|hcaf m bft Fl`d`mbht

_hmbht kh bmt Dmumt kh htm D`xkmk" }xh rh{hcamc mb Dfc'

kxd{fr kh Dmxkmbht kc# Gm{hf _mgôc kh Mbzmam" bft kft

g`b Yhtft }xh \g# tfb`d`{m hc Dmr{m kh == khb dfrr`hc{h ymrm

yfkhrth rh`c{harmr bm _hmb Emd`hckm kh bf }xh empm huyh'

k`kf hc bm dfckxd`fc kh bmt f{rmt Dmumt m bmt kh Yf{ftç" pht{m o`hc gh rhg`{m \g# bm cf{`d`m }xh em yhk`kf m bft

rhtyhd{`|ft Fl`d`mbht _hmbht#O# =# g# kh \# g# tx g#*/S thr|#¹S

Gmcxhb Lhrcmckhz#

Tfr# Kfc Lrmc#*!/ kh Dmorhrm#

Gxç Tfr# gçf: ]xmckf rhd`|` bm dmr{m kh Pg# kh =1 khb

dfrr`hc{h" hc bm }xh gh `cdbxph Dfy`m khb Fl`d`f }xh mdm'om|m kh {hchr kh bft Fl`d`mbht _hmbht kh htm D`xkmk" bht em'

|çm yrh|hc`kf }xh khtdfc{mthc bft kft g`b Yhtft gmckmkftrh{hchr m `ct{mcd`mt kh \g#" m l`c kh dxor`r bm _hmb Em'

d`hckm hc bft k`tyhck`ft kh bm dfckxd`fc kh dmxkmbht khtkh

|mr`mt Dmumt m bmt kh Yf{ft`#

K`ft axh# m \g# g#S m#S

Gfò{hp!khf" ?9 kh Maft{f kh =115#

O# =# G# kh \g# tx gfr# thr|#/S

Gmcxhb Lhrcmckhz#

Tfr# Kfc Lrmc#!/! Dmorhrm#



' 15 ‛

GxçTfr#

g`ô: Mdm|f kh {fgmrbm rmz#/

dfclfrghmb

Kh'drh{f kh \# T# kh bm Dmc{`kmk khb ?¹ T`{xmkf }#/ th em dfc'

kxd`kf yfr Dxhc{m kh K#/ Gm{hf _mgôc kh Mbzmam" p |`hc'

kf }#** cf th em {hc`kf yrhthc{h yfr bft Fl`d`mbht _hmbht kh

Yf{ft`" rhomjmr m ht{h @c{hrhtmkf kh tx Yrhg`f bmt Dmc{`'

kmkht }#!! hb _hp em amt{mkf" hc bm dfckxd`fc kh bft Dmx'

kmbht bç}x`kft kh bmt 1 Dmumt" }xh |`hr{hc hc m}xhbbm txt

Yrfkxd`kft" thaúc th fobàf> p }#£ yfr f{rm ymr{h mxc th bh

mofcm bm dfckxd`fc kh ht{h T`{xmkf mb yrhg`f hufr|`{mc{h

kh ? =&? y# ( drhf dfclfrgh m g` fobàmd`ôc rhdbmgmr ht{mYmr{`km m ohchl`d`f kh bm _b# Emz#S t`c yhrjx`d`f kh yhk`r

àxmbghc{h m tx {`hgyf" bm }#S íhph rh`c{harmr khb yr`ghr

T`{xmkf }#S ht kh gmpfr dfcd`khrmd`fc" p ymrm }#£ th `ckhg'

c`zh fp kh ht{h marm|`f }#£ mdm|m kh txlr`r" rhdxrrf m bm mx'

{fr`kmk kh \# T#" m l`c kh }#S th t`r|m huyhk`r bmt Yrf|`khc'

d`mt }#£ dfct`khrh fyfr{xcmt mb @c{hc{f#

Crf# Tfr# axh# m \# T# g#S m#S

Oxhcft Mjmrht" =%3 kh K`d`hgborh kh =115#

Tfr# @c{hckhc{h K#¹ Gmcxhb Lhrcz#

[hcaf yrh|hc`kf m bft Fl`d`mbht _hmbht kh Yf{ft`" gh rh'

g`{mc _hbmd`ôc d`rdxct{mcd`mkm }xh gmc`l`ht{h yfr ghcfrbft Dmxkmbht }xh yhrd`|`f hc m}xhbbm \`bbm hb Myfkhrmkf

khb T`{xmk`t{m Ahchrmb Kfc Gm{ehf _mgôc kh Mbzmam" rh'

g`{`kft kh bmt Dmumt kh mlxhrm" p dfckxd`kft m bmt kh ht{m

Dmy`{mb dfc Htdr`y{xrm kh =8 kh Thy{`hgorh kh =115# dfcf{rmt d`rdxct{mcd`mt" dfrrhtyfck`hc{ht m ohchl`d`f" p rht'

axmrkf kh bm _hmb Emd`hckm" m dfcth}òhcd`m khb Fl`d`f kh

\g# kh =< kh K`d`hgorh khb mcf ymtmkf }xh {rm{m kh ht{h

mtxc{f" m }xh dfc{hu{f" p kh }xh ht{mrm mk|hr{`kf" yxht kh

bf }xh rhtxb{h bh ymtmrh cf{`d`m m tx kh|`kf {`hgyf#

K`ft axmrkh m \g# gxdeft mýft#

Oxhcft M`rht" =5 kh Gmpf kh =110#

Gmcxhb @ac/# Lhrcmckhz#

Thýfr Kfc Lrmcd`tdf kh Dmorhrm#



‛ 10

Cxghrf <#

Hugf# Thýfr#

Thýfr

Dfc{`cxmckf g` dhbf kh dfgxc`dmr m P# H# bmt cf|hkm'

kht }xh flrhdh" bm rhý`km k`tyx{m kh bm dfckxd`fc kh T`{úm

kft" kh }xh eh emobmkf m \# H# ghcxkSS# hc g`t mc{hr`frht"

{hcj?:f fp bm tm{`tlmdd`ôc kh khd`r m \# H# }£# m dfcth}xhcd`m

kh g` xb{`gf `clfrgh" p cxh|m `ct{mcd`m mb Tfr# @{hck*S#torh# bm gm{hr`m" em rhtxhb{f" }*# th cf{`l`}xh m K¹" Gm{hf

_mgôc kh Mbzmam" ymrm }xh" t`c yhrjx`d`f khb rhgm{h }£#

khoh emdhrth hc yxob`dm txomt{m kh ht{h _mgf" m lm|fr kh

bm _#! EmzS# th fob`jçxh m {rmhr m xcf" p ghk`f yfr d`hc{f"

bft dmxkmbht }xh th empmc kh dfckxd`r" Çc{hr`c }xh th txot'

{mcd`m hb Huyhk`hc{h" p th kmc hc Yf{ft`" p khgít dmjmt

}xh |`hr{hc dmxkmbht hc m}xhbbm" bft {rh`c{m Yrhafcht yrh'

|hc`kft" yfr Krf# m bf }xmb `cghk`m{mghc{h th em dfclfr'

gmkf" p mxc khtyxàt th em yrhthc{mkf Yft{fr í xcf" p}xmr{f yfr d`hc{f" dfc l`mczmt mofcmkmt#

Hb rhlhr`kf Tfr# @c{hckhc{h" em hcdmramkf bm hahdxd`fc

kh ht{mt k`b`ahcd`mt hc Yf{ft`" mb Tfr" K¹# Jfrah kh Htdf'

|hkf" ymrm }xh h|mdxmkft bft Yrhafcht" p mkg`{`kmt bmt

ghjfrmt }xh mdmtf yxhkmc emdhrth hc m}xhbbm \`bbm" j txt

`cghk`m{mt" bmt khoxhb|m m ht{m @c{hck!!# n l`c kh `cdfryf'

rmrbmt mb Huyhk`hc{h yr`cd`ymb" p yrfdhkhr mb rhgm{h" hc

hb }xh gh b`tfcahf em kh `c{hrhtmr bm _hmb Emd`hckm kh

}x`czh m |h`c{h g`b yhtft mb mýf#cxht{rf Thýfr axmrkh m \# H# gS mS Dfc{mkxrçm gmpfr

p kh Huhrd`{f khb \`rrhpcm{f kh Oxhcft M`rht#

Oxhcft M`rht" =#¹ kh K`d`hgorh kh =115#

Hugf# Thýfr kc# Jfthye kh Amb|hz#

%Hc hb Dfrrhf kh 8 kh Lhorhrf lxh hb Kxy*S/#)



' g ‛

Cxghrf 1#

Cf{`d`ftf hb _hp kh bmt d`rdxct{mcd`mt %jxh ghk`mrfc mb``

ymrm hb cfgormg`hc{f }ch dfctàx`ô kfc Gm{hf _mgôckh Mb zmam" ymrm }xh lxhth kh tx dmraf bm dfckxdd`ôc khb

t`{xmkf kh bmt Dmumt kh Yf{ft` m bmt kh htm Dmy`{mb" omuf

hb thaxrf kh ýmczmt }xh k`f" dfc hb yrhg`f kh kft p ghk`f

yfr d`hc{f" p bm fobàmd`ôc kh thr kh tx }òhc{m bft amt{ft

kh dfckxdd`ôc" dfclfrgh m bf }xh mc{hr`frghc{h th yrmd'

{`dm|m>

pdfc|`c`hckf" dfgf ht kh|`kf" th tm}xh ht{h _mgf

kh _b# Emd`hckm m yúob`dm txoemt{m : em rhtxhb{f T# G# kh'

dbmrmr yfr cxbf hb dfc{rm{f hlhd{xmkf dfc hb rhlhr`kf Mb'

zmam" p }xh \# T# dx`kh khtkh bxhaf kh tmdmr mb yrhaôc bm

dfckxdd`ôc khb T`{xmkf kh bmt Dmumt kh hth \`rrhpcm{f" pbf rhgm{h hc hb ghjfr Yft{fr dfc bmt dfrrhtyfck`hc{ht l`mc'

zmt" p thaxr`kmkht : bf }xh yrh|hcaf m \# T# kh frkhc kh

T# G# ymrm tx `c{hbàhcd`m p dxgyb`g`hc{f#

K`ft axh# m \# T# gS mR

Hb Ymrkf" ?< kh Hchrf kh =119#

¤)!# Jfthl kh Amb|hz#

Thýfr Kfc Gmcxhb Lhrcmckhz"

%O`G`f{hdm Cmd`fcmb" dfbhdd`ôc kh gmcxtdr`{ft" cúghrft 89<4 p Z!jTA)#

`Tb#f 40# ‛Hb |`rrhp kh Oxhcft Mprht huyfch mb T#r Jye# kh Amb|hz

}xh }xhkm hc yrmd{`dmr bf }#h th yrh|`hch tforh bm dformczm kh bft

khrhdb`ft dfrrhty#{ht m bm htdr`|mc`m kh Dígmrm kh bm Dfg`tmr`m

armb# kh Drxzmkm yfr bft khtymdeft kh txokhbhamkft kh ht{h [r`'

oxcmb }#h th huy`kmc y#m bm dfgyrhehct`fc kh ht{h gmckf#

%8 kh Lhorhrf kh =110)#

Mb 5¹! k#/ Jye# kh Amb|hz#

Hugf# T#///#

Gxp T#/// g`ô : Yfr dmr{m kh ?9 kh Maft{f xb{#¹ gh `ct{rx'

ph \k# kh }#S m dfcth}#S hb rhdxrtf kh bm htdr`|mc`m kh Dígm'

rm kh bm Dfg`tmr`m Armb# kh Drxzmkm th b`m thr|`kf T# G" rh'



‛ 5= ‛

tfb|hr }#!! hc bf txhhtòf th gh rhg`{mc bft {ç{xbft kh bmttxokhbhamd`fcht kh ht{h [ròxcmb }#* th huy`kmc y#* bm dfg'yrhehct`fc kh ht{h |`rrhpcm{f ml`c kh }xh ymtíckfbft m bft

G`c`t{rft kh bm Nb# Emz#!S!! dforhc ht{ft mc{ht kh hc{rhamrbft

bft krft# dfrrhty&SS }#S |hckríc mcf{mkft mb y`h kh bft khtym'

deft p hb =5 y# ( kh tx dfckxdd`ôc kho`àckfth rhg`{``* {fkf

tx `gy&S hc ymr{`km kh rha#¹ m dfctàcmd`ôc khb Yrht`km* kh

bm Dfc{rm{md`ôc huyrhtmckf tx kht{`cf dxpm _#! khb`|hrm'

d`fc {hckrí y& g` ymr{h hb kho`kf dxgyb`g#!¹#

%Mrde`|f Ahchrmb kh bm Cmd`ôc# _hmb Emd`hckm" ===5'==5=)#

C#f ;9# ‛ Hb |`rrhp kh Oxhcft Mprht huyfch mb T#fr k#c Jye# kh Dmb|hz

em|hrth k`tyxht{f }#h cf th mkg`{m hc ht{h \`rrhpcm{f rhdxrtf

c` `ct{#m mba#m }xh cf thm hc Ymyhb thbbmkf#


Mb Tr k:! Jye# kh Amb|hz#

Gxp T#*// g`ô : hc dmr{m kh 4 kh Maft{f khb mýf yrfu#/// ym'

tmkf gh k`dh \k# }xh m l`c kh }#£ cf khjhc kh dxgyb`rth

dfc lr`|fbft yrh{hu{ft bmt _#S frct# dfgxc`dmkmt y#S }xh cfth mkg`{m @ct{mcd`m rhdxrtf c` Yhk`g#*¹ mbaxcf hc bft Kf'

g`c`ft kh Mghr`dm }#S cf thm hc Ymyhb Thbbmkf dfc mrrhabf

m bm Bhp =5 bò#¹ 5 {`{#¹ ?4 kh bm _hdfy`bmd`ôc kh @ck`mt th

emc kmkf bmt fyfr{xcmt yrf|#S y"* hb txyhrmoxckmc{h hc'

|`ô khb }#S yxhkh chdht`{mrth p }#£ hc ht{h txyxht{f }x`hrh

T" G# }xh y& bft G`c`t{rft hcdmramkft khb huyhck`f pMkg#¹ kh ht{h rmgf p y#/S {fkft bft khgít m }#/*S dfrrhtyfckh

hb dhbmr }#S th dxgybmc humd{mg#*S txt _#S Frct# th g`kh

dfc bm gmpfr htdrxyxbft`kmk }#* dfclfrgh m bmt rhabmt ht'

{mobhd`kmt cf th mkg`{mc hc ymyhS# dfgúc _hdxrtft c`

Kfdxg"*/S kh }xmb}#* cm{xrmbhzm }#S thmc p }xh th dmt{àxh

mb }#S bf hjhdx{h hc dfc{rm|hcd`ôc m bf gmckmkf# Hc `c{h'

bà#!! kh {fkf eh huyhk`kf bmt frct# dfrrhty#*S }#* y#/ tx

YòOB# ThD# E@T[# <



‛ ®? ‛

yxc{xmb hx```yb`g&/ hc {fkmt bmt D`xkmkht p khgít Ymrmahtkh g` Jxr`tk`dd`ôc dxpm yrmd{`dm b`m|`m pm kh{hrg`cmkf pth fothr|m hc ht{m dmy`{mb mc{ht khb rhdòf kh m}xhbbm frc#

%Mrde`|f Ahchrmb kh ¡m Umd`ôc# _hmb Emd`hckm" b`rT'ctç)#

C#9#;=# ‛ Hb |`rrhp kh Oxhcft M`rht mb rhyrhthc{mr m K#c Jfthye kh

Dmb|hz bft drhd`kft amt{ft }xh bh b`mc fdmt`fcmkf bmt mxthc'

d`mt kh ht{m Dmy#` ymrm bmt m{hc#cht khb _#` Thr|#f `gybfrm kh bm

y`hkmk khb _hp bh hufchrh khb ymaf kh bm ghk`m Mccm{m kh tx

md{xmb hgybhf yfr bmt rmzfcht }xh huyfch m }#h yfr {fkf hb {`hgyf

khb mc{hr`fr Af|#f th bh dfct`khrhc bft Kfzh g`b y#t }xh afzmrfc

t`c {mc{mt lm{àmt txt Yrhkhdhtfrht#


Gxç T#/// g`ô : yfr gmt }xh bm gmc`l`ht{m yrf{hdd`ôc }xh

ghrhtdf m \# H# p m }xh ht{mrh tyrh" gx` rhdfcfd`kf mgghdfc thaxrm dfcýmczm khb khtymdef g` yrhthc{h tfb`'

d`{xk hudxtmrm gfbht{mr tx txyhr`fr m{hcd`ôc t`cf lxhth }xh

bm dfct`khrmd`ôc m g`t dfc{rmb``kft hgyhýft p bm `ck`tyhc'

tmobh fobàmd`ôc kh tm{`tlmdhrbft gh yrhd`tmc t`c f{rf mr'

|`{r`f#

M \# H# ht dfct{mc{h }xh emt{m < kh Jxc`f kh 1< }xh kh|`

m tx ohcàl`dm `c{hryft`d`ôc bm rhmb frkhc ymrm }xh khtkh htm

lhdem th gh mofcmth hb txhbkf kh kfzh g`b yt# mb mýf thaúc bf

emobmc k`tlrx{mkf g`t kft mc{hdhtfrht yfr {fkf hb {yf# kh txgmckf lxh gx` dfr{f hb }xh afzmom p {mc b`g`{mkf }xh cf

yfk`m |hrkmkhrmghc{h txlrmamr m xc yrhd`tf p hdfcfg`zmkf

amt{f p dfgf ht{h gmt txhbkf tfbf dfgyrhehck`f bft kft

úb{`gft mýft kh g` Afocf# p hc bmt dfc{`cxmt tmb`kmt p

dmgymýmt }xh e`zh {mgyfdf hb mraxghc{f kh {rhçt

g`b y& }xh ymrm ht{h dmtf {x|`hrm m}xhbbft mtàcmkft em'

|`hckf pJ f{rm ymr{h hu{`cax`kf {fkmt fo|hcd`fcht amaht

p kh }xh cf embbh f{rf lxckmkf yr`cd`y`f }xh xcm hc|hah'

d`km yrmd{`dm kh g`t yrhkhdhtfrht ht kh txpf hc{`hckh hb

gf{`|f p chdht`kmk kh {mb hgyhýf }xh y#S g` khdhc{h txt'

{hc{md#/

Hbbf ht d`hr{f p bf yfkrçm jxt{`l`dmr hc hb k`m }xh yfr bmt

dmxtmt rhlhr`kmt yfr}xh dfctàx`hc*S {hc`m }xh txo|hcz#



' 54 '

® 9== g` txhbkf m bft khù!``k`h``{ht p amt{ft kh thdrh{mr`mgmt hb ht{`yhck`f khb dmyhbbíc }xh gh mdfgymýf hc {fkmt

bmt gmrdemt p {mc|`hc yfr hb kh|`{f }xh gh lxh yrhd`tf

hfc{rmb`hr y#ℯ {rmctyfr{mrgh m ht{ç`t u3Sr{ht gh embbf hc bm

{r`t{h t`{xmd`ôc kh kh|hr bm gxp dfct`khrmobh dmc{`kmk kh

oh`c{h g`b y#S m }xh mtdhck`ô g` khtdx|`hr{f mlçc khb mýfyrôu`gf kh th{hc{m p fdef `ctfyfr{mobh m bm |hrkmk y# }x`hc

dfgf pf cxcdm th em |`t{f bàmkf mxc m ghcfrht rhtyfctm'

o`b`kmkht t`c }xh yxhkm hudxtmr khd`r m \# H# }xh khb ghjfr

p gmt yxrf thr|`d`f kh K`ft" khb _hp p khb yxob`df tfc mtà'cmkf yrmbg&£ ht{ft g`t m{rmtft#

Hb txhbkf kh \`rrhp mxc}xh }xmc{`ftf txlrh {mgo`àc

xcft khtdxhc{ft gx` dfct`khrmobht bm ghk`m mccm{m th em

gmckmkf tm{`tlmam mxc yxk`àckfth lxckmg*S ml`rgmr }xh

hc g` th e`zf bm yr`ghrm yhrgmchc{h drhmd`ôc kh ht{h hg'

ybhf bf }xh th khkxdh yfr rmzôc khb gfc{hyçf h @c|íb`kft

p hb khyft`{f kh fdef g`b yS rh{hc`kft mcmbg/# hc ht{m dmb`'

kmk y#* bmt rhtxb{mt kh bm rht`k#* bh k`tg`cxphc huefr|`{mc{h'

g#*S hb g`tgf {yf# }xh ht{m mb{m kàc`kmk kh|h {rm{mrth dfc{fkf bxt{rh p khdfrf }xh yrfyfrd`fcmkmghc{h th mdrhdhc

gmpfrht ht{mckf mtt` hl{dmtghc{h yhrtxmk`kf }xh mxc dfc

ht{h }xmc{`ftf txhbkf cxcdm yfkrh dxor`r omt{mc{hg#** g`m{rmzmkf hgyhýf#

Yfr bf g`tgf p mthaxrmkf kàbm cf{fr`m yrf{hdd`/# p lm'

|fr }xh kh|f m \# H# bh txj)/# th kàch yfchrbf {fkf hc dfc'

t`khrmd`ôc kh T# G# `gyrh{mckf kh tx rhmb gmac`l`dhcd`m

}xh th gh bòhr{h kh bm ghk`m mccm{m kh ht{h hgybhf th'

aúc th dfcdhk`ô mb dmy/" armb ò¹ Y¹# Dh|mbbft emc fo{hc`kfht{m armd`m f{rft \`rrhpht p bf yhrtxmkh }xh tx lxckmghc'

{f tx hrhdd`ôc p mxc hb ht{mobhdg#*¹ kh {fkmt bmt rhc{mt

}xh T# G# em {hc`kf m o`hc hrà`r hc hb k`t{r`{f khyhckh

{mgo`àc kàbm dhbftm myb`dmd`ôc dfc }xh yfr g` ymr{h dfc'

dxrrf m tx lfghc{f p thaxr`kmk p hc tx khlhd{f }xh yfr

{fkf hb {yf# }xh thr|` mb Af|#¹¹ kh ht{m Yrf|#S th gh mofchc

bft kfzh g`b yS }xh afzmrfc g`t mc{hdhtfrht t`c {mc dfc{`'

cxmkmt lm{àmt p dmgymýmt#

Dfc }xmb}x`hrm kh ht{mt armd`mt }xhkmrh rhghk`mkf phc cxh|m fobàmd`ôc m \k# }xh rhdfcftdf ymrm hb úc`df gô'

|`b kh g`t lhb`d`kmkht# C{rf# T#/S axh# m \k# g#S m#S Oxhcft

M`rht 8 kh lho#S kh =110#

%Mrd[``|f %Jhchrxb kh bm Umd`ôc# _hmb Exd`hckm" bb{T'cTb)#



' 5;

C#f ;?# ‛ Hb |`rrhp kh Oxhcft M`rht ymr{`d`ym m` Tr# K#c Jye# kh Amb'

|hz }xh }xhkm hc dhbmr hb dxgyb`g`hc{f kh bm _#` frc# kh =1 kh

thy#rh xb{`gf }xh yrfe`|h th dfcdhkm lrmc}x`d`m kh khrhdeft f g`'

cfrmd`ôc kh yrhd`f kh bft aàchrft kh Ht{mcdft hc bmt dfc{rm{mt"

f mt`hc{ft kh bft _mgft kh _hmb Emd`hckm#

%8 kh Lhorhrf kf =110)#

Cxghrf ==4#

Mb Tr#@3#/

Jye# kh Amb|hz#Oxhcft M`rht" Lhorhrf 8 kf =110#

Hugf# Tr#

Gxp Tr# g`ô#

Yfr bm kh \# H# kh =1 kh thy{`hgorh xb{`gf }xhkf hc{h'

rmkf kh }xh m dfcthdxhcd`m kh bmt Nt# frkhcht kh ?0 kh

th{`hgorh kh =18? p == kh Jxb`f kh =11=" p dfc hb jxt{f l`c

kh `gyhk`r bft lrmxkht }xh yxhkhc dfgh{hrth dfc yrh{hu{f

hbh bmt lrmc}x`d`mt }xh emc tfb`kf ht{`yxbmrth hc bft mtxc'

{ft f dfc{rm{mt kh bft _mgft kh _#S Emz`hckm#Em rhtxhb{f tx gmaht{mk th dhbh yfr yxc{f ahchrmb }xh

hc ht{ft dfgohc`ft cf th dfcdhkm b`ohr{mk kh krft# c` gfkh'

rmd`ôc kh `)rhd`ft hc bft aàchrft kh ht{mcdf > h `axmbghc{h

}xh bft mkhxkh {fkf bf }xh kh dxhc{m kh tx Emz`hckm th

dfgyrh ymrm bm Gmr`cm# Dxpm O3R kh{hrg`cmd`ôc dxg`4b`rh

p emrà fothr|mr humd{mghc{h hc bm ymr{h }xh gh {fdm#

%Mrde`|f Ahchrmb kh bm Cmd`ôc# \`rrh`cm{f" b!ç!çFJ#

@G#f ;4# ‛ Hb |`rrhp kh Oxhcft M`rht m|`tm mb T#r K#c Jye# kh Amb|hz

}xhkmr mk|hr{`kf khb dxgyb`kf dfc }xh khoh htdc|`rth hc bft fl`'

d`ft kh ht{m @c{hckhcd`m#

%8 kà Lhorhrf kh =110)#

Cxghrf =94#

M@T: K:! Jyb`#kh Dumb|hz#

Oxhcft M`rht" Lhorhrf kh =110#

Hugf# Tr#

Gxp thýfr g`ô : Hc dxgyb`g`hc{f kh bf }xh gh yrh|`hch

\# H# hc dmr{m kh ? kh Fd{xorh khb mýf yrôu`gf ymtmkf"



' 58 '

dx`kmrh kh hgyhzmr dfcbm

rhaxbmrhuyrht`ôc

kh GxpTr#

gçf bft fl`d`ft" }xh htdròm m ht{h `c{hckhc{h kh Huhrd`{f p_#! Emd`hckm dfcdbxpàckfbmt dfc hb dxgyb`g`hc{f kh tx

gmt thaxrf thr|`kfr dxpf gà{fkf eh |hr`l`dmkf hc bmt }xh

bh eh ymtmkf khtkh hb rhdòf kh m}xhbbm frc#

%Mrde`|f Ahchrmb kh bm Umd`ôc# \`rrh`cm{f" =[¡0)#

C#f ;;# ‛ Dfgxc`dmd`fcht kh K#c Jfthye kh Amb|hz mb @c{hckhc{h kh

_hmb Emd`hckm" K#c Gmcxhb Lhrcmckhz p mb Dmo`bkf kh Oxhcft M`'

rht {rmctg`{`hckf xcm frkhc khb _hp hc bm }xh th yrfeòh omjf

yhcm kh kht{`hrrf }xh hb t`ck`df `c{hr|hcam hc hb ht{mobhd`g`hc{f

khb ht{mcdf kh {momdf p f{rft rmgft kh bm _hmb Emd`hckm#

%=? kh Gmrzf kh =110)#

Th em hc{hrmkf mb _hp kh }xmc{f huyfch hc dmr{m kh =#/

kh K`z!/S# c#¹ ? p kh bf }xh rhtxb{m kh bft Kfdxghc{ft }xh`cdbx`h" tforh bm `rrhaxbmr `)rh{hct`fc kh Mpxc{mg`hc{f kh

htm D`xkmk" yrfgf|`km yfr tx yrfdxrmkfr T`ck`df K/# Ohr//#

Tmcdef kh Bmrrhm" tfb`d`{mckf dfy`mt kh bmt _S k`tyft`'

d`fcht ymrm hb ht{mobhd`g`hc{f khb ht{mcdf kh [momdf p f{rft

_mgft kh _#! Emd`hckm# T# G# em myrf|mkf dfgf bhamb"

jxt{f p fyfr{xcf" hb Khdrh{f kh P# T# kh ?< kh Cf|//£# hc

}#£ khdbmrf cf em|hr bxamr m bm yrh{hct`ôc khb Yrfdxrmkfr

T`ck`df p emc t`kf kh tx _R marmkf bmt yrh|hcd`fcht }/#

bh e`zf ymrm }xh hc mkhbmc{h th mot{hcam kh f{rmt Thghjmc'{ht# Em khtmyrf|mkf T# G# bft mdxhrkft kh bm d`xkmk tforh

ht{ft mtxc{ft" khdbmrmckf cf {hchr khrhdef c` lmdxb{mk

ymrm ghtdbmrth" rhyrhthc{mr" c` fyfchrth hc hbbft" dfgf }/#

tfc yr`|m{`|ft kh bm txyrhgm Yf{ht{mk : }x`hrh }xh hc Dm|`b'

kf ybhcf th mk|`hr{m mb g`tgf Yrfdxrmkfr T`ck`df" }#S yfr

yxrm dfgg`thrmd`fc" cf {fgm T# G# khtkh bxhaf dfc hb

bm yrf|`khcd`m o`hc ghrhd`km kh yfchrbh yfr mbaxcft mcft

hc bmt Gmb|`cmt yhrf }*/# mx{fr`zm m P# T# ymrm }£# bf emam

t` rh`ct`k`hth hc thghjmc{ht huhtft" dfgf P# T# |hrm hc bm

mkjxc{m }xh emrí hc{rhamr mb g`tgf Mpxc{mg*¹# ymrm }xhcf yxhkm mbhamr àcfrmcd`m hc dfcth}xhcd`m yxht kh bf

rhlhr`kf ht bm |fbxc{mk kh T# G# }xh P# T# yrftàm p yrf'

dhkm hc hb ht{mobhd`g`hc{f kh bm _hc{m dfc hb yxbtf p yrx'



‛ 5< '

ç`hch`m }xh htyhrm kh tx dhbf hc `c{hb`ahcd`m kh }R dfc

ht{m lhdem yrh|hcaf mb \`rrhp kh frc# kh T# G# }S# mt` ymrmhb kht{`hrrf khb Yrfdxrmkfr t`ck`df> t` bf ghrhd`hth" dfgfymrm {fkmt bmt khgít yrf|`khcd`mt }S \# T# jxzaxh dfc|h'

c`hc{ht ymrm hb ht{mobhd`g`hc{f p yrfarhtft kh ht{m Nhc{m"

p khgít _mgft kh b`b# Emd`hckm dfc {fkm bm mx{fr`kmk

khtx hgybhf p lmdxb{mkht# K`ft axh# m \# T# gS mS Hb Ymrkf=? kh Gmrzf kh =110# ‛ Jfthye kh Amb|hz# ‛ T///# k/# GmcSLhrcmckhz"

Dfc bm dmr{m kh P# T# kh =#¹ kh K`d`hgorh xb{`gf p bft

kfdxghc{ft }xh `cdbx`h k` dxhc{m mb _hp kàbft Mdxhrkft}xh dhbhorf hth Mpxc{mg`hc{f ymrm yhk`r }xh thbh hc{hrmth

kh }xmbht }x`hrm _S k`tyft`d`fcht ymrm hb ht{mobhd`g`hc{f

kh ht{mcdf kh {momdft p cxh|m `gyft`d`ôc kh f{rft krft# pymrm rhdxrr`r m T# G" }xhjíckfth khb khdrh{f hc }xh hb @c'

{hckhc{Sh K/# Gmcxhb Lhrcmckhz khdbmrf cf b`m|hr bxamr m

ht{m yrh{hct`ôc# T# G# em khtmyrf|mkf xcf p f{rf mdxhrkf

dfgf `rrhaxbmr p k`t{x`kf kh {fkf lxckmg#!/ p gh gmckmmk|hr{`r m \# T# }S# cf {`hch khrhdef c` lmdxb{mk mbaxcm

ymrm ghzdbmrth" rhyrhthc{mr" c` fyfchrth hc ht{ft mtxc{ft"

{hc`hckf hc{hck`kf }xh hb jxt{f khdrh{f khb @c{hckhc{h pbmt bhambht yrh|hcd`fcht }xh hx hb e`zf hb Yrfdxrmkfr T`c'

k`df ymrm }xh hc mkhbmc{h th mot{hcam kh rhyrhthc{mr hc

gm{hr`mt }xh dfgf ht{mt tfc yr`|m{`|mt kh|bm Yf{ht{mk Tx'

yrhgm emc ghrhd`kf bm myrf|md`fc kh T# G# P hc tx _!#

|fbxc{mk }xh P# T# hc Dm|`bkf ybhcf mk|`hr{m mb Yrfdxrm'

kfr T`ck`df K!!# Ohrcmrkf Tmcdef kh Bmrrhm }xh T# G# yfr

yxrm dfc`g`thrmd`fc cf {fgm khtkh bxhaf dfc hb bm yrf|`'

khcd`m o`hc ghrhd`km khyfchrbh y/S# mbaxcft mýft hcbmt

Gmbx`cmt> yhrf em mx{fr`zmkf mb @c{hckhc{h ymrm }xh bf

emam t` rh`cd`k`hth hc thghjmc{ht huhtft# [fkf bf }xmb yrh'

|hcaf m P# T# kh frc# kh T# G# ymrm hctx `c{hb`ahcd`m pfothr|mcd`m yrfdxrh ghrhdhr bft hlhd{ft kh tx y`hkmk# K`ft

axmrkh m P# T# cl # mS

Hb Ymrkf" =? kh Gmrzf kh =110#

Jye# kh Am`|hz#

jSrht l`jSpkf Jxt{`d`m p _ha`g*¹# kàbm D`xk!*!!# kh Oxhcft

Mprht#

%Mrde`|f Ahchrmb kh bm pmd`ô``" huyhk`hc{ht kh Dmo`bkf" b!b!T'bbT#!`)#



‛ 51 '

C#f ;8# ‛ Ht{mkft kh bft |mbfrht kt bft rmgft kh _hmb Emd`hckm" hc

bmt dmjmt kh Ghckfzm" Tmb{m p Gfc{h|`khf#

% Mýf =115)#

Ht{mkf kn bmt hc{rmkmt" amt{ft p hu`t{hcd`mt kh bm Dmum _b#

KH Ghckfzm hc hb mýf kh =115#

Dmjmt _#t kh Ghckfzm" Mýf kh =115# ‛ Ht{mkf }xhgmc`l`ht{m bft |mbfrht }xh emc yrfkxd`kf hc ht{h mýf {fkft

bft _mgft kh Hhmb Emz`hckm" }xh th Mkg`c`t{rmc hc ht{m

Dmjm" dfc k`t{`cd`ôc kh bft amt{ft dmxtmkft hc tx Mkg`c`t'

{rmd`ôc" p f{rmt hrfamd`fcht" p hb tformc{h b`}x`kf }xh bh

rhtxb{m hc l`c kh K`z`hgorh khb rhlhr`kf mlçf kh =115#

_mgft kh `?#! Emz#S

Mbdm|mbmt ?#<04

Cf|hcft =#;?=#<

Fl`d`ft =#;4=#4

Yxbyhrçmt =#?1?

Ghk`m Mccm{m =#914

Hc{rmkmt yfr gm`fr 4 # 50= #

Amt{ft kh mkg`c`t{rmd`ôc p f{rmt hrfamz#S# =#?5?#=

B`}x`kf tformc{h #### 4 # <90

Dfc{mk#¾ gfr# p kh Hu{f# khb \brrhpcm{f kh Oxhcft M`rht" Ma{f# < kf =110#

Hc{rmkm kh bm Dmjm kh Ghckfzm hc hb mýf kh =154

_mgft Yrfkxd{ft

Mbdm|mbm <#9<9#?#=1

Fl`d`ft =89Ymyhb thbbmkf =<0#8#=1

Yxbyhrçmt 11<#1#=1

Cf|hcft ?#?<?#;#=1

Ghk`m mcm{m ;1 #



'55'

[`hrrmt _hmbhcamt ==1 #

Ghtmkmt Hdd#/! ?9#<#?8

Kfcm{`|ft #######>## =99

Mzfaxhz 49

Yhtft###" 0#148#=#?8

B`}#!!S hc{rmkm hc hb mcf kh 54#

Ht{íc tmdmkft khb [mc{hf dfr{h p |`t`{m }xh m ht{m Dmjm"

p mýf" dfrrhtyfckh#

Yhckfcht

òc G`c`t{rf kh Emz`hckm dfc =?99 yhtft = # ?99

F{rf dfc ;99 yhtft" tforh bft =?99 }xh afzm yfr hb [m|mdf# # # ;99

Xc txomb{hrcf" dfc 499

+ =#099

]xh dfc hb mb}x`bhr kh bm dmtm: Amt{ft kh Htdr`{fr`f:

Yfr{ht kh Dmr{mt" p Axmrkmt> ymtm kh ?499 y#¹S hb Amt{f

mcxmb#

TMB[M

Ht{mkf kh bft yrfkxd{ft" amt{ft p hu`t{hcd`mt kh bm Dmum

KH JòJÒ@ HC HB MU9 KH =115#

Dmumt _#S kh Jxjx`" Mýf kh =115" ‛ Ht{mkf }xh gmc`l`ht'

{m bft |mbfrht }xh emc yrfkxd`kf hc ht{h mýf {fkft bft _m'

gft kh _hmb Emz`hckm" p ymr{`dxbmrht" }xh th mkg`c`t{rmc

hc ht{m Dmjm" dfc k`t{`cd`ôc kh bft amt{ft dmxtmkft hc tx

mkg`c`t{rmd`ôc" p f{rmt hrfamd`fcht" p hb tformc{h b`}x`kf

}xh bh rhtxb{m hc l`c kh K`z`hgorh khb rhlhr`kf mýf kh =115#



' 50 '

_mgft kh rb# emd`hckmHc{rmkmt

yfrgm`fr

Amt{ftkh mk'"

g`c`t{rmd-fcp f{`'mt

hrfamz`fcht

B`}x`kftformc{h

[r`ox{ft

Mbdmombmt

Cf|hcft

Fl`d`ft

Ymyhb thbbmkfYxbyhr`mt

Hu{rmfrk`cmr`ft

@gyxht{f f t`tm

\mdmc{ht

Ghk`mt mcm{mt

Ghtmkmt Hdd#/S

Yhcmt kh Dígmrm

Drxzmkm

]x`c{mtYhct`fcht kh hcdfg`hckmt#

@c{hrcmd`ôc

[f{mbht#

O"/¾f¾ ymr{`dxbmrht

Khyôt`{ft

Gfc{h Y`ô G`b`{mr#

[f{mbht#

4 998;#=#

=4 9=04#8#

?)500#8#

=9;8?#;#

? 980?#<#=9890#=#

0 918;#4#

9?15#<#

9=89#

? 9?5?#8##

9?01#=#

=9=?=#8#

=94=5#8#

9;48#8#9=99#

? 9844#=#

;9 9014#8#

; 99;5#4#

99;=#;#

; 9950#1#

=; 9984#?#= ?< 90?9#4#

=; 9984#?# ?< 90?9#4

9?<<#<#

9?<<#<#

4 915=#8#

99;=#;#

4 95?4#=#

Dfc{#* g#f// p kh Hu{f# khb \`rrhpcm{f kh Oxhcft M`rht" Maft{f < kh =110#

GFC[H\@KHF

Ht{mkft kh bft yrfkxd{ft" amt{ft p hu`t{hc!dbRt kh bm Dmum

KH Gfc{h|`khf hc hb mýf kh =115"

Dmjmt `?#!* kh Gfc{|#/ ‛ Ht{mkf }xh gmc`l`ht{m bft |m'

bfrht }xh emc yrfkxd`kf hc ht{h mýf {fkft bft rmgft kh



09

H#S Emz#S*

pymr{`dxbmrht }xh th mkg`c`t{rmc hc ht{m Dmjm

dfc k`tdhcd`fc kh bft amt{ft dmxtmkft hc tx mkg#¹¹ p f{rmt

hrfamz#S/* p hb tformc{h b`}x`kf }xh bh rhtxb{m hc l`c kh

k`|#*SS khb rhlhr`kf mýf kh =115#

_mgft kh rb# emd`hckm



' 0= ‛

C#f ;<# ‛ Jxmc Jfthl [fbhkf" rhg`{h mb dfrrha`kfr kh bm yrf|# kh Dem'

pmc{m bm rhmb Dàkxbm kh ?= kh Maft{f kh =111" ^cúghrf ?<" yía`cm

;? kh ht{h |fbxghcW kht{`cmkm m `gyhk`r }xh hc khlrmxkmd`ôc khb

`gyxht{f kh Mbdmombm th fdxb{h bm |hrkmkhrm hthcd`m khb dfc{rm{f

kh |hc{m" emd`hckf mymrhdhr }xh kh mrrhckmg`hc{ft" dfckxdd`fcht

f hcl`{hxt`t# Mkhgmt kh frkhcmr }xh bft mrrhckmg`hc{ft cf emc kh

hudhkhr kh k`hz mýft" `gyfch bm g`{mk khb khrhdef kh Mbdmombm

m bmt |hc{mt kh tfbmrht ymrm lmor`dmr dmtmt# Th frkhcm mb Dfrrha`kfr

kh Dempmc{m bm yxob`d`kmk kh k`dem _hmb Dàkxbm" p tx {rmctg`t`ôc

m bft khgít dfrrha`kfrht# Jxrmrfc fohk`hcd`m bft kh bmt yrf|`cd`mtkh Ymr`m" \`bbm kh Frxrf" Ymdmjht p D`xkmk kh Bm Ymz#

%=9 kh Cf|`hgorh kh =110)#

G`b` Thýfr g`ô : ymtf m gmcft kh \xht{rm Ghrdhk bm mk'

jxc{m Nhmb Yrf|`t`ôc bòrmkm hc |`t{m kh bm _b# Dàkxbm hu'

yhk`km tforh }# hc h®{ft _hpcft th fothr|h yfr yxc{f ahch'

rmb bf rhtxhb{f hc }``mc{f mb gfkf kh ymamrth hb krf# kh Mb'

dm|mbm hc bmt \hc{í`t kh Tfbmrht | f{rmt l`cdmt dfc hb cfg'

orh kh bfdmd`ôc p dfckxdd`ôc" p th huhdx{h bf khgít }xh th

gmckm ymrm }xh" m dfcth}xhcd`m kh bf }xh hc hbbm th yrh'

|`hch" fothr|h tx dxgyb`g`hc{f" p }xhkíckfth dfc {ht{`'

gfc`f kh hbbm" rhg`{m bm frà`cmb mdfgymýmkm kh ht{h fl`'

d`f mb `cghk`m{f Dfrrha`kfr ymrm }xh ht{h huhdx{h bf `3rf'

y`f" p bm ymth mb txddh}xhc{h p yrftàm mS` emt{m bbhamr m

tx úb{`gf kht{`cf" thaúc bm Htdmbm }xh b`í yxht{f mb gmr'

ahc kmckf yrfc{mghc{h dmkm xcf cf{`d`m kh b`m|hrbm rhd`'|`kf mb Dfrrha`kfr }xh th bm rhg`{`ô" p ht{h dfgxc`dír'

ghbm mg` ymrm }xh Pf bm ymth m ht{h Txyhr`fr [ròxcmb"

p hb xb{`gf dfc bm _hmb Yrf|`d`fc p k`bàhcd`mt m bm g`t'

gm _hmb Mxk`hcd`m m l`c kh }xh }xhkh thrd`frmkm p thym

dfgf th axmrkmc" dxgybhc bmt _hmbht Frkhcht kh Tx Gm'aht{mk p th Marhaxh mb huyhk`hc{h kh bm gm{hr`m# ‛ K`ft

axmrkh |xht{rm ghrdhk gxdb`ft mýft Ybm{m p Gmrzf |h`c{h

p fdef kh g`b th{hd`hc{ft th{hc{m p fdef# ‛ Gx` Thýfr g`ô#

‛ Ohtf bm gmcf kh \xhtm ghrdhk tx gm`fr thr|`kfr# ‛Jxmc Jfthl [fbhkf# ‛ Thýfr Dfrrha`kfr kh bm Yrf|`cd`m

kh Dempmc{m# S#

=# M dfc{çg`md`ôc th {rmctdròh bm _hmb Dàk``N` }xh pm th hcdxhc{rm `cthr{m

hc bm yía`cm ;? kh d`t{h |fbxghc" yfr dxpm rmzôc th txyr`gh# %U# kh bm K#)#



' 0? '

P b`m|`hxkf fohkhd`kf Wm bbhmb Dàkxbm txtf `cdhr{m yfrbft k`deft cxht{rf Yrht`khc{h" p F`kfrht" th gmckf kmr

|`t{m kh hbbm mb cxht{rf L`tdmb" }x`hc rhtyfck`ô bf }xh

ymrhdh yfr hb Htdr`{f }xh tx {hcfr tmdmkf m bm bh{rm dfc

hb mx{f hc tx rrmtfc yrf|hçkf ht dfgf th tàxh# ‛ Gx`Yfkhrftf Thýfr" hb L`tdmb hc tx |`r{xk kh ht{m _hmb Dh'

kxbm k`dh : }xh ymrm }xh {hcam tx kho`kf dxgyb`g`hc{f

yfkrm \xht{rm Mb{hzm gmckmr }xh dfc tx `cthrd`ôc th b`'

orhc bmt _htyhd{`|mt _hmbht Yrf|`d`fcht Dfgh{`kmt m bft

Af|hrcmkfrht p Dfrrha`kfrht m l`c kh }xh ht{ft bm emamctm|hr m bft Htdròmcft }xh ex|`hth hc txt Yrf|`cd`mt ym'

tmckf xcm Dfy`m mx{hc{`dm m bmt Dmumt _hmbht }xh ex'

o`hrh hc tx K`t{r`{f p emd`hckf yfchr f{rm hc bft Dm|`bkft

ymrm !}xh thm cf{fr`m ht{m _hmb k`tyft`d`ôc m bft Jxhdht

}xh dfgyrhehckm" tx fothr|mcd`m hc bft Dmtft }xh th

yxhkmc flrhdhr kmckf dxhc{m kh bf }xh formrhc hc hb ymr'

{`dxbmr" `ct{rx`kmghc{h# ‛ Ybm{m p Lhorhrf |h`c{h p {rht

kh g`b th{hd`hc{ft th{hc{m p fdef# ‛ Dmt{`bbm#

\`t{ft dfc bf hu`)xht{f yfr hb thýfr L`tdmb bçorhcth _hmbht

Yrf|`d`fcht d`rdxbmrht hc bm lfrgm frk`cmr`m dfc `cthrd`ôc

kh bm _hmb Dàkxbm kh Tx Gmaht{mk ymrm }xh bft Af|hrcmkf'

rht p Dfrrha`kfrht khb K`t{r`{f kh ht{m _hmb Mxk`hcd`m cf'

{`l`}xhc tx dfc{hc`kf m bft Htdròmcft }xh exo`hrhc hc

txt Yrf|`cd`mt m l`c kh }xh Axmrkhc" Dxgybmc p huhdx{hc

yxc{xmbghc{h bf Frkhcmkf hc hbbm ymtmckf xcm Dfy`m

mx{àc{`dm m bmt _hmbht Dmumt kfckh bmt ex|`hrh p f{rm m

bft Dm|`bkft ymrm}xh

th

yfcamhc

txtBòrft

pth {hcam

yrhthc{h ymrm bft f{rft }xh fdxrrmc" kmckf dxhc{m kh bf

}xh formrhc# P th huhdx{mrm bf g`tgf yfr bf rhtyhd{`|f

m ht{m D`xkmk cf{`l`díckfth yfr hb Htdròmcf kh Dígmrmm {fkft bft khgít kh hbbm bf k`tyxht{f yfr Tx Gmaht{mk

p ymtíckfth xcm Dfy`m m bft Fl`d`mbht _hmbht" p f{rm mb

Dm|`bkf# ‛ Xcm rxor`dm#

Yrf|hphrfc p rxor`dmrfc hb Mx{f kh xtf bft Thýfrht

Yrht`khc{h p Fpkfrht kh ht{m _hmb Mxk`hcd`m p lxh Jxhz

hb Thýfr Kfd{fr Kfc Jfthye Bôyhz Bxyhraxhr Fpkfr hcbm Ybm{m hc |h`c{h p fdef kh Lhorhrf kh g`b th{hd`hc{ft

th{hc{m p fdef mýft# Kfc Jxmc Jfthye [fbhkf# ‛ Hc dx`m

dfclfrg`kmk lxà mdfrkmkf }xh kh|`mgft gmckmr kmr ht{m

cxht{rm Dmr{m p Yrf|`t`ôc _hmb hc bm kem# rmzôc p {x|`'

gftbf yfr o`hc yfr bf dxmb ft gmckmgft m |ft bft cxht{rft



‛ ¾4 ‛

Af|hrcmkfrht" p Dfrrha`kfrht kh ht{h cxht{rf K`t{r`{f ph[``r`tk`dd`òc }xh t`hckf dfc p ht{m rhlhr`kf" f }xh kh hbbm

dfct{h hc }xmb}x`hr gmchrm }xh thm |hí`t hb mx{f yrf'

|hçkf }xh kh xtf |m `ctdr`{f p bf axmrkà`t" dxgybí`t phuhdx{h`t thaúc tx {hcfr p lfrgm# P hc tx dxgyb`g`hc'

{f cf{`l`dmrh`t p b`mrh`t tm|hr hb dfc{hc`kf kh bm _hmb Dh'

kxbm }xh mtt` g`tgf |m `cdhr{m m bft Htdr`|mcft }xh

ex|`hth hc cxht{rmt Yrf|`cd`mt m l`c kh }xh axmrkhc" dxg'

ybmc p hjhdx{hc yxc{xmbghc{h bf frkhcmkf hc hbbm> p ym'

tmrh`t xcm Dfy`m mx{fr`zmkm m bmt _hmbht Dmjmt |ft bft

Af|hrcmkfrht p Dfrrha`kfrht kh bmt Yrf|`cd`mt kfckh

bmt ex|`hrh p f{rm m bft Dm|`bkft ymrm }xh bm yfcamc hc

txt @Jorft p th {hcam yrhthc{h hc bft dmtft }xh fdxrrmc

kmckf dxhc{m m bm kem" cxht{rm _hmb Mxk`hcd`m kh {fkf

bf }xh formrh`t# [fkf bf }xh dxgyb`rà`t mtt` `)rht`ttm

p yxc{xmbghc{h yhcm kh bm cxht{rm Ghrdhk p kh }x`c`hc'

{ft yhtft hctm`mkft ymrm bm cxht{rm _hmb Dígmrm |mjf

bm }xmb gmckmgft m }xmb}x`hrm cxht{rf Htdròmcf Yx'ob`df f _hmb p m tx lmb{m m yhrtfcm }xh thym bhhr p htdr`|`r

}xh mc{h kft {ht{àft ft bm bhm p `c{`gh p cf{`l`}xh p t`hc{h

bm k`bàhcd`m }xh e`d`hrh ymrm }xh dfct{h p thymgft dfgfth dxgybh cxht{rf gmckmkf# Kmkm hc bm Ybm{m hc {rht kh

Gmrzf kh g`b th{hd`hc{ft th{hc{m p fdef mýft# ‛ Kfc Jf'

thye Bfyht# ‛ Kfd{fr _mgôc _`|hrm# ‛ Pf Kfc Jxmc Jf'

thye [fbhkf" Htdròmcf kh Dígmrm khb Dm{efb`df _hp cxht'

{rf Thýfr bm e`dh htdr`|`r yfr tx gmckmkf dfc mdxhrkf kh

tx Yrht`khc{h p Fpkfrht# ‛ _ha`t{rmkm Jxmc kh Gmbbm'|`m# ‛ Yfr hb Armc Dmcd`bbhr Jxmc kh Gmbbm|`m ‛ hc hb

Yxhobf khb Htyçr`{x Tmc{f kh Dempmc{m Yrf|`cd`m kh ht{h

cfgorh hc |h`c{h p }xm{rf kh Mor`b kh g`b th{hd`hc{ft th'

{hc{m p fdef mýft#

Hb Thýfr Ahchrmb Kc# Jfmde`c m bft Dm|mbbhrft khb

Frkhc kh Tmc{`maf [ehc`hc{h kh Dmy`{íc Ahchrmb" Df'

rrha`kfr p Jxt{`d`m Gmpfr" Mbdmbkh Gmpfr kh G`cmt p_ha`t{rft kh ht{m kem# Yrf|`cd`m p tx Jxr`tk`dd`ôc yfr tx

Gmaht{mk ,# Em|`hckf |`t{f bm _hmb Yrf|`tt`fc kh bmt

mc{hdhkhc{ht lfumt yxht{f hc y`h p kht{fdmkf bm uhmf pyxtf tforh tx dmohzm fohkhd`àckfbm hc hb mdm{mg`hc{f

kh|`kf dfgf m Dmr{m kh Cxht{rf _hp p Thýfr cm{xrmb m

}x`hc bm K`|`cm axmrkh p yrftyhrh hc mxghc{f kh Gm'pfrht _hpcft p Thýfrçft dfgf bm Der`t{`mckmk em gh'



‛ 0; ‛

cht{hr# P hc }xmx{f m tx dxgyb`g`hc{f# Kùf th axmrkhdxgybm p hjhdx{h thaúc tx Mb{hzm bf frkhcm p gmckmdfc mrrhabf m bm Hhmb Dàkxbm hc hbbm `cdhr{m

> p ymrm tx k`'

|`cm fothr|mcd`m" p huhdxt`fc hc bmt khgít Yrf|`cd`mt

dfc{hc`kmt hc Dmr{m kh Fl`d`f `cdbxt`|h m ht{h Jxzamkf k`'

rùmth frà`cmbghc{h mb `cghk`m{f Thýfr Dfrrha`kfr kh bm

Yrf|`cd`m txoth}xhc{h m ht{m }xhkmckf hc ht{h Mrde`|f

[ht{`gfc`f# P hc m{hcd`ôc m bf }xh rhtyhd{m m g` hb yrh'

thc{h Htdròmcf yfr bm yhrtfcmb gmc`yxbmd`ôc kh ht{h

mtxgy{f }xhkf `gyxht{f p cf{`l`dmkf kh {fkf tx dfc{hc`'kf# Mtt` bf yrf|hpô" gmckf p l`rgf yfr mc{h g` kh }xh kf`

lh# Jfmde`c Gft# ‛ Gm{hf [ehbeht Htdròmcf Yxob`df

p kh yrf|`cd`m#

Hc hb Yxhobf khb Thýfr Tmc Jftà kh Yffyf" Dmy`{mb

kh bm yrf|`cd`m kh Ymr`m" m bft k`hz p cxh|h k`mt khb ghtkh Maft{f kh g`b th{hd`hc{ft th{hc{m p fdef mýft hb Th'

ýfr Ahchrmb Kfc Gmcxhb kh bm Ofkham p Bbmcf Dmy`'

{íc kh Krmafcht khb Hha`g`hc{f Hhmb kh G`b`d`mt kh Om'

{m|`m Dfrrha`kfr p Jxt{`d`m gmpfr [ehc`hc{h kh Dmy`'

{íc Ahchrmb p Mbdmbkh Gmpfr kh G`cmt p Hha`t{rft kh

ht{m kem# Yrf|`cd`m p \`bbm kh bmt Tmb`cmt Ymrt`ghckfzm

txt [àrg`cft p Jxr`tk`dd`ôc yfr tx Gmaht{mk : Em|`hckf

rhd`|`kf bm Hhmb Yrf|`tt`fc kh bmt yrhdhkhc{ht lfumt b`'

ormkm yfr bft Thýfrht Yrht`khc{h p Fpkfrht kh bm Hhmb Mx'

k`hcd`m khb K`t{r`{f yxht{f hc y`h p kht{fdmkf bm |htf pyxtf tforh tx Dm|hzm fohkhd`hckf dfc hb mdm{mg`hc{f kh'

|`kfdfgf

Hhmb rhtdr`y{f kh cxht{rfHhp Thýfr

cm{xrmb

m }x`hc bm Gmaht{mk K`|`cm axmrkh p yrftyhrh hc mx'

ghc{f kh gmpfrht Hhpcft p Thýfrçft" dfgf bm Db`r`t{`mc'

kmk em ghcht{hr# P hc }xmc{f m tx dxgyb`g`hc{f# Kùf

th axmrkh" dxgybm p huhdx{h tha``c tx Mb{hzm bf frkhcm pgmckm dfc mrrhabf m bm Hhmb Dàkxbm hc hbbm `cthr{m" p ymrm

tx k`|`cm fothr|mcd`m p huhdxd`fc hc bmt khgít Yrf|`c'

d`mt" dfc{hc`kmt hc Dmr{m kh Fl`d`f `cdbxt`|h m ht{h Jxz'

amkf k`rçjmth frà`cmbghc{h mb `cghk`m{f Thýfr Dfrrha`'

kfr kh bm \`bbm kh Frxrf }xhkmckf hc ht{h Mrde`|f {ht{`'gfc`f p hc m{hcd`ôc m bf rhtyhd{f m g` hb yrhthc{h Htdr`'

omcf yfr bm yhrtfcmb gmc`yxbmd`ôc kh ht{h mtxgy{f }xh'

kf `gyxht{f p cf{`l`dmkf kh {fkf tx dfc{hc`kf# M dx`f l`c

p axmrkmr hb {hcfr kh bm ghcd`fcmkm Hhmb Dàkxbm t`c k`t'

d`*hymr hc gmchrm mbaxcm }xhkf `c{hbàhcd`mkf ymrm tx fo'



' 08 '

thr|mcd`m mtt` bf yrf|hpô `cmxkf p ýrgf yfr mc{h g` kh}xh %bf` lhh# ‛ Gmcxhb kh bm Ofkham p Bbmcf# ‛ Mc{h g`

Ohc`{f Kfg`caf Ghkrmcf Htdròmcf yxob`df kh Yrf|`c'

d`m p tx Cf{mr`f Nhmb#

Hc bm \`bbm kh Frxrf hc t`h{h k`mt khb ght kh Thy'

{`hgorh kh g`b th{hd`hc{ft th{hc{m p fdef mýft# ‛ Pf hb

%`hchrmb Kfc [efgmt Mc{fc`f kh M4!mrzm Dfrrha`kfr

Jxt{`d`m [ehc`hc{h kh Dmy`{íc Ahchrmb" Mbdmbkh gmpfrkh G`cmt p Nha`t{rft hc ht{m kem# \`bbm p tx Jxr`tk`d'

d`ôc `NX! tx Gmjht{mk ,# Em|`hckf |`t{f bm _hmb Yrf'

|`d`fc kh bmt lfjmt mc{hdhkhc{ht bm dfj` hc g`t gmcf|T Ohth

p yxth tforh g` dmohzm fohkhd`àckfbm dfgf m Dmr{m" pNhmb Dàkxbm kh tx Gmjht{mk m }x`hc bm K`|`cm axmrkh"

dfgf bm Dm{ôb`dm Gfcmr2`x`m m SGhcht{hr" p hc }xmc{f m tx

dxgyb`g`hc{f" gmckf th axmrkh" dxgybm p huhdx{h df'

gf tx Mb{hzm bf gmckf" p hc tx dfcth`jmhcd`m" tmdíckfth

{ht{`gfc`f th {hcam yrhthc{h" ymrm tx yxc{xmb dxgyb`g`hc'

{f"

pth rhg`{m bm Frà`cmb mb `cgh`b`m{f Thýfr Dfrrha`kfr

dfc bm dfrrhtyfck`hc{h Dmrò` kh Fl`d`f mdxtíckfth hb _h'

d`|f kh hbbm" P mt` bf fohkht`" gmckh p l`rgh md{xmckf yfr

mc{h g` p [ht{àft m lmb{m kh Htdròmcf Yxob`df c` _hmb ‛[efgmt Mc{fc`f kh Mpmrzm# ‛ Mc{fc`f Afpexrx# ‛ GmSg`hb Dm`h{mcf kh Tfgfzm#

Hc hb mtthctf kh g`cmt khb Htyçr`{x Tmc{f kh Dmrmc'

amt m {rh`c{m kh Jxb`f kh g`b th{hd`hc{ft th{hc{m p cxh|h

mcft# Pf hb Frmb# Kfc Gm{b`hf @omýhz Mrdf" Dfrrha`kfr

p Jxt{`d`m Gmpfr kh ht{m Yrf|`cd`m" yfr tx Sbmaht{mk:\`t{m bm _hmb Yrf|`d`fc mc{hdhkhc{h gh yxth hc y`h pkht{fdmkf" bm {fgh hc g`t gmcft" ohth" p yxth tforh g`dmohzm fohkhd`àckfbm dfc hb mdm{mg`hc{f kh|`kf" dfgfm Dmr{m p _hmb b*rf|`d`fc kh Cxht{rf _hp p Thýfr Ch{x'

rmb" m }x`hc bm K`|`cm Gmaht{mk axmrkh p yrftyhrh hc

mxghc{f kh Gmpfrht _hpcft p Thlbfr`ft dfgf bm Dr`t'

{`mckmk" em ghcht{ççr> p hc tx dxgyb`g`hc{f kùh th axmr'

kh" dxgybm p huhdx{h hc {fkf p yfr {fkf tha``c dfgf tx

Mb{hzm frkhcm p gmckm> tmdmíkfth mt` g`tgf {ht{`gf'c`f kh hbbm ymrm k`rà`r m bft fl`d`mbht _hmbht kh ht{mt dm'

umt" p f{rf àxmb ymrm ht{h Mrde`|f" p bm frà`cmb th rhg`{m

mb %Dfrrha`kfr kh thaúc bm htdmbm kh gmrahc mtt`

bf fohkhdç" gmckh p l`rgh" md{xmckf dfc {ht{àft m lmb{m

kh Htdròmcf Yúob`dm) c` _hmb# ‛ Gm{ehf @omýht Mrdf# ‛Gmcxhb @bkhlfctf kh bm [fch# ‛ [ehfkfrf kh Exambkh#



' 0< '

Hc hb Yxhobf kh D``rmaxmrm Yrf|`cd`m hbh Ymdmjht" hccxh|h k`mt khb ght kh Thy{`hgorh kh g`W th{hd`hc{ft th'

{hc{m p cxh|h mcft# Hb Thýfr Armb# Kfc Gmcxhb @cfdhc{h

\`bbhamt p ]xh|hkf dmkh{h kh `clmc{hrçm htymýfbm hc bm

Yrf|`cd`m kh Umxjm" p Jxt{`d`m Gm`fr kh ht{m kem# Yrf'

|`cd`m" p tx Jxr`tk`dd`ôc" yfr hb Hhmb Txyhr`fr Af|`hrcf

kh Oxhcft Mprht" Em|`hckf rhdò`kf bm _hmb Yrf|`d`fc"

}xh mc{hdhkh" ht{mckf hc y`h" kht{fdmkf bm dfj`f hc txt

gmcft" ohtf p yxtf tmorà tx dmohzm" fohkhd`àckfbm dfgf

m Dmr{m" p Yrf|`d`fc _hmb kh Cxht{rf _hp p Thýfr cm{xrmb"

m }x`hc bm K`|`cm Gmaht{mk axmrkh p yrftyhrh" hc mxghc{f

kh gm`frht _hpcft" p Thýfrçft" dfgf bm Dr`t{`mckmk" bf

em ghcht{hr : p hc }xmc{f m tx dxgyb`g`hc{f" k`jf th axmr'

kh p huhdx{h" thaúc tx {ehcfr" p lfrgm" p }xh th {hcam

yrhdhc{h" ymrm tx fothromcd`m kh }xh Pf hb yrhdhc{h Ht#/¹

}xhkh `c{hbàhcd`mkf j)mrm tx yrfdhkhr hc dfc{rm kh bf }xh

th frkhcm p }xh tmdíckfth {ht{`gfc`f" th k`r`j`f tx fr`'

a`cmb mb Thýfr Dfrrha`kfr" }xh k`hrm bm htdmbm Gmra`cmb

ymrm }xh hc ghrdhk th t`r|m mdxtmr tx rhd`|f# Mtt` bm

fohkhd`ô" gmckf" p l`rgf# ‛ Gmcxhb @cfthc{h \`bbhamt# ‛Mc{h g` Jfthl Gmr`mcf _hpt kh Phrm" Htdròmcf Yxob`df#

Hc bm D`xkmk kh bm Ymz" p k`hz p cxh|h kh Fd{xorh kh

th{hd`hc{ft th{hc{m p cxh|h mýft# ‛ Hb Thýfr Ahchrmb KfcLhrg`c A`b kh Mb`ymrmam Dm|mbbhrf khb frkhc kh Tmc{`maf

Dfrrha`kfr p Jxt{`d`m gm`fr kh hbbm yfr tx Gmaht{mk h{'

th{hrm# Em|`hckf rhd`|`kf bm mc{hthkhc{h _hmb Yrf|`d`fc

d`rdxbmr huyhk`km yfr bft Thýfrht Yrht`khc{h" p Fpkfrhtkh bm _hmb Mxk`hcd`m khb K`t{r`{f dfc `cthrd`ôc kh bm _hmb

Dàkxbm" tforh bm ymam khb krf kh bm Mbdm|mbm" kh bmt |hc'

{mt kh Tfbmrht" p f{rmt l`cdmt ymb`mkmt dfc hb cfgorh kh

bfdmd`fcht" p dfckxdd`fcht" ht{mckf hc y`h" p dfc bm dm|hzm

kht{fdmkm bm |htf p yxtf tforh hbbm fohkhd`àckfbm dfc hb

mdm{mg`hc{f kh|`kf m dmr{m p Yrf|`d`fc kh Cxht{rf _hp pThýfr cm{xrmb" dx`m |`km axmrkh K`ft yfr gxdeft mcft

dfc mxghc{f kh gm`frht _hpcft" p Thýfrçft dfgf bm Db`r`t'

{`mckmk bf rh}x`hrh# P hc }xmc{f m tx dxgyb`g`hc{f# K`jfkh|`m kh gmckmr p gmckô hb }xh cf{`l`díckfth yfr g` hb

yrhthc{h Htdròmcf hb {ehcfr kh mgomt txyhr`frht khb`'

ohrmd`fcht" p hb kh ht{h m {fkft bft Htdròmcft }xh hu`t'

{hc hc ht{m kem# D`xkmk m l`c kh }xh bf axmrkhc" dxgybmc

p huhdx{hc yxc{xmbghc{h> p j`mtmckfth {ht{`gfc`f mx{hc'



' 01 '

{`df m bft Thýfrht Fl`d`mbht _hmbht" dfgf {mgo`àc yfc`àc'

kfth f{rf hc hb Mrde`|f }xh dfrrhtyfckh ymrm bft dmtft

fdxrrhc{ht kh tx fothr|mcd`m" th rhg`{m bxhaf tx frà`cmb m

bmt khb Thýfr Dfrrha`kfr kh bm Yrf|`cd`m kh T`dmt`dm mb

g`tgf l`c kh tx kh|`kf dxgyb`g`hc{f dfc bm rhtyhd{`|m

dmr{m kh Fl`d`f" ymrm }xh m tx rhtyxht{m mdxzh tx rhd`|f:

P lhdef dfc dhr{`l`dmd`ôc rhbm{`|m kh {fkf bf formkf kàth

dxhc{m m bm Txyhr`fr`kmk kh tx Mb{hzm# Mtt` bf yrf|hpô

gmckf p l`rgf kh }xh kfp lh#

‛ Lhrgçc kh A`b p Mb`ymrmam#‛ Mc{h g` : _mlmhb kh \`bbmcxh|m# Htdròmcf kh Tx Gmaht'

{mk p Yúob`df#

Hc bm D`xkmk kh Cxht{rm Thýfrm kh bm Ymz m {rht k`mt

khb ght kh Cf|`hgorh kh g`b th{hd`hc{ft th{hc{m p cxh|h

mýft# Pf hb k`def htdròmcf" bh bh`" cf{`l`}xh h e`dh tmohr bm

_hmb thkxbm" p Yrf|`d`fc" p Mx{f mc{hdhkhc{ht dfgfhc hbbft th dfc{`hchc m Lrmcd`tdf Gmctmchkm Htdròm'

cf _hmb hc tx yhrtfcm }xh |`f p hc{hck`ô kh }xh kfplh#

‛ Mc{h g`# ‛ _mlmhb kh \`bbmcxh|m# Htdròmcf kh txGmaht{mk" p Yxob`df# ‛ Hc bm D`xkmk kh bm Ymz bxhaf

pcdfc{`chc{` Pf hb k`def Htdròmcf e`th f{rm cf{`l`dm'

d`ôc dfgf bm mc{hdhkhc{h m Kfc _mlmhb kh Mr{hmam" pOhrgxkhz Htdròmcf _hmb hc tx Yhrtfcm }xh fpô kh }xh

kfp lh" ‛ Hc bm D`xkmk kh bm Ymz hc k`m" ght" p mcf#

Pf hb k`def Htdròmcf mt` g`tgf e`th f{rm cf{`l`dmt`fc

dfgf bmt mc{hdhkhc{ht m Kfc Yhkrf Gmr`mdm Htdr`|mxf Y{`'

ob`df"

pkh Dm|`bkf hc tx yhrtfcm }xh bf fpô

pkh }xh kfp

lh# ‛ _mlmhb kh \``bmcxh|m Htdròmcf kh tx Gmaht{mk pYxob`df# ‛ Hc bm Ymz m }xm{rf kh Cf|`hgorh kh g`b th{h'

d`hc{ft th{hc{m p cxh|h mýft# Pf hb k`def Htdr`|mcf e`th

f{rm cf{`l`dmd`ôc dfgf bmt mc{hdhkhc{ht mb Thdrh{mr`f Der`t'

y`c kh \hrm p Mrmaôc Htdr`|mcf kh _hmb Emd`hckm hc tx

yhrtfcm }xh bf fpô kh hbbf kfp lh# ‛ _mlmhb kh \`bbmcxh|m"

Htdròmcf kh tx Gmaht{mk p Yxob`df# ‛ Hc bm D`xkmk kh

bm Ymz m }xm{rf K`mt khb ght kh Cf|`hgorh kh g`b th{h'

d`hc{ft th{hc{m p cxh|h mýft# Pf hb k`def Htdr`|mcf e`thf{rm cf{`l`dmd`ôc dfgf bmt mc{hthkhc{ht mb Thdrh{mr`f Yh'

krf kh \`bbhbm Htdr`|mcf Yxob`df kh bm Yrf|`cd`m kh T`dm'

t`dm p _hmb hc tx Yhrtfcm }xh bf fpô p hc{hck`ô kh hbbf

kfp lh# ‛ _mlmhb kh \`bbmcxh|m Htdr`|mcf kh tx Gmaht{mk"

p Yxob`df# ‛ Hc bm D`xkmk kh bm Ymz hc k`def k`m }xm'

{rf kh Cf|`hgorh kh g`b th{hd`hc{ft th{hc{m p cxh|h mýft#

YòOB# ThD# E`T[# 1



‛ 05 ‛

Pf hb k`def Htdr`|mcf e`th f{rm cf{`l`dmd`ôc dfgf bmt mc'{hthkhc{ht mb Htdr`|mcf Nhmb Mc{fc`f ]x`bbfcht hc tx yhr'

tfcm }xh bf FPÔ kh hbbft kfp là# ‛ _mlmhb kh \`bbmcxh|m"

Htdr`|mcf kh tx Gmaht{mk p Yxob`df# ‛ Hc bm d`xkmk kh

bm Ymz hc k`def }xm{rf kh Cf|`hgorh kh g`b th{hd`hc{ft

th{hc{m p cxh|h mýft# Pf hb k`def Htdr`|mcf e`th f{rm cf{`'

l`dmd`ôc dfgf bmt mc{hdhkhc{ht mb Htdr`|mcf _hmb K`haf

@cfthct`f kh Mgmcôbm hc tx Yhrtfcm }xh bf fpô kh hbbf

kfp lh# ‛ _mlmhb kh \`bbmcxh|m" Htdr`|mcf kh tx Gmaht{mk

p Yxob`df# ‛ Hc bm D`xkmk kh bm Ymz m }xm{rf K`mt khb

ght kh Cf|`hgorh kh g`b th{hd`hc{ft th{hc{m p cxh|h mýft#

Pf hb k`def Htdr`|mcf e`th f{rm cf{`l`dmd`ôc dfgf bmt mc'

{hdhkhc{ht m Bxdmt kh Bhôc Htdr`|mcf _hmb hc tx Yhrtfcm

}xh bf fpô kh hbbf kfp lh# ‛ _mlmhb kh \`bbmcxh|m" Htdr`'

|mcf kh tx Gmaht{mk p Yxob`df# ‛ Hc bm D`xkmk kh bm Ymz

hc k`def k`m }xm{rf kh Cf|`hgorh kh g`b th{hd`hc{ft th'

{hc{m p cxh|h mýft# Pf hb k`def Htdr`|mcf e`th f{rm cf{`'

l`dmd`ôc dfgf bmt mc{hdhkhc{ht m Kmg`íc Yxhr{mtp

\m'

bhcd`m Htdr`|mcf _hmb hc tx Yhrtfcm }xh bf fpô kh hbbf kfp

lh# ‛ _mlmhb kh \`bbmcxh|m" Htdr`|mcf kh tx Gmaht{mk pYxob`df# ‛ Hc bm d`xkmk kh bm Ymz hc k`def K`m kh Cf'

|`hgorh kh g`b th{hd`hc{ft th{hc{m p cxh|h mýft# Pf hb

k`def Htdr`|mcf e`th f{rm Cf{`l`dmd`ôc dfgf bmt mc{hdh'

khc{ht mb Htdr`|mcf _hmb E`yôb`{f ]x`c{hrft hc tx Yhr'

tfcm }xh bf fpô kh hbbf kfp lh# ‛ _mlmhb kh \`bbmcxh|m#

Htdr`|mcf kh tx Gmaht{mk p Yúob`df# Dfcdxhrkm dfc txt

fr`a`cmbht }xh th khofbo`hrfc m yfkhr khb Thýfr Dfrrha`kfrJxt{`d`m g#/// kh ht{m D`xkmk kh Cxht{rm Thýfrm kh bm Ymz

m bft }xh hc bf chdhtmr`f gh rrhg`{f# P ymrm }xh kh hbbf

dfct{h kfckh dfc|hcam kfp hb yrhthc{h hc |`r{xk khb Mx{f}xh mc{hdhkh hc hbbm m k`hz k`mt khb ght kh Cf|`hgorh kh

g`b th{hd`hc{ft th{hc{m p cxhoh mýft# ‛ hcghckmkf ‛ rh

‛ |mbh ‛ x ‛ |mbh ‛ hc{rh rrhcabfcht ‛ Jxc`f |mbh# ‛Hc {ht{`gfc`f kh \hrkmk#

_mlmhb \`bbmcxh|m#Htdc`f# kh C# _hp p Yxob`df#

Kh Fl`d`f#

%O`ob`f{hdm Cmd`fcmb" dfbhdd`ôc kh gmcxtdr`{fTj cúghrf ?80`)#



' 00

C#f ;1# ‛ Dfgxc`dmd`ôc khb |`rrhp khb _`f kh bm Ybm{m mb T#fr Jfthye

kh Dmb|hz hc dfc{ht{md`ôc m bm _#b frc# kh ?4 kh Jxb`f p mb g`tgf{`hgyf rhg`{h {ht{`g#f kh bm rhyrhthc{md`ôc }#h ymtmrfc bft fl`z#ht

_#t kh ht{mt Dmjmt m dhrdm kh bm yh{`d`ôc }#h e`d`hrfc m T# G# bft Dx'

rmt kh bft Yxhobft Axmrmcbt#

%?? ôh Ochrf kh =159)#

Mb Hugf# T#/!! K#/ Jye# kh Amb|hz#

Oxhcft Mp#S" ?? kh Hc#¾ kh =159#

Gxç T#/// g`ô : m dfcth}xhcd`m kh }xh }xm{rf Dxrmt kh bft

Yxhobft kh @ck`ft Axmrmc`t em rhyrhthc{mkf m T# G# tx

g`thr`m yfr hb dfr{f mxu`b`f dfc }xh th bht mt`t{h yrh|`hch

bm rhmb frkhc kh ?4 kh Jxb`f khb mýf mc{hdhk#*S }xh `clfrgh

bf }xh gh dfct{h hc hb mtxgy{f j kh t` ht{ft rhbà`ftft y`khc

dfc rhaxbmr`kmk#Hc tx |`t{m gmckh m bft flbd#SS m dxpf dmraf ht{m bm tm{`t'

lmdd`ôc kh Tçcfkft }xh `clfrgmthc hb ymr{`dxbmr p bf emchuhdx{mkf thaúc rhtxb{m khb {ht{`gfc`f mkjxc{f: }xh gm'

c`l`ht{m txl`d`hc{hg#*£ bf `clxckmkf kh bm rhyrhthc{md`ôc phb hdef g`tgf kh cf em|hrbm k`rà`kf mbft [ròxcmbht gmt`cghk`m{ft yrfkxdh d`hr{m tftyhdem dfc{rm tx |hrkmk#

%Mrde`|f Fhchrmb Oh bm Cmd`ôc# \`rrh`cm{f" g,'==Tb)#

C#f ;5# ‛ Hb |`rrhp khb _`f kh bm Ybm{m huyfch mb T#fr K#c Jye# kh

Amb|hz }xh" m dfcthdxhcd`m kh bm rhmb frkhc kh ?9 kh Fd{xorh xb{`'

gf tforh hb mxghc{f khb yrhd`f khb [momdf" cf tfbf em flrhd`kf mb

`c{hckhc{h p g`c`t{rf kh ht{m rhc{m dxmc{ft mxu`b`ft khyhckhc kh

txt lmdxb{mkht t`cf }xh {mgo`àc" em d`rdxbmkf dmr{mt m bft afohr'

cmkfrht p dmo`bkft kh bmt yrf|`cd`mt yr`cd`ymbht#

%?0 kh Mor`b kh =159)#

Mb Hugf# T#/S =3#/ Jye# kh Amb|hz#

Oxhcft Mprht" ?0 kh Mor`b kh =159#

Gxç T#//S gçf: Hc{hrmkf kh bm rhmb frkhc rhthr|mkm kh

?9 kh fd{'* xb{`gf }#! mxaghc{m hb yrhd`f khb [momdf xcm



' =99 ‛

}xmr{m y#*£ gmt tforh hb }xh md{xmbg&£ {`hch j khb htyhd`mb

hcdmraf kh mxu`b`mr mb @c{hck&/ p m bft _mgft kàbm _hc{my#* hb yhrlhd{f p {rmc}x`bf dxgyb`g#*/ kh ht{m yrf|`k#S cf

tfbf bht {hcaf flrhd`kf }xmc{ft mxu`b`ft khyhckmc kh g`mx{efr`kmk p lmdxb{mkht t`cf !}xh {mgo`àc oh d`rdxbmkf

bmt dfrrhty&SS dmr{mt m bft Af|#S dfrrha#S p dm|`bkft kh bmt

Yy]p mtj d`xkmkht yrmbht# y#S }xh emd`hckf rhlbhdd`fc m bm

xrahc{h dmxtm }xh dfcdxrrh mb efcfr kh bmt Mrgmt khb _hp#

Thaxr`kmk hc }xh th `c{hrhtmc {fkft bft ht{mkft m bm tx'

gm h `chuyb`dmobh rhmb y`hkmk cf arm|mr f{rft o`hcht f

hlhd{ft p m tx rhyrhthc{md`ôc p dmríd{hr thmc bft yr`ghrft

hc mdrhk`{mr tx rht`acmkm fohk`hcd`m ht{`gxbmckf {mg'

o`àc m bft khgít khb Yxhobf m rhd`|`r dfc mbharh thgobmc{h

ht{m dfc{r`oxd`ôc hc }xh rhtybmckhdh hb mgfr khb _hp y"S

dfc txt |mtmbbft p ht{fb yhrtxmk`kf }xh tx dfct{mc{h l`khb`'

kmk cf th `gyrht`fcmrm kh f{rft thc{`g#*¹S P m bm |hrkmk

}xh yxob`dmkf yfr ht{h @c{hck#*£ hb |mckf rhtyhd{`|f çt`

o`hc dfct{mc txt yrhd`tft {àrg`cft) cf th mk|`hr{h hc ht{md`xkmk cf|hkmk f dfggfd`fc mbaxcm }xh yxhkm kht|mch'

dhr m}xhb dfcdhy{f#

%Mrde`|f Ahchrmb kh bm Cmd`ôc# \`rrh`cm{f" =115'=15=)#

C#f ;0# ‛ Mxghc{f kh yrhd`f hc hb [momdf dfc gf{`|f kh bm axhrrm

dfc bm Armc Orh{mým#

%Gmpf kh =1T9)#

Gxç thýfr g`ô: Hb Thýfr Dfc{mkfr" p K`rhd{fr kh bmt

_hc{mt kh [m|mdft kh bm dmy`{mb kh Oxhcft M`rht" hc Fr'

khc kh k`hz kh Mor`b mc{hzhkhc{h" }xh hb thýfr @c'

{hckhc{h Ahchrmb kh frkhc khb _hp bh em yrhthc{mkf m

|xhtm ghrthk [ht{`gfc`f kh xc Omckf }xh th em yxob`dm'

kf hc m}xhbbm dm`)`{mb ymrm mxghc{mr bm dxmr{m ymr{h gmthc hb |mbfr khb [momdf : hc ht{m |`r{xk" p ymrm }xh yfr bf

}xh m g` [fdm {hcam bm _hmb k`tyft`d`ôc hb gmt yxc{xmb

kho`kf dxgyb`g`hc{f" th emth yrhd`tf gh ymth {ht{`gfc`f

khb Omckf dfc bf formkf mtx dfc{`cxmd`ôc# ‛ Cxht{rf th'

ýfr axmrkh m xt{hk gxdeft mýft Jxjxp gm`f fdef kh g`b



' =9= '

th{hd`hc{ft fdehc{m# ‛' Ohtf bm gmcf kh |xhtm ghrdhk tc

gx` m{hc{f thr|`kfr# Jftà kh bm ]xmkrm#‛Thýfr Mbdmbkh

frk`cmr`f Jxmc Mbhjmckrf#

Khd#*¹ ‛ Tr# kh Am`czm# ‛ Jxjx` fdef kh Gm`f kh g`b th'

{hd`hc{ft fdehc{m# ‛ Hb htdr`|mcf kh Dm|`bkf kmrí hb [ht{`'

gfc`f }xh th y`kh dfc `cthrd`ôc kh ht{m Dmr{m# ‛ Am`ctm

‛ rhtyfck`km hb k`m kh bft Omckft p lhdem# ‛ xcm rxor`dm#

‛ Kfc Gmcxhb @acmd`f Lhrcmckhz khb dfcthjf kh tx Gm'

aht{mk @c{hckhc{h Ahchrmb kh hjhrd`{f p Nhmb Emz`hckm khb

\`rrhpcm{f kàbmt Yrf|`cd`mt khb _`f kh bm Ybm{m" Txyhr'

`c{hckhc{h Ahchrmb" txokhbhamkf kàbmt _hmbht _hc{mt kh

[momdf p Cm`yht hc {fkf tx k`t{r`{f hzh{hrm# ‛Bft mxghc{ft amt{ft }xh dmxtm bmyrhthc{h Axhrrm dfc hb

_hp kàbm Armc Orh{mým" p bm `ck`tyhctmobh chdht`kmk kh

mxghc{mr" p gmc{hchr cxht{rft mrgmghc{ft Gmrç{`gft"

Khtxhr{h }xh thmc rhtyhd{mobht m bft Hchgàft" p bft yrh'

d`thc m xcm ymz tfb`km" p |hc{mjftm" emc fobàmkf mb _hp

cxht{rf thýfr m yfchr hcyrmd{`dm {fkft bft ghk`ft gmtxtxmbht p fyfr{xcft ymrm dfcarhamr bft mgmkft Omtmbbft

dfc dfc{ròxt`fcht hc txt o`hcht" c` tforh txt hlhd{ft p Lrx'

{ft kh yr`ghrm chdht`kmk ‛ hc dfcthdxhcd`m kh {mc jxt{ft"

p ym{hrcmbht khtàc`ft rhtfb|`ô tx Gmaht{mk }xh yfr G`c`t'

{hr`f kh Emd`hckm kh Htymým" thtxom hb yrhd`f khb [momdf"

p th yrfyfrd`fch f{rft mxghc{ft kh k`lhrhc{ht rmgft khtx

Ehrmr`f" p bf g`tgf em rhtxhb{f th hjhdx{h yfr hb kh @ck`mt

ymrm }#S {fkft txt |mtmbbft khxcft p f{rft Kfg`c`ft dfc'

dxrrmc dfgf bf emc hdef t`hgyrh" p htyhrm tx Gmaht{mkkhtx l`khb`kmk" mgfr p Zhbf" dfcdxrr`ríc m f{rm m lmd`b`{mr

bft ghk`ft kh tfot{hchr hb fcfr" kh bm kàc`kmk" p bft jxt'

{ft khrhdeft kàbm dfrfcm# Khb bfarf kh ht{ft `gyfr{mc{ht

l`cht" khyhckh hthcd`mbghc{h bm {rmc}x`b`kmk" bm lhb`d`kmk

yxob`dm" bm yfthd`fc" p hb jxt{f" p bòrh xtf kàbft |`hcht"

p kàbmt yrhrrfam{`|mt kh {fkmt bmt dbmtht khb ht{mkf> p mtt`

dfgf yr`cd`ymbht `c{hrhtmkft" khohc dfc{ròx`r m mxghc'

{mr"

pgmc{hchr bmt lxhrzmt kàbm Cmd`ôc" hcarftmckf }xmc'

{f bht thm yftòbh bft lfckft khb Ehrmr`f" yxht t`c ht{h

mxu`b`f" c` th yfkrmc rhdformr bmt yhrk`kmt }xh th emc ymkh'

d`kf hc bmt Axhrrmt" mc{hr`frht" c` gmc{hchr" bmt gmt bha`'

{`gmt yftht`fcht# Hb _hp yxht" yfthe`kf t`hgyrh khb mgfrmtxt Yxhobft" cfem }xhr`kf mxc hc d`rdxct{mcd`mt {mc xr'

ahc{ht dfgf bmt md{xmbht }xh th emamc yfr mfrm `gyft`d`f'



‛ =9? '

cht" tforh bmt dftmt" p hlhd{ft kh yr`ghrm p thaxckm chdh't`kmk" mxc}xh bft `ct`cxmkft `cghctft amt{ft kàbm Axh'

rrm hc {fkm bm hu{hct`ôc kàbm Gfcmr}xçm" yfkrmc emthr

rhaxbmr ht{h rhdxrtf : Tfbf em }xhr`kf yfr bf }xh g`rm mtxt

Kfg`c`ft kh Mghr`dm" }xh kfckh ht{m ht{mobhd`km bm rhc{m

khb [m|mdf" thmxghc{h tx yrhd`f" xcm }xmr{m ymr{h gmt tf'

orh hb}xh mb yrhthc{h {`hch: dx`f mxghc{f kh yrhd`f hc

xc Ahchrf khghrf axt{f p dmyr`def" p dfc xcmt dmxtmt

kàbm txyrhgm `gyfr{mcd`m" ht bm dfc{ròxd`ôc gmt txmoh"

p gmt líd`b }xh yxhkh emthrth hcht{ft _h`cft" p gmt hcm{hcd`ôc kh }#S bm txo`km kh yrhd`f mdfrkmkm ymrm Htymým"

ht gm`fr" t`c hgomraf kh thr `cdfgymrmobhghc{h gmt dmrf

hb [momdf hc m}xhbbm Yhcçctxbm# Mtt`thgh dfgxc`dm kh

frkhc khb _yp yfr hb hudhbhc{çt`gf thýfr Kfc Jftà kh Amb'

|hz hc dmr{m kh |h`c{h kh fd{xorh khb mýf yrôu`gf ymtmkf

P ymrm }#S hb Yxob`df th `ct{rxçm kh ht{m tfohrmcm kh{hr'

g`cmd`ôc" Kàbmt Jxt{`tt`gmt rmzfcht }xh emc gf|`kf mtx

Gmaht{mk ymrmhbbmt

pkàbm khtehbmkm y`hkmk dfc}xh kh

{fkft gfkft yrfdxrm bft gm`frht mb`|`ft" p |hc{mjmt khtút

yxhobft" th yxob`dmrm yfr omckf hc bm lfrgm mdft{xgorm'

km" p l`jmrm hcbft t`{`ft gmt yúob`dft" cf tfbf hc ht{m Dm'

y`{mb t`cf {mgo`àc hc {fkft bft khgít Yxhobft kh ht{h \`'

rrhpcm{f" rhg`{`hckf mb `c{hc{f bft dfrrhtyfck`hc{ht hjhg'

ybmrht m bft Af|hrcmkfrht" Dfrrha`kfrht p khgít Jxt{`'

d`mt kh tx dfgyrhehct`fc" p m bft Mkg`c`t{rmkfrht kh bm

rhc{m" bmt {mr`lmt kàbft yrhd`ft m}xh th kh|h |hckhr hb [m'

omdf khtkh bm Yxob`dmd`ôc kh ht{h |mckf" l`jíckfbmt dfgfbht ht{m gmckmkf m bm |`t{m khb Yxob`df hc bft [hrrhcft" pht{mc}x`bbft khtx dmraf# Oxhcft Mprht k`hz kh Mor`b hc

g`b th{hd`hc{ft p fdehc{m# ‛ Gmcxhb @acmd`f Lhrcmckhz#‛ Ymobf Ohrrx{`S htdr`|mcf Yxob`df# ‛ Th yxob`df ht{h

|mckf yfrbmt Dmbbht mdft{xgormkmt kh ht{m D`xkmk yfr

gmckmkf khb thýfr Mbdmbkh kh thaxckf |f{f yfr mxthcd`m

khb thýfr Jxt{`d`m gm`fr m}x`hc |`cf k`rà`kf" p th hlhd'

{xô" fp k`m t`h{h kh Gmpf kh th{hd`hc{ft fdehc{m hc Jxjx`

m xtmczm kh axhrrm" p tfc kh dmjmt kh }#£ kfp lhh# ‛ Gm'cxhb kh Ofrkm S htdr`|mcf yxob`df p kh dm|`bkf# ‛ Dfcdxhr'

km ht{h {rmtbmkf dfc bm Dmr{m" p Omckf frà`cmbht khtx

dfc{hu{f" }xh }xhkmc hc ht{S Mrde`|f khg` dmraf khkfckh

myhk`ghc{f khb hu'Mbdmbkh frk`cmr`f khyr`ghr |f{f y#*/S

Jftà kàbm ]xmkrm Mkg`c`t{rmkfr Ahchrmb kh bm _hmb _hc'



‛ =94 ‛

{mt kh [m|mdft" p gmckm{f khb 5#¹/S Jxht k` hb yrhthc{h df'rha`kf" j dfcthr{mkf m}# hc bf chdhtmr`f gh rhg`{f" j ht

lhdef hc ht{m d`xkmk kh Jxjx` hc cxh|h k`mt khb ght kh

Gm`f khg`b th{hd`hc{ft fdehc{m" t`hckf {ht{`aft K#¹ Jxmc[efgmt kh Nfkr`axhz" p k#¹ Amtymr kh Ehrrhrm" kh}xh kfp

lhh# ‛ Gmcxhb kh Ofrkm htdr`|mcf yxob`df p kh dm|`bkf# ‛Dfcdxhrkm ht{h [rmtbmkf dfc hb [ht{`gfc`f }#* th em ymtmkf

m ht{m Mkg#// Ahc#*! yfr hb @# F# kh ht{m D`xkmk hc frkhc

mb mxghc{f }#S th bh kh|h kmr m bft [m|mdft kh Yfb|f p rmgmm }#* gh rhl`hrf hc lhh kàbf }xmb kfp hb yrhthc{h hc |`r{xk

kh frkhc kh bm Mkg#¹¹ Ahc#! hc ht{m d`xkmk p _#! Hu{mcdf

hc k`ht p t`h{h k`mt khb ght kh Gm`f khg`b th{h#S p fdehc{m

mýft#

Hc{ht{`gf#/ kh |hrkmk#

Lrmc#// kh Amrhcfbx#

Tmb{m" Gmpf ?9 kh =159#

\`t{f hb Omckf }xh dfgyrhckh hb {ht{`gfc`f mc{hdhk#*£

yíthth dfc rhdmkf yfbç{`df mb T#! [hc#S kh Af|#*// p Jxt{`d`m

Gm`fr kh ht{m d`xkmk ymrm }xh th t`r|m lmd`b`{mr" p emdhr

|hr`l`dmr tx yxob`dmz#*// dfgf hb 5#¹/S Txyhr`c{hck#** Armb# txo'

khbhamkf kàbm _#! _hc{mt kh [momdf p Cmpyht bf frkhcm"

P hb Htt#!!/ md{xmr`f bf khofbohrm m ht{m Mkg#/// ymrm kmrbh

hb kho`kf dxgyb`g#*¹ dfc bm cf{m }xh mdrhk`{f m|hr`f yx'ob`dmkf hc bm lfrgm mdft{xgormkm#

Bf yrf|h`f p l`rgf hb T#// Mkg#/// a[mb# kh ht{m d`xkmk K#/

Jftà [efgmt Tícdehz kh }xh kfp lh#

Jftà [efgmt Tmcdeht#

Mc{h g`Ym{`f Tm``c kh _forhkf#

Th yxob`df kh frc# khhb Thýfr Jxt{`d`m Gmpfr" yfr Omckfhc bm lfrgm }xh th mdft{xgorm > hb Khtymdef }xh mc{hdhkh#

Tmb{m p Gmpf {rh`c{m kh Mor`b th{hd`hc{ft fdehc{m mýft#

Ymobf Tm`g kh _forhkf#htt# yydf#



‛ =98 ‛

[f{mb yrfkxd{f

Yhtft _hmbht

Mb}#® kh|h |hckhrth

Yh694 _hmbht

#" –1–###



‛ =9< ‛

gft{rmd`ôc rhtyhd{f m hb mxghc{f kh bm }cmr{m ymr{h gmtkh tx |mbfr }xh ht xc dxmr{`bbf kh _hmb" dfc bf }xh bç}x`'

kmghc{h kh|h ymamrth xc rhmb" p }xmr{`bbf yfr dmkm gmzfkh ht{m htyhd`h: mtt` hcbft ht{mc}x`bbft kh ht{m Mkg`c`t'

{rmd`ôc Ahchrmb" dfgf hc bft kàbmt Ymr{`dxbmrht kh Tmb{m p[xdxgmc" m}xhbbft Mkg`c`t{rmkfrht tharhamrmc xcm }x`c'

{m ymr{h kh bmt }xh mormzh hb gmzf" kmckf hb rht{f yfr xcrhmb }xh tfc }xm{rf" p rhxc`hckf m}xhbbm ymr{h thymrmkm"

m f{rm" ` f{rmt {rht kh bm g`tgm `axmbkmk bmt huyhckhríc

yfr txt yrfyfrd`fcmkft |mbfrht" o`hc thm kft hc ghk`frhmb" f }xm{rf hc xcf# Ht{m h}x`{m{`|m k`tyft`d`ôc hc{rh bm

rhc{m p hb yxob`df cf yxhkh {hchr bxamr hc bm dmb`kmk khb

Yfb|`bbf yfr ht{mr tx huyhk`f txah{f m bm dmb`kmk kh yhtf"

}xh ht `ggx{mobh t`hgyrh }xh cf yrhdhkmc _hmbht Yrf|`'

khcd`mt> Yfr {fkf bf dxmb th fothr|mrm emt{m f{rmt cxh|mt

txyhr`frht kh{hrg`cmd`fcht bmt mk|hr{hcd`mt }xh th yrht'

dr`ohc hc bmt cf{mt kh ht{m [mr`lm" khbm}xh tmdíckfth df'

y`m `c{harm th rhg`{`rí xcm m bm K`rhdd`ôc Ahchrmb kàbm

_hc{m }xh rht`kh hc bm Dmy`{mb kh Oxhcft Mprht" p f{rmt

kft m bmt d`{mkmt Mkg`c`t{rmd`fcht Ymr{`dxbmrht kh ht{m

_hmb _hc{m kàbmt D`xkmkht kh Tmb{m p [xdxgmc: ]xh ht

lhdof hc ht{m Yr`cd`ymb kh T#// Tmb|mkfr kh Jxjx` hc =? kh

Gmpf kh =159# ‛Jfthye kh bm ]xmkrm#

Dfc ht{m lb`m# rhg`{h hb T#/!S Txyhr`c{hckhc{h Armb# m bmtJxt{`d`mt kh httm D`xkmk xcm Dfy`m khb |mckf }#* th em

yxob`dmkf hc ht{m Dmy`{mb kh frkhc khb _hp" tx lem /?9 kh

Fd{xorh kh 10/ yfr hb }xmb thgmckm mxghc{mr m dmkm b`'

orm kh [m|mdf xcm }xmr{m ymr{h hc dfcdhy{f m bft yrhd`ft m

}#S md{xmbgS( th |hckh hc httm Mkg#//S> bxhaf }#£ |g# {hc'

am cf{`d`m kh }#S th em yxob`dmkf hb |mckf hc httm D`xkmk

lfrgmrm bm dfrrhtyfck`hc{h [mr`lm }#S mrrhabh bft yrhd`ft"

p rhg`{`rí bmt }#S dfgyh{hc m bmt Mkg#SS p Ht{mcdft }xh ht'

{mc omjf kh tx gmckf kmckf m|`tf m ht{m K`rhdd`ôc kh em'

|hrbf mtt` hjhdx{mkf dfc dfy`m kh bm g`tgm {mr`lm# ‛ K`ft

ax# m \g# g#S m#S Oxhcft M`rht =9 kh Mor`b kh =159# ‛Lrmc#// kh Xrkmrh{m# ‛ T#// K#//* Jftà kàbm ]xmkrm#

Ht dfy`m tmdmkm m bm bh{rm khb fl`d`f }#S hb T#*/* Dfc{#¹!

Ahc#S p K`rhd{fr k`r`j`f m ht{m Mkg#/!! kh g` dmraf bf }#*



' =91 '

dhr{`l`df# Jxjx` p Mkg#¹¹ Ahc#! kh [m|mdft =1 kh Gm`f kh

=159#

Jfthye kh bm ]xmkrm#

C#/ 0# ‛ Gxç T#!!! g`ô : Ymtf m gmcft kh |g# bm mkjxc{m df'

y`m dhr{`l`dmkm kh bm }xh gh k`r`j`f kh bm K`rhdd`ôc Armb#

khb Omckf }#S kh frkhc khb t#/// Txyhr'@c{hckhc{h th yxob`df

hc bm dmy`{mb kh Oxhcft Mprht m l`c kh }xh hc{hrmkf |g#kh tx dfc{hu{f bh kh dxgyb`g`hc{f hc bm ymr{h }#* bh{fdm"

p m g` m|`tf kh tx rhd`|f#

Crf T#*/S axh# m |g# g#S m#*# Jxjxp 0 kh Gmpf kh =159#


T#¹! Mkg#/// kh [m|#/ k#/ [efgmt Tícdehz#

%Gxtdf G`{rh" mrde`|f Dfbfc`mb" Mrg# O#" Dmj# ?<" Y# 51" P#¾ kh Frk# ==)#

C#f 89# ‛ Hb |`rrhp khb _`f kh bm Ybm{m rhl`hrh m kfc Jfthye kh Amb'

|hz bmt dfggfd`fcht kàbm D`xkmk kàbm Ymz yfr em|hrth mxghc'{mkf xc ? ( tforh hb ; hb _#b Krf# kh Mbdm|mçm p bh `ct{rxph kh

bmt yrf|`k#mt }#h hc dfcth}#m th emc {fgmkf m dfctxb{m kh bft G`'

c`t{rft kh Emd`hckm p Bh{{rmkft#

%?0 kh Gmpf kh =159)#

Mb Hugf# Sr K#/ Jye# kh Amb|hz#

Oxhcft M`rht" ?0 kh Gmpf kh =159#

Gxç T#/// g`ô : hb {ht{`gfc`f =#¹ dfc{`hch bf formkf hc bm

d`xkmk kh bm Ymz m dmxtm kh kft dfggfd`fcht yfyxbmrht

}xh th drhphrfc yrhymrmkmt hc mbaxcm ymr{h kh bm Ybhom:

bm xcm yfr fd{#S khb mýf ymtmkf kh th{hc{m p t`h{h em|`hc'

kfth mghc{mkf xc kft yfr d`hc{f tforh hb }xm{rf m }xh mc'

{ht ht{mom rhkxd`kf hb rhmb krf# kh Mbdm|mçm p yrmbghc{h

yfr bm hu{frd`fcht }xh ymrhdh `clhrçmc bft Axmrkmt kh ht{h

_mgf> t` o`hc thaúc rhtxb{m khb `clfrgh }xh m g` yrhkh'



‛ =95 '

dhtfr e`zf bm r#S M``k#* khb K`t{r`{f cf lxh dfgf bm làxrm'rfc bft fl#** _#S kh m}bbmt# dmjmt p th kht|mchd`ô hc tx g`t'

gf yr`cd`y`f p bm f{rm khtkh Hchrf kh ht{h yrhthc{h mýf

dfc fdmt`ôc kh b`m|hr hb |`t{m kàbm Mkxmcm mbb` ht{mobh'

d`kf khtkh gxdef {yf# `c{hc{mckf yfchr hc huhdxd`fc bm

frkhc rhyh{`km khb |`t`{mkfr armb# khb Yhrú K#¹ Jye# Mc{f'

c`f kh Mrhdeh }xh txah{m mbft {rmcdmc{ht f |`mahrft }xh

tmdmthc hlhd{ft kh kem# d`xkmk m khjmr khyft`{mkm hc k`'

chrf bm Mbdm|mbm }xh hc txt rhtyhd{`|ft kht{`cft em|`mc

kh mkhxkmr yfrbmt lx{xrmt |hc{mt p m fdxrr`r khtyxàt dfc

bm {frcmaxçm ymrm tx rhhgofbtf p {fkf t`c mbaxcm yrhdhk&£

cf{`d`m }xh th gh {x|`hth dfgxc`dmkf p mxc}xh ht{m mb{h'

rmd`ôc {mgo`àc }xhkf hc mgmaft p khtmymrhd`ô yfr bmt

dfckhtdhck`hc{ht yrf|`k#*/S m }xh `cdb`cf hb md{xmb dfrrha`'

kfr dfclfrgíckfth dfc hb k`d{mghc kh bft yrmbht# |hd`cft

p dfcthjf kh kem# d`xkmk tfc g` huhdx{mobht bmt huyrht`f'

cht kh xcf kh bft Ymt}x`cht p {mgo`àc kh bm xb{`gm dmr{m

}xh dfrrh P cf ht {mgyfdf jxt{f c` ú{`b }xh cf th rh'

lrhch ht{m khtfohk`hcd`m p khtfrkhc }xh fdmt`fcm hc bf¾

_h`cft p rhyxo#/S!! {mc lxcht{mt p yhrjxk`d`mbht dfcth}xhc'

d`mt#

Khb kfdxg&¹ cxghrf ? rhtxb{m bm khb`|hrmd`fc }#* m dfc'

txb{m kh bft g`c`t{rft kh Emd#S* khb mthtfr armb# p kh bft mof'

amkft l`tdmbht ymrhd`ô dfc|hc#*£ p {fkf bf }xh hc hbbm yrmb'

ghc#*£ th yrh|`hch ht{m pm huhdx{mkf em|`hckfth k`rà`kf dfc

hu{rmfrk`cmr`f bmt frkhcht rhtyhd{`|mt p m bm |hrkmk gh yhr'

txmkf lxckmkmg#*£ }xh m yrhthcd`m khb l`tdmb kh bm _#! Mxk#S

dfg`t`fcmkf dfc yr`|m{`|m mx{efr`kmk ymrm dfcfdhr mbb`

khb mtxgy{f yfr {fkmt txt `cd`khcd`mt p dfchu`fcht emkh

khtmymrhdhr {f{mbg#*£ ht{m mb{hrmd`ôc t`c }xh khah kh dfrrh'

a`rth hb khb`{f p m txt mx{efrht emd`hckf àxmbghc{h hc{hc'

khr mb Yxhobf bm rhtàcmkm fohk`hcd`m dfc }xh kh|h yrht'

{mrth mbft gmckm{ft khb _hp p hb dr`g`cftf ghk`f }xh em

mkfy{mkf p yfr }xh th em hdef _hf kh bm rhmb `ckàcmd`ôc#

Mb g`tgf G`c`t{rf bh {hcaf hcdmramkf bmt yrfgy{mt ptxddht`|mt cf{`d`mt kh }xmc{f formth p kh{hrg`cmth" p bmt

}xh dfgxc`dmth {rmtbmkmth m \# ymrm }xh th t`r|m `ct{rx`r

hb rhmb mc`gf hc hb yfr ghcfr kh ht{mt fdxrrhcd`mt p hc bm

`c{hbàhcd`m {mgo`àc }xh }xhkf m{hc{mg#*£ mbm g`rm y#*

axmrkmr Çc{hr`c T# G# cf rhtxhb|h f{rm dftm" bft ghk`ft

}xh kh|mc myb`dmrth dfc rhlbhd`fc mbft g`tgft `clfrght#



‛ =90 ‛

Hb \`rrhp khb _`f kàbm Ybm{m dfc{rmpàckfth mb {ht{`gf'

c`f p kfdxg#*/ }xh rhg`{h rhl`hrh bmt dfcgfd`fcht yfyxbm'

rht }xh hc bm d`xkmk kàbm Ymz p hc ymr{h kh Ybhom th drhph'

rfc yrhymrmkmt yfr Fd{#£ khb mýf kh th{hc{m p t`h{h p kht'

kh {rht kh Hchrf khb yrhthc{h" }xh kht|mchd`km bm yr`ghrm

{f{mbghc&£ p hc tx g`tgf yr`cd`y`f th em thrhcmkf bm th'

axckm yfrbmt dfckhtdhck`hc{ht yrf|k#SS m }xh th `cdb`cf hb

md{xmb dfrrha`kfr dfclfrgíckfth dfc hb k`d{mghc kh bft

yrmbht# |hz`cft p khb dfcdhjf kh kem# d`xkmk `ct{rxpf kh bm

rhtfbxd`ôc }xh em {fgmkf kh dfctxb{m kh bft G`c`t{rft kh

Emd#S* p Bh{rmkft }xh e`zf jxc{mr ht{m d`hr{mghc{h yhr'

txmk`kf }xh m yrhthcd`m khb G`c`t{rf l`tdmb kàbm O"6 Mxk#*

K#// Lhrc&¹ Gmr}& kh bm Ybm{m dfg`t`fcmkf y#* }xh mbb` df'

cftdm dfc yr`|m{`|m mx{efr`kmk khb mtxgy{f p kh tx `cd`'

khcd`mt khtmymrhzdmc motfbx{mghc&£ ht{m mb{hrmd`ôc t`c

}xh {mgyfdf }xhkh t`c dfrrhdd`ôc hb dr`ghc" txt yrmbht# mx'

{efrht p hb Yxhobf hc{hck`kf kh bm rht`acmkm fohk`hcd`mdfc }xh kh|h yrht{mrth mbft gmckm{ft khb _hp p }xh mk|hr'

{`kf hb g`tgf dfg`t`fcmkf kh kmr txddht`|m cf{`d`m kh bf

}xh formth bm dfgxc`dmrm `axmbg&S y#S `ct{rx`r hb r#S mc`gf

m{hc{f Çc{hr`c cf thbh frkhch f{rm dftm m bft ghk`ft }xh

dfct`khrh dfckxdhc{ht thaúc bft g`tgft `clfrght#

%Mrde`|f Ahchrmb kh bm Cmd`ôc# P`rrh`cm{Fj gT'bb`Tb)#

C#f 8=# ‛ Tforh hb gfkf }#h bft Hgybhmkft kh|hc thax`r tx dfrrht'

yfckhcd`m dfc bm Thdrh{mr`m khb Khtymdef Xc`|hrtmb kh @ck`mt"

p }xmckf th bht yrfe`|h#

çkhg" tforh hb gh{efkf kh thax`r bm dfrrhtyfckhcd`m kh fl`d`f#

%=4 kh Jxb`f kh =159)#

Gxç 5#¹!S g`ô : Ymtf m gmcft kh |g# bm mkjxc{m dfy`m dhr'

{`l`dmkm khb fl`d`f }xh hb T#/// Txyhr'@c{hck#*£ em ymtmkf í bm

K`rhdd#¹¹ Armb# kh [m|mdft `cthr{mckf hc hb bm _#S frkhc kh

=4 kh ççf|#S kh 10/ hc bm }xmb yrh|`hch T" G#" hb gfkf hc }xh

bft Txomb{hrcft p G`c`t{rft kh|hc thax`r tx dfrrhtyfckhc'

d`mt dfc bm thdrh{mr`m khb Khtymdef Xc`|hrtmb kh @ck`mt"



' b`f '

ymrm }xh `ct{rx`kf |g# khtx dfc{ht{f bh kh hb kh|`kf dxg'yb`g`hc{f" p mg` m|`tf khtx rhd`|f#

Crf# T#// ç6xh# m \g# g#! m#! Jxjx` =4 kh Jxb`f kh =159#

Obg# kh |g# tx g#S m{hc{f thr|&


T#¹! K#/ [efgmt Jftà Tícdehz#

Hb hu#/S/ T#/// k#/ Jftà kh Amb|hz hc Dmr{m kh =4 kh Cf|#**khb mýf yrôu`gf ymtmkf gh k`zh kh frkhc kh T# G# bf t`'

ax`hc{h#

Dfc hb `gyfr{mc{h l`c kh }#S hc ht{m S&SS khb Khtymdef

kh @ck`mt kh g` Dmraf" th yxhkm kmr dxrtf t`c dfclxt`ôc

c` khgfrm m {fkft bft huyhk`hc{ht kh fl`d`f kh bmt kft Mgh'r`dmt" h @tbmt L`b`y`cmt" th k`r`jmc m hbbm em rhtxhb{f hb _hp}xh bft \`rrhpht" Dfgmckmc{ht ahchrmbht" |`t`{mkfrht Ah'

chrmbht" Yrht`khc{ht" Mxk`hcd`mt" Af|hrcmkfrht" @c{hckhc'

{ht" [ròxcmbht kh Dxhc{mt> Txyhr`c{hckhc{ht kàbmt Dm'

tmt kh Gfchkmt" K`rhd{frht kh rhc{mt kh {fkmt Dbmtht" fl`'

d`mbht _#!" Mrzfo`tyft" Fo`tyft" Dm|`bkft Hdbht`ít{`dft" pthdxbmrht" dfgxc`kmkht kh rhbà`ftft" dfctxb{mkft" p khgítyhrtfcmt }#* dfrrhtyfckm" fothr|hc `c|`fbmobhg#*£ kh m}x`

mkhbmc{h yfr yxc{f ahchrmb bmt rhabmt tàx`hc{ht#

]xh {fkmt bmt rhyrhthc{md`fcht" p Dmr{mt }#S hc|`hc m

ht{h G`c`t{hr`f tforh dmkm mtxc{f }#£ fdxrrm t`c gàthbm kh

f{rft"empmc kh |hc`r `ckhlhd{òbhghc{h cxghrmkmt" p dfcxc myxc{h mb gmrahc }#£ txd`c{mg#*£ gmc`l`ht{h bmt gm{h'

r`mt kh}xh th {rm{h mdfgymýíckfbmt dfc txt rhtyhd{`|ft

çck`dht" p k`t{`cax`hckf hc hbbft dfc xcm Y# bmt }xh lxhrhc

kh yrhlhrhcd`m dhrríckfth ht{mt m ymr{h" p htyrhtmckf tx

dbmth hc bft tforhtdr`t{ft#

]xh dfc bmt }#£ thmc rhthr|mkmt th yrmd{`}xh bm g`tgmlfrgmb`kmk" p th rhg`{mc dfc txt çck`dht ymr{`dxbmrht khc'

{rf khb Yb`haf kàbmt khgít f o`hc thymrmkmghc{h dfc f{rm

dxo`hr{m rhaxbmr#

]xh bft Çck`dht kh xcmt p f{rmt emc kh ymr{`d`ymr yfr hb

cxg#¹ =9" {mc{f hc bft yr`cd`ymbht dfgf hctxt kxyb`dmkft

{r`yb`dmkft ‛ p thax`r mtt` hc bft txodht`|ft dfrrhft dfc

hb cxghrf `cghk`m{f mb xb{`gf kh bft mc{hzhkhc{ht > t`hckf

yrh|hcd`ôc }xh t`hgyrh }xh hc bm Dmr{m f `clfrght th

flrhtdmc `cdbx`r gmt kh xc Kfdxg#*¹ kh|hc ht{ft cxghrmr'



‛ === ‛

th yfr tx frkhc> yhrf t`c }xh tx cxghrmd`ôc `clbxçm dfc

bmt kh bmt Dmr{mt" f `clfrght" yxht ht{m em kh thr thax`km"

p t`c {rmtdhckhcd`m m bft Kfdxghc{ft m }#* th rhl`hrmc#

]xh hc bmt ghcd`fcmkmt Dmr{mt" p rhyrhthc{md`fcht th

huyrhth txt{ç`cd`mbg&* }xmc{f rhtxb{h kàbft Kfdxghc{ft}#£ dfc hbbft th mdfgymýhc" yxht t`c hgomraf kh ht{mr mtt`

gmckmkf th mk|`hr{h kh dfc{`cxf }#S yfr bf ahchrmb th fg`{h

xcm {mc yrhd`tm D`rdxct{mcd`m ymrm bm gmt líd`b

pyrfc{m

huyhk`d`ôc kàbft Chafd`ft thaúc tx arm|hkmk p xrahcd`m#

]xh cf th mkg`{m c`caúc ghgfr`mb" f `ct{mcd`m kh ymr'

{ht" c` k`r`jm m ht{m |`m rhthr|mkm t`c {hchr bm lem# p ht{mr

l`rgmkf yfr bft g`tgft `c{hrhtmkft" F yhrtfcmt }#£ bft rh'

yrhthc{hc#

]xh {fkmt bmt rhyrhthc{md`fcht" Dmr{mt p Kfdxghc{ft|hcamc Dhrrmkft dfc ymyhb lxhr{h" f hcthrmkf" p tfbf th

xth kh Dmjfcht" hc bft Dmtft gxp yrhd`tft#

]xh bft Ybmcft th rhg`{mc lfrrmkft" p dfbfdmkft hc dm'jfcd`{ft kh Gmkhrm o`hc mjxt{mkft" p dfc hb gm`fr rhtaxmr'

kf yftòbh" p cf hc Dmcx{ft kh fjm kh Bm{m yfr b`m|hrth hu'

yhr`ghc{mkf }#S bft k`rà`kft hc ht{m lfrgm emc bbhamkf

gx` gmb {rm{mkft h `cthr|òbht#

L`cmbg#*£ }#S c`caúc `ck`|`kxf kh bft hgybhmkft hc hb

_hmb thr|`d`f kh }xmb}x`hr dbmth" f dfck`d`ôc }xh thm th

m{rhom dfc yrh{hu{f mbaxcf m k`rà`r m}x` hc khrhdexrm

txt `ct{mcd`mt yfr kh|hr yrhd`tmg#/! tfb`d`{mr tx rhg`t`ôc

yfr gmcf kh txt `cghk`m{ft ahlht" hudhy{f hc hb tfbf dmtf

kh }xh dfc jxt{m Dmxtm bht fdxrrm rhyrhthc{mr dfc{rm hbbft

yfr mbaúc yhrjx`d`f f marm|`f }#S bht em`mc ehdef yxht hc'

{fcdht yfkrmc hahdx{mrbf > {hc`hckf hc{hck`kf kh }#S cf gh'

k`mckf ht{h úc`df o`hc }xhkmrmc khtyrhd`mkmt" p t`c hlhd{f

{fkmt }xmc{mt rhyrhthc{md`fcht emamc yfr t`" p cf |hcamcyfr hb dfckxd{f rhaxbmr kh txt rhtyhd{`|ft txyhr`frht" p}#£ mkhgmt th myb`dmrm hb dfckàcf Dmt{àf m bft }#£ dfc{rm

|`c`hrhc m httm Hb# kh{hrg`cmd`ôc#[fkf bf }xmb gh gmckm hb _hp yrh|hc`r m \# T# ymrm }#*

hctx `c{hbà#S k`tyfcam khtkh bxhaf dfctx md{`|`kmk" p Zhbf

}xh hc hb k`t{r`{f khtút Jxr`tk`dd`fcht p ymr{h }#* bh {f}xh

thaxmrkh" dxgybm" p hjhdx{h t`hgyrh dfc bm gm`fr yxc{xm'

b`kmk" p humd{`{xk }xmc{f dfc{`hch ht{m tfohrmcm rhtfbx'

d`ôc" dx`kmckf \# T# kh}xh th dfy`h hc {fkft Bòrft kh

Dxrtf Txodht`|f kàbmt thdrh{mr`mt p khgít fl`d`cmt" p ym'



' ==? ‛

rmjht }#S th rh}x`hrm m hlhd{f kh }xh hc {`hgyf mbaxcfyxhkm mbhamrth àcfrmcd`m" p khtx rhd`|f gh kmrí \# T

[rmtbmkmrbf m cf{`d`m kh T# G# Ax`f dfc{hu{f {rmtbmkf

m \g# ymrm tx `c{hbàhcd`m" p dxgyb`g`hc{f hc bm ymr{h }#£

bh {f}xh kíckfgh m|`tf khtx rhd`|f# K`ft axh# m \g# g#S m#S

Oxhcft Mprht Gmpf =4 kh =159# ‛ Z3#/ Gmcxhb @acmd`f

Lrc#S

SJSS kàbm K`rhd#/!! Armb# kàbm Hhc{mkh

[m|mdft#Ht dfy`mkhb frà`cmb }xh }xhkm hc bm Dfc{mkxrçm Ahchrmb kh g`

Dmraf kh}xh dhr{`l`df#

Oxhcft M`rht" =< kh Jxc`f kh =159#

Lrmcd`tdf kh òrkmch{m#

Ht dfy`m m bm bh{rm tmdmkm khtx frà`cmb> k`rà`km kàbm

K`rhdd#!! Armb# m ht{m Mkg# kh g` Dmraf" bf }xh Dhr{`l`df#

Jxjxp# =4 kh Jxb`f kh =159"


%Gxthf G`{rh" mrde`|f Dfbfc`mb" Mrg# O#" òmj# ?<" Y# 51" C#!3 ít frm# ==)#

C#f 8?# ‛ Dfgxc`dmd`ôc khb Tfr# `c{hck#h armb# kh Huhrd`{f p _#b Em'

z`hckm m bft thýfrht fl`d`mbht _hmbht kh bm Ymz ymrm }#h hc dfcdx'

rhcd`m dfc hb \`t{m K#c Ohrc#kf Ambbf ghk`{hc bft ghk`ft gmt líd`'

bht p yrxkhc{ht humdd`ôc khb _#b krf# kh Mbdmombm#

%?1 kh Maft{f kh =159)#

Thýfrht Fl`d`òbht _hmbht kh bm Ymz#

Gxç thýfrht g`ft : Kàbmt rhyrhthc{md`fcht kh }xm{rf kh

Cf|`hgorh khb mýf ymtmkf p 8 kh Gmrzf khb yrhthc{h" }xh\xhtmt ghrdhkht" p hb \`t{m khhtm mkxmcm" e`d`hrfc m ht{h

\`rrhpcm{f" p b`mc ymtmkf m ht{m @c{hckhcd`m" dfc hb `clfr'

gh" }xh tforh hbbm yrfkxjf bm Dfc{mkxrçm gmpfr" p kh huhr'

t`{f" th mdrhk`{m }xh bm dmxtm lxckmghc{mb khb yr`ct`y`f

khb {xgxb{f" }xh ex|f kh em|hr hchtm D`xkmk lxh yrhdh'

k`km kàbft huhtft kh jxr`tk`d`fc p yfdm yrxkhcd`m dfc}xhth



' ==4 ‛

omc gmchjmkf bft G`c`t{rft txomb{hrcft khhtm khyhckhcd`m

hc bm humdd`ôc khb khrhdef kh Mbdm|mbm dxpf gà{fkf hu'

yxht{f m bmt `c{hcd`fcht khb tfohrmcf" }xh tfbf y`kh tx dxg'

yb`g`hc{f emt{m bf jxt{f> p bf }xh ht gmt hcbft yr`cd`y`ft

kh xc ht{mobhd`g`hc{f kh ht{m dbmth" hc}xh {mc{f th rhdf'

g`hckm yfr Tx Gmaht{mk bm yrxkhcd`m txm|`kmk p kxbzxrm

ymrm h|`{mr bmt lm{mbht dfcth}xhcd`mt }xh yrfkxdhc ht{ft

gf|`g`hc{ft" thaúc {`hch mdrhk`{mkm bm huyhr`hcd`m# Yhrf

pm }xh efp {fkf bf dfct`khrf tfthamkf tfbf yrh|hcaf m|xhtmt ghrdhkht }xh hc dfcdxrrhcd`m khb \`t{m Kfc Ohrcmr'

kf Ambbf" ghk`{hc bft ghk`ft gmt líd`bht" p yrxkhc{ht kh}xh

mbft @ck`ft cf th bht dforh gmt dmc{`kmk" }xh bm }xh bhaç{`'

gmghc{h mkhxkmthc" {rm{íckfbft dfc hb gfkf gmt exgmcf"

p d`|`b }xh thm yftòbh" thaúc bmt t`rdxct{mcd`mt" ymrm}xh

dfcftdmc bm dfct`khrmd`ôc dfc}xh Tx Gmaht{mk bft g`rm>

dhbmckf \xhtmt ghrdhkht gxp ymr{`dxbmrghc{h }xh bft @C@`'

c`t{rft txomb{hrcft fothr|hc hbg`tgf gh{efkf> hc `c{hb`'

ahcd`m }xh kàbf dfc{rmr`f khohc txyr`g`rbft" p dmt{àmrbft

thaúc bf y`km hb txddhtf kh dxpm lmb{m thríc \xhtmt ghrdh'

kht rhtyfctmobht p dx`kmrmc kh `clfrgmrgh fyfr{xcmghc{h

kh }xmc{f bht ymrhtdm mohchl`d`ft kh bft _hmbht @c{hrhtht

khhtm _hmb Mkxmcm" ymrm k`d{mr bmt yrf|`khcd`mt }xh df'

rrhtyfckmc mtx mxghc{f p dfcthr|md`ôc kh }xh ht{fp hc'

dmramkf yfr Tx Gmaht{mk# K`ft axh# m \xhtmt ghrdhkht

gxdeft mýft# Oxhcft Mjmrht" |h`c{h p cxh|h kh thy{`hgorh

kh g`b th{hd`hc{ft th{hc{m p fdef# ‛ Ohtf bm gmcf kh \xh'tmt ghrdhkht tx gmpfr thr|`kfr# ‛ Gmcxhb Lhrcmckhz#

Dfcdxhrkm ht{h {rmtbmkf dfc bm dmr{m frà`cmb khtx dfcf'

t`g`hc{f dfc bf }xmb om d`hr{f p |hrkmkhrf dfcthk`kf###

P ymrm }#S kh'

hbbf# # # # kfckh dfcohcam khgmckm{f |hromb kàbft thýfrht

Fllbh#S _#S

Kfp hb yrhthc{h hcbm D`x#S kàbm Ymz p _#! dfc {mk#/

khhbbm hc|h`c{h p xcf kh Ma#*¹ kh g`b th{hd`hc{ft fdehc{mmýft#

Hc {ht{`g# kh \hrkmk#

Khfll`d`f#

Yhkrf kh Gmr{mdm#Htdcf# kh T# G# Yxodf# p kh Dm|kf#

%OòXf{hdm Umd`fcmb" dfbhdd`ôc ýh gmcxtdr`{ft" cúghrf ?<9?)#

YXOB# ThD# E@T[# 5



==;

C#f 84# ‛ _htfbxd`ôc khtlm|frmobh khb _hp m xcm tfb`d`{xk khb Mbdmb'

kh khb Dr`ghc cf emd`hckf bxamr mb yhk`kf kh }xh th bh yhrkfch hb

ymaf kh `gyxht{f kh ghk`m mccm{m#

%=0 kh Gmrzf kh =15=)#

Cf fot{mc{h }xh hc dmr{m kh 0 kh Gmpf khb mýf yrôu`gf

ymtmkf C#! =0?" dfc }xh rhg`{h \# T# bm `ct{mcd`m khbMbh#!**!

khb dr`g#/ kh htm _#! Mxk#!! K#/ Mgorfd`f Bhrkm Y`c{hrf

rhdfg`hckh tx tfb`d`{xk k`rà`km m }xh th bh k`tyhcth T`

bmt rhlbhu`fcht }xh emdh khb ymaf kh bm ghk`m Mccm{m kh bm

Ybmtm rhtyhd{f m t` bm L`tdmbçm khb dr`g#¹ kh De`bh afzf

kh ht{m armd`m em|hr `kf kh =#/ drhm#!! p t` yfr ht{m dmxtm ym'

rhdçm kh|hr {fkf ht{h kef# t`c bm k`lhrhcd`m khb txhbkf pdfgf m f{rf hgybhf cf em |hc`kf T# G# hc dfckhtdhckhr

dfc kem# @ct{mcd`m }xh kh|h dfct`khrmrth ht{h mtdhctf

dfgf t` lxhrm bm yr`ghrm ybmtm }xh rhmbghc{h th exo`h'

rm dfcdhk`kf hc bm d`rdxct{mcd`m p ghk`f y#S bm

hc De`bh bf }xh yrh|hcaf m \# T# kh frkhc khb _hp py#S tx `c{hbàhcd`m p bm khb `c{hrhtmkf p ymrm }xh th bbh'

|h m hlhd{f hb ymaf kh bm ghcd`fcmkm ghk`m Mccm{m

m t` hc ht{h g`c`t{rf dfgf hc bft khgít }xh yxhkmc em'

bbmrth hc àxmb dmtf# K`ft axmrkh í \# T# g#S m#S Hb Ymrkf

=0 kh Gmrzf kh =51=# Jfthl kh Amb|ht# T#// K#¹ Jfthl Mc{fc`f

_h{xdeh B`gm=4 kh Jxb`f kh =15=# Axírkhth

pdúgybmth

bf }xh th d`{m m}#S gmckm hc ht{m _hmb frkhc p yíthth mb

_#! [rò# kh Dxhc{mt p Tx#S/ kh Ghk`m Mccm{m y#S }xh th

{fgh rmzôc h|mdxmkf bf dxmb th yfckrí hb M|`tf dfcf#¹ mb

Yr`ghr G`c`t{rf }xh th rhl`hrh# Jfthl _mgft kh Làxhrfm#

{ôghth ‛ {rht rxor`dmt ‛ {fgôth rmzôc kh ht{h _hmb [ròx'

cmb kh Dxhc{mt p }xhkm hc hb bòrf kh frkhc#S ahchrmbht kh

ht{h _hmb _mgf p cf{m hc bf kh|`kf dfc{rmuh kh }xh th bh

{hc`m ehdef dmraf ht{h Y# G`c`t{rf mb Yb`haf yrfu`g# kh bft

}xh dfrr`hrfc hb mýf yrôu`gf ymtmkf#

B`gm# =1 kh JxbçS kt =15=#

Gm{çmt kh bm Dxht{m#

%H`{Xf{hdm Cmd`fcmb" dfbhdd`ôc kh gmcxtdý{ft" cèchrf T<T`)#



THAXCKM YM_[H

DMJMT _HMBHT%=11<)#



Dmraf kh bft Yhtft dfrr`hc{ht kh m 5 }xh hc{rmc hc ht{m _#! Dmum

y#// dxhc{m khb Hm:gf kh fl`z`ft khtkh ? kh Hchrf mlçc kh K`z# kh

=11<#

%? kh Hchrf í 4= kh K`d`hgorh kh =11<)# S

!SMb gmrahc: Dmraf kh 445 y#S 4; kh rr#* dfrr#*SS b`}#!*¹* }xh

rhtxb{mc mlmMSfr kh bm _#S Emz#/!! kh bft 19; y#/ 1 4; rr#S

}xh `gy#¹¹ =41– [hrd`ft Phrom dfc 040 mrr#S ?4– ch{mt }xh

rhg`{`ô hb fl`d`mb _#! khb Ymrmaxmp yfr yhr{hchdhr m rmgfkh fl`d`ft p th bh |hck`hrfc m K#*// Yhkrf K`mz kh \`|mr mb

rhty#*!! kh < rr#S m#/

Hc t`h{h kh Lhorhrf kh g`b th{ht#£ th{hc{m p th`t: YfrKhd#*/ }xh huyhk`g#S hc 8 khb g`tgf ght emdhgft dmraf kh

445 y#S p {rht }xmr{`bbft kh rr#S dfrr&S/! }xh rhtxb{mrfc b`}#¹S m

lmofr kh bm _#S Emz#!** kh bft 19; y#S 1 4; rr#S }xh `gyfr{m'

rfc =41 [hrd`ft kh Phr|m dfc 040 I p 44 {{#S ch{mt hc }xh

emc }xhkmkf bmt =99? I =1 {{#S }xh rhg`{`ô m ht{mt Dmjmt hb

Fl`z#! _#! khb Ymrmaxmp k#¹ Gmr{`c Jfthl`l kh Mrmgoxrx yfr

yhr{hchd`hc{ht mb _mgf kh Fl`d`ft thaúc dfct{m kh dfcf'

d`g#*¹ f{framkf hc m}xhbbm D`xk#/ yfr k#¹ Bhôc Mb{fbmax`rrh

p Ymckf hc ?5 kh Jxb`f kh =118 p th bh |hck`hrfc m K#¹

Yhkrf K`mt kh \`|mr mb rhty#*/ kh < rr#S I }xh em flrhd`kf

ghk`mc{h m cf em|hr em|`kf Yft{fr mbaxcf hc bmt k`t{`c'

{mt Mbgfchkmt }xh th yrmd{`dmrfc ymrm tx |hc{m }xh khkx'

d`kft 49 y#S p ? rr#S kh Dft{mt dmxtmkft hc bft Mx{ft kh

kem# Phrom yfr rmzôc kh lbh{ht mrrmzfc kh ? =¡? rr#S mrr#*/

kh bmt =99? I =1 rr#S }xh rhz`|`f p ?4 y#S yma#¹S m k#!! Jxmckh Bmgmt yfr `gy#** kàbft amt{ft dmxtmkft hc lbh{h kh Dm'

rrh{mt kht#S hb Yxhr{f kh bmt Dfcdemt emt{m _#£S Mbgmdhcht

kh ht{m Lfr{mbhzm p jfrcmbht kh yhfcht }xhkmc bç}x`kft

=# Bft kfdxghc{ft }xh th `c`thr{mc hc htlh#` thaxckm ymr{h" dfct{`{xphc xc b`orf

hu`t{hc{h hc hb Mrde`|f Ahchrmb kh bm Cmd`ýc" dxpf {ç{xbf ht hb t`ax`hc{h : Dmum_hmb Gmpfr" [ehmfrhr`m" =11<# %C# kh bm K#)#



==5 ‛

mlm|fr kh ht{h Hmgf bft huyrht#¹S 445 y#/ 4; kh rhmb: Dfgfymrhdh kh k`bà#SS formkmt d`{mkf Khdrh{f" b`}x`kmd`ôc pCf{m kh }xhkmr thc{mkm ht{m Ymr{`km }xh {fkf frà`cmb t`r'

|h kh dfgyrf|mc{h m hbbm > m}xh cft rhg#¹!! `bf l`rg#S

445"" 9– ?8 < = =?

445"" 9– ?8 < = =?

Ghkrmcm ‛ Mb{fbmax`rrh#

Dmraf kh bft Yhtft dfor#**S kh m T }xh hc{rmc hc ht{m H#! Dmum yj

Dxhc{m khb _mgf Hu{rmfrk`cmr`f kht#£ ? kh Hchrf e#!! l`c kh K`z#!!£

kh =119#

S!Mb gmrahc: Dmraf kh =;< y#S¹S dfrr#*!!S hc{hr#/S y#// k#¹ Yh'

krf kh Gfmt fl`z#S kh bòrft kh ht{m Dfc{mk#// yfr `gyfr{h kh

bft lbh{ht }xh emc kh|hcamkf bmt Bmcdemt kh T# G# }xh cm'

|hamc hc ht{h _`f" dfckxd`hckf hlhd{ft kh dxhc{m" kh K#¹

Jxmc kàf kh Ymr{`dxbmrht#/

Hc {rht kh Hchrf kh g`b th{ht#¹S th{#*S p th`t: Yfr K#*¹

}xh huyhk`gft ht{h k`m cft emdhgft dmraf kh d`hc{f }xm'

rhc{m p th`t y#¹S dfrrht#*SSS hc{rhamkft yfr K#!! Yhkrf kh GfmtFl`z#! kh ht{m Dfc{mk#* yfr `gy#*£ kh bft hc{hrft ehdeft yfr

bft Ym{rfcht kh bmt Bmcdemt khb _hp" }xh cm|hamc hc ht{h

_`f p emc kh|hcamkf kh lbh{ht" dfckxd`hckf m|mr`ft kht{`'

cft kh bm f{rm |mckm" Y`hzmt kh hlhd{ft kh dxhc{m kh Ymr{`'

dxbmrht kht#S kh =#¹ kh Hchrf mlçc kh K`zorh# kh kef# mýf

ymtmkf kh 18#/ Dfgf ymrhzh kh rhçmt#// lfrgmkm dfc mrrh'abf mb Bòrf kh Jxt{`l`dmt#S!! Ghg#S d`{mkf Khdrh{f p Cf{m

kh }xhkmr thc{mkm ht{m Ymr{`km m }xh cft rhg#S p l`rg#S

Ghkrmcf ‛ Mb{fbmax`rrh ‛ Mr`zm#



' ==0 '

!SMb gmrahc: Dmraf kh 51 y#S < rr#S dfrr`hc{ht hc{hr#¹S yfr

hb Axmrkm G#*/S k#/ Mckràt khb Pfrf bft g`tgft }xh b`m rh'

dmxkmkf kh |mr`ft txah{ft }xh emc }xhkmkf kh l`mkfrht kh

f{rft }xh dfc khtymdeft kh ht{h [rò#* `c{hrcmrfc Yh{mdmt

kh hlhd{ft mbmt Yrf|#S!* kh mrròm#/

Hc th`t kh Lhorhrf kh rm`b th{hd`hc{ft th{hc{m j th`t : Yfr

Khdrh{f }xh huyhk`gft ht{h k`m cft emdhgft dmraf kh

fdehc{m p t`h{h yhtft th`t rr#S }xh hc{hrf hb Axmrkm g#///

kh _#! Emz#S* k#¹ Mckràt kh Pfrf dfg`t`fcmkf yfr ht{h [r`'

oxcmb ymrm bm rhdmxkt#// kàbmt dmc{`kmkht }xh mkhxkmc

mb H& Khrhdef kh Mbdm|mbm" |mr`ft `ck`|`kxft l`mkfrht kh

f{rft }xh dfc khtymdeft kh ht{h [ròxcmb `c{hrcmrfc hlhd'

{ft mbmt Yrf|#S kh mrròm p cf emc ehdef dfct{mr bm tm'

{`tlmd`fc kh hbbm hc bmt rhtyhd{`|mt Dmjmt kh txt kht{`cft"

dxpm dmc{`#!! kh ht{m Ymr{&S ht bf b`}x`kf }xh rhtxb{m kh 08

y#S 4 rr"S }xh hc |`r{xk kh k`dem Dfg`t`ôc {`hch rhdmxkmkf

kh bft txjh{ft }xh dfct{mc kàbm rhbmt#¹¹ }xh em yrhthc{mkf>

rhomjmkft t`h{h y#S d`cdf rr#S }xh bh dfrrhtyfckhc m rmzôc

kh 5 (3 trh# bm huyrhtmkm txgm p th bh em dfcd`khrmkf

yfr tx {rm|mjf# Dfgf ymrhzh kh bm d`{mkm dxhc{m yrhthc{h

rhlhr`kf Khdrh{f p cf{m kh }xhkmr thc{mkm ht{m Ymr{`km

m}xh cft rhg`{`gft p bf l`rgmgft# 9#51 – < – 99


!SMb gmrahc: Dmraf kh ==;< y#¹S ?? ?¡4 rr#S dfrr#**S ym'

tmkft m ht{h rmgf kh hb t`{xmkf bft g`tgft }#/ dfc =1#?

y#S ? rr#S }xh th hc{rha#¹¹ mb Dmy#/ k#/ Mblfctf Tf{fdm rh'

txb{mrfc mlm|fr khb Dmy#// kh @gomJ`kft k#// Jftthl Aôghzyfr tx txhbkf |hcd`kf khtkh =#¹ kh Hchrf kh 14 e#*// =? hu'

dbxt`|h kh Gmrzf kh 18 mb rhty#*¹ kh 89 y#S ghctxmbht p th bh

m|fcmc m ht{h hc ymr{h khymaf kh ?4;8 y#S 1 rr#S =4 48 grt#

}xh ht khxkfr kh bm _#S Emz`hckm#

Hc {rhzh kh lhorhrf kh g`b th{hd`hc{ft th{hc{m p th`t:

Yfr khdrh{f kh ht{h [rò#S kh /khb g`tgf cft emdhgft dmr'

af kh g`b d`hc{f }xmrhc{m p th`t y#S¹* |h`c{h p kft p {rht m|#!

grt# dfrr`hc{ht ymtmkft m ht{h _mgf kh hb kh T`{xmkf dfgf



‛ =?9 ‛

b`}#¹S }xh rhtxb{mrfc mlmofr khb dmy#/ kh @c|íb`kft k#/ Jf'thle Aôghz khb txhbkf kh d`c}xhc{m y#¹S ghctxmbht |hcd`kf

khtkh =#¹ kh Hchrf kh =114 b`&* =? hudbxt`oh kh Gmrzfkh =118 hc }xh lmbbhd`ô" rhomjmkft =1? y#S ? rr& }xh th hc'

{rhamrfc mb Dmy#/ k#/ Mblfctf Tf{fdm yfr dmraf }xh bh

e`zf p bm dmc{`k#*S kh ht{m Ymr{`km th bh m|fcm m k`def K`'

lxc{f hc ymr{h kh ymaf kh ?4;8 y#S 1 rr#S =4 p 48 grt#

}xh }xhkf kh|`hckf mbm H#S @[mz#SS yfr}xh kh =?9 y#S }xh

rhd`o`ô hc ht{mt Dmjmt hc 0 kh Cf|#S/SS =181 ymrm dfckxd`r

mbft Yxhobft kh G`t`fcht hc{rhaf kh ghcft ?419 y#S m

dxpm dxhc{m th bh m|fcf xc }xmr{`bbf y#*/ kh yhtf p dfc kht'

dxhc{f kh bm dmc{`kmk kh ht{h dmraf }xhkm rht{mkf ==00

y#S < rr#S ?= == ¡=? m|"S grt# Dfgf ymrhzh khb Kfdxghc{f}xh t`r|h kh dfgyrf|mc{h kh Km{m kh T`{xmkft# Ymr{`km

C#¹ ;9 m}#S cft rhg`{`gft p l`rgmgft#

==;< – F – ?? 5 ` =?

Ghkrg`f ‛ Mb{fbmax`rrh ‛ Mr`zm#

S!Mb gmrahc: Dmraf kh ==5 y#S dfrr{#S hc{rha#¹S m k#/ Jxmc@acmd`f Hb`m" bft =99 y#S yfr hb thr|`d`f yhdxc`mr`f }xh th

bh rhaxbf kh xcmt {`hrrmt }xh dfgyrf m T# G# hc bm jxr`t'

k`dd`ôc kh Tmc{m Lhh p bft =5 y"S kh tx dfckxd`fc m Ht'

ymým#/

Hc {rhzh kh lhorhrf khg`b th{hd`hc{ft th{hc{m p th`t# Yfrmx{f khb T#¹!S Af|#/! @c{hr`cf kh ht{m Ybmzm k#/ K`haf kh

Tmbmt p dfc Jxhdht" yrf|he`kf ht{h k`m" cft emdhgft dmraf

kh d`hc{f k`hz p fdef y#S dfrr#*SS }xh em hc{rhamkf k#/ Jxmc@acmd`f Hb`mt" bft =99 y#S yfr hb thr|`d`f yhdxc`mr`f }xh

th bh rhaxbf mxcmt [`hrrmt }xh dfgyrf m T# G# hc bm jxr`t'

k`dd`ôc kh T#*** Lh p bft =5 y#S rht{mc{ht# # # yfr bm dfc'

kxd#¹¹ m Htymým kàbft huyrhtmkft =99 y#S Dfgf ymrhzh khYhk`g`hc{f d`{mkf mx{f p hc{hrf m}xh cft rhg`{`gft p bf

l`rgmgft# ==5 – F




‛ =?= ‛

/Mb gmrahc: Dmraf kh =194 y#! ? rr#/ ?= ==? grt# dfrr&**

tmdmkft kh ?485 y& ? rr& }#S }xhkmrfc bç}x`kft kh ?899 y#S

}xh hc{hrf hc Dmjmt k#/ Gmcxhb _fkràf kh bm \ham yfr hb

rhgm{h }xh |hr`l`df hc yy#!!S Mbgfchkm k#¹ Lrmc#!7¹ [fomr kh

bm Dmum hgomramkm m k#!! Mbfctf kh Mrzh p yrh{hck`ô k`def

\ham yfr hb {mc{f hc cfgorh kh k#// Maxt{çc Lhrcmckf kh

Y`chkf Af|#/!! khb Ymrmaxmp yfr hb krf# }xh dfgyh{h m tx

gxahr k#// Omr{efbm kh Mrzh dxpm dmc{#** th ymtm m ht{h _mgf

dfgf rht{f kh =1?5y#!!

? rr& ?; ==? grt# }xh k`def Mrzh pk#/ Jxmc Mc{fc`f [`jmcf tfc khxkfrht m bm _#! Emz&*#/

Hc k`hz p th`t kh Lhorhrf kh g`b th{ht#¹S th{#* p th`t# Yfr

mx{f }xh yrf|hb``gft kh =; khb g`tgf cft emdhgft dmraf

kh g`b th{hd`hc{ft {rht y#S kft rr#S |h`c{h p }xmkrf xc

kft m|ft grt# dfrr`hc{ht tmdmkft kh ?485 y#S ? rr#S }xh }xh'

kmrfc b`}#¹S kh ?899 y#S ? rr#S }xh }xhkmrfc b`}#¹S kh ?899

=)#S }xh em hc{rhamkf k#!! Gmcxhb _fkrçaxhz kàbm \ham yfr

`gy#*£ m}xh mtdhck`ô |hck`km hc yxob`dm Mbgfchkm xcmdmttm hgomramkm m k#¹ Mbfctf Mrzh khkxd`kft =;= y#S < rr#S

kh dft{mt dmxtmkmt hc bft mx{ft yxht mxc}xh lxh rhgm{mkm

hc 4199 y#S bft =?99 kh hbbft {hc`m kh dhczf tforh t` ht{m

l`cdm m lmofr khb Dfgohc{f kh Tmc Lrmc#/!! m }x`hc th bh

dhk`hrfc p bft huyrhtmkft =194 y#S ? rr#S ?; ==? grt# th

ymtmrfc kh dmraf }xh dfc lem# kh =#¹ kh K`z#/SS kh =11? df'

gxc`df m ht{ft fl`d`ft bm dfc{#* g#/// kh ht{m Yrf|#* rhtxb'

{mrfc kh mbdmczh dfc{rm kb`f# k#/ Mbfctf kh Mrzh pkef# k#¹ Jxmc Mc{fc`f [`jmcf [ehtfrhrf p dfc{mkfr Fl`'

z`mbht _hmbht }xh lxhrfc kh ht{mt Dmjmt hc bmt dxhc{mt

}xh yrhthc{mrfc mb [ròxcmb kh B`gm hb mýf kh =1;5 kh

dxpm dmc#*S yhr{hchdh m dmkm xcf 5<; y#S = rr#! =? =?;

grt# p hc{rh {mc{f cf th tmohc bft |`hcht }#S empm khjmkf

hb k`lxc{f K#/ Jxmc Mc{fc`f [`jmcf ymrm bm }xmb th ht'

{mc yrmd{`dmckf bmt dfrrhtyfck`hc{ht k`bàhcd`mt th bh

emzh hb dmraf yfr hc{hrf mb ghcd`fcmkf Mrzh }xhkmckf m

dxo`hr{f bm _#! Emz#S!! kh tx {f{mb dfc ?8 y#S }xh hc{hrf K#/

Yhkrf Y`mzmrrh hc =9 kh Cf|`hgorh kh =118 yfr `gy#!S th'

aúc dfct{m kh Ymr{`km kh dmraf hc ht{h _mgf dfc hb cxghrf?4 hc kef# mýf p mlmofr khb rhlhr`kf Mrdh rhomjmkm bm

dmc{#** kh ht{m Ymr{`km <8; y#S 1 rr#* 0 ===? m|#S gmrm|hkçt#

Dfgf ymrhzh kh mx{ft Yhk`ghc{f kh fobmd`ôc hc{hrf {mtm'

d`ôc kh dft{mt" hb yrf|he`kf B`}x`kmt#/ p Cf{m kh }xh'



‛ =??

kmr thc{mkm ht{m Ymr{`km m}xh cft rhg`{`gft p bf l`rgm'gft# =194 – ?– ?; ==?


%Khtkh m}x` dfrrhc bft dmraft khb T#//S Dfc{#/!/ k#/ Mbh'

umckrf Mr`zm }xh {fgf yfthtt`fc kh kef# hgybhf hc =#/

kh Gmrzf kh ht{h yrhthc{h mýf kh =11<#)

SSMb gmrahc: Dmraf kh ?8 y#S dfrr#**/S hc{rhamkft yfr hb

Grf# k#¹ Jftà Mc{fc`f kh Mdft{m Yrhtoç{hrf m crh# p df'

gf My#S¹ kh k#/S Bhôc Gmr{çchz kh @omrrm" |hz`cf kh Dfrr`hc'

{ht" yfr `gy#*S kh bm {mtmd`ôc kh ccmt [`hrrmt }xh dfgyrf

m T# G# hc bm jxr`tk`dd`ôc kh kef# tx |hd`ckmr`f#/

Hc t`h{h kh Gmrzf kh g`b th{hd`hc{ft th{hc{m p th`t:

Cftemdhgft dmraf kh |h`c{h p d`cdf y#S dfrr`hc{ht hc{rha#!!S yfr

hb Grf# k#/ Jftà Mc{fc`f kh Mdft{m Yrhtoç{hrf m cfgorh

p dfgf myfkhrmkf kh k#¹ Bhôc Gmr{çchz kh @omrrm" |hz`cf

kh Dfrr`hc{ht thaúc dfct{m kh @ct{rxghc{f f{framkf hc

m}xhbbm D`xkmk mc{h hb [hc`hc{h kh Af|hrcmkfr Jxt{`d`m

Gmpfr k#/ Bfzmcf Mbg`rfc hc ?; kh Gmpf kh =11= yfr

`gy#*S kh bm {mtmd`ôc kh xcmt [`hrmt }xh dfgyrf m T# G#

hc bm jxr`tk`dd`ôc kh m}xhb |hd`ckmr`f hc hb ymrmah cfg'

ormkf Pm{mdxm hc bm jxr`tk`dd`ôc kh m}xhb |hd`ckmr`f df'

gf ymrhzh kh k`b`ahcd`mt formkmt [ht{`gfc`f kh kef# Yf'

khr" Yhk`g#*¹ kh fobmdd`fc Khdrh{f khb Jxhz txokhbhamkf

kh [`hrrmt k#!! Gmcxhb kh Omtmo`bomtf tx lem# ; khb yrh'

thc{h ght p hc{hrf m}xh cft rhg`{`gft p bf l`rgmgft#

?8 – F – 99 –


!!Mb gmrahc: Dmraf kh <8=4 y#S 4; kh rr#S dfrr#*S! hc{hrm'

kft hc 8519 y#/ 1 ==? rr#/ kfobht p ;8? y#/ 4 4; rr#S hc f`*f

y#// k#¹ Jftà _fkrçaxhz Tfb`t Dmy#/ p Gmht{rh kh bm Lrmam{m

Dfrrhf bm @clmc{m yfr bft _#SS Khrhdeft kh @ckxb{f p Axmr'



‛ =?4 ‛

km Dft{mt }xh dfrrhtyfck`hrfx m T# G# trh# bft dmxkmbhtrhu`t{rmkft hc kb`f# Ox}xh yfr dxhc{m kh ymr{`dxbmrht#/

Hc dm{frzh kh Gmrzf kh g`b th{hd`hc{ft th{hc{m p th`t"

hc|ck# kh frkhc khb Thýfr Af|#*/ p Dmy#!! Armb# kh ?4 kh

Mor`b kh =11; cft emdhgft dmraf kh th`t g`b }x`c`hc{ft

{rhzh y#S p {rht }xmr{`bbft kh rr#S hc{hrmkft hc 8519 y& 1 ==?

rr#/ k#S p ;8? y& 4 4; rr#* hc frf yfr k#¹ Jftà _fkrçaxhz

Tfb`t" Dmy`{ícp

Gmht{rh kàbm lrmam{m dfrrhf bm @clmc{m

y& bft Nhmbht Khrhdeft kh @ckxb{f j Axmrkm Dft{mt df'

rrhty#* m T# G# trh# <8"?4? y#S p =; kh rr#S hgy#** lxhr{h m

0 p =="4== y#S 8 =; rr#! hc Kfobfcht xc [huf p kft Dmjh{mt kh

Frf m ; `)#S rha`t{rmkf {fkf yfr}#£ kh ht{h dfghrd`f hc k`def

Ox}xh %t`c `cdbx`r hc ht{h Krf# 59<1 y#S y#S < rr#S kt# }xh |mc

hc hb" yfr thr yhr{hcht#*SS mbm _#! _hc{m" kh Dfrrhft) dxpm

dmc{`k#!! }xh th kho`m tm{`tlmdhr hc Htymým th kh{`hch hc D|T'

{mt Dmjmt hc dxgyb`g#*/ kh bm d`{mkm frkhc ymrm fdxrr`r m bmt

xrahcd`mt khb E6 Thr|`d`f }xh th flrhdhc hc ht{m Yrf|#* pdfc hb mxghc{f kh 4 y# ( kh yrhg`f hc bm ybm{m k#!! p 4

hchb frf }xh ht bf dfrr`hc{h khb k`m mtd`hckhc m bm huyrh'

tmkm Txgm <8=4 y#S 4; kh rr#S dfrr#**S: Dfgf ymrhzh kh

kem# frc# kh [ht{`gfc`f b`}#¹ p hc{hrf kh }xh th bh k`f mb

rhlhr`kf Dmy#/ dhr{`l`dmzfc# dfc ht{m lhdem m}xh cft rhg`'

{`gft p l`rgmgft# <8=4"" 9– ?8W < = =?

Gdkrmcf ‛ Mb{fbmax`rrh ‛ Mrem#

!!Mb gmrahc: Dmraf kh 8=0 y#S dfrr#S/ hc{hr#¹S yfr K#/ Gm'

cxhb Omr}xçc yfr `gy#*£ kàbmt [`hrrmt }xh dfgyrf hc bm

f{rm |mxkm kh ht{h _`f#/

Hc |h`c{h p {rht kh Gmrzf kh g`b th{hd`hc{ft th{hc{m p

th`t# Cft emdhgft dm`af kh ]x`c`hc{ft k`hz p cxhoh y#S df'

rr`hc{ht #hc{hrmkft yfr k#// Gmcxhb Omr}xçc yfr `gy#!S kh'

bmt [`hrrmt }xh dfgyrf m T# G# hc bm f{rm |mckm kh ht{h

_`f hc{rh hb Axmbhaxmpdex p Mrrfpf kh Bxdmt" bmt }xmbht

khtdxor`ô k#// Jxmc khb Gmrgfb m dft{m kh kef# Omr}xçc pth {mtmrfc yfr yhr`{ft cfgormkft hc bm huyrhtmkm dmc{`'

kmk : Dfgf ymrhzh kh Kçb`a#SS formkmt Khd#*¹ khb Jxhz Txo'



‛ =?; ‛

khbhamkf kh [`hrrmt K#¹ Gmcxhb Omtm|`b|mtf tx lem# ?= kh

kef# p hc{hrf m}xh cft rhg`{`gft p bf l`rgmgft#

8=0 – 9–

Ghkrmcm ‛ Mb{fbmax`rrh ‛ MrSzm#

!/Mb gmrahc: Dmraf kh =?=0 y#S 8 rr#S dfrr#!*SS hc{h"/! yfr hb

Mpxk"*£ g#/! p Mo`b`{mkf khb _ha`g#*¹ kh @cl#S kh ht{m YbmzmYrf|#S k"!! Lrmc&¹ Hfkr`af m cfgorh khb Dmy#!! khb g`tgfDxhryf k#/ Jxmc Omz}xhz yfr `gyfr{h kh bm dmrch txog`'

c`t{rmkm hc {fkf hb mýf kh 18 kh bm Ht{mcd`m khb _hp khb

_`cdôc kh Tmc Jxmc m bm [rfym p khgít `ck`|`kxft hg'

ybhmkft hc hb _#! kh Tmc Dmrbft p yxht{ft khyhck`hc{ht#/

Hc |h`c{h p t`h{h kh Gmrzf kh g`b th{hd`hc{ft th{hc{m pth`t:

Cftemdhgft dmraf kh g`b kftd`hc{ft k`hz

pcxh|h

yhtft d`cdf rr#// dfrr#*£S hc{hrmkft u3fr hb Mpxkmc{h g"//

p Mo`b`{mkf khb _ha`g#*¹ kh @cl#!! kh ht{m Ybmzm k#¹ Lrmc#/S/

_fkr`af mcfgorh khb dmy#¹ khb g`tgf Dxhryf k#// JxmcOmz}xhz yfr `gy#*S kàbmt rmd`fcht kh dmrch }xh em txog`'

c`t{rmkf kh bm Ht{mcd`m khb _hp khb _`cdôc kh Tmc Jxmcm bm [rfym p khgít `ck`|#/S hgybhmkft hc hb ==w kh T#¹ Dmr'

bft p Yxht{ft Khyhck`hc{ht kh m}xhb dmgyf hc {fkf hb

mýf ymtmkf kh =118# Dfgf ymrhzh kh rhçmt#/!! l`rgmkm kh

kef# dmy#/ dfc hb \`t{f Oxhcf khb dfgmckmc*£ kh kef#dmgyf k#/ C`dfbít kh Hbfrkxp p hc{hrf m}xh cft rhg#¹S pl`rgmgft# =?=0 – 8 ""

Ghkrmcm ‛ Mb{fbmax`rrh ‛ Mr`zm#

S/Mb gmrahc: Dfc =999 y#S dfrr#**/S hc{rha#/S yfr k#/ _m'

gôc kh Mcdefr`z myfkhrmkf kh k#/ Mc{fc`f Ghk`cm [ehc#*S[ehtfrhrf kàbm Dmjm kh Tmc{m Lh bft g`tgft }xh rhtxb{mrfc

hu`t{hc{ht hc l`c kh K`z#S!£ kh 18 mlmofr kàbft _mgft kh

_hmb Emz#!!S/

Hc kft kh Mor`b kh g`b th{hd`hc{ft th{hc{m p th`t: Cftemdhgft dmraf kh g`b yhtft dfrr#**/S hc{hrmkft yfr K#/ _m'



' =?8 '

gfc kh Mcdefr`z myfkhrmkf kh K#¹ Mc{fc`f Ghk`cm [eh'

c`hc{h [ehtfrhrf kh Tmc{m Lh bft g`tgft }xh rhtxb{mrfc

hu`t{hc{ht p kh Mbdmczh dfc{rm kb`f# [hc`hc{h mlmofr kh

ht{h Hmgf hc l`c kh K`z#S//S kh =118 hc bm Mkg`c`t{rmt# ¹¹

kh m}xhbbm Dmjm: Dfgf ymrhzh kh dmr{m dxhc{m bm kh tx

rhg`t`ôc p hc{hrf m}xh cft rhg`{`gft p l`rgmgft#

=999 – F – 99 ""


/Mb gmrahc: Dmraf kh =?1< y#S 8 rr#S dfrr#*SS hc{hr#S¹S yfr

k#/ Lrmc#!S/ @a#¹ Xamr{h Gmht{rh khb Cm|`f ymr{`dxbmr cfg'

ormkf hb Oxhc txodhttf hc =?40 y#S 4 ==? rr#S dfc hb yrhg`f

kh 4 ( yfr bft Krft# kh @ckxb{f p Axmrkm Dft{mt kh bft

dmxkmbht rha`t{rmkft hc kb`f# Ox}xh yfr}#S mht{h Dfghr'

d`f#/

Hc th`t kh Mor`b kh g`b th{ht#/S th{hc{m p th`t hc \rk#

kh frkhc khb Thýfr Af|#¹!/ p Dmy#// Ahchrmb kh ?4 kh Mor`b

kh =11; cft emdhgft dmraf kh g`b kftd`hc{ft th{hc{m p th`t

y#S d`cdf rr#S dfrr#SS hc{hrmkft hc =?40 y# 4 =¡=? rr#S k#*

yfr K#¹ Lrmcd`tdf @acmd`f Xamr{h Grh# khb Cm|`f Ymr{`'

dxbmr cfgormkf C{rm# Trm# khb Oxhc Txdhttf bft g`tgft

}xh dfrrhtyfck`hrfc m T# G# yfr bft N#SS krft# kh @ckxb{fp Axmrkm Dft{mt m 0 ( trh# 4848 y#S = ==? rr#S y#*S lxhr{h

p =1< hc Bmormkm }xh yfr }xhc{m kh ht{h Dfghrd`f th b`mc

rha`t{rmkf hc kef# Ox}xh t`c `cdbx`r hc ht{h Krf# =? ?) Y'*

kS# }xh |mc hc hb yfr yhr{hchd`hc{ht mbm Dmjm kh fbkmkmt

p bm dmc{#S kh ht{h dmraf }xh th kh|`m tm{`tlmdhr hc Htym'

ým th rh{`hch hc ht{mt _hmbht dmjmt dfcth}xhc{h m kb`m# fr'

khc ymrm m{hckhr mbmt fdxrrhcd`mt khb _#! Thr|`d`f hc

ht{m Yrf|#* }xh dfc hb 4 ( kh yrhg`f mtd`hckh mbft huyrh'

tmkft =?1< y#S 8 rr#S dfgf ymrhzh kh bm d`{mkm frc# hc [ht'

{`gfc`f B`}#/// p hc{hrf m}xh th bh k`f dhr{`l`dmz#¹¹ m kef#

Gmht{rh dfc ht{m lem# m}xh cft rhg`{`gft p bf l`rgmgft#!

=?1< – 8 – 99

Ghkrmcf ‛ Mb{fbmax`rrh ‛ Mr&dm#



‛ =?< ‛

S!Mb gmrahc: Dmraf kh 55?< y#/ 1 ==? rr#/ dfrr&// hc{#//

yfr k#*S Mckràt \hbhz dmy#!! p Gmht{rh kàbm Lrma&/ dfrrhf

bm K`b`ahcd`m yfr hb `gy#*S m}xh mtdhck`ô hb Krhdef kh @c'

kxb{f p Axmrkm Dft{mt dfrrhtyfck`hc{ht m T# G# trh# bft

dmxkmbht rhu`t{rmkft hc kb`f# Ox}xh yfr }xhc{m kh Ymr{`'

dxbmrht#/

Hc th`t kh Mor`b kh g`b th{ht#¹S th{hc{m p th`t# Hc |rk# kh

frc# khb T///# Af|#¹!' p Dmy#!! Ahc#S kh ?4 kh Mor`b kh =11;cft emdhgft dmraf kh fdef g`b" fdefd`hc{ft |h`c{h p th`t

y#S t`h{h p ghk`f rr#*! dfrr#!S!!S hc{hrmkft hc 5??9 y#S < rr"S

hc ybm{m p 4;0 y#S ==? rr#S hc frf yfr k#/ Mckràt \hbhz pGrh# kh bm Lrma#!S Dfrrhf bm K`b`ahcd`m dfgf dfrrhty#*SS

m T# G# yfr bft H#*S Khrhdeft kh @ckxb{f p Axmrkm Dft{mt

m 0 ( tforh 095;< y#! 8 rr#/ hc ybm{m lxhr{h p ;08 y#/ < rr#/

hc @'&mormkm p m ; tforh 581; y#!! hc kfobfcht p =84 hc frf

hc Ymt{m rha`t{rmkf {fkf hc kef# Ox}xh yfr dxhc{m kh

Ymr{`dxbmrht t`c `cdbx`r hc ht{h Krf# cxh|h g`b cxhohd`hc'

{ft th{hc{m p kft y#S xc rr#! }xh omc hc hb yfr yhr{hchd`hc'

{ht mbm _!# _hc{m kh Dfrrhft p bm dmc{#/S kh ht{h dmraf }xh

kh|`m tm{`tlmdhrth hc Htymým th rh{`hch hc ht{mt _#*S Dm'

jmt hc dxgyb`g`hc{f kh bm d`{mkm frk# ymrm fdxrr`r m bmt

m{hcd`fcht }xh th flrhdhc khb _#S Thr|`d`f hc ht{m Yrf|#*

}xh dfc hb 4 ( kh yrhg`f hc bm ybm{m p 4 hc hb frf }xh ht

bf dfrr#*£ khb k`m mu`hckhc m bft huyrhtmkft 55?< y#S 1 ==?

rr#S dfrr#*S£S Dfgf ymrhzh kh kem# frc# hc [ht{`gfc`f B`'}x`kmt p hc{hrf kh }xh th bh em kmkf dhr{`l`d#!/! mb rhlhr`kf

dmy#/ dfc ht{m lhdem m}xh bf rhg`{`gft p bf l`rgmgft#

55?< – 1– =1

Ghkrmcf ‛ Mb{fbmax`rrd ‛ Mr`zm#

/Mb gmrahc: dmraf kh < y#S dfrr#S/S hc{hrmkft yfr hb _# Y#S

Lrmp T`b|ht{rh _fkrçaxhz khb frc# kh Yrhk#*S bft g`tgft}xh bh hc{rhaf xc Yhc`{hc{h yfr |`m kh rht{`{xd`ôc dfgfyhr{hchz`hc{ht mb _hp#/

Hc k`hz p th`t kh Mor`b kh g`b th{ht#¹S th{hc{m p th`t:

Yfr Khdrh{f }xh huyhk`gft ht{h k`m cft emdhgft dmraf



' =?1 '

kh th`t y#S dfrr#*/ hc{hrmkft yfr hb _#¹ Y#* T`b|ht{rh _f'

krçaxhz khb frc# kh Yrhk`dmkfrht bft g`tgft }xh bh hc'

{rhaf xc txah{f yfr |`m kh rht{`{xd`ôc dfgf yhr{hchz`hc'

{ht mb _hp# Dfgf ymrhzh kh dmr{m kh rhg`t`ôc tx lem# khb

g`tgf k`m d`{mkf Khdrh{f p cf{m kh }xhkmr thc{mkm ht{m

Ymr{`km m}xh cft rhg`{`gft p bf l`rgmgft#

999< – 89

Ghkrmcf ‛ Mb{ôbm a```rrh ‛ Mr`zm#

/Mb gmrahc: Dmraf kh ==5 y#! dfrr#*SS hc{hr#/S yfr k#¹

Gmc#S Omr}xçc bft =99 yhtft yfr hb Thr|`d`f yhdxcmr`f

}xh th bh rhtxb{f kh xcmt [`hrrmt }xh dfgyrf m T# G# hc bm

f{rm \mckm hchb Ymrmah }xh bbmgmc hb Axmbhaxmp p =5 y#S

rht{mc{ht yfr tx dfckxd`fc m Htymým#/

Hc |h`c{h p kft kh Mor`b kh g`b th{ht#¹S th{hc{m p th`t

Yfr mx{f khb T#/// Af|hr#/ `c{hr`cf kh ht{m Ybmzm k#// K`h'

af kh Tmbmt p dfc jxhdht yrh|he`kf hc =5 kh g`tgf cft

emdhgft dmraf kh d`hc{f k`hz p fdef yhtft dfrr`hc{ht }xh

em hc{hrmkf k#// Gmcxhçb Omr}xçc" bft =99 y#S yfr hb Thr'

|`d`f yhdxcmr`f }xh th bh rhaxbf kh xcmt [`hrrmt }#S dfg'

yrf m T# G# hc bm f{rm |mckm hc hb Ymrmah }xh bbmgmc

Axmbhaxmp p bft =5 y#S rht{mc{ht yfr dfckxd`fc m Htymýmkàbft huyrhtmkft d`hc y#S dfgf ymrhzh kh k`b`ahcd`mt form'

kmt d`{mkf mx{f p hcçh# # # m}xh cft rhg`{`gft p bf l`r'

gmgft# ==5 – 99 –


/Mb gmrahc: Dmraf kh ==?1 y#! 8 =? rr#/ dfrr`hc{ht hc'

{hrmkft yfr hb Ehrg#¹ L# Mbfctf Yfzf kh Frc# khb _#¹ Y#

lr# Mc{#¹ Fb`ohr khb Frc# Thríl`df m }x`hc bft hc{rhaf xctxah{f yfr |`m kh rht{`{xd`ôc m bm _#! Emz#S*/

Hc k`hz p cxh|h kh Gmpf kh g`b th{ht#/S th{#* p th`t : Hc\ck# kh fl`z`f khb T#*/ Af|hr#*// p Dmy#/ Armb# kh 0 khb g`t'



‛ =?5 s

gf# Cft emdhgft dmraf kh g`b d`hc{f |h`c{h j t`h{h yhtft

d`cdf p ghk`f rr#*S dfrr#*£S }xh hc{rhaf hc Dmjmt _#*S hb ehr'

gmcf lr# Mbfctf Yfzf kh Frc# khb _#¹ Y"£ lr# Mc{fc`f Fb`'

ohr _hb`a`ftf khb Thríl`df Frc# kh C# Y# T# Lrmc#*!/ bft g`t'

gf }xh yfr dmtf rhthr|mkf hc dfclhd`fc bh em dfgxc`dmkf

t`hr{f txah{f {hc`m fob`amd`ôc kh rht{`{x`rbft m bm _#! Emz&*

dfgf ymrhzh kh kef# fl`d`f p hc{hrf m}xh cft rhg#S p bf l`r'

gmgft# ==?1 – 8 – =1


!SMb gmrahc: Dmraf kh ?45;0 y#*!S = 4; rr#S dfrr#*SS hc{h'

rmkft yfr K#// Jftthl @acmd`f kh T`t{`mam Gmht{rh khb

Cm|`f Tmc h[xmc Omy{`t{m %mb`mt) hb [ftdmcf hc ?="9;0

y#¹S 8 rr#SS k#S dfc tx yrhg`f kh 4

(p ?=9; y#S 1 =¡? rr#S hc

frf kt# m}#£ mtdhck`hrfc bft Krft# kh @ckxb{f p Axmrkm

Dft{mt kh bft dmxkmbht rha`t{rmkft hc kef# Ox}xh yfr}#*

kh ht{h dfghrd`f#/

Hc |h`c{h p th`t kh Gmpf kh g`b th{hd`hc{ft th{hc{m pth`t : hc |cm# kh Frc# khb T#!// Af|#/ p Dmy`{íc Ahc#! kh ?4

kh Mor`b kh =11;# Cft emdhgft dmraf kh |h`c{h p {rht g`b

fdefd`hc{ft }xmrhc{m p cxh|h y#//* xcf p {rht }xmr{`bbft

`[#S dfrr#*!!S }xh em hc{hrmkf K#!! Jftthl @acmd`f kh T`t{`mamGrh# khb Cm|`f T#// Jxmc Omy#** %mb`mt) hb [ftdmcf hc

?=9;0 y#S 8 rr#S kt# p ?=9; y#S 1 =? rr#S hc frf dfgf dfrrht'

yfck`hc{ht m T# G# yfr bft Khrhdeft kh @ckxb{f p AxmrkmDft{mt m 0 y#S trh# ?4??5; y#S 8 45 rr#S hc ybm{m lxhr{h p=<99 y# hc 499 gmrdft kh ybm{m bmormkm rhaxbmkf m 5 y#*

dmkm gmrdf p m ; ( trh# 8?<?? y#S =¡? rr#! hc Kfobfcht rh'

u`t{rmkf {fkf hc kef# Ox}xh kh Dxhc{m kh Ymr{`dxbmrht

t`c `cdbx`r hc kef# Khrhdef 4?8=; y#S ; =? rr#S kt# bft =0=

dfc ; =&? rr#S yfr e`r kh dxhc{m kh bm _#! Emz#S!! <4?4 y#S pyhr{hcht#S£S mbft Tmc{ft Bxamrht kh Jhrxtmbhc p bft ?< y#S

rht{mc{ht kh bm Dmjm kh tfbkmkm kàbm Fl`d`mb`kmk p [r`yx'

bmt#// khb Cm|`f p bm dmc{`#S kh ht{h Dmraf }xh kh|`m tm{`t'

lmdhrth hc Htymým th rh{`hch hc ht{mt Dmjmt hc dxgyb`g#S/

kh bm d`{mkm frc# y#// fdxrr`r m bmt m{hcd`fcht }xh th flrh'

dhc khb _#! Thr|`d`f hc ht{m Yrf|#* }xh dfc <?4 y#/ p ; rr#/



‛ =?0 ‛

yfr hb yrhg`f kh 4 ( hc bm ybm{m k#! p <4 y#/ = =? rr#! khb

4 ( kh yrhg`f hc hb frf }xh ht bf dfrr#*S khb k`m mtd`hckhc

m bft huyrhtmkft ?45;0 y#S = 4 ¡; rr#* dfrr`hc{ht: Dfgf ym'

rhzh kh kem# frc# hc [ht{`gfc`f B`}#¹¹ p hc{hrf kh}xh dfc

ht{m lem# th bh k`f dhr{`l`d#// m kef# Gmht{rh m }xh cft rh'

g`{`gft p bf l`rgmgft ?45;0 – = – ?8 <=?


/Mb gmrahc: Dmraf kh =? y#S dfrr#*S hc{hrmkft yfr K#/

Lrmc#!S/ Mc{fc`f Gx{`t hc cfgorh p dfgf myfkhrmkf kh bft

|hz#¹¹S khb Yxhobf kàbmt Dfcdemt yfr hb `gy&S kh bm [mtm'

d`ôc kh bmt [`hrrmt rhmbhcamt }xh emc dfgyrmkf hc m}xhb

Ymr{`kf#

Hc {rht kh Jxc`f kh g`b th{ht#*/S th{hc{m p th`t : Cft emdh'

gft dmraf kh d`hc{f kfzh y#/ dfrr&SS hc{hrmkft yfr k#¹ Lrmc'

d`tdf Mc{fc`f Gx{`t m cfgorh p dfgf myfkhrmkf kàbft |h'

z`cft p Yfobmkfrht khb Yxhr{f kàbmt Dfcdemt yfr `gy#*S

kàbm [mtmd`ôc kh bmt [`hrrmt rhmbhcamt }xh th bht dfcdhk`h'

rfc hc m}xhb Ymr{`kf> Ymrhzh kh mx{f yrf|he`kf yfr hb

Jxhz txokhbhamkf kh [`hrrmt k#// Gmcxhb Omtmo`bomtf hc 1

kh Gmpf kh ht{h mýf p hc{hrf m }xh cft rhg`{`gft p bf l`r'

gmgft# ==? – 99 – 99 –


/Mb gmrahc: Dmraf kh =?1 y#¹S < rr#**S 5 <=? grt" dfrr#S*/

hc{hrmkft yfr K"!! G`axhb Ybmcht" bft g`tgft }xh bh hc'

{rhaf hb fll`#* O#! kh Gfc{h|#/ k#/* Jye# Lrmc#*7¹ kh Tft{fm

dfgf hu`a`kf kh bft l`mkfrht khb [hc`hc{h }xh lxh kh m}xh'

bbm dmjm k#¹ Jxmc Hxtho`f Yàrhz kh Mrdh yfr mbdmczh }xh

bh rhtxb{f hc bm}#*S* khb mýf kh <0 }xh dfrr`ô mtx dmraf m}xh'

bbm Mkg`c`t{rmt#//#/

Hc }xm{rf kh Jxc`f kh g`b th{hd`hc{ft th{hc{m p th`t:

Cft emdhgft dmraf kh d`hc{f |h`c{h p t`h{h y#S th`t rr#*

YXOB# ThD# E`T[# 0



‛ =49 ‛

fdef th`t kft m|& grt# dfrr&!!S hc{hrmkft yfr K#// Gàxhb

Ybmcht m cfgorh kh k#/ Lrmc#!S/ kh Tft{fm fl#! _#! kàbm D`x#**

kh Gfc{h|`khf dfgf huà`kf hc |`r{xk kh mx{f }xh bh k`'

rù`gft yrf|he`kf hc ; kh Gmrzf kh ht{h mýf dfc hb dfrrht'

yfck`hc{h Fl`d`f kh bft l`mkfrht kh hb [ehc`hc{h }xh lxh

kh m}#/* Dmjm k#!! Jxmc Hctho`f Yàrhz kh Mrdh ghk`mc{h m

bm cf{fr`m `ctfb|hcd`m hc }xh th embbm yfr mbdmczh }xh bh

rhtxb{f hc bm mkg`c`t{rmt#/!! kh kem# dmjm: Dfgf ymrhzh

khb d`{mkf mx{f p hc{hrf }xh frà`cmbht th embbmc marham'kft m bm g`tgm Dmr{m Dxhc{m j hc {ht{`gfc`f t`rohc kh

dfgyrf|mc{h m ht{m Ymr{#* m}xh cft rhg`{`gft j bf l`r'

gmgft#=?1 – <– 5 8=?

R Ghkrmcm ‛ Mb{fbmax`rrh ‛ Mr`zm#

!!Mb gmrahc: Dmraf kh =405 y#¹S ? rr#S ?1 grt# dfrr#*SS hc'

{hrmkft yfr K#/ Gmcxhb Tmhcz" Grh# kh bm Lrma#** Mexrdmkmkh T# G# cfgormkm Crm# T#/S* kh _habm hc ?51 y#/ 8 rr#/ k#!

p bft =919 y#S hc frf yfr bft Khrhdeft kh lbh{h @ckxb{f jAxmrkm Dft{mt Trh# bft dmxkmbht }xh th rha`t{rmrfc hc Kef#

Ox}xh#/

Hc |h`c{h p kft kh Jxc`f kh g`b th{hd`hc{ft th{hc{m p th`tCft emdhgft dmraf kh g`b {rhtd`hc{ft t`h{h grt# dfrr`hc{ht

}xh dfcth}xhc{h m Frkhc kh ht{h Af|`hrcf khb ?4 kh Mor`b

kh 1; m hc{hrmkf K#// Gàxhb Tmhcz Gmht{rh kàbm Lrma#*/S

Mexrdmkm kh T# G# cfgormkm Crm# Thýfrm kh _habm hc ?51

y#S 8 rr#S kt# p =919 y#S hc frf yfr bft Khrhdeft kh @ckxb{f

p Axmrkm Dft{mt p lbh{h m =? y# ( trh# bm dmc{`kmk kh ?401

y#S =? rr#S hc ybm{m lxhr{h p m 8 ( tforh ?=;99 y#S hc kfobf'

cht hb xcf yfr rmzôc kh lbh{h p bft ; kh @ckxb{f p Axmrkm

Dft{mt rha`t{rmkf {fkf hc kef# Ox}xh kh dxhc{m kh ht{h

Dfghrd`f p bm dmc{#!! kh ht{h dmraf }xh th kh|`m tm{`tlmdhr

hc Htymým th kh{xof hc ht{mt Dmjmt hc |rk# kàbm d`{mkm fr'

khc ymrm fdxrr`r m bmt xrahcd`mt khb _#! Thr|`d`f }xh dfc hb

mxghc{f kh 4 y# ( kh yrhg`f hc bm ybm{m p 4 hc hb frf }xhht bf dfrr`hc{h khb k`m" mtd`hckhc mbft huyrhtmkft =405 y#*

? rr#S ?1 gmr|hk`t# Dfgf ymrhzh kh kem# frc# hc {ht{`gf'



=4= ‛

c`f B`}#*¹ p hc{hrf kh }xh th bh k`f m kef# Grh# dhr{`l`dmd`ôc

m }xh cft rhg`{`gft p bf l`rgmgft# =405 – ? – ?1 –


/Mb gmrahc: Dmraf kh 508= y#S < rr#S dfrr#SS hc{hrmkft yfr

K#/ Jftà Ghr`cf Grh# kh bm Lrmam{m Dfrrhf hb [xdxgmchc 5?0; y#S kfobht p 401 y#¹S hc frf yfr krft# kh @ckxb{f pAxmrkm Dft{mt kh bft dmxkmbht hgomrdmkft hc kef# Ox}xh#/

Hc kfzh kh Jxb`f kh g`b th{hd`hc{ft th{hc{m p th`t: Cft

emdhgft dmraf kh fdef g`b cxhohd`hc{ft d`c}xhc{m p xc y#¹S

th`t rr#£S dfrr#*SS }xh dfcth}xhc{h m frkhc kh ht{h Af|#¹¹ kh

?4 Mo#S kh =11; em hc{hrmkf hc _#*S Dmjmt K#/ Jftthl Ghr`cf

Grh# kàbm Lrma#** Dfrrhf hb [xdxgmc hc 5?0; y#S k#S p 401

y#S hc frf yfr bft Khrhdeft kh @ckxb{f p Axmrkm Dft{mtm 0 ( Trh# 0?=8< y#® = =&? rr#S hc ybm{m lxhr{h p m ; ‛ 00?1

yt# hc frf bft ;591 y#S hc Kfobfcht 89;? hc [hjft p bft 15

rht{mc{ht hc mbemjmt rha`t{rmkf {fkf hc kem# Lrmam{m yfr

dxhc{m kh Ymr{`dxbmrht t`c `cdbx`r hc ht{h Khrhdef ?=;84

y#S ? =? rr# ybm{m kh }xh `axmbghc{h th rha`t{rmrfc kh

dxhc{m p r`htaf kàbm _#! _hc{m kh Dfrrhft dxpm dmc{#** kh

ht{h dmraf }xh kh|`m tm{`tlmdhrth hc Htymým th kh{xof hc

ht{mt Dmjmt hc dxgyb`g#*/ kh bm d`{mkm frkhc ymrm fdxrr`r

m bmt xrahcd`mt khb _#! Thr|`d`f hc ht{m Yrf|#* }xh dfc ?;5

y#S < =&? rr#S yfr mxg#*¹ kh 4 ( hc bm ybm{m kh frkhc mbft hu'

yrhtmkft 508= y#S < rr#S dfrr"*SS : Dfgf ymrhzh kh k`dem frc#

hc [ht{`gfc`f B`}x`kmd`ôc p hc{hrf kh }xh th bh k`f dhr{`'

l`dmt# ¹¹ mb d`{mkf Gmht{rh dfc bm g`tgm lem# m}xh cft rhg#¹*

p bf l`rgmgft 508="" < – 99 –


/Mb gmrahc: Dmraf kh 1;? y#¹S 1 rr#S dfrr#SSS hc{hrmkft hc

1?= y#! ? rr#t }xh hc{hrf k#¹ Jftthl Ghr`cf Dmy#// p Gmht'

{rh kàbm Lrmam{m Dfrrhf hb [xdxgmc yfr hb krf# kh @ckxb{f

p Axmrkm Dft{mt m 0 y# 1¾ kh 59=8 lxhr{ht _ha`t{#/*¹S hc kef#

Ox}xh kh Dxhc{m kh ht{h Dfghrd`f#/



‛ =4? ‛

Hc k`hz j t`h{h kh Jxb`f kh g`b th{ht#¹S th{hc{m p th`t

Cft emdhgft dmraf kh th{hd`hc{ft }xmrhc{m p kft y#S t`h{h

p ghk`f rr#S dfrr&SS }xh dfcth}xhc{h m frkhc kh ht{h Af|#¹¹

kh ?4 kh Mor`b kh =11; em hc{hrmkf hc ht{mt _#S Dmjmt k#¹

Jftthl Ghr`cf Dmy#*/ kh bm Lrmam{m Dfrrhf hb [xdxgmc hc

1?= y& ? =? rr#S kt# yfr hb kef# kh @ckxb{f p Axmrkm Dft{mt

m 0 ( trh# 59=8 y#S kt# }xh kh Dxhc{m kh Ymr{`dxbmrht th

rhu`t{rmrfc úb{`gmghc{h hc kem# Lrmam{m dxpm dmc{#*S }xh

kh|`m tm{`tlmdhrth hc Htymým th rh{xof hc ht{mt Dmjmt hcdxgyb`g&¹ kh bm d`{mkm frkhc ymrm fdxrr`r m bmt xrahcd`mt

khb _#* Thr|`d`f ht{m Yrf|#S }xh dfc hb mxghc{f khb 4 y (hc bm ybm{m kh yrhg`f mtdhck`ô mb ft huyrhtmkft 1;? y#S 1 @&?

rr#S dfrr`hc{ht Dfgf ymrhzh kh kem# frc# hc [ht{`g#¹ p hc'

{hrf kh}xh th bh k`f dhr{`l`dmt#// dfc bm g`tgm lem# m}#S cft

rhg#¹S p l`rg#!!S 1;? – 1 – =1

/Mb gmrahc: Dmraf kh ==#8=1 y#S ; rr#S 5 grt# dfrr#*S! hc{h'

rmkft yfr K#// Thr|mckf Dmorhrm my#**/ kh k#// Gm{e`mt kh Om'

bb`|`mc Grh# kàbm Lrma#*S Ymr{`dxbmr cfgormkm T#¹ Jftà hc

=90;5"" ? =4 rr#S kt# p ?44 y#S < rr#G5 5=? gmrm|hk`t hc frf

yfr bft Khrhdeft kh @ckxb{f p Axmrkm Dft{mt kàbft Dmx'

kmbht hgomrdmkft hc kef# Ox}#S#/

Hc |h`c{h p th`t kh Ma#*¹ kh g`b th{hd`hc{ft th{hc{m p th`t

Cft emdhgft dmraf kh fczh g`b }x`c`hc{ft K`hz p t`h{h y#!

}xm{rf rr#S fdef grt# dfrr`hc{ht }xh dfcth}#*£ m frkhc kh

ht{h Af|`hrcf kh ?4 kh Mor`b kh =11; em hc{hrmkf hc _#/!

Dmjmt k#*/ Thr|mckf Dmorhrm myfk#*S/ kh k#// Gm{e`mt kh Ombb`'

|`mc Gmht{rh kàbm Lrmam{m Ymr{`dxbmr cfgormkm Tmc Jftà

hc =90;5 y#S ? =4 rr#S hc ybm{m p ?44 y#S < rr#S =4 5 = =? grt#

hc frf yfr bft Khrhdeft kh @ckxb{f p Axmrkm Dft{mt m 0 (trh# =?="<;1 y#S < rr#S p m ; trh# 85;8 y#S bft ?<<9 hc kfobf'

cht p bft 4=58 rht{mc{ht hc {huft kh frf rha`t{rmkf {fkf hc

kef# Ox}xh kh dxhc{m kh ht{h Dfghrd`f t`c `cdbx`r hc kef#

Khrhdef hc Dmjfcd`{f kh Gfchkmt kh ybm{m lmor`dm kh Yf'

{ft`>

}xh |mc yfr dxhc{m kàbm _#! Emz#SS p < yhtft lxhr{ht

dfrrhtyfck`hc{ht m bm Dmjm kh Tfbkmkmt kàbm [r`yxbmz#¹¹

kh kem# Lrmam{m p bm dmc{#S kh ht{h dmraf }xh kh|`m tm{`t'



‛ =44 ‛

lmdhrth hc Htymým th rh{xof hc ht{mt Dmjmt hc dxgyb`g`hc{f

kh bm rhlhr`km frc# ymrm fdxrr`r m bmt yrhd`tmt xrahcd`mt

khb N#! Thr|`d`f hc ht{m Yrf|#* }xh dfc hb mxghc{f kh 4 (kh yrhg`f hc bm y&S k#S p 4 hc hb frf }xh ht bf dfrr`hc{h khb

k`m mtd`hckhc m bft huyrhtmkft ==8=1 y#S ; rr#S 5 grt# df'

rr`hc{ht# Dfgf ymrhzh kàbm d`{mkm frkhc hc [ht{`gfc`f B`'

}x`k#¹!! p hc{hrf kh }xh th bh k`f dhr{`l`dmd`ôc dfc ht{m lem"

mb g`tgf Myfkhrmkf m}xh cft rhg`{`gft p bf l`rgmgft#

==8=1 – ; – 95 –

/Mb gmrahc: Dmraf kh ?89 y& dfrr`hc{ht hc{hr#/! yfr k#*

Jxmcm _fty`bbft` |`xkm khb dmy#S/ kh `cl#* k#// Jftà Aôghzm}&* kh g#S/S dmc{#S }xh kh|h m bm O"w Emz#S* yfr lmb{mt kh

K`chrf }xh dfckxjf m G`tt`fcht#/

Hc t`h{h kh Thyorh# kh g`b th{ht#¹S th{hc{m p th`t: yfr

Mx{f }xh yrf|he `rcft ht{h k`m cft emdhgft dmraf kh kft'

d`hc{ft d`c}xhc{m y& dfrr&SS bft g`tgft kh }xh e`zf Fobmd'

d`fc k#* Jxmcm _fty`bbft` |`xkm khb Dmy`{íc rht{m|m kh'

|`hckf m bm _#S Emz#S* thaúc dfct{m kh bm Ymr{`km kh dmraf

C#¹ 4 hc ht{h _mgf dfc lem# kh =4 kh Lhorhrf kh 1< yfr

rmzôc khb dmxkmb }xh hc{rhaf kh ghcft hc bft =? yhtft

}xh rhz#¹ hc ht{mt Dmjmt hc 0 kh Cf|`hgorh kh =1<1 ymrm dfc'kxd`r mbft Yxhobft kh G`tt`fcht }xh dfc ht{h m|fcf }xhkf

rht{mkf 0;4 y#S < rr#S ?; ===? grt# Dfgf ymrhzh kh K`b`'

ahcd`mt formkmt hc huyhk`hc{h thymrmkf" [ht{`gfc`f kh

Yhk`ghc{f d`{mkf mx{f p cf{m kh }xhkmr thc{mkm ht{m Ymr'

{`km m}xh cft rhg#¹S p l`rgmgft# ?89 – F – ;; –


/Mb gmrahc: Dmraf kh 0;0 y#S 1 rr#SS dfrr#*SS hc{hrmkfty#!S k#** Jxmcm _fty`bbft` |`xkm khb Dmy`{íc kh @cl#S Jft'

thl Aôghz yfr xb{`gf rht{f kh ?4;8 y#* 1 rr#* =4 p 48 grt#

}xh ht{h }xhkf kh|`hckf mbm _#! Emz#S* yfr bm lmb{m }xh th

cf{m hc bft dmxkmbht }xh bbh|f m G`tt`fcht#/



' =4; ‛

Hc k`hz p cxhoh kh Thyorh# kh g`b th{hd`hc{ft th{hc{m

p th`t: Yfr mx{f }#!! yrf|he`gft ht{h k`m: Cft emdhgft

dmraf kh cxh|hd`hc{ft }xmrhc{m p cxh|h y#S t`h{h rr#S df'

rr#*/ hc{hrmkft yfr kfcm Jxmcm Hfty`bbft` |`xkm khb Dmy#!/!

kh @cl#S k#/* Jfthl Aôghz dfgf xb{`gf rht{f kh ?4;8 y& 1

rr#SS =4 48 grt# }xh ht{h }xhkf kh|`hckf mbm H#S Emz#!!!! yfr

lmb{m }xh th cf{f hc bm hc{rham kh =? ] y#S }xh rhd`|`f kh

ht{mt Dmjmt hc 0 kh Cf|orh# =1<1 ymrm dfckxd`r mbft Yxh'

obft kh G`tt`fcht tforh dxpf yr`cd`ymb hc{rhamkf th bh

m|fcf xc =; ( kh `Khtf }xh th bh rhomjf kh ?#419 y#S }xh

em|`m ymamkf k`af hc{rhamkf kh ghcft thaúc dfct{m kh

B`}x`kmz#// lfrgmkm yfr ht{m Dfc{mkxrçm }xh dfc ==;< y#S

?? 5 = =? rt# }xh hc =4 kh lhor#¹ kh 1< th ymtmrfc m ht{h

Nmgf kh hb kh t`{xmkft yfr xb{`gf `gyfr{h }xh rhtxb{f

mtx lmofr kàbft txhbkft }#£ bh yhr{hchd`hrfc p mdrhk`{m bm

ymr{`km cxg#/ ;9 kh km{m kh t`{xmkft p bm C#¹ 4 kh dmraf

hc ht{rmfrk`c#/S p ?89 y#S }xh mtt` g`tgf hc{hrf kem# |`xkm

hc 1 khb dfrr#*SS ght thaúc Ymr{`km cxghrf ?4 kh ht{h _m'

gf dfgyfchc bft huyrhtmkft ?4;8 y#S 1 rr#S =4 48 grt#

}xh hb huyrhtmkf K`lxc{f b`hrm khxkfr mbm _#! Emz#*S* }xh'

kmckf ht{m dxo`hr{m khb {f{mb kh|`{f yfr bf }#** th gmckfmbzmr hb hgomraf yrmd{`dmkf hc bft \`hcht> dfgf ymrhzh

kh k`b`ahcd`mt formkmt hc huyhk`hc{h thymrmkf B`}#/// hc

{ht{`gfc`f Yhk`ghc{f d`{mkf mx{f p cf{m kh }xhkmr thc{mkm

ht{m Ymr{`km m}xh cft rhg`{`gft p bf l`rgmgft#

0;0"" 1– 99 –


!SMb gmrahc: Dmraf kh 09<0 y#/ ; rr#S dfrr`hc{ht hc{hr#S/S

yfr k#!S Jftà Mc{fc`f Bbmcf Dmy#/ kàbm Lrmam{m Dfrrhf bm

Cxh|m Dmc{mor`m hc 5<15 y#S = b? rr#S k#/ p =?1 y#S = =?

rr#S hc frf yfr bft Khrhdeft kh @ckxb{f p Axmrkm Dft{mt

kh bft Dmxkmbht rhu#¹S hc k`def ox}xh#/

Hc |h`c{h kh Thyorh# kh g`b th{ht#¹! th{hc{m p th`t: Cftemdhgft dmraf kh cxh|h g`b ththc{m p cxh|h y#S }xm{rf

rr#S dfrr`hc{ht }xh dfcth}xhc{h m frkhc kh ht{h Af|`hrcf

kh ?4 kh Mor`b kh =11; em hc{hrmkf K#/ Jftà Mc{fc`f B`m'



‛ =48 ‛

cf dmy#¹ kàbm lrmu#!* dfrrhf bm cxh|m Dmc{mor`m hc 5<1Ty#* = S rr#! kt# p =?1 y#/ = pS rr#S hc frf yfr bft khrhdeft

kh @ckxb{f p Axmrkm Dft{mt m 4 ( trh# 0<;"?; y#/ =&? rr#/

hc y&* lxhr{h p m ; – Trh# 4=10 y& ; rr#S hc kfobfcht xc {hjf

p xc ymr kh ho`bbmt kh frf rha`t{rmkf {fkf hc kef# Ox}xhkh dxhc{m kh Ymr{`dxbmrht t`c `cdbx`r hc ht{h Khrhdef

==81= y# ? rr#S Nha`t{rmkft yfr dxhc{m kh bm N#! Nhc{m kh Df'

rhft kh ht{m Mkg`c`t{rm#/!! p bm kh Gfc{h|#/ ?5< y#S f rr#S

hgomrdmkftyfr ht{mt _#*/S Dmjmt dfgf rhg`{`kft y#// k#// Mc'

kràt Ymz kh Dfkhr`zf Jxhz kh _ht`khcd`m khb Af|#//S }xh

lxh kh bm Yrf|#* khb [xdxgmc k#/ Jxmc Gmcxhb Dmgyhrf m

hc{rhamr m k`tyft`d`ôc khb _#! p Txyrhgf Dfcthjf kh bmt

@ck`mt hc bm [ehtfrhr`m Armb# kh Dfrrhft kh Gmkr`k p ;

gmrd# 8 fczmt kh ybm{m hc xc díb`z xcm Ym{hcm = dxdemr`{m

kft |`cmarhrmt p xc ybm{`bbf dfc gmt < y#S ymrm amt{ft p kh'

rhdeft kh bf rhlhr`kf yfr e`r khk`dmkf ymrm bm Dmy`bbm

kàbm Dmtm khb Gfgm hc hb Yr`cd`ymkf kh Mt{xr`mt p `m

dmc{`kmk kh ht{h dmraf }xh kh|`m tm{`tlmdhrth hc Htymýmth rh{xof hc ht{mt Dmjmt hc dxgyb`g#*¹ kàbm d`{mkm frkhc

@¾#* fdxrr`r m bmt m{hcd`fcht kh ht{m Dmy`{mb Armb# p kh'

gmt xrahcd`mt khb _#S Thr|#/ hc ht{m Yrf|#* }xh dfc hb mxg#*¹

kh 4 ( kh yrhg`f hc bm y#S k` p 4 hc hb frf }xh ht bf dfrr`hc'

{h khb k`m mtd`hckhc mbft huyrhtmkft 09<0 y#S ; rr#S dfrr#*SS

dfgf ymrhzh kh kem# fg# hc {ht{`gfc`f b`}#¹S p hc{hrf kh

}xh th bh k`f hb ghcd`fcmkf Dmy#¹ dhr{`l`dmz#¹¹ dfc ht{m

lem# m}xhcft rhg#!!S

pl`rgmgft# 09<0

–;

– 99Ghkrmcf ‛ Mb{fbmax`rrh ‛ Mr`zm#

!!Mb gmrahc: Dmraf kh ;<9 y#S dfrr#*SS m ht{h _mgf kh hu'

{rmfrk`c#/S bft g`tgft }xhth rh|mjmrfc khb yrfkxd{f kàbft

M#** yhr{hcht#*SS mbm Zxgmdm yfr{xaxhtm cfgormkm Crm#

Trm# kàbm Y`hkmk ymrm rh`c{harmr mbm _#! Emz#**S kh bm Dmjmkh Gfc{h|`#/ kh f{rm {mc{m dmc{#*S }xh txyb`ô hc lbh{ht pf{rft amt{ft#/

Hc |h`c{h p cxhoh kh Fd{xorh kh g`b th{ht#¹S th{hc{m pth`t : Yfr mx{f }xh yrf|he`gft ht{h k`m Cft emdhgft dmrufkh }xm{rf d`hc{ft ththc{m y#/!! dfrr#*£S bft g`tgft }#S thaúc



' =4< '

dfct{m kh bm b`}#!¹ }xh th embbm hc hb dfgyrf|&S %kh hbbm k`'

uf) kh bm Ymr{`km kh Dmruf kh Khyôt`{ft -C#¹ =? hfcht{m

lem# th rhomjmrfc khb yrfkxd{f kh bft hlhd{ft rhdfa`kft kh

`m Zxgmdm Yfr{xaxhtm cfgo#*SS J`rm# Trm# kàbm Y`hkmk }xh

cmxlrmaf hc hb _`f a#*S£ p th yxt`hrfc hc ht{h _mgf ymrm

rh`c{harmr mbm _#! Emz&S kh bm Dmjm kh Gfc{h|#¹ kh f{rm

{mc{m Dmc{#** }xh m}xhb fll#! _#S txyb`ô hc \rk# kh xcm Frc#

khb T#*// Af|#/// p Dmy#/ Armb# ymrm amt{ft kh lbh{ht kh Dmrrft

kh Ymr{`dxbmrhtp

f{rft amt{ft dmxtmkft hc bm dfckxt#¹¹

kht#S hb d`{mkf _`f a#SS p tx hgomr}xh m ht{m d`x#*S kh bft

huyrhtmkft hlhd{ft" yhr{hchd`hc{ht m kem# Zxgmdm }xh mdrh'

k`{m bm dfy`m dhr{`l`dmkm khb dfgyrf|mc{h kh km{m kh _#!

Emt#*** hc bm g`tgm Dmjm }xh dfrrh kh lfumt ;< y#S ;0 kh bft

Mx{ft formkft hc ht{h mtxc{f# Dfgf ymrhzh kh hbbft hb yrf'

|he`kf hc ?0 kh Jxb`f kh 18 f{rf kh ht{h [r`o#! kh =< kh fd'

{xorh kh 1< B`}#/// hb d`{mkf kh ?0 kh Fd{xorh p cf{m }xh

hc{ht{`g#¹ t`roh kh dfgyrf|#*S m ht{m Ymr{`km m}xh cft rh'

g#¹S p l`rg#¹/# ;<9 –


/Mb gmrahc: Dmraf kh ;=5 y#S ? rr#S dfrr#*SS ymtmkft m ht{h

rmgf bft g`tgft }xh th rhomjmrfc khb yrfkxd{f kh bft hlhd'

{ft yhr{hcht#*£/ m bm Zxgmdm yfr{xaxhtm Cfgo#SS Crm# Trm"

kàbm Dfcdhyd`ôc p T#¹ Lrmcd`tdf kh Ymxbm ymrm rh`c{h'

armr m bm _#S Emz#SS kàbm Dmjm kh Gfc{h|#/ kh f{rm {mc{m

dmc{#* }xh txyb`ô hc lbh{ht p khgít amt{ft#/

Hc |h`c{h p cxhoh kh Fd{xorh kh g`b th{hd`hc{ft th{hc{m

p th`t# Yfr mx{f }xh yrf|hc`gft ht{h k`m Cft emdhgft dmr'

af kh }xm{rf d`hc{ft k`hz p fdef y#S kft rr#S dfrr#*SS bft

g`tgft }xh thaúc dfct{m kh bm b`}#//S }xh th embbm hc hb dfg'

yrf|mc{h kàbm Ymr{`km kh Dmraf kh Khyôt`{ft C#¹ ?9 dfcht{m lem# th rhomjmrfc khb yrfkxd{f kàbft hlhd{ft rhdfa`'

kft hc bm Zxgmdm yfr{xaxhtm cfgormkm Crm# Trm# kàbm

Dfcdhyd`ôc p Tmc Lrmcd`tdf kh Ymxbm }xh cmxlrmaf hc hb

_`f a#S* kh Tmc Yhkrf p th yxt`hrfc hc ht{h _mgf ymrm

rh`c{harmr mbm _#S Emz#SS kh bm Dmjm kh Gfc{h|#/ kh `u#!

dmc{#S }xh hb Fll#! _#S kh hbbm txyb`ô hc |rk# kh frc# khb



' =41 '

T#/// Af|#//S p Dmy#/ Ahc#! ymrm amt{ft kh lbh{ht kh dmrrft kh

ymr{`dxbmrht p f{rft amt{ft dmxtmkft hc bm dfckxt#¹¹ khtkh

hb d`{mkf _`f armckh p tx hgomr}xh m ht{m D`xk& kh bft hu'

yrhtmkft hlhd{ft dxpf txybhrc&/ mdrhk`{m bm dfy`m dhr{`l`'

dmkm khb dfgyrf|mc{h kh Km{m kh _#! Emz#!SS kàbm rhlhr`km

Dmjm }xh dfrrh mlfumt 45 p 40 kh bft mx{ft formkft hc ht{m

rmzôc p fl`d`f kh ç#SS ;99 dfgf Ymrhzh kh bft g`tgft mx{ft

hb yrf|he`kf hc ? kh Maft{f kh 18 f{rf kh ht{h [rò#! m =<

kh Fd{xorh kh 1< B`}#¹!! hb d`{mkf kh ?0 kh Fd{xorh p Cf{m}xh hc {ht{`gfc`f t`r|hc kh dfgyrf|mc{h m ht{m Ymr{`km

m}xh cft rhg`{`gft p l`rgmgft# ;=5 – ? – 99 –


/Mb gmrahc: Dmraf kh =50 y#!! dfrr#!SS ymtt#¹S m ht{h _m'

gf" bft g`tgft }#S th rhomjmrfc khb yrfkxd{f kh bft hlhd'

{ft yhr{hchd`hc{ht mbm Zxgmdm Yfr{xaxhtm Crm# T"!* kh

Ofcmczm y#S rh`c{harmr mbm _#S Emz#*S* kàbm Dmjm kh Gfc'

{h|#¹ kh à#! dmc{#*S }xh txyb`ô ymrm ymaft kh lbh{ht pamt{ft#/

Hc |h`c{h p cxhoh kh Fd{xorh kh g`b th{hd`hc{ft th{#*¹

p th`t# Yfr mx{f }xh yrf|hc`gft ht{h k`m cft emdhgft dmr'

af kh d`hc{f fdehc{m p cxh|h y#¹S dfrr`hc{ht bft g`tgft}#S thaúc dfct{m kh bm b`}x`kmd`ôc }xh th embbm hc hb dfg'

yrf|mc{h kh bm Ymr{`km kh Dmraf kh Khyôt`{ft C#¹ ?= dfc

ht{m lem# th rh|mjmc khb yrfkxd{f kh bft hlhd{ft rhdfa`'

kft kh bm Zxgmdm Yfr{xaxhtm cfgo#*!!S C{rm# Trm# kh Of'

cmczm %T#/ Mc{fc`f p Mc`gmt) }xh cmxlrmaf hc hb _`fa#SS kh T#!/' Yhkrf p th yxt`hrfc hc ht{h _mgf ymrm rh`c{h'

armr mbm _#! Emd`hckm kàbm Dmjm kh Gfc{h|#/ kh à#! dmc{#**

}xh hb Fll#! _#S kh hbbm k#¹ Jftà Lrmc#!7¹ kh Tft{fm txyb`ô

hc |rk# kh frc# khb 5#¹!! Dmy#// Armb# ymrm ymuft kh lbh{ht kh

Dmrrft kh Ymr{`dxbmrht p f{rft amt{ft dmxtmkft hcbm dfc'

kxdd`ôc khtkh#** hb _`f Armckh p tx hgomr}xh m ht{m D`x'

k#S kh bft huyrhtmkft hlhd{ft dxpf txybhg#*¹ mdrhk`{m bm df'

y`m dhr{`l`dmkm khb dfgyrf|#** kh Km{m kh _#S Emz#*** kàbm

rhlhr`km Dmjm }xh dfrrh kht#£ lfumt ;8 kàbft mx{ft formkfthc ht{m rmzôc : Dfgf ymrhzh kh hbbft hb yrf|he`kf kh =0 kh



' =45 ‛

Jxb`f kh 18 f{rf kh ht{h [rò#S kh =< kh Fd{xorh kh 1< B`'

}x`kmt#/// hb d`{mkf kh ?0 kh Fd{xorh p cf{m }xh hc {ht{`'

gfc`f t`r|hc kh dfgyrf|mc{h m ht{m Ymr{`km m}xh cft rh'

g`{`gft p l`rgmgft# =50 – 99 – 99


!SMb gmrahc: Dmraf kh =415 y#/S 4 4&? S'S dfrr#*SSS bft g`t'

gft }h th rh|mjmrfc khb `gy&* m}xh mtdhck`ô bm {mtmd`ôc kh

kft Charft p khgít hlhd{ft kh bm Zxgmdm Yfr{xaxhtm Crm#

Trm# khb Dmrghc p th ymtmrfc m ht{h _mgf yfr `gy#*S£ kh'

bmt rmd`fcht }xh th txog`c`t{rmc#ℯ hc hb _`f a#SS mtx {r`'

yxbmd`ôc#/

Hc {rh`c{m kh Jxc`f kàf kh Fd{xorh kh g`b th{hd`hc{ft

th{#* p th`t Yfr mx{f }xh yrf|he`gft ht{h k`m cft emdhgftdmraf kh g`b {rhtd`hc{ft th{hc{m p fdef y#// {rht p ghk`frr#S dfrr#*!!/ bft g`tgft }xh thaúc dfct{m kh B`}x`kmt`fc

lfrgmkm }xh th embbm hc hb Kfdxg#*¹ kh Dmraf kh Khyô'

t`{ft C#¹ ?? p hc hb kh Km{m kh _#S Emz#/S* C#¹ =1; dfc ht{m

lem# th rhomjmrfc khb `gy#*S m}xh mtdhck`ô bm {mtmd`ôc kh kft

Charft p khgít hlhd{ft dfc{hc`kft hcbm Zxgmdm myrhtmkm

hc hb _`f a#SS dfgf {mgo`àc bm kh ht{h Ox}xh p khb of{h

}xh tmb`ô mxu`b`mrbm dxpm dmc{#/S ht bm }xh th em rhaxbmkf m4990 rmz`fcht kh gmr p =814 kh [`hrrm }xh hc m}xhb kht'

{`cf th txog`c`t{rmrfc kh dxhc{m kh _#S Emz#*SS mbm [r`yx'

bmt`fc Ymtmahrft p axmrc`d`ôc kh hc{rmgoft Ox}xht mb

rhty#¹ kh ? 4 =; bmt yr`g#S!! p = 4; bmt tha#**SS dfgf ymrhzh kh

Mx{ft hb Khýc`{òf kh 4 kh Cforh# kh 1; hb yrf|he`kf hc ;

kh Thy#/SS kh 1< B`}#¹!! hb d`{mkf kh 49 kh Fd{xorh p cf{m }xh

hc {ht{`gfc`f t`r|hc kh dfgyrf|mc{h m ht{m Ymr{`km m }xhcft rhg`{`gft p l`rgmgft =415 – 4 – =1


Dmraf kh 89 y#¹S dfrr#*SS hc{hr#/S yfr k#!! Gmr{`c Yhrmbht hc

crh# kh k#// Ghbdefr kh Hdemaxh p Mck`fc yfr `gy#SS kh xc



‛ =40 ‛

Omrr`b kh Yôb|frm }xh th bh |hck`ô kh dxhc{m kh bm H#*

Emz#*!//

Hc kft kh Cf|o`*h# kh g`b th{hd`hc{ft th{hc{m p th`t# Cftb`mdhgft dmraf kh d`c}xhc{m yhtft dfrr&S* hc{hrmkft yfr

k#¹ Gmr{`c Yhrmbht yfr `gy#*S kh xc Omrr`b }x`c{mbhýf kh

Yôb|frm }xh hc |rk# kh frc# kh ht{h Af|#¹¹ kh =; kh Fd{x'

orh th bh hc{rhaf ymrm }xh k`tyxt`hth tx rhghtm m bm D`xkmk

kh T&* Lh m k`tyft`d`ôc khb [ehc`hc{h kh Af|#/// kh hbbm

k#¹ Ghbdefr kh Hdemaxh p Mck`fc mb rht&¹ kh ; rr#S hc }xh

lxh h|mbxmkm yfr hb Dmy#// kh Mr{`bbhrçm k#¹ Thomt{`mc Y`'

zmrrf" Dfgf ymrhzh kh kem# frc# [mumt`fc hc{hrf p rhz#¹

}xh f{fraf dfc `c{hr|hcd`ôc kh ht{m dfc{mk#S p khb g`t'

gf Dmy#!! m }xh cft rhg#S p bf l`rg#¹S

989 – 99 – 9–


Dmraf kh =?0 y#S dfrr#S!S b`}#¹S kh =;9 }xh hc{hrf hc ht{mt

Dmjmt k#* Gmrçm Bxd`mcm Formkfr rhomjmkft == y#S kh dft'

{mt }xh dfrrhtyfck`hrfc m T# G# yfr _#/ Krft# kh bm `c{rf'

kxd`fc kh ? charft p xcm charm#

Hc d`cdf kh Cf|orh# kh g`b th{ht#¹S th{hc{m p th`t: Cftb`mdhgft dmraf kh d`hc{f |h`c{h p cxh|h y#S dfrr#*S£S b`}#¹S

kh =;9 }xh hc |`r{xk kh Mx{f kh ht{h [r`oxcmb kh =8 kh Fd'

{xorh kh 1; hc{hrf hc dmjmt k#S Gmrçm Bxd`mcm Formkfr

kh cmd`ôc Bxd`{mcm rhomjmkft == y#¹S }xh mbm _#! Emz#*S*

bh dfrrhtyfck`hrfc kh Dft{mt p tfc yhr{hchd`hc{ht mbft

_#** Krft# khb htdhtf }xh b`m rhtxb{mkf khb |mbfr }xh {h'

gmc hcbm Ybmzm kàbm Dfbfc`m mb }xh th bht dfct`khrf hc

ht{m D`x#*S thaúc bm {mtmd`ôc yrmd{`dmkm" kft Charftp

xcmCharm }xh `c{rfkxjf hc ht{ft Kfg`c`ft: Dfgf ymrhzh kh

k`b`a#S formkmt d`{mkf Mx{f p hc{hrf m }xh cft rhg#¹S p l`r'

gmgft# =?0 – 99– 99–




‛ =;9 '

SSM¡ gmrah`{: Dmraf kh ?08 y& dfrr&SS hc{hrmkft y& k#¹

Lmdxckf kh Yr`h{f j Yxb`kf hc crh# kh Bfrhczf Tmc{xdeft

yfr `gy&S kàbmt [`hrrmt }xh dfgyrf m T# G# hc bm f{rm

|mckm kh ht{h H`f#/

Hc th`t kh Cf|orh# kh g`b th{hd`hc{ft th{hc{m j th`t

Cft emdhgft dmraf kh kftd`hc{ft cfohc{m p d`cdf y&S df'

j"j"{ht }pa ajj pSk# kh Mx{f yrf|he`kf hc =? kh Jxc`f yfr K#¹

Gmcxhb kh Omtmo`bomtf" Jxhz txokhbhamkf ymrm bm |hc{m pdfgyft`d`ôc kh [`hrrmt rhmbhcamt p \mbk`mt hc{hrf hc Dm'

jmt k#¹ Lmdxckf kh Yr`h{rf p Yxb`kf hc cfgorh kh Bfrhczf

Tmc{xdeft yfr `gy#!S kh bmt }#£ dfgyrf m T# G# d`{mt hc{rh

bft Mrrfpft kh Tmc Jxmc p Ymc{mcf kh Tmtm hc bm f{rm

|mckm kh ht{h r`f: dfgf ymrhzh kh Mx{f #Yhk`g#S¹ hb yrf'

|he`kf p hc{hrf }xh hc {ht{`gfc`f t`r|hc kh dfgyrf|mc{h

m ht{m Ymr{`km m }#£ cft rhg`{`gft p l`rgmgft#

?08 – 99 – 99 –


S!Mb gmrahc: Dmraf kh 551 yhtft A rr#S ?5 ;=? grt# df'

rr&SS hc{hrmkft hc 1;1 y#/ ? rr#S p ==; y#S < rr#S hc frf yfr

kc# Lrmc&¹ Bbmcf Dmy#/ khbbm Lrmu#*S Dfrrhf bm K`mcm yfr

N#S Khrhdeft kh @ckxb{f p Axmrkm Dft{mt }xh mkhxkmrfcbft Dmxkmbht rha`t{rmkft hc kef# Ox}xh#/

Hc th`t kh Cf|#!/£ kh g`b th{ht#/S th{hc{m p th`t# Cft emdh'

gft dmraf kh fdef d`hc{ft fdehc{m p t`h{h y#/S th`t rr#S |h`c'

{h p fdef }xm{rf kfzh grt# dfrr#*£S }xh dfcth}xhc{h m frc#

kh ht{h Af|#¹¹ kh ?4 kh Mor`b kh 1; hc{hrf hc Dmjmt k#¹

Lrmc#!7¹ Bbmcf Dmy#!! kàbm lrmam{m Dfrrhf K`mcm hc 1;1 y#/

? rr#S k#S p ==; y#S < rr#S hc kfobfcht yfr bft _#SS Krft# kh

@ckxb{f p Axmrkm Dft{mt m 0 ( trh# 5494 y#¹S lxhr{ht p m; tforh ?519 y#!! hc kfobfcht rha`t{rmkf {fkf hc kef# Ox'

}xh kh dxhc{m kh Ymr{`dxbmrht t`c `cdbx`r hc ht{h Frf =9=?=

y#S 8 bS rr#S kt# }xh |mc yfr dxhc{m kàbm _#S _hc{m kh Df'

rrhft kh ht{m D`x#*S p xc Dmjfcd`{f kh Gfchkmt lmor`dm `kh

Yf{ft` }xh dfct{m kh =4 gmrdft 1 ( fczmt kh dxhc{m kh

T# G# p bm dmc{`kmk kh ht{h dmraf }xh kh|`m tm{`tlmdhrth



‛ =;= ‛

hc Htymým th kh{xof hc ht{mt Dmjmt hc |rk# kh kem# frkhc

ymrm fdxrr`r m bmt xrahcd`mt khb Jç6 Thr|`d`f }xh th flrh'

dhc hc ht{m Yrf|#* dfgf ymrhzh kh {ht{`gfc`f kh bm d`{mkm

frkhc B`}x`kmd`ôc p hc{hrf kh}xh dfc ht{m lem# thbh k`f

dhr{`l`dmt#// mb huyrhtmkf Dmy#/ m}xh cft rhg#¹! p l`rgmgft#

551"" <– ?5 ;¡=?


/Mb gmrahc: Dmraf kh 41 y#// ; rr#S dfrr#*SS hc{hrmkft yfr

K#/* Yhkrf Jxmc kh Om`bh dfgf `rmy#*S kh kft }x`c{mbht kh

Yôb|frm hc Yfb|f kh bm `cú{`b m = S rr#R/

Hc {rhzh kh Cf|orh# kh g`b th{ht#¹S th{hc{m p th`t# Cft

emdhgft dmraf kh {rh`c{m pt`h{h y#!

}xm{rfrr#S dfrr#**S

hc'{hrmkft yfr K#¹ Yhkrf Jxmc khb \mbbh dfgf `gyfr{h kh

kft ]x`c{mbht kh Yôb|frm `cú{`b hc yfb|f }xh hc \rk# kh

Khdrh{f kh ht{h Af|#/¹ kh ?< kh Thyorh# th bh |hck`hrfc kh

bm }xh hu`t{`m hc bç#S Mbgmdhcht mb rhty#*¹ kh = ( rr#!

dmkm bòrm hc}xh lxh mombxmkm yfr hb Dmy#/ kh Mr{`bb#* k#¹

Thomt{`mc Y`zmrrf dfgf ymrhzh kh Ghg#! @clfrgh kh ht{h

[rò#! d`{mkf Khdrh{f {mtmd`ôc p hc{hrf m}xh cft rhg`{`gft

p bf l`rgmgft# 41 – ; #"


/Mb gmrahc: Dmraf kh =505 y#S = `S r#! dfrr#*SS b`}#S¹S kh

? 9# y#S }xh em hc{hrmkf k#/ Gm{`mt kh Dem|mrr`m %khkxd`'

kft =9= y#S < P? SS'S kh dft{mt) yfr `gy#*S kàbm Ombmckrm kh

T# G# T#/ C`dfbít }xh dfgyrf hc yxob`dm Mbgfchkm#/

Hc k`hz p cxhoh kh Cf|`hgorh kh g`b th{ht#¹S th{hc{m pth`t : Yfr mx{f }xh yrf|he`gft ht{h k`m Cft emdhgft dmraf

kh g`b fdefd`hc{ft cfohc{m p fdef y#S xcf p ghk`f rr#S df'

rr#**! bç}x`kft kh ? V y#¹ }xh em hc{hrmkf k#¹ Gm{e`mt Dem|m'

rr`m %khkxd`kft =9= y#S < @&? rr#S kh Dft{mt yrfdhtmbht) yfr

`gy#*S khb rhgm{h }xh hctx crh# |hr`l`df k#¹ Gàxhb Ybmcht hc



‛ =;? ‛

4 kh Thyrh# kh 1; kàbm Ombmckrm kh T# G# cfgormkm T#!*

C`dfbít mymamr mb ybmzf kh kft mýft# Dfgf ymrhzh kh mx'

{ft kh rhgm{h Yhk`g&¹ d`{mkf Mx{f p Cf{m }xh fr`a`cmbht

t`r|hc kh dfgyrf|mc{h m ht{m Ymr{`km m}xh cft rhg`{`gft

p l`rgmgft# =505 – = – =1


Dmraf kh ;< y#S ? =S? `!`*'S dfrr&SS hc{hrmkft hc ;= y& bM

rr#S k#S yfr k#¹ Jxmc Jftà Yxdeh Grh# kàbm lrma&// Tmdrm

Lmg`b`m yfr Krft# kh @ckxb{f p Axmrkm Dft{mt kh bft Dmx'

kmbht rhu#¹S hc kef# Ox}xh#

Hc k`hz p g`hoh kh Cf|orh# kh g`b th{hd`hc{ft th{hc{m

p th`t# Cft emdhgft dmraf kh }xmrhc{m p kft y#¹S kft p

ghk`f rr#S dfrr`hc{ht }xh dfcth}xhc{h m Frc# kh ht{h Af|cf#kh ?4 kh Mor`b kh 1; hc{hrf hc dmjmt k#¹ Jxmc Jftà Yx'

deh Gmht{rh kh bm lrmu#*!* Ymr{`dxbmr cfgormkm hc Tmdrm

lmg`b`m %Mb`mt) bm Mcaàb`dm hc ;= y#S @&? rr#! kfobht yfr

bft _#S Krft# kh @ckxb{f p axmrkm dft{mt m 0 ( trh# ;8< y#£

? bS rr#S hc ybm{m lxhr{h rha`t{rmkft hc kef# Ox}xh kh

dxhc{m kh ht{h %Dfghrd`f t`c `cdbx`r hc ht{h Krf# ?9 yhtft

yhr{hchd`hc{ht mbm Dmjm kh Tfbkmkmt dxpm dmc{`kmk }#S

kh|`m tm{`tlmdhrth hc Htymým th rh{xof hc ht{mt Dmjmt hc

|rk# kh kem# Frkhc ymrm fdxrr`r mbmt xrahcd`mt khb _#!

Thr|`d`f }xh th flrhdhc hc ht{m Yrf|`cd`m# Dfgf ymrhzh

kh bm d`{mkm frc# hc {ht{`g#/ b`}#¹!! p hc{hrf kh }xh dfc ht{m

lem# th bh k`f dhr{`l`dmt#// m k`def Gmht{rh m}xh cft rhg`'

{`gft p l`rg#¹S ;? – ? – =1


!Mb gmrahc: Dmraf kh 48 y#/ dfrr#SSS y#!/ k#// Yehb`yh Lhr'

cmckhz khb _`ompf yfr `gy#!£ kàbmt [`hrrmt }xh dfgyrf m

T# G# Hc |h`c{h p xcf kh Cf|#/SS kh g`b th{hd`hc{ft th'

{hc{m p th`t# Cft emdhgft dmraf kh {rh`c{m p d`cdf y#!

dfrr#*£S }xh |rk# khb mx{f yrf|he`kf hc ?9 khb g`tgf yfr



' =;4 ‛

hb Jxhz txokhbhamkf ymrm bm |hc{m p dfgyft`t#¹¹ kh [`hrrmt

rhmbhcamt j \mbk`mt k#/* Gmcxhb kh Omtmo`bomtf em hc{h'

rmkf hc Dmjmt K#// Yehb`yh Lhrcmckhz kh _`ompf yfr `g'

y&S kàbmt }xh rhgm{f p th bh |hck`hrfc yhr{hchz#*/ m T# G#

hc hb Mrrfpf kàbmt Omdmt kh bm f{rm |mckm kh ht{h _`f:

Dfgf ymrhzh kh mx{ft kh _hgm{h {ht{`g#/ khb yrf|he`kf

p hc{hrf m}#* cft rhg`{`gft p l`rgmgft# 948 – F – F ""

Ghkrmcf ‛Mb{fbmax`rrh

‛Mr`zm#

/Mb gmrahc: Dmraf kh 1 y#S `&S rr#! dfrr#*SS hc{hr#¹S y& k#¹

Gmr{`c Jftà kh Mb{fbmax`rrh yfr t` p yfr hb k`lxc{f [eh'

tfrhrf k#¹ Mc{fc`f \mbbh" bft g`tgft }xh bht rhtxb{mrfc

kh Mbdmczh hc bm Dmr{m Dxhc{m khb mýf kh <5#/

Hc |h`c{h p th`t kh Cf|orh# kh g`b th{ht#/S th{hc{m p th`t

Cft emdhgft dmraf kh t`h{h y#¹S ghk`f rr#! dfrr#*S }xh pf

hb md{xmb lmd{fr k"/ Gmr{`c Jftà kh Mb{fbmax`rrh eh hc'

{hrmkf yfr g` p yfr hb k`lxc{f [ehtfrhrf @c{hr`cf }xh lxh

kh ht{mt Dmjmt k#¹ Mc{fc`f \mbbh bft g`tgft }xh rhtxb{m'

rfc kh mbdmczh dfc{rm cftf{rft khb rhdfcfd`g`hc{f p b`'

}x`kmt"// kh bm Dmr{m Dxhc{m khb mýf kh <5 yhr{hchd`hc{h

m ht{m Mkg`c`t{rmt#// dfgf ymrhzh kh dfy`m dhr{`l`dmkm

khb Yb`haf kh Dmraf rhg`{`kf m ht{m Fl`d`cm yfr bm Dfc'{mk#* g#/*/ kh dxhc{mt }xh fr`a`cmb th kh|fb|`ô m hbbm p hc'

{hrf m}#* cft rhg`{`gft p l`rgmgft# 991 – F Sb*S3r


/Mb gmrahc: Dmraf kh =480 y#S ? rr#S 5 <=? grt# dfrr#S*!

X}#¹! kh =;0< y#S =; kh rr#! }xh em hc{hrmkf k#¹ Jxmc \`fbm

hc crh# kh k#¹ Lrmc#/ Ghk`cm yfr `gy#** khb [momdf ch'

arf khb Ymrmaxmp }xh hu`t{`m hc _#S Mbgmdhcht p th bh |hc'

k`ô m ®t{h#/

Hc |h`c{h p th`t kh Cf|orh# kh g`b th{ht#/S th{hc{m pth`t: Cft emdhgft dmraf kh g`b {rhtd`hc{ft d`c}xhc{m p



' =;; '

cxhohy#¹S

kft rr#!SS fdef th`t kfzh m|#S grt# dfrr&£S b`}#¹*

kh =;0< y& =; kh rr#* }xh hc ht{h k`m em hc{hrmkf k#¹ Jxmc

\`fbm em cfgorh kh k#¹ Lrmc#*!/ Ghk`cm yfr `gy&S kh =114

mrr#S ?= {#S kh {momdf charf khb Ymrmaxmp }xh hu`t{`m hc

_& Mbgmdhcht p th bh |hck`ô m ht{h m ymamr m"b ybmzf kh xc

mýf }xh th bh dxgyb`ô hc 5 khb yrhthc{h ght m bft yrhd`ft

t`ax`hc{ht =;9 !I ?4 {{#S m =9 rr#S =99< I ?4 {#S m 5 rr#S p<?< I kh `clhr`fr dmb`kmk m ; rr#S kh dxpf {mb khkxd`kft =4<

y#S < rr#S bft =?4 y#S ? rr#S m}xh mtdhck`hrfc bmt Dft{mt yrf'

dhtmbht p bft =4 y#S ; rr& rht{mc{ht kh jfrcmbht kh Yhfcht}xh th dfcdem|mrfc j)mrm yhtmrbf mb {yf# kh tx rhdfcfd`'

g`hc{f }xhkmrfc b`}#!S bft huyrhtmkft =480 y#S ? rr#S 5 <=?

grt# : Dfgf ymrhzh kh k`b`a#SS formkmt Yhk`g#*¹ kh dfc{rm{m

hc{rham" dxhc{m kh amt{ft p hc{hrf m }xh cft rhg#S p l`r'

gmgft#!

=480 – ?– 5 < = =?

Ghkrmcf ‛ MXfbmax`rrh ‛ Mr`zm#

!!Mb gmrahc: Dmraf kh 851 y#S ; rr#S dfrr#*S£ hc{hr#/S hc

819 y#S 4 rr#! kt# yfr K#// Jftà kh Dmtmt Dmy#!! kàbm Lrmu#*!!

Dfrrhf hb ]x`rft yfr krft# kh @ckxb{f p Axmrkm Dft{mt

kh bft Dmxkmbht rha`t{rmkft hc kef# Ox}xh#/

Hc kft kh K`zorh kh g`b th{hd`hc{ft th{hc{m p th`t Cft

emdhgft dmraf kh }x`c`hc{ft fdehc{m p t`h{h yhtft }xm{rfrr"S dfrr#SSS }xh dfcth}#** m frc# khb T#¹!! Dmy#!! Ahchrmb kh

?4 kh Mor`b kh 1; hc{hrf K#/ Jftà kh Dmtmt Dmy#/ kàbm Lrm'

u#**/ Dfrrhf hb ]x`rft hc 819 y#S 4 rr#S kt# dfc hb yrhg`f kh

4 ( yfr bft Krft# kh @ckxb{f p Axmrkm Dft{mt m 4 ( trh"

<441 y#S ; rr#S rha`t{rmkft yfr dxhc{m kh Ht{h Dfghrd`f hc

kef# Ox}xh dxpm dmc{#*S }xh kh|`m tm{`tlmdhrth hc Htymýmth kh{x|f hc ht{mt Dmjmt h`` \rk# kh kem# frc# ymrm fdxrr`r

m bmt xrahcd`mt khb _#! Thr|`d`f }xh th flrhdhc hc ht{m

Yrf|#* Dfgf ymrhzh kh [ht{`g#/ kh bm d`{mkm frkhc B`}x`'

k#// p hc{hrf hb }xh dfc ht{m lem# th bh k`f mb huyrhtmkf

Dmy#/ dhr{`l`dmt#/ %kh hc{hrf) m }#* cft rhg#S p lbrg#S

851 – ; – 99

Ghkrmcf ‛ MXfbmax`rrh ‛ Mr`zm"



' =;< '

/Mb gmrahc: Dmraf kh ;; y#S ? \f rr#S tmdmkft khb Nmgfkh Khyôt`{ft p ymtmkft m ht{h kh Hu{rmfrk`cmr`ft bft g`t'

gft }xh hu`t{çmc hc m}xhb dfgf rht{f khb |mbfr kh xc ch'

arf myrhehck`kf yfr Gmr`mcf @tlrmc#/

Hc {rht kh K`zorh kh g`b th{hd`hc{ft th{hc{m p th`t : Yfr

mx{f kh ht{h [rò#! kh ?0 kh Cf|`hgorh Cft emdhgft dmraf

2bh }xmrhc{m p }xm{rf yhtft kft p ghk`f rrhmb dfrr&*S ym'

tmkft m ht{h _mgf khb kh Khyôt`{ft bft g`tgft }xh hu`t{çmchc hb emt{m bm kh{hrg`cmt#// kh T# G# thaúc dfct{m kh Ymr'

{`km kf Dmraf dfc lem# kh 8 kh lhorhrf kh A5 yfr rht{f khb

\mbfr kh xc charf hudbm|f }xh lxh khb Tfbkmkf GmcxhbBôyhz Gmr`cf myrhck`kf yfr hb dfrtmr`f Gmr`mcf @tlrmc

p |hck`kf m yy&/ Mbgfchkm tforh dxpf mtxc{f em rhtxhb{f

hb _hp yfr tx _#! Dàkxbm kh ; kh lhorhrf kh ht{h mýf th

bbmgmthc yfr hk`d{ft p yrhafcht dfc xc orh|h {hrg`cf kh

bft ehrhkhrft khb Kxhýf kh kef# Charf p }xh cf dfgym'

khd`hckf khc{rf kh hb dfc bm jxt{`l`dmt#/ chdhtmr`m th myb`'

dmth bm Dmc{#/ Khyft`{mkm m tx _#S Emz#!!!! bf }xh |hr`l`dm'

kf t`c }#£ exo`hthc dfgymrht`kf mxc khtyxàt kh gxdeft2b`mt gmt khb thýmbmkf th kh{hrg`cf ht{h {rmtymtf# Dfgfymrhzh kh ht{`g#/ kh kem" _#! Dàkxbm hk`d{f d`{mkf Mx{f

p cf{m kh }xhkmr thc{mkm ht{m Ymr{`km }xh t`r|h kh dfg'

yrf|#S m bm kh Km{m kh Khyôt`{ft C#/ ;9 m}xh cft rhg#S

p l`rg#S 9;; "" ? – =1

Ghkrmcm ‛ Mb{fbmax`rrh ‛ Mr``tm#

//Mb gmrahc : Dmraf kh 1< y#/ ; rr#*S dfrr#**/S hc{rhamkft y#*S

k#/ Maxt{çc \ràe{ yfr `gyfr{h kh bmt [`hrrmt }xh dfgyrfm T# G# hc hb O`dxp#/

Hc kfzh kh K`zorh# kh g`b th{hhd`hc{ft th{hc{m p th`t#

Cft emdhgft dmraf kh th{hc{m p th`t y#S }xm{rf rr#** dfrr`hc'

{ht }xh hc |`r{xk kh mx{f yrf|he`kf hc 8 kh Cf|orh# yfr

k^#¹ Gmcxhb kh Omtmo`bomtf Jxhz txokhbhamkf ymrm bm |hc{m

p dfgyft`d`ôc kh [`hrrmt rhmbhcam kmt p |mbk`mt hc{rhaf k#¹

Maxt{çc \ràe{ m g*h# kh tx Ymkrh k#/ Dmrbft y#! `gy#** khbm {mtmd`ôc kh bmt }xh ht{h yfthçm p em dfgyrmkf m T# G#

Ybob# Thd# E`t{# =9



=;< '

hc bm Jxr`tk`dd`ôc kh Tmc{m Lh hc hb Ymrmah }xh bbmgmchb

O`dxp dfgf ymrhzh kh Mx{f {ht{`g#/ khb yrf|he`kf p hc{hrf

m }xh cft rhg&S p l`rg#S 91< – ; – 99

Ghkrmcm ‛ Mb{fbmax`rrd ‛ Mr`zm#

!!Mb gmrahc: Dmraf kh =?8 y& dfrr#*SS hc{hr#/S yfr k#/

Maxt{çc \ràe{ yfr `gy&S kh bmt [`hrrmt }xh dfgyrf m

T&G#/

Hc kfzh kh K`z`hgorh kh g`b th{hd`hc{ft th{hc{m p th`t:

Cft emdhgft dmraf kh d`hc{f |h`c{h p d`cdf y#S dfrr`hc{ht

hc{hrmkft yfr k"¹ Maxt{çc \ràe{ yfr `gy#*!! kh bmt {`hrrmt

}xh rhgm{f p th bh |hck`hrfc kh dxhc{m kh T# G# hc bm jx'

r`tk`d`fc kh Tmc{m Lh p ymrmah }xh bbmgmc hb Axmbhaxmp

Dfgfymrhzh

mx{ft{ht{`gfc`f khb rhgm{h

phc{hrf

m}xhcft

rhg#S p l`rg#/ =?8" 99 – 99

Ghkrmcm ‛ Mb{fbmax`rrd ‛ Mr`zm#

!!Mb gmrahc: Dmraf kh =?9 y#! < rr#! =5 grt# dfrr&SS ymtm'

kft m ht{h _mgf khb kh T`{xmkft kàbft Txhbkft kh¾- [ehc&S

Dfrfchb k#/ Mc{fc`f Fm{mc` yfr bf }xh th k`rí#/

Hc |h`c{h j t`h{h kh K`z`hgorh kh g`b th{hd`hc{ft th'

{hc{m p th`t hc |rk kh mx{f }xh yrf|he`gft hc ?9 kh

Cf|orh" Cft emdhgft dmraf kh d`hc{f |h`c{h yhtft th`t rr#S

k`hz p fdef grt# dfrr&SS tmdmkft khb Nmgf kh T`{xmkft yfr

dxhc{m kh bft Txhbkft kh [eh#S Dfr& Mc{fc`f Dm{mc` p ym'

tmkft m ht{h kh hu{rmfrk& hc rh`c{harf kh à#! dmc{& }xh

rhtxb{f dfc{rm ht{h Fll#! hc bm b`}#¹/ lfrgmkm yfr ht{m Dfc'

{mk#S trh# hb m|fcf kh =; ( kh yhtf yfr rmzôc kh bmt lmb'

{mt m bft txah{ft }xh dfckxjhrfc dmxkmbht kh dxhc{m kh bm

[`w Emz&/ mbft Yxhobft kh G`t`fcht dfgf b`}#!S kh 4<0 y#*

<#rr"S 4? ;8 grt# }xh hc{rhaf kh ghcft hc bft ;8";91 y&lxhr{ht p 8;"404 Thcd`bbft }xh rhz#¹ hc ht{mt Dmjmt hb mýf kh

80 p dfckxjf m keft# Yxhobft rhomjmkft dfcth}#!S m Mdxhr'



' =;1 '

kf Dhbhormkf hc =4 kh Hchrf kh 18?;0 y#S =; 4; grt# }xhbh hfrrhtyfck`#¹¹ yfr hb huyrhtmkf fcm{rf jqr d`hc{f kh yh'

tft hc bft 00"804 }xh hlhd{`|g#**/ hc{rhaf hc m}xhbbmt kft

Ymr{`kmt Dfgf ymrhzh kh kem# b`}x`kmz`fc ml#** ?< kàbft

Mx{ft formkft hc ht{h mtxc{f d`{mkf mx{f p cf{m }xh hc{ht{`'

gfc`f t`roh kh dfgyrf|mc{h hc bm Ymr{`km kh Km{m kh T`'

{xmkft C#¹ 44? mljxh cft rhg`{`gft p l`rgmgft

=?9 – < – =5

550;4 "" F –?< b`b?

Ghkrmrq ‛ Mb{fbmax`rrh ‛ Mr`zm#

Dmraf kh bft Yht#/S dfrr`hc{ht kh m 5 }xh hu{rmu hu ht{m H#! Dmum yfr

DXHC[M khb _mgf kh @gyxht{f kht#£ ? Hchrf e#*S l`n kh K`z#*/S kh

=11<#

%Hchrf , K`d`hgorh kh =11<)#

!Mb gmrahc: Dmraf kh 458=0 y#S 1 r|#* ?8 <=? g`*t# df'

rr&*S b`}#¹S }xhkmrfc hu`t{hc{ht hcl`c kh K`z#!S£ kh =118 mlm'

|fr kh ht{h _mgf#/

Hc kft kh Hchrf kh g`b th{hd`hc{ft th{hc{m p th`t tfc

dmraf dfc{rm g` hb [b`htfrhrf k#¹ Yhkrf Ghkrmcf {rh`c{m pfdef g`b }x`c`hc{ft k`hz p cxhoh y#S t`h{h rr#S |h`c{h p d`c'

df th`t kfz m|#S grt# dfrr#!SS }xh bç}x`kft rhtxb{mrfc mlmofr

kh ht{h _mgf hc l`c kh K`zorh kh =118 hcbm Mkg`c`t{rmd`ôc

kh ht{mt _#*S Dmumt p hu`t{`mc hc hbbmt dfgf yhr{hchd`hc'

{ht mhb hc 49 kh K`z`hgorh khb g`tgf mcf> thaúc dfct{m

kh [mc{hf 4! kh Dmxkmbht lfrgmkf hc hb k`m kàbm lem# m}xh

gh rhg`{f p bf l`rgmgft" 458=0 – 1– ?8 < ¡=?

Ghkrmcf ‛ Mb{fbmax`rrh#

!Mb gmrahc: Dmraf kh =989 y#S dfrr`hc{ht hc{rha#/S m K#¹

Jxmc @a#/ Hb`m _hdhy{fr khb Khrhdef kh T`tm }xh lxh hb mýf



' =;0 '

Dmr`{f kh %3 ] `n¾tft hc{hrmkft yfr k#/ Yhçbrf Kçmz kh \`'

|mr _hdhy{fr khb _#! Khrhdef kh T`tm }& ht{x|f mSx dmraf

hb mýf ymtmkf kh =118 dfgf yhr{h{`hz#SS m T# S@# `u3r dxhc{m

kàbf rhdmxkmkf kh krf# e#** bm lhdem#

Hc kfzh kh Mor`b kh g`b th{ht#¹* th{hc{m p th`t : Yfr mx{f

}xh yrf|ho`gft ht{h k`m cft emdhgft dmraf kh th`t g`b y#!

dfrr`hc{ht hc{hrmkft `)fr k#¹ Yhkrf Kçmt kh \`|mr _hdhy{fr

}xh lxh khb _#! Khrhdef kh T`tm hb mýf ymtmkf kh =118yfr dxhc{m kh bf rhdmxkmkf emt{m bm lhdem kh kef# _#! Kh'

rhdef dfgf yhr{hchd`hc{ht m T# G# thaúc ymrhzh kh yh'

k`g&¹ kh fobmd`ôc d`{mkf mx{f p cf{m kh }xhkmr thc{mkm


<999 – 99 – 99

Ghkrmcf ‛ Mb{fbmax`rrh ‛ Mr`tm#

*MZ gmrahc: Dmraf kh ?8E= y#¹S dfrr#*SS hc{rha#/* yfr K#/

Yhkrf K`mz kh \`|mr _hdhy{fr }xh lxh khb _#! krf# kh T`tm

hb mýf ymtmkf kh =118 yfr dxhc{m kàbf rhdmxkmkf emt{m bm

lem# yfr yhr{hchz#!£ mb Efty`{mb Oh{bhg`{`df kh ht{m D`x#S!S

Hc kfzh kh Mor`b kh g`b th{ht#/S th{hc{m p th`t# Yfr mx{f

}xh yrf|he`gft ht{h k`m cft emdhgft dmraf kh kft g`b }x`'

c`hc{ft ththc{m p xc y#S dfrr`hc{ht hc{hrmkft yfr K#¹ Yh'

krf K`mz kh \`|mr _hdhy{fr }xh lxh khb _#! khrhdef kh T`tm

hb mýf ymtmkf kh =118 yfr dxhc{m kàbf rhdmxkmkf e#*/* bm

lem# dfgf yhr{hchd#**S mb _#! Eftj)"S Oh{bhg`{`df kh ht{m

D`xkmk yfr bm mt`ac#¹¹ }#S tx G# bh {`hch ehdem kh xc yhtf

hc fkrh# Of{`jm f omrr`b kh maxmrk`hc{h }#S th `c{rfkxzh

hc hbbm kàbm Yrf|#!! kh Dxpf hc \rk# kh _#! Dàkxbm kh ?5 kh

Jxc`fkh

=149#

Dfgf ymrhzh kh Yhk`ghc{f kh fobmd`ôc d`'{mkf mx{f p cf{m kh }xhkmr thc{mkm ht{m Ymr{`km m}xh cft

rhg#/ p l`rgmgft#

?8<= "" 99 – 99




‛ =89 '

S!Mb gmrahc: Dmraf kh 11? y& 8 rr#S ?1 <=? grt# dfrr`hc'

{ht bft 41? y#S 8 rr#S ?1 <W =? grt# tmdmkft kàbft _mgft kh

_#! Emz&!! p bft ;99 rht{mc{ht khb kh \`hcht kh k`lxc{ft

p ymtmkft m ht{h hc ymr{h kh ymaf kh =199 y#S }xh hb k`'

lxc{f k#¹ Lrmc&/ Mbzmpomr dfgf l`mkfr kh k#/ Dftgh Mb'

omrhz bh rht{m kh|`hckf yfr rht{f kh ?999 j)#S }xhth bh hc'

{rhamrfc m}xhb ymrm hb |hchl`d`f kh G`cmt"/

Hc{rhzh kh Mor`b kàf kh Jxb`f kh g`b th{hd`hc{ft th'

{hc{m p th`t Yfr mx{f }xh yrf|he`gft hc 5 khb g`tgf cft

emdhgft dmraf kh th{hd`hc{ft th{hc{m p kft yhtft d`cdf

rr#S |h`c{h p t`h{h kfzh m|& grt# dfrr`hc{ht bft 41? y& 8

rr#S ?1 <? m|t# grt# tmdmkft kàbft _mgft kh _#! Emz#*S//

dfgf bç}x`kft }xh hu`t{çmc hc hbbft mlmofr khb k`lxc{f

dfc{mkfr }xh lxh kh ht{mt Dmjmt kc# Mc{fc`f Mr{hbm p bft

;99 y#S rht{mc{ht kh hb kh \`hcht kh K`lxc{ft hc kfckh

àxmbg#S!! hu`t{çmc dfgf yhr{hchd`hc{ht mbm [ht{mghc{mr`m

kh kb`f# %3)c{mkfr dxpmt dmc{`kmkht th j`mtmrfc m ht{h kh@gyxht{f hc ymr{h kh ymaf kh =199 y#S }xh hb K`lxc{f

k#// Lrmc#!S!! Mbzmòmr mdrhb`hkfr mbft |`hcht khb d`{mkf k#/

Mc{fc`f Mr{h{m yfr gmpfr txgm rht{mom kh|`hckf mbm

_#S Emz#S!! dfgf l`mkfr kh k#!! Dftgh Mb|mrhz |hz`cf kh

Gfc{h|`khf ymrm hb dfgybh{f kh kft g`b yhtft }xh m ht{h

th bh hc{rhamrfc hc ?? kh K`z#//£ kh << ymrm hb ohchl`d`f

kh bm g`cmt }xh òm|`m hc m}xhbbm Jxr`tk`dd`ôc yfr em'

|hr hc{hrmkf 499 y#! m}#*S/ hc =0 Thy{`hgorh kh 1? thaúc

rhtxb{m kh bm Ymr{`km C#¹ 5 kh dmraf hc ht{h _mgf hc hb d`'

{mkf mýf p dfc hb Mofcf }xh th bh b`mzh kàbm dmc{`kmk kh

ht{m rht{m' kh|`hckf 0?1 y#// ? rr#*/ < ¡=? gmrm|hkçt Dfgfymrhzh khb Kfdxghc{f }xh t`r|h kh dfgyrf|mc{h mbm Ymr'

{`km kh Km{m kh _#! Emz#// cxghrf ==4 p m bm cxghrf ? kh

Km{m kh \`hcht kh K`lxc{ft m}xh cft rhg`{`gft R l`rgm'

gft#

11?"" 8– ?1 <=?

Ghkrm cf ‛ Mb{fbmax`rrh ‛ Mr`zm#

*!#{6 gmrahc: Dmraf kh ;99 y#S dfrr#/// tmdmkft khb _mgfkh T`{xmkft p ymtmkft m ht{h kh @gy#*¹ kh rh`c{harf kh à#!



' =8= '

dmc{& }xh k#// Jxmc Lrmc&¹ kàbm _òm Ehrrhrm yhrd`|`f kh

ht{h hc Tmc{m Lh yfr tx txhbkf#!!

Hc k`hz j th`t kh Mor`b kh g`b th{hd`hc{ft th{hc{m p th`t

hc |rk# kh Khdrh{f }xh huyhk`gft ht{h k`m cft emdhgft

dmraf kh }xm{rfd`hc{ft yhtft dfrr`hc{ht tmdmkft khb _mgfkh T`{xmkft p ymtmkft m ht{h hc rh`c{harf kh àxmb dmc{&

}xh hc bm Dmjm kh Tmc{m Lhh yhrd`|`f kh hb hb Thrahc{f

gmpfr kh ht{m Ybmzm k#/ Jxmc Lrmc#*// kàbm _òm Ehrrhrmyfr bft txhbkft }xh |hcd`ô khtkh =#/ kh Hc#/ b`&S l`c kh Mor`b

kh 18 tha``c dfct{m kàbm Ymr{`km çç#¹ ? kàbmt Km{mt kh ht{h

_mgf hc bm Dmr{m }xhc{m kh m}xhbbm dmjm yhr{hchd`hc{h mb

g`tgf mýf kh|`hckf txlr`r ht{h ymaf hb kh t`{xmkft# Dfgfymrhdh kh kef# Khdrh{f hc [ht{`gfc`f p cf{m kh }xhkmr

thc{mkm ht{m ymr{`km m}xh cft rhg`{`gft p l`rgmgft#

;99 – 99 – 99 –

Ghkrmcf ‛ Mb{fbmax`rrh ‛Mr`zm#

! J6 gmrr&hc: Dmraf kh ?999 y#S dfrr`hc{ht hc{hrmkft yfr

`b#!! Jxmc Mc{fc`f Amrd`m _hdhy{fr }xh lxh khb _#S Krf#

kh T`tm hb mcf ymtmkf kh 1; dfgf yhr{hchz` hc{ht m T# G#

yfr bf mkhxkmkf p dformkf kh kef# Khrhdef#/

Hc |h`c{h kh Jxb`f kh g`b th{hd`hc{ft th{hc{m p th`t Yfrmx{f }xh yrf|he`gft ht{h k`m cft emdhgft dmraf kh kft

g`b yhtft df`[#*SS hc{hrmkft yfr K#!! Jxmc Mc{fc`f Amrd`m

_hdhy{fr }xh lxh khb _#! Khrhdef kh T`tm hb mýf ymtmkf kh

=11; dfgf yhr{hchd`hc{ht mbf rhdmxkmkf kh kef# Khrhdef

b`mt{m bm lhdb`m jSfr bf {fdmc{h m T# G# }xh dfc =48?1 y#S }xh

{`hch hc{hrmkft thaúc dfct{m kàbm Ymr{`dxbmr C#¹ =; kh

dmraf hc ht{h rmgf dfc lb`m# kh =< kh K`z`hgorh kh 18 em'

dhc bm kh =88?1 y#S Dfgf ymrhzh kh Yhk`g#*/ kh fobmdd`fcd`{mkf mx{f p cf{m kh }xhkmr thc{mkm ht{m Ymr{`km m}xhcft rhg`{`gft p l`rg#*!S ?999 – 99 – 99




‛ Ç8? ‛

S!Mb gmrahc: Dmraf kh 8<5= y#! 1 rr& dfrr`hc{ht hc{hr#!*!

y#! k#/ Jftthl Yhrhprm _hdhy{fr khb _#! Krf# kh T`tm hchb

yrhthc{h mýf y& }chc{m kàbf mkhxkmkf p rhdmxkmkf RRwS

bm lbçm#/

Hc |h`c{h p kft kh Jxb`f kh g`b th{hd`hc{ft th{hc{m pth`t# Yfr mx{f }xh yrf|hb``gft ht{h k`m cft emdhgft dmraf

kh d`cdf rm`b th`td`hc{ft fdehc{m p xc y#¹S t`h{h rr#S df'

rr#*S hc{hrmkft y"! k#/ Jftthl Yhrhprm _hdhy{fr khb _#S

Krf# kh T`tm hc hb yrhthc{h mcf m oxhcm }xhc{m kàbf mkhx'

kmkf p rhdmxkmkf kh kef" Krf# e#// bm ldem# yfr yhr{hchd`hc{h

m T# G# dfgf ymrhzh kh yhk`ghc{f kh fobmd`ôc d`{mkf mx{f

p cf{m kh }xhkmr thc{mkm ht{m Ymr{`km mçjxh cft rhg#!S p l`r'

gmgft#

8<5="" 1– 99

Ghkrmcm ‛ Mb{fbmax`rrh ‛ Mr`tm#

/Mb gmrahc: Dmraf kh 599 y#* dfrr#//S hc{hrmkft yfr k#/

Jftthl Yhrhprm _hdhy{fr khb _#! Krf# kh T`tm hc hb yrht{#S!

mýf dfgf rhdmxkmkft yfr yhr{hchz#*// mb Efty`{mb#/

Hc |h`c{h p kft kh Jxb`f kh g`b th{ht`hc{ft th{hc{m pth`t : Yfr mx{f }xh yrf|ho`gft ht{h k`m cft emdhgft dmraf

kh fdefd`hc{ft y#¹S dfrr#*/S hc{hrmkft y#/ k#/ Jftthl Yhrhprm

_hdhy{fr khb _#* Khrhdef kh T`tm hc hb yrhthc{h mýf dfgfrhdmxkmkf e#*// bm lem# ymrm hb _#S Efty`{mb yfr hb yhtf hc

Of{`jm Fkrh" f Omrr`b kh maxmrk`hc{h }#£ th `c{rfkxdh hc

ht{m D`xkmk kàbm Yrf|#!! kh Dxpf p T" G# bh {`hch mt`acmkf

ymrm tx txot`t{hcd`m hc _#! Dàkxbm kh ?5 kh Jxc`f kh =149#

Dfgf ymrhzh kh yhk`ghc{f d`{mkf mx{f p cf{m kh }xhkmr

thc{mkm ht{m Ymr{`km m}#S cft rhg`{`gft p l`rgmgft#599 – 99 – 99

Ghkrmcm ‛ Mb{mbmax`rrh ‛ Mr`zm#



‛ =84 ‛

!!Mb gmrahc : %Jmr`rf kh ;9; y#! ; 4`; rr#! dfrr`hc{ht hx{hr#/S

y& k#¹ Jfthl %r``{`hrrhz Nhdhy{fr }xh lxh khb _#! K&¹ kh T`tm

hb mýf kh 1? bft g`tgft }xh rhtxb{mrfc mlmofr kh T# G# p _#!

Efty#! |cbm }#*/ }#S yrhthc{f kh ht{m Mkg`c`t{rmt#//

Hc {rh`c{m kh Fd{xorh kh g`b th{ht#/S th{hc{m p th`t# Yfr

mx{f }xh yrf|hb``gft ht{h k`m cft emdhgft dmraf kh }xm{rf'

d`hc{ft y#S }xm{rf rr#S p {rht }xmr{`bbft dfrr#*!S hc{hrmkft yfr

k#/ Jfthl Ax{`àrrhz _hdhy{fr }xh lxh khb _#! K&¹ kh T`tmhb mýf ymtmkf kh 1? bft 41< y#S 4; kh `{#S }xh rhtxb{mrfc

mlmMFr kh TG# P bft ?5 y#S ; rr#S mlm|fr khb _! Efty#!

[çh{bhg`{`df kh ht{m D`xkmk }xhc{m }xh em yrhthc{mkf mbm

Mkg`c`t{rmd`ôc kh kef K#ℯ dfgf xb{`gf rht{f mb dxgyb`'

g#/! kh 49<50 y#S ;=? rr#S m}xh mtdhck`ô tx {f{mb `gyfr{h

kh dxpf yr`cd`ymb rhomjmkft ?;88 y#S = =? rr#! yfr hb 5 y (kh tx dfg`t`ôc bft =5== y#S = =? rr#! trh ??<40 y#S ; =? rr#!

rhdmxkmkft y#!! hb _hp bft <;; y'S rht{mc{ht trh# 5989 y#S yhr'

{hchd`hc{ht m hb Efty#! yfr hb yhtf }xh bh ht{m mtàcmkf hc

_#! D{ubxbm kh ?5 kh Jxc`f kh =149 kh dmkm fkrh" Om`[`b f

of{`jm kh maxmrk#S* }xh th `c{rfkxzh kh bm Yrf|`cd`m kh Dxpf%y`hkmc b`}SS ?|T?4; y#S 4 ==; rr#S bft ?95?5 y#S 4 b; rr#® df'

rrhtyfck#**S m TG# p bft 1 ;9< y#S mb Efty#! p {hc`hckf hc{h'

rmkft hc Dmjmt _hmbht ?15?0 y#S <=? rr#S bft ?9;8? dfc

?= ¡? rr#S ymrm hb _hp hc 8 Ymr{`kmt }xh dfct{mc kh bft

Bòrft _"** hc ht{m lfrgm <=9; y#S = rr#! hc 49 kh Thyorh# kh

1? mb cxghrf 0 ‛ ?9;= y#S 4 rr#S hc ; kh K`z#//! khb g`tgfcxghrf =9 ‛ <49< y#S < b-? rr#S hc 8 kh lhorhrf kh 14 :C¹ 8 ‛;999 y#S hc =< kh kef# ght cxghrf < ‛ p ?999 y#S hc ?9 kh

maft{f khb yrfy`f mcf mb p¹ =; p hc f{rmt 8 Ymr{`kmt bft

rht{mc{ht 1411 y#S ; rr#** ymrm hb Efty#! bft =999 y#S hc ?8

kh Mor`b kh 1? ymr{`km cxghrf ; f{rft =999 y#S hc =; kh

Th`)orh# kh kef# mýf mb cxghrf < ‛ ?899 y#S hc ?? kh Hchrf

kh 14 mb cxghrf 4 ‛ =899 hc ?0 kh Mor`b khb g`tgf mb

cxghrf 5 p =411 y#S ; rr#S hc ; kh Jxb`f khb yrfy`f mýf mb

cxghrf =9 ma`!hamkm bm huyrhtmkm dmc{#S kh ?15?0 y#S < =?

rr#S }#*! dfgyfchc {fkmt ht{mt Ymr{`kmt mbft ;9; y#S ; 4b; rr#*

}xh hc ht{m lem" fobf yfr xb{çjcf rht{f emdhc bm ghcd`fcmkmtxgm kh ?5?4; y#S 4 =; rr#! b`}#/** kh }xh em kmkf dxhc{m dfc

ymaf }xhkíckfbh demcdhbmkmt bmt l`cmczmt }xh em|`m f{fram'

kf mlm|fr kàbm _#! EmS !! !! dfgf ymrhzh kh kem# dxhc{m mrrh'

abmkm mbft rhtyhd{òft dfgyrf|mc{ht Bòrf p %#!xmkhrcf



=8; ‛

}xh ymrm ht{h hlhd{f th bh hc{rhaf Yhk`c`#*¹ kh fobmdd`f``

B`}#*S/ d`{mkf mx{f p cf{m kh }xhkmr thc{mkm ht{m Ymr{`km

m}xh cft rhg#¹/ P bf l`rgmgft# ;9;"" ;– ?8 < = =?


!!Mb gmrahc: Dmraf kh 0?1 y"*/ ? rr#S p\ grt# dfrr&!/*

ymtt#/S m ht{h _mgf kh bft kh ==& Emz#!S!! hx rh`c{harf kh

àxmb dmc{`kmk }xh dfc k#¹ Dftgh Mbomchz p k#¹ Lrmcd`tdf

Mbzmpomr kh|hc mbm g`tgm ==& Emz#!S/ yfr rht{f kh ? 9- y#S/

Hc kfth kh Cf|orh# kh g`b th{hd`hc{ft th{hc{m p th`t Cftemdhgft dmraf kh cxh|h d`hc{ft |h`c{h p t`h{h yhtft kft rr#/

th`t kfzh m|t# grt# dfrr#**S }xh hc |`r{xk kh Mdxhrkf dhbh'

ormkf hc ?? kh Jxb`f kh ht{h mýf th tmdmrfc kh bft b`mgft

kh _#S Emz#!!S yfr dxhc{m kh =;;? y#S ; rr#S }xh ht{m rhtxb{momkh|`hckf mb k`lxc{f k#/ Lrmcd`tdf Mbzmpomr b`}#¹S kh ?9=5 R)#S

< rr"S }xh bh e`zf kh mbdmcdh yfr txybhghc{f mb _#! Ehrmr`f

p kh }xh th bh {hc`m tm{`tlhdef hb < ( dfrrhty#*S m 8 mýft

thaúc dfct{m kh mx{ft dxpm dmc{`kmk th ymtf m ht{h _mgfyfr xb{`gf rht{f }'S k#/ Dftgh Mbomchz |hz#/ kh Gfc{h|#¹

dfgf yrmb# p hb d`{mkf k#/ Lrmcd`tdf dfgf tx l`mkfr kh|`mc

mbm _#! Emz#!!!! ymrm hb dfgybh{f kh ? ] y#S }xh dfcth}#*S m

|rc# kh ht{h Af|#/¹ thbh k`hrfc mb yr`ghrf khb lfckf kh kef#

_mgf hc ?? kh K`zorh# kh =1A< ymrm hb bmofrhf kàbmt G`cmt

kh Frf }xh em|`m hc m}xhbbm jxr`tk`dd`ôc }xh dfc 499 y#S

}xh hc =0 kh Cf|orh#kh 1? hc{hrf hb d`{mkf k#/ Lrmc#!S!! kh

Mbzmp|mr dxpm dmc{`kmk kh|`m mb kb`f# mb|mchz p th bh gmckfhuà`r hc dmjmt thaúc dfct{m bm Ymr{&/ kh dmraf çc¹ T hc

m}#! mýf p 11? y#S 8 rr#S ?1 <=? m|#S grt# }#S àxmbghc{h

dfct{mc hc{hrmkft j)fr hb cfg`cmkf k#/ Lrmc#*!! hc 4 kh Jxb`f

khb dfrr#SS hc Ymr{#// kh Dmraf C¹ <# dfgyfchc bft rhlhr`kft

? ¤) yhtft dfc}#S }xhkm l`cmb`zmkm ht{h kh|`{f demczhbmkm bm

htt#/S/ }xh {hc`mc f{framkm p hb K#ℯ m tmb|f kh k#// lrmc#!!¹

Mbzmpomr ymrm rhyh{`r dfc{rm bft |`hcht hgomramkft m k#/

Dftgh Mbomchz yfr bm dmc{#!! b`}x`km kh =199 y#S }xh em ht{h

bh dfrrhtyfckh ymamr rhomjmkft bft 499 }xh th huà`hrfc

yhr{hchz'*S!! m hb dfgf ymrhzh kh mx{f {ht{`g#¹ kh kef# Mdxhr'

kf p cf{m kh }xhkmr thc{mkm ht{m Ymr{#!! }xh t`r|h kh dfg'



‛ =88

yrf|&S %bh Km{m kh H#! Emz#!*!* C#¹ =11 m}xh cft rhg#¹* {

l`rgmgft# 0?1"" ?– <b!?

Ghkrmcm ‛ Mb{fbmax`rrh ‛ Mr`tm#

!!Mb gmrahc: Dmraf kh 80?< y#S 1 rr#S dfrr`hc{ht hc{hrmkft

yfr k#/ Jfthl Yhrh|rm _hdhy{fr kh _! Krf# kh T`tm hc ht{hyrhthc{h mcf yfr dxhc{m kh bf mkhxkmkf j rhdmxkmkf kh

kef# Khrhdb`f#/

Hc |h`c{h kh Cf|orh# kh g`b th{hd`hc{ft th{hc{m p th`t:

Yfr mx{f }#£ yrf|he`gft ht{h k`m cft emdhgft dmraf kh

d`cdf g`b cxh|hd`hc{ft |h`c{h p th`t y#S t`h{h rr& dfrr`hc#*SS

hc{hr#//S y& k#¹ Jfthl Yhrhprm _hdhy{fr kh _#S Khrhdef kh

T`tm hc ht{h yrhthc{h mcf dfgf dfrrhtyfck&SS mbf mkhxkmkf

p rhdmxkmkf kh kef# Krf# e#*!! bm lem' yfr yhr{hchd`hc{ht m

T# G# }xh dfc 8<5= y#S 1 rr#S }xh {`hch hc{hrmkft thaúc

dfct{m kh bm Ymr{`km kh dmraf çt¹ 5 hc ht{h rmgf dfc lem#

kh ?? kh Jxb`f kh 1< emdhc bm dmc{#*S kh ==<95 y#! < rr#S dfgfymrhzh kh Yhk`g#!¹ kh fobmdd`fc d`{mkf mx{f p cf{m kh }xh'

kmc thc{mkm ht{m Ymr{`km m}#S cft rhg#¹S p l`rg#¹S

80?< – 1"" 99

Ghkrmcm

‛Mb{fbmax`rrh

‛Mr`zm#

!!Mb gmrahc: Dmraf kh =0;< y#S dfrr#**S hc{hrmkft yfr k#¹

Jfthl Yhrhprm _hdhy{fr khb _#! Krf# kh T`tm hc fb yrhtt#*S

mýf dfgf dfrrhty#!S£ mbf rhdmxkmkf e#** bm l#S* ymrm hb Efty#!

Yh{ehbhg`{`df#!'

2

Hc |h`c{h kh Cf|orh# kh g`b th{ht`hc{ft th{hc{m p th`t#

Yfr mx{f }#S yrf|he`gft ht{h k`m cft emdhgft dmraf kh g`b

cxhohd`hc{ft }xmrhc{m p th`t y#/ dfrr"*SS hc{hrmkft yfr k#¹

Jfthl Yhrhprm _hdhy{fr khb _#! Krf# kh T`tm kh ht{m D`xkmkbft g`tgft }xh {`hch rhdmxkmkf kh kef# Krf# e#!S bm lem#

yfr yhr{hchz"!/ mb Efty#! Oh{ehbhg`{`df }xh dfc 599 y#S

}xh {`hch hc{hrmkft thaúc dfct{m kàbm Ymr{`km kh dmr`çf



' =8< ‛

C/ F %bh ht{h _mgf dfc lem# kh ?? kh Jxb`f kh 1< emdhc bm

dmc{#!S kh ?1;'=9 y#!! dfgf ymrhzh kh Yhk`g&¹ kh fobmdd`fx

d`{mkf mx{f p cf{m kh }xhkmc thc{mkm ht{m Ymr{`km m}'*

cft rhg#/S p l`rgmgft# =0;< – 99 "" 99 –

Ghkrmcf ‛ Mb{fbmax`rrh ‛ Mrnm#

!!Mb gmrahc: Dmraf kh =?91 y#S 1 =? rr#S dfrr#*SS hc{hrmkft

yfr k#/ Yhkrf K`mz kh M|`|mr _hdhy{fr khb _#S Khrhdef kh

T`tm }xh lxh hb mýf 18 dfgf rhdmxkmkft kh kef# _#! Khrhdefyfr yhr{hchz&S! m T# G#'!

Hc |h`c{h j xcf kh Cf|orh kh g`b th{hd`hc{ft th{hc{m pth`t# Yfr mx{f }xh yrf|he`gft ht{h k`m cft b`mdhgft dmradS

kh g`b kftd`hc{ft t`h{h yhtft t`h{h p ghk`f rr#S dfrr#*SS hc'

{hrmkft yfr k#¹ Yhkrf K`mz kh \`|mr _hdhy{fr }xh lxh khb

_#! Krf# kh T`tm khb mýf ymtmkf kh 18 dfgf dfrrhtyfck`hc'

{ht mbf rhdmxkmkf p dformkf kh kef# krf# e#!! bm lem# yhr{h'

chd`hc{ht m T# G# }xh dfc < ] y#* }xh {`hch hc{hrmkf thaúc

dfct{m kàbm Ymr{`km @tç/ 4 khb dmraf hc ht{h _mgf dfc lem# kh

=? kh Mo#! kh 1< emdhc bm dmc{#!! kh 1?91 y#S 1 b? rr#S Dfgfymrhzh kh Yhk`g#*¹ kh fobmdd`fc d`{mkf mx{f p cf{m kh

}xhkmr thc{mkm ht{m Ymr{`km m}xh cft rhg`{`gft p bf l`r'

gmgft# =?91"" 1– =1

5=804 – 1 ""


B`orf kh Hrmbht Dmjmt dfu bmt ymr{`kmt kh dmraf p km{m hu {fkft bft

_MKÇFT kh bm mkg`c`t{rmd`ôc#

%Hxhrf ò K`d`h`corh kh =11<)#

B`orf _hmb Ymr{`dxbmr mcccmb }xh lfrgmgft bft Fl`z`m'

bht _hmbht kh ht{mt Dmjmt ymrm thc{mr hc hb bmt Ymr{`kmt kh

dmraf p Km{m }xh fdxrrhc hc hbbmt `qr dxhc{m kh {fkft bft



' =81 '

_mgft kh tx Mkg`c`t{rmd`ôc khtkh kft kh Hchrf kh g`b

th{hd`hc{ft th{hc{m p th`t p dfrrhtyfckh mbm [ehtf[Fr`m kh

hbbmt dfc{`hch {rhtd`hc{mt cf|hc{m p kft lfumt t`c ht{m }xh

|m l`rgmkm yfr cft K#/ Yhkrf Ghkrmcf [ehtfrhrf p K#¹

Gmr{`c Jftthl kh Mb{fbm#`6x`rrh Lmd{fr" Jxhzht Fl`d`mbht

Nhmbht kh ht{mt Yrf|`cd`mt khb N`f kàbm Ybm{m p bmt khgít

rxor`dmkmt Hhmb Dfc{mk#!! kh Oxhcft Mprht ? kh Hchrf kh

=11<#

Yhkrf Ghkrmcf ‛ Grc# Jye# Mb{fbmaxrrrh#

Dmraf kh bft Yhtft dfrr#!SS kh m 5 }xh hc{rmc hc ht{m _#!

Dmum yfr Dxhc{m khb _mgf kh Mbgfumr`lm#zaf `cdbxtm Mb'

fm|#/ mc{`axm p Gfkhrcm p {rh*6 }xmr{mt ymr{ht khb rht`kxf

kh Dfg`tft khtkh ? kh Hchrf emt{m l`c kh K`z`hgorh kh=11<#

/Mb gmrahc: Dmraf kh =?<?05 y#S < rr#S p 8=? grt# dfrr#*S¹

}xh b`}#¹S }xhkmrfc hu`t{hc{ht hcl`c kh K`z`hgorh kh =118

mlm|fr kàbft _#///S kh _#! Emz#/S!//


®mraf dfc{rm g`hb [ehtfrhrf k#/

Yhkrf Ghkrmcfd`hc{f

|h`c{h p th`t g`b kfz`hc{ft cf|hc{m p fdef yhtft th`t rr#/

xcf d`cdf kfzh m|#S grt# dfrr#S }xh bç}x`kft rhtxb{mrfc mlm'

|fr kh K`z`hgorh kh =118 p hu`t{hc hc hbbft dfgf dfrrht'

yfck`hc{ht m hbbft hc 49 kh K`z`hgorh khb g`tgf" thaúc

dfct{m khb {mc{hf kh Dmxkmbht lfrgmkf hc hb k`m kh bm lem#

m }xh gh rhg`{f p bf l`rgmgft# =?<?05"" < "" = 8- =?

Ghkrmrbf ‛ Mb{fbmax`rrh#

!!Mb gmrahc: Dmraf kh =5; y#* ; rr#/ 5 <`b? grt# dfrr#S!*

}xh m T# G# {fdmrfc hc bm k`t{r`oxt#// kh 84? y#! }xh `gy#//

hc yxob`dm Mbgfchkm dfc hb mxghc{f kh yxum" kft Ch'



‛ =85 ‛

arft P xcm charm bmk`cft myrhb`hck`kft yfr hb Mblàrhz khKrmafcht k#¹ Sçmcxhb Dhrrm{f hc Dmtm kh Yhkrf Gmbkh#/

Hc k`hz kh Hchrf kh g`b th{hd`hc{ft th{hc{m p th`t# Cft

emdhgft dmraf kh d`hc{f fdehc{m p }xm{rf y& }xm{rf rr#*

fdef th`t kfzh m|#S grt# dfrr&*/S }xh m T# G# {fdmrfc hc 84?

y#S }xh `gy#¹/ |hck`kft hc yxob`dm Mbgfchkm dfc hb mx'

ghc{f kh yft{xrm kft charft p xcm cha[m bmk`cft myrhehc'

k#/S

yfrhb Mblàrhz kh Krma#¹! k#/ Gmcxhb Dhrrm{f hc Dmtm

kh Yhkrf Gmbkh p rhgm{mkft yfr k#/ Jxmc kh Dmghfom dxpm

dmc{`kmk ht bm g`{mk kh 4<0 y&! `&S rr#! }xh }xhkmrfc bç}x`kft

rhomjmkft =A? y#¹S 1 S? `!`!'S ]Sh `gy#// bmt dft{mt dmxtmkmt

hc bft Mx{ft kh bm gm{hr`m trh# bm myrhehcd`fc kh kft Ch'

arft \fzmbhz yhr{hchd`hc{ht m k`def Gmbkh gmckmkm myb`'

dmr mbm N#! Emz#**S yfr mx{f k`l`c`{`of kh ?; kh Cf|orh# kh

=118 p hc{rhamr bm f{rm g`{mk m kfým Gmr`m [efgmtm kh

_fjmt Sbxjhr khb rhlhr`kf Gmbkh ghk`mc{h bm hu`t{hcd`m

kh gmt kh th`t mcft kh keft# 4 htdbm|ft cf eí|hrth yrf|mkf}xh {fkft yhr{hchd`hthc mtx mbmr`kf p ht{mr m lmofr kh ht{m

bm yrhtxcd`ôc kh thr |`hcht amcmcd`mbht dfgf ymrhzh kh

kef# mx{f {mtmd`ôc kh dft{mt k`t{r`oxt#// dmr{m kh ymaf }xh

f{fraf bm rhlhr`km k"// Gmr`m p Cf{m kh }xhkmr thc{mkm ht{m

Ymr{`km m}xh cft rhg`{`gft w bf l`rgmgft#

=5# – ;– 5 <=?


!!Mb gmrahc: Dmraf kh ?<= y#S 1 rr#S 8 4=? grt# dfrr#!/*

}xh m T# G# {fdmrfc hchb Dfg`tf kh bft Cha[FT |fzmbht

myrhehck`kft yfr hb Mblàrhz kh Krma#//£S k#/ Gmcxhb Dhrrm{f

hc dmtm kh Yhkrf Gmbkh p yhr{hchz`hc{ht m ht{h#/

Hc k`hz kh Hchrf kh g`b th{hd`hc{ft th{hc{m p th`t: CftJ`mdhgft dmraf kh kftd`hc{ft ththc{m p xc y#/S t`h{h rr#*

d`cdf p {rht kft m|#S grt" dfrr`hc{ht }xh m T# G# {fdmrfc hc

89? y#S }xh dfc hb mxg&/ kh yft{xrm `gyfr{mrfc |hck`kft

hc yxob`dm Mbgfchkm p rhgm{mkft yfr K#¹ \`dhc{h Afc'

zíbhz kft charft M!fzmbhz myrhehck`kft yfr hb mbl#S kh Krm#S



' =80 ‛

k#/ Gmcxhb Dhrrm{f hc dmttm kh Yhkrf Gmbkh p yhr{hchz`hc'

{ht m ht{h m Tm|hr <A y#S 8 rr#* == ;=? m|& grt# yfr bft _&*

Khrhdeft kh koft# Kft Charft }xh g`k`hrfc =; }xmr{mt m

rhty&¹ kh 44 =4 y¹! y&7S kh 1 }xmr{mt | bft =08 y#/ = rr& ?1

==J=? grt# yfr bmt 4j; ymr{ht xb{`gmt myb`dmkmt mbm _#!

Emz`hckm yrh|`c`hckf }xh bft =<? y& 1 =? rr& }xh yrfkx'

jhrfc rhgm{mkft àxmbg#*!! hc yxob`dm Mbgfchkm f{rft kft

htdbm|ft p xcm htdbm|m bmk`cft myrhehck`kft yfr hb g`tgf

Fhrrm{f m kef# Gmbkh yfr em|hrth gmckmkf hc hb Mx{f k`l`'

c`{`|f kh ?; kh Cf|orh# kh =118 myb`dmr m bm _#! Emz"**S

bm g`{mk kh tx yrfkxd{f khtyxàt kh Khkxd`kmt bmt dft{mt pth hc{rhamth bm f{rm g`{mk m k#!! Gmr`m _fjmt gxjhr khb rhlh'

r`kf Gmbkh yfr dfc{hgybmrth thr |`hcht amcmcd`mbht p cf

yrf|mrth yhr{hchdhr {fkft m ht{h thaúc bf mdrhk`{m bm Ymr'

{`km cxghrf = kh dmraf hc ht{h _mgf Ymrhzh kh Mx{ft C# =

hb K`l`c`{`|f k`t{ròxt#¹¹ p cf{m kh }xhkmr thc{mkm ht{m

Ymr{`km m }xh cft rhg`{`gft p l`rgmgft#

?<="" 1– 8 4- =?


%Khtkh m}x` dfrrhc bft dmraft khb ldS#//S Dfc{#/// k#// Mbhumc'

krf Mr`zm }xh {fgf yftht`ôc kh kef# hgybhf hc=#¹

kh Gmrzfkh ht{h yrhthc{h mcf kh = 11<# )

!/!Mb gmrahc: Dmraf kh == y#S 1 {|#SS ?5 ;jb? grt# dfrr"SSS

}xh m T# G# dfrrhtyfck`hrfc hc bm k`t{ròxt#/!! kh 49 y#S

; rr#S dfrr#**S gmckmkm yrmd{`dmr yfr bm _#! Dàkxbm kh ?; khlbxb`f kh =118 yfr cf em|hrth {hc`kf yrhthc{h hc bm }xh th

huhdx{f hc ?0 kh Cf|orh# kh 1= hc bft ?;8 y#S =; rr#S khb

dfg`tf kh gmr C#¹ ?94#/

Hc {rh`c{m kh Mor`b kh g`b th{#/!! th{#* p th`t# Cft emdh'

gft dmraf kh fczh y#!! t`h{h rr#SS }xh m T# G# df`[htyfc'

k`hrfc hc bm k`t{ròxt#// kh 49 y#S ; rr#S kh bm g`tgm gfchkmyrmd{`dmkm yfr _"! Dàkxbm kh ?; kh Jxb`f kh =114 yfr cfem|hrth {hc`kf yrhthc{h ymrm `cdbx`r hc bm }xh th huhdx{fhc ?0 kh Cf|orh# kh =11= kh bft ?;8 y#S =&9 rr#! khb Dfg`tf



‛ =<9 ‛

kh xcm hgomrdmd#// kh e`b`d`{f dfghrd`f dfc dmram kh dxhrft

p f{rft hlhd{ft myrhehck`kft yfr K#/ C`dfbít Hty`cmb Ym'

{rôc kàbm Dfrtmr`m T"/ C`dfbít ghk`m bhaxm kàbm @tJm kh T#/

Amor`hb m tm|hr ? y#S 8 rr#** 48 <`b? grt# yfr _#*S krft# m

ç) ( khb yrfphd{f p Axmrkm dft{mt trh# bft huyrhtmkft

49 y#S ; rr& p bft 0 y#S ? rr#/ ? =9==? m|& grt# yfr g`{mk

khb xb{`gf rht`kxf myb`dmkm mbSm ==& Emz#!!!! Dfgf ymrhzh

kh kem# @@#! Dàkxbm hc {ht{`g#¹ dxpf frà`cmb th embbm marh'

amkf m bft mx{ft kàbm gm{hr`m k`t{ròxd`ôc lfrgmkm dfcmrrhabf m N#! Ymx{m kh =; kh Jxc`f kh =1<; p yft{hr`fr bç#!

Frc# kh =0 kh WGmrzf kh =11? p Ymr{`km C#¹ 4 m}#/ cft rhg#/S

p l`rgmgft#/

=="" 1– ?5 ;=?


S!Mb gmrahc: Dmraf kh ;0 yh#!!* 1 rr#S ?8 <=? grt# dfrr`hc'

{ht }xh m T# G# dfrrhtyfck`hrfc kh 0; y#/S 4 =? rr#S }#/ `g'

yfr{mrfc thaúc {mtmd`ôc 1 rfbbft kh [momdf charf khb Orm'

t`b dfc =5 I ?? @{)#S ch{mt rhg`{`kf m ht{mt Dmjmt yfr hb Dmy#/

kh @clmx{#!! k#/ J`xm` Pmz}#!S }x`hc bf embbf hc{hrrmkf hc bm

Mrhcm khb Dmgyf khb Obf}xhf/#

Hc {rh`c{m kh Mor`b kh g`b th{hd`hc{ft th{hc{mp

th`t

Cft b`mdhgft dmraf kh }xmrhc{m p cxhoh y#¹S t`h{h rr#S |h`c{h

p d`cdf p th`t p kfz m|#*! grt# dfrr*SS }xh m T# G# dfrrhtyfc'

k`hrfc hc 0; y#*/ 4 b? rr#/ }xh `gy#// thaúc {mtmd`ôc =5 I?? @o#! ch{mt kh [momdf charf kh Ormt`b hc 5 rfbbft p xc

yhkmtf kh f{rf mb rhty#/ kh 8 y#/S m rhg`{`kf m ht{mt Dmjmt

U)fr hb Dmy#/ kh @cl#!! Jxmc Omt}xhz }x`hc bf b`mbbf hc{hrrmkf

hc bm Mrhcm hc hb dmgyf khb Obf}xhf t`c }xh @go`hth yfk`kf

mk}x`r`r cf{`d`mt kh bmt yhrtfcmt }xh bf yxt`hrfc hc m}xhb

Ymrmah p th myb`df _#! Emz#!!!! ymrm rhg`{`r m Htymým mtm|hr : =; y#S = rr#! =; grt# yfr _#S krft# kh mbgfumr`lmzaf m

=8 ( 8 rr#S =1 grt# y#S Jm Mbdm|mbm mc{àxm p gfkhrcm m

< ( mgomt Ymr{`kmt trh# bft huyrhtmkft 0; y#* 4 b? rr#S pbft 49 y#S ?8 <¡=? grt# W)fr bmt 4j; ymr{ht xb{`gmt myb`dmkmt

mbm _#! Emz#!!!! dfgf ymrhzh kh mx{ft hb K`l`c`{`|f kh 1 kh

lho#/ kh 1< k`t{ròxd`ôc lfrgmkm dfc mrrhabf m _#! Ymx{m



=<= '

kh =; kh Jxc`f kh <; p yft{hr`fr _! Frc# kh =0 kh Gmrzf kh1? \ Ymr{`km C¹ ; m}#* cft rhg#¹* j bf l`rgmgft#

9;0– 1– ?8 <=?


/Mb gmrahc: Dmraf kh ?9 y& ? rr#S ?8 < = =? grt# dfrr#*SS }xh

m T# G# {fdmrfc hc hb Dfg`tf kh 44 lmchamt kh {ràf 4= I =;

Bòrmt kh Thof p =0 I 5 @o& kh Armtm myrhehck`kf {fkf y&Jxmc Om}xhr`zm Ym{rôc kh bm Dembxym Dfrtmr`m C{rm# Trm"

khb _ftmr`f dfc xcm dembxym }xh y#/ `cthroòbh th gmckfkhtomrm{mr#/!

Hc k`hz p t`h{h kh Jxc`f kh g`b th{"¹S th{'S p th`t: Cftb`mdhgft dmraf kh |h`c{h y#S kft rr#S |h`c{h p d`cdf p th`t

kfz m|t# grt# dfrr#*SSS }xh m T# G# {fdmrfc hc bm k`t{ròxz#//

kh 19 y#S =? rr#S }xh hc fczh kh Gmpf em hc{hrmkf k#¹ Gm'r`mcf Zmrdf yrfdhk`kft kh bm |hc{m }xh hc |rk# kh mx{f kh

ht{h [ròxcmb kh ?4 kh Gmrzf kh ht{h mýf em huhdx{mkf kh

44 lmchamt kh [ràf 4= %f) p =; @o#S kh thof p =0 I 5 @o#S kh

a`!mtm myrhehck`kf {fkf yfr Jxmc kh Om}xhr`zm Ym{rôc kh

bm Dembxym Dfrtmr`m Crm# Thýfrm khb _ftmr`f dfc xcmDembxym }xh yfr `cthroòbh th gmckf khtomrm{mr p myb`dmr

txt {mobmt ymrm Yxhc{h khb _`mdexhbfp

xc efgorh kh bft

}xh bm {r`yxbmomc bm }xh lxh embbmkm hc hb Yxhr{f }xh bbm'

gmc bm Omrdm Armckh hc `ft Ymrmcmt kh ht{h _`f em|`hckf'

th htdmymkf bft khgít t`c }xh yxk`hthc thr embbmkft m tm'

|hr : 8 y#S ? rr#S y#// krft" kh mbgfu#/ m 1 b? y# ( yfr thr hlhd'

{ft khb Ymçt : ; y#S = = ¡? rr#S yfr mbdm|mbm mc{àxm j gfkhrcmm th`t mgomt Ymr{`kmt trh# hb yrmb# p bft =9 y#S 1 rr#S 5 <=?

grt# yfr bmt 4¡; ymr{ht xb{`gmt myb`dmkmt mbm _#S Emz#***

Dfgf ymrhzh kh mx{ft C¹ 8 hb K`l`c`{òf kh =? kh Hchrf kh

ht{h mýf hb d`{mkf kh ?4 kh Gmrzf ymrm tx |hc{m dxhc{myrhthc{mkm K`t{ròxt#// lfrgmkm dfc mrrhabf m _#! Ymx{m kh

=; kh Jxc`f kh =1<; p yft{hr`fr _#! Frc# kh =0 kh Gmrzf kh

1? p Cf{m kh }xhkmr thc{mkm ht{m Ymr{`km m}#£ cft rhg#¹S pl`rc\# ?9 – ?– ?8 < = =?

Ghkrmcf ‛ MJ{fbmax`rrh ‛ Mr`tm#

YòOB# ThD# E@T[# ==



‛ =<? ‛

!SÍb gmrahc: Dmraf kh =0; y#S 1 rr"S ?; 4=? grt# }#£ m

T# G# dfrrhty#// hc bm k`t{ròx#/!! kh ;8; y& 4 rr#S }xh `g'

y&¹ hb Dfg`tf kh 5 I kh thof p ? Of{`jmt p = \haàm kh

Armtm 5 @o& kh demlmbfc`m p 41; y#S = rr#! hgy&/#/

Hc k`hz p t`h{h kh Jxc`f kh g`b th{ht#¹S th{hc{m p th`t

Cft emdhgft dmraf kh d`hc{f cfohc{m p }xm{rf y& t`h{h rr#/

|h`c{h p }xm{rf {rht kfz m|t# grt# dfrr"*SSS }#S m T# G# dfrrht'

yfck#¹¹ hc ;8; y#S 4 rr#S bft ==1 y#S ? rr#S tmdmkft kh bft rmgftkh ==6 Emz#!!S 8 y#S ? rr#S kh hbbft yfr `gy#*S kàbm {mtmd`ôc kh

5 I kh thof ? of{`jmt p = ohaàm kh Armtm hc{rha#//S hc _#S

Mbgmdhcht y#** dmrhcmt kh Omrdft bmt }xh lxhrfc myrhehc'

k`kmt hc hb O`dxp 4 bhaxmt kh k`t{mcd`m kàbm Ht{mcd`m khb

Grf# Dmrbft Qràe{ hc bm f{rm |mckm kh ht{h _`f yfr Gm'cxhb _`foff Ym{rôc kh bm Dembxym Dfrtmr`m Crm# T#//S khb

Dmrghc hc xc |f{h khb {rma`c kh bm dfbfc`m }xh yfr `cú{`b

th gmckf khtomrm{mr y#* huybmcmkmt p Yxhc{ht khb _`m'

dexhbf p kft @ck`|`kxft kh bft }xh bh [r`yxbmomc cfgorm'

kft Ohc{xrm Yàrhz kh cmd`ôc Ymrmaxmp p Lrmc#!S/ Jftà

Charf bòrh bft ==? y#£ rht{mc{ht |mbfr kh bm {mtmd`ôc }xh

em yrmd{`dmkf k#¹ Gmr`mcf Zmrdf kh 5 bòrmt kh ybm{m dem'

lmbfc`m mb rhty#*¹ kh =; y#S bòrm }xh th kh{hrg`cf rhg`{`r m

Htymým 444 y#S 8 rr#S dfrr#*SS }xh yrfkxahrfc dfc hb yrhg`f

kh 4 yfr ( 49; y#S ; rr#! kh mgomt htyhd`ht dfckxd`kmt m

ht{mt dmjmt y#!/ Dmt`g`rf _mgçrhz Ym{rôc kh bm dembxym

cfgormkm Tmc [hbgf dfgf yhr{hchd`hc{h m \`zhc{h Gm'{mt`h{h p f{rft }xh {r`yxbmomc kef# Of{h m}x`hc k`hrfc

Gxhr{h kft kh bft g`tgft dfc{rmomck`t{mt p bft ?4 y#S ;

rr#* rht{mc{ht hc{hr#¹S y#!/ k#¹ Mc{fc`f Htdfomr yfr ?4 y#!S

lxhr{ht }xh xc `ck`f bbmgmkf Mthcd`f Y`dfbmc em|`m amt'

{mkf hc xcm Yxbyhrçm }xh m}xhb {hc`m hc m}#! Ymr{`kf kh

Axmbhaxmp kh gmpfr dmc{#*S }xh dfrrhtyfck#*£ m keft# dfc'

{rm|mck`t{mt em|`m embbmkf hc hb dmgyf m tm|hr 49 y#S ? =?

lr#S yfr khrhdeft m 0 ( trh# bft 441 y#S = rr#S hc y#*!! dfrr#***

?? y#! 1 rr#*S ?8 <=? m|#! grt# yfr _#S! krft# m ?9 b? y (trh# bft ==? y#S |mbfr kàbm demlmbfc`m bft =9 khb K`hzgf = =?

kh Hctmph p 0 khb Yrfphd{f p Axmrkm Dft{m 4 rr#S < grt#

yfr Khrhdeft kh mbgfu#¹ m 1 b? yfr ( trh# bft 8 y#S ? rr#S

|mbfr khb thof p armtm ? rr#S =1 grt# yfr mbdm|mbm mc{àxm

p gfkhrcm m < y ( trh# 8 y'S ? rr#S pm keft p bft =;9 y#S 1 rr#S

?< 0 = =? grt yfr bmt 4; ymr{ht xb{`gmt myb`dmkmt mbm _#!



‛ =<4 ‛

Emz#// Dfgf ymrhzh kh mx{ft C¹ < hb K`l`c`{òf kh 49 kh

Gmrzf kh 1< {mtmd`ôc k`t{ròxt#// lfrgmkm dfc mrrhabf m

N#! Ymx{m kh =; kh Jxc`f kh =1<; p yft{hr`fr _#! Dàkxbm kh

=0 kh Gmrzf kh =11? p cf{m kh }xhkmr thc{mkm ht{m Ymr{`km

m}xh cft rhg`{`gft p l`Sg#¹S =0; – 1– ?; 4 = =?


/Mb gmrahc: Dmraf kh =8 y& 4 rr#S == ; ^=? grt dfrr#*S

}xh m T# G# dfrrhtyfck#¹¹ hc hb Dfg`tf kh < [hrd`ft p ?

tfofrcmbht kh Phr|m p f{rmt htyhd`ht myrhehck`kft hc bm

jxr`tk`t"¹¹ kh Tmc{m lhh#/

Hc }x`czh kh Fd{xorh kh g`b th{hd`hc{ft th{hc{mp

th`t

Cft emdhgft dmraf kh }x`czh y'S {rht rr& fczh }xm{rf kfzh

m|t grt# dfrr`hc{ht }xh m T# G# dfrrhtyfck`hrfc hc hb Df'

g`tf kh th`t {hrd`ft kh Phr|m p kft tfofrcmbht dfc ;5 I5 @o#S ch{mt 4 tfofrcmbht kh [momdf dfc 0 I 8 @o#S dmrrh{m

p ? Pxc{mt kh Oxhpht myrhehck`kft {fkf hc bm jxr`tk`dd`ôc

kh T#** lh hc |rk# kh frc khb Af|#¹!/ kh mrgmt kh mdlxhbbm

d`xk#*S k#¹ Jxmc lrmc#!!/ kàbm _òm Ehrrhrm yfr em|hrbft

ht{rm`kf t`c B`z#* k#¹ Jxmc Gfzdfzf p k#¹ Der`t{fomb kh

Exr{mkf bft dxmbht rhgm{f hc yy#!!S mbgfchkm hc bm g`tgmD`x#S k¹ Jxmc Gmr{`cf Dmormb hc dmc{`kmk kh <4 y#S 1 rr#/

m tm|hr ; y#S < bb? rr#/ yfr _#S Krft# kh mblfu#¹ m 1 ==? y (4 y#S < <? rr#S yfr Mbdm|mbm mc{àxm p gfkhrcm m < ( trh#

kef# yr`cd`ymb p bft < y#* < rr#S == ; = =? grt rht{mc{ht myb`'

dmkmt dfgf rht`kxf mbm _#S Emz#* rhtyhd{f cf em|hr em|`kf

myrhehctfr hc ht{h dfg`t`f dfgf ymrhzh kh mx{ft C¹ 1 hb

k`l`c`{òf kh ?1 kh Cf|orh# kh 18 k`t{ròxt#// lfrgmkm dfc

mrrhabf mbm _'!

Ymx{m kh =; kh Jxc`f kh =1<; p yft{hr`fr_#! Dàkxbm kh =0 kh Gmrzf kh 1? p cf{m kh }xhkmr thc{mkm

ht{m Ymr{`km m}xh cft rhg`{`gft p l`cm#!#

=8 – 4 ""==; = =?




' =<; ‛

Dmraf kh =0 y#S ; bRí rr#S dfrr#*!S }xh m T# G# {fdmrfc hc

04 y#S = rr#! `gy&!! kh |mr`ft arft# kh dfg`tmkft m lrmx#*!S

Dhrhzf"

Hc k`hz p th`t#kh Fd{xorh kh g`b th{hd`hc{ft th{hc{m pth`t cft @gdhgft dmraf kh k`hz p cxh|h y#¹S }xm{rf p }xmr'

{`bbf rr#S dfrr`hc{ht }xh m T' G# #dfrrhtyfck`hrfc hc 04 y#!/!

= rr"! }xh `gyfr{mrfc |hck`kft hc yy#*/! mbgfchkm ? Omrr&

dfc gmc{hdm kh lbmckht 5 I p =9 {{#S kh mbghckrmt = Omrr"Skh Yôb|frm p f{rft arft# kh C# 89 yhr{hchd`hc{ht m lrmc#!!/

Dhrhzf p myrhehck`kft yfr hb Tmra&¹ kh Krmafcht Mc{fc`f

Bhpom hc xc ]xmr{f kàbm dmtm kàbm \`xkm kh k#¹ Jxmc kh

Zmgfrm m tm|hr =4 y#S 1 rr#* 4; yfr _& Krft# kh Mbgf#¹ m

=8 y'S p 8 y"S ; =? rr#S yfr mbdm|mbm mc{àxm p gfkhrcm m

< y ( mgomt Ymr{`kmt trh# kb`f# Yr`cd`ymb p bft <1 y#S ; 4;

rr#S kh b`}x`kf rhgm&* th marhamrfc hc |k# kh mx{f kh ht{h

[ròxcmb kh ?8 kh Thyrh# m ?;; y#S }xh mb g`tgf Dhrhtf th

bh emoçmc dfcl`tdmkf ymrm hc{rhamr mb Htt#¹¹ kh _#S Emz#/

?=0 y#S 8 =? rr#S m}xh mtdhck`hrfc bmt dft{mt em|`hckfth

yrfrrm{hmkf bft 0= y#S 1 =; rr#S hc{rh k#/ [efgmt kh L`'

axhrfm k#¹ Gmcxhb kh Mr{hmam k#/ Mc{fc`f Km|`bm p Mc{f'

c`f Bhcaxmt yfr em|hr jxt{`l`dmkf thr mdrhehkfr mb d`{mkf

Dhrhtf hc Dmc{#!S kh <;; y#S < rr#S dfgf ymrhzh kh mx{f C¹ 5

hb K`l`c`{`|f kh ?? kh lhorhrf kh 1< hb yrf|he`kf hc ?8 kh

Thyorh# t`}#/¹ fc{m p rhz`#¹! kàbft @c{hrhtmkft m}xh cft rh'

g`{`gft p l`rgmgft#=0 – ; rr#(" 5 <=?

=?1"" 48; – 9– 4= ?=?


Tàxhc ht{ft dmraft mb lf# 488 kh ht{h bòrf yfr cf em|hr

txl`d`hc{h ymyhb m}x`#

Dmraf kh bft Yhtft dfrr#*!!! kh m 5 }xh hc{rmc hc ht{m _#!

Dmum `Sfr dxhc{m khb _mgf kh Mbg`rmc{mzaf _#SS khrhdeft

m 8 y#S p g`{mk kh rht`kxft kh dfg`tft kh Gmr khtkh ? kh

Hchrf emt{m l`c kh K`z`hgorh kh =11<#



‛ =<8 ‛

%Kft`bf m}``` dfrrhc bft dmrd> ¾ khb T#*/S Dfc{mkfr k#/ Mbd'

umckrf Mr`zm }ch {fgf yfthd`fc kh kb`f# hgybhf hc =#¹ kh

WS@mrzf kh ht{h yrhthc{h mcf kh =11<#

/'=Z gmrahc: Fmrjjf kh 4 y#S = =&? `*`*'S hfrr&SS }xh m T# G# {f'

dmrfc yfr _hmbht Khrhdeft kh 8 y ( p =5 ymr{h kh Mbg`'

rmc{mzççf hc =5 y#S = rr#! }xh yrfkxjhrfc |hck`kft hu{rm'

jxkbd`mbg&* == tm}x`{ft kh thof dfc ;4 I =9 @o#S Yhbf{mt kh

Armtm dfc 41 I ? {{#S myrhehck`kft yfr hb Ym{rôc kh xcmDfrtmr`m Jxmc kh Om}xhr`zm#/

Hc k`hz kh Mor`b kh g`b th{hd`hc{ft th{hc{m p th`t: Yfr

mx{f kh ht{h [r`oxcmb kh == khb g`tgf Cft emdhgft dmraf

kh {rht y#!! xcf p ghk`f rr#S dfrr#*£S }xh kh T# G# dfrrhtyfc'

k`hrfc hc =5 y# p = rr#S }xh `gyfr{mrfc |hck`kft y#// k#!!

Gmr`mcf Zmrdf == Tmdjx`{ft kh thof dfc =4 I =9 @o#!! ch{mt

m ? rr#S p 1 yhbf{mt kh armtm dfc 419

I? @o#S ch{mt mb g`t'

gf yrhd`f kh ? rr#S m rhtyhd{f kh em|hrth kh{hr`frmkf p cf

em|hr em|`kf yft{fr mbaxcf hc bmt Mbgfchkmt }xh th yrmd'

{`dmrfc dxpmt ht`Shd`ht lxhrfc myrhehck`kmt yfr Jxmc kh

Om}xhr`zm Ym{rôc kàbm Dembxym dfrtmr`m cfgormkm Crm#

Thýfrm khb _ftmr`f dfc xc Of{h kh bft khb [rma`c kàbm Dfbf'

c`m hc xc Ymrmah }xh bbmgmc bm yxc{m kh Mr{`bbhrft em|`hc'

kfth htdmymkf bft dfc{rmomck`t{mt t`c tmohr }x`hcht lxhdhc

hb }#£ yfr `cú{`b th gmckf khtomrm{mr p myb`dmr txt [mobmt

ymrm Yxhc{ht p htybmcmkmt khb _`mdexhbf p bm Dmc{k#S khht{m Ymr{`km yhr{hchth m T# G# yfr X#/S Khrhdeft m 8 y# (p =5 ymr{h kh Mbg`rmc{mzaf trh# kef# yr`cd`ymb p rhty#*¹ kh

}xh bmt dft{mt kh ht{ft Mx{ft mtdhck`hrfc m ;= y#* 1 rr#S %w# th

gmckf yfr kef# Mx{f hc{rhamr mb Hu#/¹ bft rht{mc{ht =; y#S

1 S rr#S }xh }xhkmrfc b`}x`kft yfr {hchr }xh tm{`tlmdhr ht'

dr`o`hc{h p ymyhb p tmdm kh [ht{`gfc`f ymrm rhg`{`r m T# GDfgf ymrhzh kh Mx{ft hb K`ç`c`{`|f kh ?5 kh Gmrzf kh 1< hb

d`{mkf yrf|hbb`kf

pcf{m kh }xhkmr thc{mkm ht{m Ymr{`km

m}xh cft rhg#/* p bf l`rgmgft# 994 – = – =1 – ‛994–=–=1–'

Ghkrmcf ‛ Mb{ôbm axçrrh ‛ Mr`zm#



=<<

Dmraf kh bft Yhtft dfre#**S kh m 5 }xh hc{rmc hc ht{m _#3 Dmum kh

Dxhc{m khb _mgf kh Mbdm|mbm [hrrht{rh khtkh ? kh Hchrf emt{m

L@C KH K`Z@HGO_H KH =11<#

S!Mb gmrahc: Dmraf kh =?< y& 8 rr#S dfrr&SS hc{hr#/S yfr k#/

Jxmc Omx{`t{m Hdb`m|mrr`m _hdhy{fr khb _#! Krf# kh Mbdm'

|mbm kàbft Ymr{`kft kh Bxjmc Dmýmkm kàbm Drxz p Mrhdf

yfr}&¹ kh bf rhdmxkmkf kh kef# _#! Krf# dfrrhtyfck`hc{h

mbft mýft kh 1; p 18#/

Hc Yr`ghrf kh Lhorhrf kh g`b th{hd`hc{ft th{hc{m p th`t#

Yfr mx{f }xh yrf|he`gft ht{h k`m cft emdhgft dmraf kh

d`hc{f |h`c{h p th`t yhtft 8 rr#S dfrr#*/S hc{hrmkft y#!/ k#¹

Jxmc Omy{`t{m Hdb`m|mrr`m _hdhy{fr khb _#! Krf# kh Mbdm'

|mbm [hrrht{rh kh bft Ymr{`kft kh Bxjmc Dmýmkm kàbm Drxz

p Mrhdf yfr dxhc{m kàbf rhdmxkmkf kh kb`f# _#! Khrhdef df'rrhtyfck#*£ m bft mýft 1; p 18# Dfgf ymrhzh kh Yhk`g#*¹ kh

fobmd`ôc d`{mkf mx{f p cf{m kh }xhkmr thc{mkm ht{m Ymr{`km

m}xh cft rhg`{`gft p bf l`rgmgft# =?< – 8– 99


S!Mb gmrahc: Dmraf kh ?<=1 y#S dfrr#*/S hc{rha#¹S y#// k#¹

Jftà Obmt kh Am`czm yfr `gy#S!! kàbm Demdrm khb k`lxc{f

k#!! _f}xh Tmcgmr{`c }xh bh lxh |hck`km hc yxob`dm Mbgf'

chkm#/

Hc d`cdf kh lhorhrf kh g`b th{ht#!S th{hc{m p th`t# Yfr

mx{f }#S yrf|he`gft ht{h k`m cft emdhgft dmraf kh kft g`b

th`td`hc{ft k`hz p t`h{h yhtft dfrr`hc{ht hc{hrmkft yfr k"¹

Jftthl Obmt Am`czm yfr `gy#*S kàbm Demdrm }xh ht{m|m hg'omramkm mb k`lxc{f K#!! _f}xh Tmcgmr{`c dfgf l`mkfr

kh k#// Maxt{çc kh Amrl`mt mrrhckm{mr`f }xh lxh khb _#! Krf#

kh Mbdm|mbm bm }xmb lxh |hck`km hc yxob`dm Mbgfchkm prhgm{f k#// @t`krf Bfrhm khdbmrmckf thr ymrm kef" Am`czm

dxpm dmc{`kmk kh ht{h dmraf th bh em|fcm m kef# Amrl`mt

m}#** kh =1?4; y#S ? rr#S ; 4=? m|#S grt# }xh rhtxb{m kh|`hc'



' =<1 '

kf mbm H#! Emz#*** thaúc dfct{m kh Ymr{`km kh Dmraf hc ht{h

bbmgf dfc lem# kh =? kh K`zorh# khb mýf yrôu`gf ymtmkf

kh 18 yfr rht{f kh 58948 y#S hc }xh rhgm{f hb Krf" kh Mb'

dm|mbm kh ht{m D`xkmk hc ?0 kh Hchrf kh =18< }xhkmckfdfc ht{h m|fcf bf }xh kh|h hb rhlhr`kf Amrl`mt hc =;<=1 y&? rr#S ; 4¡=? m|S# grt: Dfgf ymrhzh kh rhgm{h Yhk`g&¹

kh fobmdd`fc d`{mkf mx{f p cf{m kh }xhkmr thc{mkm ht{m

Ymr{`km m}xh cft rhg#!!S p l`rgmgft# ?<=1 – 99 – 99


/Mb gmrahc: Dmraf kh =54 y#¹S 1 rr#S dfrr#*S yfr k#¹ G`'

axhb kh Dmt{mxmczm [frrh Hhdhy{fr khb N#! Khrhdef kh Mb'

dm|mbm [hrrht{rh kh bft Ymr{`kft khb \mrmkhrf Mrrhd`lht

p khgít kh tx jxr`tk`dd`ôc yfr Mbdmczh }xh rhtxb{m dfc{rm

hb hc bm d&* }xh em yrhthc{mkf kh bm rhdmxkmd`ôc kh kef#Khrhdef hc bft mýft kh =119 e#*/ hb kh 1; `cdbxt`|h#/

Hc k`hz kh Lhorhrf kh g`b th{hd`hc{ft th{hc{m p th`t:

Yfr mx{f }xh yrf|he`gft ht{h k`m: Cft emdhgft dmraf

kh d`hc{f fdehc{m p {rht y#S t`h{h rr#S dfrr#*SS hc{hrmkft yfr

k#/ Gàxhb kh Dmt{mlçmzm [frrh _hdhy{fr khb H#! Khrhdef

kh Mbdm|mbm [hrrht{rh kàbft Ymr{`kft khb \mrmkhrf Mrrh'

d`lh

pkhgít kh tx jxr`tk`dd`ôc yfr mbdmczh }xh rhtxb{m

dfc{rm hb" hc bm dxhc{m }xh em yrhthc{mkf dfc hb Bòrf rx'

or`dmkf kàbm rhdmxkmd`ôc kh kef# Khrhdef hc bft mýft kh

=119 emt{m 1; `cdbxt`|h }xh dfc 199 y#S }xh em hc{hrmkf

hc =9 kh Mo#! kh =11; yfr `gy#*! kàbf dformkf# emt{m m}xh'

bbm lem# thaúc dfct{m kàbm Ymr{`km kh dmraf cxghrf ; hc

kef# mýf mtd`hckh m 554 y#/ 1 rr#S b`}#¹S kh =?<? y#S ; \f `S'!

}xh `cdbxph hb {f{mb rhdmxkmkf khtyxàt kh rhomjmkft 4<5y#/* 8 rr#S dfc}xh }#S kf tm{`tlhdef khb 49 ( }xh th bh {`hch

mtàcmkf rhtxb{mckfbh kh dmraf m gmt kh bf huyrhtmkf <<Gxçmt kh mýf }xh {`hch ymrm tx \hc{m hc yfkhr kh kft @c'

k`|`kxft p ==< y#S }xh tfc khxkfrht m ht{h Khrhdef k#/* \`'

zhc{h Thomt{`mc` p k#/ Jxb`íc Jm}xht hb =#¹ ‛ =? y#S hb ?#¹ ‛49 y#S k#¹ Jxmc @acmd`f Tmcgmr{çc ;9 k#!! Gmcxhb Dmt{mýf=8 k#¹ Arhafr`f Mdhohkf <" K#¹ K`haf T`gôc Gfbhrf 0 pk#/ T`gôc Afczíbhz ; y#¹S Dxpm orhoh rhdmxkmd`ôc th bh em



=<5 ‛

hcdmramkf yfr ht{h [ròxcmb# Dfgf ymrhzh kh bm D`{mkm

Dxhc{m Yhk`ghc{f Mx{f p cf{m kh }xhkmr thc{mkm ht{m

Ymr{`km m}#£ cft rhg`{`gft p l`rgmgft#

=54 – 1 – 99

Ghkrmcf ‛ Mb{fbgjx`rrh ‛ Mr`zm#

S!Mb gmrahc: Dmraf kh 5?; y#/ ; =&? rr#!S! b`}#¹! }xh }xhkm'

rfc kh 581 y#S 1 rr#SS }xh hc{hrf hc _#S Dmjmt K#// Amtymr

kh T#*!! Dfbfgm y#// `gy#** kh ?5 rfbbft kh B`hczf kh Mbafkôc

}xh rhgm{f hc yy#*/* Mbgfch2bm p rhg`{`ô hb Dfrrha`kfr Dm'

|`bkf p Mkg`c`t{rmkfr khb Yxhobf kh Tmc C`dfbít yrfdh'

k`kft khb H#! Khrhdef kh Mbdm|mbm kh bmt |hc{mt }xh huhdx'

{mrfc hc m}xhbbft Yxhobft#/

Hc k`hz kh Lho#ℯ kh g`b th{hz#¹S th{hc{m p th`t : Yfr Khd#*¹

}xh huyhk`gft ht{h k`m: Cft emdhgft dmraf kh fdefd`hc'

{ft |h`c{h p }xm{rf yhtft }xm{rf p ghk`f rr#S// dfrr#*SS b`}#¹S

}xh }xhkmrfc kh 581 y#¹S 1 rr#/ }xh hc{hrf hc N#SS Dmjmt

k#/ Amtymr kh T#!S Dfbfgm yfr `gy#*S kh ?5 _fbbft kh B`hczf

kh Mbafkôc dfc 4910 |#S kh |mr`mt dmb`kmkht p yrhd`ft }xh

thaúc {mzmd`fc mtdhck`hrfc m 158 y#S 1 @&? rr#S p rhgm{f

hc yxob`dm Mbgfchkm dfc hb mxghc{f kh 1? y#S kh ghjfrm

bft }xmbht rhg`{`ô hb Dfrrha`kfrDm|`bkf p

mkg`c`t{rmkfr

khb Yxhobf Tmc C`dfbít yrfdhk`kft khb _#! Khrhdef kh Mbdm'

|mbm kh bmt |hc{mt }xh th huhdx{mrfc hc bft Yxhobft kh @c'

k`ft Axmrmcçht kh dxpm dmc{`kmk rh|mjmkft 44 y#S ? p ghk#¹

rr#! }xhth dmxtmrfc kh dft{mt }xhkmc b`}#¹S bft huyrhtmkft

5?; y#S ; S? Sr#S Ymrhzh kh K`bàhcd`mt formkmt }xh frà`'

cmbht t`r|hc kh dfgyrf|mc{h m ht{m Ymr{`km m}xh cft

`'hg#// p bf l`rgmgft# 5?; – ; – =1 –

Ghkrmcf

‛Mb{fbmax`rrh#

S!Mb gmrahc: Dmraf kh 88= y#S dfrr`hc{ht hc{hrmkft yfr

k#¹ @t`krf Ombomt{rf khyft`{mr`f kh bft o`hcht hgomramkft

m k#¹ Yhkrf Dxhb` dfgf l`mkfr kh k#¹ Maxt{`c Amrl`mt bft



' =<0 ‛

418 y#S `gy&!! kh bft }h em |hck`kf p bft =19 |mbfr thaúc

[mtmd`ôc kàbft }xh hu`t{çmc hc tx yfkhr#/

Hc |h`c{h p d`c{f kh Lh!frhrf kh g`b th{hd`hc{ft th{hc{m

p th`t: Yfr mx{f %jxh yrf|hb``g#S hc ?; khb g`tgf cft em'

dhgft dmraf kh }x`c`hc{ft d`c}xhc{m p xc yhtft dfrr`hc'

{ht hc{hrmkft yfr k#/ @t`krf Ombomt{rf kh`Sft`{mr`f kàbft

\`hcht hgomramkft mb k`lxc{f k#/ Yhkrf Dxhb` dfgf l`m'

kfr kh k#/ Maxt{`c %`mrlçmt" bft 418 y#S `gy&S kh bft |hc'k`kft p bft =1< |mbfr kàbft }xh hu`t{çmc hc tx yfkhr kh

bft }xmbht th e`zf dmraf yfr bft yrhd`ft hc}xh xb{`gm'

ghc{h th {mtmrfc p bm Dmc{#/* kh ht{m Ymr{`km th bh m|fcm

m kef# Amrl`mt m }xhc{m kh =;"<=1 y#/ ? rr#/ ; 4=? m|t#

rt# }xh rhtxb{m kh|`hckf mbm _& Emz&!! thaúc dfct{m kh

ymr{`km kh dmraf hc ht{h _mgf dfc lem# kh 8 khb yrhthc{h

ght yfr rht{f kh 58948 y#S hc }xh rhgm{f hb _#! Khrhdef

kh Mbdm|mbm kh ht{m D`xkmk hc ?0 kh Hchrf kh =18< dfc

dxpf m|fcf }xhkm rht{mckf =;9<< y#S ? rr"S ; 4¡=? gmrm|h'

kçt# Dfgf ymrhzh kh mx{ft {mtmd`ôc p }xhc{m yrhthc{mkm

Yhk`g#!!! d`{mkf mx{f p hc{hrf }xh hc {ht{`gfc`f t`r|h kh

dfgyrf|mc{h m ht{m Ymr{`km m }#S cft rhg#¹S p l`rg#//#

88= – 99 – 99

Ghkr#mxf ‛ Mb{fbmax`rrh ‛ Mr`zm#

%Khtkh m}x` dfrrhc bft dmraft khb T#*// Dfc{mk"/S k#/ Mbh'

umckrf kh Mr`zm }xh {fgf yfthd`fc kh tx hgybhf hc = kh

Gmrzf kh hth yrhthc{h mýf kh =11<#

*!Mb gmrahc: Dmraf kh 4=4 y#S = \S rr#! dfrr#**S hc{#!SS yfr

k#¹ _mgôc Mcdefr`z Myfkhrmkf khb [ehc#*!! [ehtfrhrf khTmc{m Lh bft g`tgft %xh rhtxb{mrfc hu`t{hc{ht mlm|fr khht{h rmgf hclçc kh K`zorh# kh =118#/

Hc kft kh Mor`b kh g`b th{ht#**S th{hc{m p th`t# Cft emdh'

gft dmraf kh {rhtd`hc{ft {rhzh y#* xcf p ghk`f rr#* hc{hr#/S

yfr k#¹ _mgôc kh Mcdefr`z Myfkhrmkf kh k#¹ Mc{fc`f Gh'



‛ =19 ‛

k`cm [ehc`hc{h [ehtfrhrf kh Tmc{m Lh bft g`tgft }xhrhtxb{mrfc hu`t{hc{ht p kh Mbdmczh dfc{rm kef# [ehc&S

hcl`c kh K`z&£ kh =118 mlmofr kh ht{h _mgf hc bm Mkg`c`t'

{rmd`ôc kh m}xhbbm dmjm: Dfgf ymrhzh kh Dmr{m }xhc{m kh

hbbm bm kh tx rhg`t`ôc p hc{hrf m}xh cft rhg`{`gft p l`r'

gmgft# 4=4 – = – =1


/Mb gmrahc: Dmraf kh =?< y& 4 ( rr& dfrr&S! hc{hr#/S y&k& Jxmc Omy{`t{m Hdeh|hrrçm _hdhy{fr khb _#! Khrhdef kh

Mbdm|mbm [hrrht{rh kh bft Ymr{`kft kàbm Dmýmkm kàbm Drxz

p Mrhdf yfr xb{`gf rht{f kàbf mkhxkmkf p dformkf kh kef#

Krf# hc bft mýft kh 1; p 18#/

Hc d`cdf kh Jxc`f kh g`b th{hd`hc{ft th{hc{m p th`t: hc

|rk# kh Mx{f }xh yrf|he`gft ht{h k`m cft emdhgft dmraf

kh d`hc{f |h`c{h p th`t y#¹S {rht p ghk`f rr#*!S dfrr#*/ hc{hr#¹S

yfr k#// Jxmc Omy{`t{m Hdeh|hrrçm _hdhy{fr khb _#! Krf#

kh Mbdm|mbm [hrrht{rh kàbft Ymr{`kft kàbm Dmcmkí kàbm

Drxz p Mrhdf yfr xb{`gf rht{f kh 145 y#S ? S rr#S m}xh th'

aúc dfct{m kàbm dxhc{m }xh em yrhthc{mkf p bòrf kh Mt'

d`hc{f }xh th bh hc{rhaf hc ht{mt Dmjmt mtdhck`ô {fkf bf df'

ormkf p rhdmxkmkf kh kef# kh Mbdm|mbm mbft mýft kh 1;p 18 }xh dfrr`ô m tx dmraf ht{m dformczm }xh dfc =54 y#S

? rr#£ }xh hc{hrf m dxhc{m hc ?9 kh K`z#!!£ kh 1; p gmc`l`ht{m

bm Ymr{`km kh dmraf hc kef# mýf hb cxghrf =4 – =?< y#S

8 rr#S hc = kh lhorhrf kh ht{h mýf }xh mdrhk`{m bm Ymr{`km

kh dmraf hc ht{h rmgf cxghrf = hc 59 y#S ; rr#S }xh yfr Kh'

drh{f kh ht{h [rò#! kh 4 kh Thyorh# kh 1; th bh gmckmrfchc{rhamr m k#¹ Gmcxhb kàf Gà#! kh Dmt{mýmzm [frrh yfr

b`m|hrth `c{rfkxd`kf kef# Hdeh|hrrçm hc hb Ymr{`kf kh }xh

ehrm _hdhy{fr hb huyrhtmkf Dmt{mýmzm [frrh }x`hc bft rh'

z`|`f p dfct{mc kh tx _hdòf marhamkf mbm g`tgm Dxhc{m

p th bht kh|hc emdhr dmraf hc bm }xh ht{h yrfkxuhrh p ??=

y t S yj# t}pSa ja dfrrhtyfck`hrfc yfr hb 49 y ( }xh bh ht{m

mtàcmkf dfgyfchc bm g`tgm dmc{k#*S kh 145 y#S ? rr#S pgf#/ Dfgf ymrhzh kh kex# Dxhc{m rhz`|f Yhk`g#*/ mx{f p



' =14 '

}xh th khyft`{mrfc hc tx Yfkhr yhr{hcht#!/S mk#/ Gmc#! Dx`'

{`lçf l`mkfr kh k#¹ Maxt{çc Amrl`mt khxkfr mbm _#! Emz&!!#/

Hc |h`c{h j kft kh Jxb#¹ kh g`b th{ht#¹S th{#*!! p th`t : Cftemdhgft dmraf kh |h`c{h p th`t y#¹S }xm{rf rr#S dfrr#*SS }xh

hc |rk# kh mx{f yrf|he`kf hc ; kh kef# ght em hc{hrmkf k#¹

Mc{fc`f Hty`cftm yfr `gy'*S kàbm [mtmd`ôc kàbft \`hcht

}xh yfr ht{h [r`oxcmb th em|`mc hgomramkf p khyft`{mkf

hc hb yhr{hcht#!/ m k#¹ Gmcxhb Dx`{`lçf l`mkfr }xh lxh khk#/S Maxt{çc kh Amrl`mt dxpm dmc{#!! th bh m|fcm m ht{h mdxhc'

{m kh =;9<< y& ? r#S ; 4=? m|t# grt# }xh rhtxb{m kh|`hckf

mbm _#! Emz"!!!! thaúc dfct{m kàbm Ymr{`km cxghrf 8 kh dmraf

hc ht{h _mgf dfc lem# kh ?8 kh lhorhrf kh 1< yfr rht{f kh

58948 y#/ hc}xh rhgm{f hb Khrhdef kh Mbdm|mbm [hrrht{rh

kh ht{m D`xkmk p txt mrrmombht hc ?0 kh Hchrf kh =18< dfc

dxpf m|fcf }xhkm rht{mckf =;940 y#S < rr#S ; 4 ¡=? grt:

Dfgf ymrhzh kh K`b`a#!!S formkmt hc huyhk#**! thymrmkf mx{f

kh ?5 kh Jxc`f kh 1< [mtmd`ôc hb yrf|he`kf p hc{hrf }xh hc

[ht{`gfc`f t`r|Shc kh dfgyrf|mc{h m ht{m Ymr{`km m}£ cft

rhg#/ p l`rgmgft# 9?< / ; / 99

Ghk`mcf ‛ MXfbmax`rrh ‛ Mr`zm#

S!Mb gmrahc: Dmraf kh 59 y#S < rr#S b`}#/S kh =5? y#S = rr#/

}xh em hc{hrmkf k#/ Kfg`caf Yàrhz yrfkxd{f b`}#*S/ kàbm |hc'

{m }xh |hr`l`df kàbft \`hcht Gxhobht }xh bh lxhrfc yxht{ft

hc Khyôt`{ft yfr yhr{hchd`hc{ht m k#¹ _f}xh Tmc gmr{`c

dfgf l`mkfr kh k#/ Maxt{çc Amrl`mt#/

Hc |h`c{h p {rht kh Jxb`f kh g`b th{ht#/ th{hc{m p th`t#

Cft emdhgft dmraf kh fdehc{m y#S th`t rr#S dfrr`hc{ht b`}'¹S

kh =5? y#S = rr#! %khkxd`kf =9= y#S 4 rr#S kh dft{mt) }xh hc

|rk# kh mx{f yrf|he`kf hc ?= kh Gmpf kh kef# mýf em

hc{hrmkf K#¹ Kfg`caf Yàrhz hc ?? khb g`tgf ght bft

g`tgft }xh thaúc bm }#!* }xh yrhthc{f kàbm |hc{m }xh em|hr`l`dmkf kh |mr`ft |`hcht gxhobht }xh bh lxhrfc yxht'

{ft hc khyôt`{ft yfr yhr{hcht#!SS m k#/ _f}xh Tmc gmr'

{`c dfgf l`mkfr kh k#¹ Maxt{çc Amrl`mt rhtxb{m hc tx Yf'

khr bç}x`kft kh <14 y#S < rr#S }xh `gyfr{f hb {f{mb kàbm



' =1; '

|hc{m khtyxàt kh rhomjmkft ;0= y& 8 rr#S bft 84 y#S 1

rr#S yfr tx hcdfg`hckm kh |hc{m p Khyft`{f m 5 y# ( trh#

hb huyrhtmkf {f{mb p bft ;41 y#S < rr#S rht{mc{ht yfr ym'

aft kh mb}x`bhrht kàbm Dfdehrm hc kfckh th gmc{xof tx

dxyh hc < mýft =9 ghtht p < k`mt khtkh 1 kh Thyorh# kh

<< e#!! =4 kh Jxb`f kh 14 mb rhtyhd{f kh ; y#//S ghctxmbht p bm

dmohzm hc ; mcft < ghtht p =< k`mt kht#!! kef# k`m 1 kh

Thyorh# kh << e#S ?? kh Gmrzf kh 1= m rmzôc kh kft yhtft

yfr ght p bm Dmc{#S kh ht{h Dmraf th m|fcm mb d`{mkf Amr'l`mt m dxhc{m kh =;940 y#S < rr#S ; 4=? grt# }xh thaúc

dfct{m kàbm Ymr{`km cxghrf == kh dmraf kh ht{h _mgf dfc

lem# kh ?? kh Jxb`f kh 1< rhtxb{m kh|`hckf mbm _#! Emz'S*

yfr rht{f kh 58948 hc }xh rhgm{f hb Khrhdef kh mbdm|mbm

[hrrht{rh kh ht{m D`xkmk p txt mrrmombht hc ?0 kh Hchrf

kh =18< dfc dxpf mofcf }xhkm rht{mckf =4080 y#S < rr#!

; 4=? grt# Dfgf ymrhzh kh mx{f dxhc{m kh |hc{m Yhk`ghc{f

hb yrf|he`kf hc{hrf {mtmd`ôc kh dft{mt p cf{m kh }xhkmr

thc{mkm ht{m Ymr{`km }xh hc{ht{`gfc`f t`r|hc kh dfgyrf'|mc{h m}xh cft rhg`{`gft p l`rgmgft# FTF – < – 99


!S Mb gmrahc: Dmraf kh 4 @ y#S dfrr`hc{ht hc{hrmkft yfr

k#¹ Jftà Ghk`cxh{m _hdhy{fr khb _#! Krf# kh Mbdm|mbm [h'rrht{rh yfr dxhc{m kh bf mkhxkmkf p dformkf kh kef# Krf#

e#SS bm lem#/

Hc |h`c{h p xcf kh Fd{xorh kh g`b th{ht'¹S th{hc{m p th`t


{rht g`b y#¹! dfrr#!SSS hc{hr#¹S yfr k#¹ Jftà Ghk`cxh{m rhdmx'

kmkfr kh _#! Krf# kh Mbdm|mbm p [hrrht{rh kh ht{m d`xkmk

p txt mrrmombht dfgf dfrrhtyk#SS mbf mkhxkmkf p rhdmx'

kmkf kh ht{h krf# hc hb yrhthc{h mýf }xh dfrrh mtx dmraf

ht{m dformczm yfr ht{mr hc bm Mkg`c`t{rmd`ôc kh Dxhc{m

kh bm _#! Emz#!!S dfgf ymrhzh kh Yhk`ghc{f kh fobmd`ôc

d`{mkf mx{f p cf{m kh }xhkmr thc{mkm ht{m Ymr{`km m}xh cft

rhg#¹S p l`rg#¹S 4999 – 99 – 99 –

Ghkrmcf ‛ Mb{fbmax`rrh ‛ Mr`zm2"



' =18 '

S!Mb gmrahc: Dmraf kh 10 y#* 8 =&? rr#S dfrr&SS hc{hrmkft

yfr k#// Jftà T#¹ Yhkrf Bbôrhc{h hc crh# kh k#/ [fr`|`f \`m'

ým khyft`{mr`f kàbft \`hcht khb k`lxc{f k#¹ Maxt{çc kh Amr'

l`mt yfr `gy&S kàbft }xh th yxk`hrfc |hckhr#/

Hc {rhzh kh Cf|orh# kh g`b th{ht#*¹S th{&* p th`t : -Cft em'

dhgft dmraf kh th{hc{m p cxhoh y#¹S d`cdf p ghk`f rr#S

S]j#j" {ht }Sa ajj |`r{xk kh Mx{f yrf|he`kf hc 8 khb g`tgf

hc{hrf hc dmjmt k#// Jftà kh T#/S Yhkrf Bbôrhc{h dfgf myfkh'rmkf kh k#¹ [efr`|`f \`mlçm khyft`{mr`f kàbft |`hcht khb k`'

lxc{f k"¹ Maxt{çc kh Amrl`mt yfr `gy&S m}xh mtdhck`hrfc

bft }xh th emc |hck`kf thaúc bm }xhc{m }xh em yrhthc{mkf

kef# Bbôrhc{h em|`hckfth rhgf|`kf hb khyft`{f kàbft }xh

}xhkmrfc hu`t{hc{ht hcyfkhr kh k#/ Gmr`mcf Zmcdf j)mrm }xh

tfb`d`{h tx |hc{m mbft yrhd`ft }xh th yxhkm dxpm dmc& thbh

m|fcm mb huyrhtmkf Amrl`mt hc}&* kh =448 yhtft ; 4¡=? gr®#

}xh thaúc dfct{m kh bm Ymr{`km kh Dmraf cxghrf =? kh

ht{h rmgf dfc lem# kh ?4 kh Jxb`f kh ht{h mýf rhtxb{m kh'

|`hckf mbm H#! Emz&!! yfr rht{f kh 58948 y#S hc }xh rhgm{fhb H#! Khrhdef kh Mbdm|mbm kh ht{m D`x& hc ?0 kh Hchrfkh =18< mrrhckmkf yfr 8 mýft p dfc rhomjm kh ht{m Ymr{&*

}xhkm kh|`hckf =4510 y#! ? rr& ?= 4 = =? grt# Dfgf ymrhzh kh

k`dem }xhc{m Yhk`g&¹ k`b`a&S d`{mkf mx{f hc{hrf p rhd`of

kh Khyft`{f }xh f{fraf hb huyrhtmkf Zmcdf m}& cft rhg`{`'

gft p bf l`rgmgft# 10 – 8 – =1 –

Ghkrmcf ‛ Mb{fbm}x`rrh ‛ Mr`zm#

/Mb gmrahc: Dmraf kh <1 y#S = `&f rr#S dfrr#*SS hc{hr#/S yfr

k#¹ Yhkrf \`bbmr`cf Khyft`{mr`f kh 4 htdbm|ft kh k#¹ Lrmc#¹¹

Dmtdf khxkfr mbm H#! Emz#!S!! yfr htd#!S }xh tx Ymkrh k#¹ Gm'r`mcf Dmtdf f{fraf mlm|fr khb k`l#!¹ k#¹ Maxt{çc Amrl`mt#!!

Hc k`hz p cxhoh kh Cf|orh" kh g`b th{h#¹S th{#** p th`t#

Yfr mx{f }#£ yrf|he`gft ht{h k`m cft emdhgft dmraf kh th'

thc{m p t`h{h y#S xcf p ghk`f rr#! dfrr#*SS kàbft ?1? hc{hr#/!

ht{h k`m Yfr k#¹ Yhkrf \`bbmr`cf dfgf khyft`{mr`f kh {rht

htdbm|ft hgomramkft m k#// Lrmcd#¹ Dmtdf khxkfr mbm H#!

Emz#S* yfr htd#/S/ }xh tx Ymkrh k#¹ Gmr`mcf Dmtdf f{fraf



' =1< '

mlm|fr khb k`lxc{f k#// Maxt{`c Amrl`mt kh dmc{#!* kh 449 y#/hc =4 kh GmSSf kh =195 m dxpm }w!! th e`zf ht{h hc{hrf em'

|`àckfth ymtmkf `ft ?9; y#S < SS rr#S mb rmgf kh \`hcht kh

K`lxc{ft yfr `axmb txgm %Wxh kb`f# Amrl`mt kh|`m mbm {ht{m'

ghc{mr`m kh K#/ Ohc{xrm Ohrx{` p bft <1 y& = Pf rr#! rht'

{mc{ht kh ht{h dmraf m ht{h kh Mbdm|mbm [hrrht{rh hc }#** kh

=4510 y#S ? rr#S ?= 0==? grt# }#* thaúc dfct{m kàbm Ymr{`kf

C#¹ =; kh dmraf hc kef# rmgf dfc lem# kh =4 kh ht{h ght rh'

txb{m kh|`hckf hb d`{mkf Amrl`mt yfr rht{f kh 5894< y#!!

hc}xh rhgm{f ht{h N#! krf# hc ?0 kh Hchrf kh =18< mrrhc'

kmkf y& 8 mýft p dfc rhomjm kh ht{m dmc{`kmk }xhkm rht'

{mckf =45=? y& = rr#S ; 4=? grt# Dfgf ymrhzh khb Kfdx'

ghc{f }xh t`r|h kh dfgyrf|mrj{h mbm Ymr{#// kh Dmraf C#¹ 4

hc \`hcht kh K`lxc{ft m}x#*/ cft rhg`{`gft | lbrg#¹S

!9<1– =– =1 –

Ghkrm cf ‛ MXfbmax`rrd ‛ Mr`zm#

/ Mb gmrahc: %Smraf kh = ] y#S hfrr#*S!! hc{hrmkft yfr kfc

Jftthye Mc{fc`f ]xhtmkm hc crh# kh K#¹ Kfg`caf @amr'

zm|mb m}#!S kàbf mkhxkmkf khb Krf# kh Mbdm|mbm }xh ht{xof

mtx dmraf hb mcf kh 18#/

Hc th`t kh K`z"!!!S*! kh g`b th{hd`hc{ft th{hc{m p th`t: Yfr

mx{f yrf|he`kf ht{h k`m Cft b`mdhgft dmraf kh g`b yhtftS"]j"j"

{htaj`{hr#/!! yfr k#/ Mc{fc`f ]xhtmkm hc crh# kh K#!! Kf'

g`caf @amrzm|mb _hdhy{fr }xh lxh khb _#! Krf# kh Mbdm'

|mbm kh ht{m D`xk#** p txt mrrm|íbht hb mýf ymtmkf kh 18 }xh

dfrr`ô mtx dmraf ht{m dformczm yfr ht{mr hc mkg`c`t{rm'

d`ôc kh Dxhc{mt kàbm _#! Emz#S!! p dfrrhtyfckhc mbf mkhxkm

kf"p rhdmxkmkf kh kb`f# Krf# J`#S!! hb yrhthc{h }xh dfc 81<8

y#/ }xh {`hch hc{hrmkft thaúc dfct{m kh bm Ymr{`km kh dmraf

C#¹ =9 hc ht{h _mgf dfc lb`m# kh ?? kh Jxb`f kh ht{h mýf em'

dhc bm dmc{#*S kh <1<8 y#S Dfgf ymrhzh kh Yhk`g#*¹ kh fobm'

d`ôc d`{mkf mx{f p Cf{m kh }xhkmr thc{mkm ht{m Ymr{`km

m}#¹ cft rhg#¹! p l`rg#¹S =999 – 99 – 99

=490< – <– =1

Ghkrm cf ‛ MEfbmax`rrh ‛ Mr`zm#



=11 ‛

Dmraf kn bft Yhtft dfrr#!SS kh m 5 }xh hu{rmu hu ht{m _#! Dmum yj

d`HU[M ehb _mgf kh Yòbyhrxt kht#* 5 kh Hu#¾ emt{m l`c kh K`z#!/S

KH =119#

%Kh¾kh m}``` lfrrhc bft dmraft khb thýfr k#/ Mbhumxkrf

kh Mr`zm" }xh {fgf yfthd`fc kh Dfc{mkfr khtk#£ =¹ kh Gmr'

zf kh ht{h y`*hthc{h mýf kh =11<)#

!!Í @ gmrahc : Dmraf kh 518 y#/!! ffrr#*S hc{hrmkft y#// k#//

_mgôc kh Mcdefr`z myfkhr#S/ khb [ehc`hc{h [ehtfrhrf kh

Tmlb{m lhà bft g`tgft }xh rhtxb{ç`rfc hu`t{hc{ht hc l`c kh

K`z"/! kh =118 mlmofr khb _mgf kh Yxbyhrçmt hc bm mkg`'

c`t{rmt#/!! kh m}xhbbm Dmjm###/

Hc kft kh Mor`b kh g`b th{hd`hc{ft th{hc{m p th`t: Cft

emdhgft dmraf kh fdefd`hc{ft th{hc{m p d`cdf yhtft dfrr#*/Shc{hrmkft yfr k#// _mgôc kh Mcdefr`z myfkhrmkf khb [eh'

c`hc{h [ehtfrhrf kh Tmc{m lhà k#/ Mc{fc`f Ghk`cm bft

g`tgft }xh rhtxb{mrfc hu`t{hc{ht hc l`c kh K`zorh# kh =118

mlmofr kh ht{h _mgf hc bm mkg`c`t{rmt# ¹/ kh m}xhbbm Dmjm

dfgf ymrhzh kh dmr{m dxhc{m kh hbbm" bm kh tx rhg`t`ôc phc{hrf m}xh cft rh#¹S p l`rg#¹S 518 – F – 99 –


/Mb gmrahc: Dmraf kh <"4== y#S ? rr#S dfrr`hc{ht hc'

{h#/S y#! K#/ Jfthye Mckfcmhax` dfgf dfrrhty#S// mb 8¹ pxb{`gf mýf hc}#* rhgm{f hb Krf# kf Yxbyhrçmt kh ht{m D`xk#!!

p Jxr`tk`dd`ôc!/#

Hc th`t kh ?t f|orh# kh g`b th{hd`hc{ft th{hc{m p th`t:

Yfrmx{f }xh yrf|he`gft ht{h k`m Cft emdhg#S dmraf kh th`t

g`b {rhtd`hc{ft fczh y#S kft rr#S dfrr"*S hc{hrmkft y#*/ k#!!

Jftthye Mckfcmhax`" mrrhckm{mr`f khb _#! Khrhdef kh Dfg'yft{xrm kh Yxbyhrçmt kh ht{m D`xk#*S p tx jxr`tk`dd`ôc dfgfdfrrhtyfck*SS mb 8¹ p xb{`gf mýf khtx rhgm{h hc dmc{#** kh

4=#88<`)#S

? rr#¹ }xh lhchd`ô hc ? kh Jxb`f kh ht{h mýf ymrm

YòOB# ThD# E@T[# =?



‛ =15 ‛

dxpf dfgybh{f rht{m|m bft huyrhtmkft <4== y#S ? rr#S thaúcdfct{m kh bm Ymr{`km kh Dmraf C¹ = hc ht{h _mgf dfc lem#

kh 4 kh Cf|orh# kh 18 – Dfgf ymrhzh kh mx{ft kh rhgm{h"

Yhk`g#*¹ kh fobmd`ôc hb yrf|he`kf p cf{m kh }xhkmr thc{mkm

ht{m Ymr{`km m}#S cft rhg`{`gft p l`rgmgft#

<4== – ? – 99

1=5< – ? – 99


Fm_AF kh bft yhtft dfrr`hc{ht kh m 5 ]XH HC[_MC HC HT[M H#S DmUM YF_

DXHC[M KHB _mGF KH YmYHB THBBMKF KHT#¹ ? KH HcH_F M L@C KH KbZ&£

KH =11<#

!! Mb gmrahc: Dmraf kh =510 y#S < rr#SS dfrr#®S hx{#!*/S y#!! k#/

Gmcxhb Gmr{çchz Fdb`mam|`m Mkg`c`t{rmkfr khb Ymyhb Th'

bbmkf kh ht{m D`x!S yfr mbdmczh }xh rhtxb{m dfc{rm hb" hc

bm dxhc{m }xh em yrhthc{mkf kh tx mkg`t{rmz#¹/ hc hb mýf

ymtmkf kh =118/#

Hc }xm{rf kh Hchrf kh g`b th{ht#¹S th{hc{m p th`t: Yfr

Mx{f }xh yrf|he`gft ht{h k`m cft emdhgft dmraf kh g`b

fdefd`hc{ftth{hc{m

p cxh|hy#// th`t rr#S dfrr#*SS }#*/ hc{hrf

k#// Gmcxhb Gmr{`chz kh Fdemam|`m Mkg`c`t{rmkfr khb Ym'

yhb Thbbmkf kh ht{m D`x#*S cfgormkf yfr ht{h [ròxcmb p tfc

bft g`tgft }#£ rhtxb{mrfc kh b`}x`kf mbdmczh dfc{rm hb pmlmofr kh bm _hmb Emz#*!/ hc bm dxhc{m }xh em yrhthc{mkf

%kh bm Mkg`c`t{rmz#// kh hb) kàf kh bm k`t{ròxt#// kh hb

kàbft Thbbft tàx`hc{ht : hc {fkf hb mlçf ymtmkf kh =118 m tm'

|hr <4?5 yb`haft khb Thbbf }xmr{f m ghk`f rr#! ;=4< khb 4#¹

m ? rr#S 1=5 khb ?#¹ m < rr#/ : xc yb`haf khb thbbf =#/ hc 4 y#¹/

p mxc}xh th rhz`|`f hc ht{mt Dmjmt kh 5589 khb ;#/ p 8599 khb

[hrdhrf ==18 khb tha#**/ p 49 khb =#¹ bft =899 khb ;#¹ hc{rhaf

mb htd#¹¹ kh _hmb Emz#S!! ymrm bft @ct{rxghc{ft kh bm Dmr{m

Dxhc{m khb g`tgf mlçf thaúc dfct{m kh ? Bòrmczmt kh ht{h

[ròxcmb txt lhdemt ?< kh Hchrf p =4 kh fd{xorh kh kef#"

=999 Yb`haft mb ;#¹" 899 khb 4#¹"" p =99 khb ?#¹ }xh rhg`{`ô



' =10 '

m bm D`xkmk kh Dfrr`hc{ht yfr Yrfk#!! kh kof# [ròxcmb kh 0

kh Lhorhrf kh 18 p bft rht{mc{ht ?? yb`haft khb ;#¹" 05?

khb 4#¹ : ?58 khb ?#/ j ?0 khb =#/ }xh khofb|`f m ht{mt Dmjmt

dfgf tformc{h àxmbg*S }xh ?4? thbbft khb =#/ kàf khb 4#/

p 1? khb ?#¹ hrrmkft yfr bft Htd"!/!S }xh om bft rhlhr`kft yrh'

d`ft txgmc bm dmc{`kmk kh 094 y#S 1 rr#S }xh dfc ==? y&`gW)&/ kh bft hrrmkft =? y#S }xh yfr bòrmczmt kh =#*/ kh Jx'

b`f khb d`{mkf mcf tm{`tl`zf Obmt Zmgfrmcf yfr bm txot'

dr`yd`ôc kh < _htgmt kh Ymyhb ymrm hb Thbbf ; / 05 y#/

? rr#S kh tx Dfg`t`ôc trh# bft ?;85 y#S ? rr"S }xh `gy#*SS hb

Ymyhb huyhk`kf rhomjmkft 8;1 y"S 8 rr#S |mbfr khb tformc{h

}xh kh|fb|`ô p bm dmc{`kmk kh ht{m Ymr{`km mtd`hckhc m bm

kh 4998 y& 1 rr#S dfrr#*£S" bft ?059 y#S 1 rr#S {f{mb `gyfr{h kh

=8"098 yb`haft kh }xh th bh emzh dmraf p bft =0 y#S rht{mc{ht

yfr hb }xh th e`zf kh bft 49; thbbft hrrmkft m ghk`f rhmb

dmkm xcf dfc bf }xmb bh }xhkm demcthbmkf hb }xh bh rhtxb'

{m|m : dfgf ymrhzh kh kem# dxhc{m dfc txt rhtyhd{`|ft dfg'

yrfomc{ht Yhk`ghc{f kh fobmdd`fc p d`{mkf Mx{f p cf{m kh

}xhkmr thc{mkm ht{m ymr{`km m}xh cft rhg`{`gft p bf l`r'

gmgft# =510"" <– 99

Ghkrmcm ‛ Mb{fbmmx`rrh#

%Khtkh m}x` dfrrhc bft dmraft khb Thýfr Dfc{mkfr k#¹

Mbhumckrf kh Mr`zm }xh {fgf yfthd`fc khb rhlhr`kf hgybhfhc =#/ kh SLcrzf kh ht{h yrhtt&S mýf kh =11<)#

Km{m kh bft Yhtft dfor#!S27S kh m 5 }xh Tmbhc kh ht{m H"! Dmum y#//

DXHC[M KH BFT OmCDFT KH _#! EmZ#/¾ KHT#S ? KH Hc#¹ E#!S L@C KH

K`z&® KH =11<#

*! Mb gmrahc : Km{m kh ?9? y#S = rr#! dfrr#*S!! hc{rha#¹S m

k#/ Jxmc Bmgmt yfr `gy"SS kh bft amt{ft dmxtmkft hc txo'

g`c`t{rmr {fkf bf chdhtmr`f ymrm hb gmchjf p thr|`d`f khht{m Dfc{mkxrçm p bm kh Dxhc{m" p rmzôc kh bm {rfym hc {fkf

hb mýf kh =118#/



‛ =59 ‛

Hb` }xm{rf kh Hchrf kh g`b th{hd`hc{ft th{hc{m R th`t#

Yfr Khdrh{f }xh huyhk`gft hc {rht khb g`tgf kmgft hc

Km{m kftd`hc{ft kft y#S xc rr#! dfrr`hc{ht hc{rfjçmkft m

k#/ Jxmc kh Bmgmt yfr `gy#*!! kh bft amt{ft dmxtmkft hc txo'

g`c`t{rmr kh cxht{rm Frkhc" Ymyhb {`c{m ybxgmt bmdrh p{fkf bf khgít chdhtmr`f ymrm hb gmchjf p thr|`d`f kh ht{m

Dfc{mkxrçm p kh bm kh Dxhc{m p rmzôc kh bm {rfym khtkh ? kh

Hchrf kh =118 b`#/ l`c kh K`z`hgorh kh kef# mýf: Dfgf ym'

rhzh hc dxhc{m yrhthc{mkm" d`{mkf Khdrh{f p rhzòf }xh

f{fraf m}#/ cft rhg#S p bf l`rg&!! ?9? – = – 99 ""


/Mb gmrahc: Km{m kh ?89 ju!! dfrr#*!!S hc{rha#/S m K#/ Dfr'

chb`f Gm{b``mt kh Hff yfr tx txhbkf |hcd`kf dfgf Fl`z#! kh

bm Dfc{mk#/ gmpf`' kh Dxhc{mt kht#S =#¹ kh Jxb`f kh =118 e#*!!

l`c kh K`z#/SS khb g`tgf mb rhtyhd{f kh 899 y#S mcxmbht#!!

Hc fdef kh Hchrf kh g`b th{hd`hc{ft th{hc{m p th`t yfr

mx{f }xh yrf|he`gft ht{h kçm kmgft hc Ybm{m kftd`hc{ft d`c'

}xhc{m yhtft dfrr`hc{ht hc{rhamkft m K#/ Gm{b``mt Dfrchb`f

kh _ff fl`d`mb Gmpfr kàf kh bm Dfc{mk#// gmpfr kh Dxhc{mt

kh ht{mt Yrf|`cd`mt yfr tx txhbkf |hcd`kf hc th`t ghtht kht#/S

=#¹ kh Jxb`f kh 18 b`#!! l`c kh K`z`hgorh khb g`tgf mb rht'

yhd{f kh }x`c`hc{ft y#S mccxmbht# Dfgf ymrhdh kh Yhk`'

ghc{f d`{mkf mx{f p dmr{m kh ymaf }xh f{fraf m}#S cft rh'

g`{`gft p bf l`rgmgft# ?89 – 99 – 99 –


!!Mb gmrahc: Km{m kh 4?=< y#! 1 rr#! dfrr#*/! bft 4=?? y#S? rr#S 4 grt# hc{rha#/S* m K#/ Jftthy _òmkm|`m Mba#! g#//S kh

ht{mt _#SS Dmjmt yfr b`}#S!! }xh bh dfrrhty#S£ kh tx txhbkf |hc'

d`kf hc {rh`c{m ghtht kht#S =#¹ kh Jxb`f kh 14 b`&/ l`c kh

K`z#*S kh 18 mb rhtyhd{f kh =?5< y#S < rr#S mccxmbht p bft 0;

y#S ; rr#S 4= gmrm|hk`3t rht{mc{ht ymtmkft mb Gfc{h Y`ô kh

G`c`t{rft yfr hb kht}#*¹ kh 5 grt" hc y#S¹ }xh th bh |hr`'

l`df khb [f{mb#/



' =5= '

Hx fdef kh Hchrf kh g`b th{hd`hc{ft th{hc{m" p th`t# Yfr

B`ormczm }xh huyhk`gft hc d`cdf khb g`tgf Kmgft hc km{m

{rht g`b kftd`hc{ft k`hz p th`t yh&/S t`h{h rr#S dfrr`hc{ht

bft 4=?? yS ? rr#S 4 grt# hc{rha#/S m k#¹ Jftthl _`|mkm|`m

Mbaxmd`b g#*/S kh ht{mt _#!! Dmumt yfr b`}x`kf }xh bh dfrrht'

y#!!* kh txt txhJkft |hcd`kft hc {rh`c{m ghtht kht#S =#/ kh

Jxb`f kh =114 e#!! l`c kh K`z`hgorh khb mýf yrôu`gf ymtmkf

kh =118 mb rhty&/ kh =?5< y# < rr#S p bft 0; y& = r#S 4= gm'

rm|hkçt rht{mc{ht ymtmkft mb _mgf kh Gfc{h Y`ô kh G`c`t'{rft yfr hb kht}xhc{f kh 5 gmrm|hkçt hc dmkm yhtf }xh th bh

|hr`l`df khb {f{mb : Dfgf ymrhzh kh kem# B`ormczm p Dmr{m

kh ymaf }xh f{fraf m}xh cft rhg`{`gft p bf l`rgmgft#

4?=<–1–99–

Ghkrm cf ‛ Mb{fbmax`rrh#

SS!Mb gmrahc : Km{m kh 899 y#S dfrr#*S!! bft ;58 y#S ? rr#S =?

grt# hc{rhamkft m K#¹ Jxmc Gmcxhb kh Bm|mrkhc [ehc#**

Ahc#! Mxk#/ kh Axhrrm yfr b`}x`kf }xh bh dfrrhty#!SS kh tx

txhbkf |hcd`kf hc < ghtht kht#S =#¹ kh Jxb`f ml`c kh K`zorh#

kh =118 mb rhty#*/ kh = y#S mccxmbht p bft =; y#S 8 rr#* ??

grt" rht{mc{ht ymtmkft mb Gfc{h Y`ô kh G`c`t{rft yfr hb

khtdxhc{f }xh th bh e`zf kh 5 gmrm|hkçt hc dmkm yhtf kh tx

{f{mb#/

Hc cxh|h kh hchrf kh g`b th{hd`hc{ft th{hc{m p th`t# Yfrmx{f }xh yrf|he`gft ht{h k`m kmgft hc Km{m }x`c`hc{ft

y#S dfrr`hc{ht bft ;5 y#!! ? rr#S =? grt# hc{rha#/S m K#/ JxmcGmcxhb kh Bm|mrkhc [ehc`hc{h Ahc#! p mxk`{fr kh Axhrrm

yfr b`}x`kf }xh bh dfrrhty#!/! kh tx txhbkf |hcd`kf hc < ghtht

kht#£ =#¹ kh Jxb`f m l`c kh K`z`hgorh kh =118 mb rhtyhd{f kh

g`b y#S mccxmbhtp

bft =; y#S 8 rr#S ?? grt# rht{mc{ht yfr

hb kht}#*/ kh 5 rt# hc yhtf }xh th bh |hr`l`df khb {f{mb ymtm'

kft mb rmgf kh Gfc{h Y`ô kh G`c`t{rft# Dfgf ymrhzh kh

Yhk`ghc{f d`{mkf mx{f p dmr{m kh ymaf }xh f{fraf m}xh

cft rhg`{`gft p bf l`rgmgft# 899 "" 99 – 99""




‛ =5? ‛

S!Mb gmrahc: Km{m kh =9 j j)& dfrr`hc{ht bft 0198 y#S 1rr#S ? grt# hc{rhamkft mb T#!*!S Dfc{#¹! g#*/S kh Dxhc{mt K"/ Dmc'

k`kf Hmgft yfr b`}#*S/ }xh bh dfrrhty#*S/ kh txt txhbkft |hc'

d`kft hc 49 ghtht kht#S =¹ kh Jxb`f kh =114 e#!! l`c kh

K`z`hgorh kh 18 mb rhty"*!! kh ; +j yhtft mccxmbht p bft

?0; y#¹S4? grt# rht{mc{ht ymtmkft mb Gfc{h Y`ô kh G`c`t'

{rft yfr hb kht}#*¹ kh 5 grt# hc yhtf }xh thbh M!hr`lbdf khb

{f{mb#/

Hc cxh|h kh Hchrf kh g`b th{hd`hc{ft th{hc{m p th`t

yfr bòrmczm }xh huyhk`gft hc ; khb g`tgf kmgft hc Km{mk`hz g`b y#¹S dfrr`hc{ht bft 0198 y#! 1 rr#S ? grt# hc{rha#/S

mb T#//S Dfc{mkfr kh dxhc{mt kh ht{mt Yrf|#SS K#/ Dmck`kf_mgft yfr b`}x`kf }xh bh dfrrhtyfckh kh txt txhbkft |hc'

d`kft hc {rh`c{m ghtht kht#£ =/ kh Jxb`f kh 14 e#!! l`c kh K`z#*!!

kh 18 mb rhty#*¹ kh }xm{rf g`b y#S mccxmbht }xh T# G# bh

{`hch mtàcmkft yfr _hmb [`{xbf kh ?; kh Hchrf kh =1<5 p

bft ?0; y#S 4? grt# rht{mc{ht ymtmgft mb _mgf kh Gfc{hYçf kh G`c`t{rft yfr hb kht}#*¹ kh 5 grt# hc yhtf" }xh th

|hr`l`df khb {f{mb Dfgf ymrhzh kh Mjxt{mg`hc{f d`{mkm

Bòrmczm p dmr{m kh ymaf }xh f{fraf m }xh cft rhg`{`gf3t

p bf l`rgmgft# =9999 – 99"" 99 –


S!Mb gmrahc: Km{m kh =5?8 y#S dfrr#*/S hc{rha#¹S m bft Fl`z#!!S

kh Ybxgm kh ht{mt _#£S Dmjmt yfr txt Txhbkft |hcd`kft

khtkh =#¹ kh Jxb`f kh =118 e#* l`c kh K`z`hgorh khb g`tgf#/

Hc cxh|h kh Hchrf kh g`b th{hd`hc{ft th{hc{m p th`t

kmgft hc Km{m g`b fdefd`hc{ft |h`c{h p d`cdf y#S dfrr`hc{ht

hc{rhamkft m bft d`cdf Fl`z`mbht kh Ybxgm kh ht{m Dfc{m'

kxrçm kft k`deft p kft txyhrcxghrmr`ft kht{`cmkft m bmDxhc{m p rmzôc kh bm [rfym kh ht{m Yrf|`cd`m p xcf m bm

Lmd{frçm yfr txt txhbkft |hcd`kft hc bft < úb{`gft ghtht

khb mcf yrôu`gf ymtmkf kh =118 hc ht{m lfrgm: m K#/

Yhkrf Gfmt fl`d`mb yr`ghrf yfr hb Huyrhtmkf {`hgyf mb

rhty#*¹ kh 199 y#£ mccxmbht }xh ht{íc mtàcmkft m ht{m Ybm'

zm yfr _#! Dàkxbm hc T#// @bkhlfctf m ?8 kh Maft{f kh =11#;



‛ =54 ‛

p hb dúgybmth khb Thýfr Af|hrcmkfr p Dmy#/ Ahc#! kh =¹

kh Hchrf kh 18 {rhtd`hc{ft p d`cdxhc{m y#S m K#¹ Jxmc kh

Bmgmt yfr hb g`tgf {`hgyf h àxmb rmzôc mb rhty#*¹ kh 899

y#S mb mcf ?89 y#' m K#/ Gmcxhb Gfrhcf Mraxgftm yfr

Çkhg =89 y#S mb rhty#*¹ kh 499 y#S mccxmbht# M K#¹ Nfnjxh

_mgmbbf yfr `khg =?8 y#S mb rhty#*¹ kh ?89 y#S mb mýf# MK#/ Jftthl Gmr`m kh _ff =99 y#! mb rhty#*/ kh ?99 y#S mccxm'

bht }xh m ht{m Ybmzm th bh mtàcmrfc yfr ht{h [ròxcmb hc

|`r{xk kh mx{f kh ht{h Afo`hrcf kh ?5 kh K`z`hgorh kh <<hc }xh th bh dfct`khrmrfc kàf dfcdhk`hrfc lmdxb{'mkht `Smrm

tm{`tlmdhr kh dxhc{m kh bm _#! Emd`hckm xc g`b y#S mb mýfrhymr{`kft hc{rh bft fl`z`mbht kh Ybxgm kh ht{m fl`z`cm dxpfcfgormg`hc{f ht{m myrf|mkf yfr Mdxhrkf hdef hc B`gmhc =; kh lho#/S/ kh =1<0 M K#/ Yhkrf Mc{fc`f Km|mbft Fl`z`mb

yr`ghrf kht{`cmkf m bbhomr bm dxhc{m p rmzôc kh bm [rfymkh ht{m Yrf|`cd`m ?89 y#S mb rhty#S¹ kh 899 y#S mcxmbht }xh

bh ht{íc mtàcmkft m K#/ _f}xh Afczíbhz =89 y#S mb rhty#*/

kh 499 yhtft mb mýf m K#¹ Hxth|`f Gfc{mým txyhrcxgh'

rmr`f =89 y#S yfr bm g`tgm rmzôc M K#¹ Gmcxhb kh _fdem`khg =89 y#¹ p m K#¹ Dhlhr`cf _fkrçaxhz Fl`d`mb kh Lmd{frçm

=89 y#S mb rhty#*¹ kh 499 y#S mccxmbht Dfgf ymrhzh kh Mjxt'

{mg`hc{f p rhzç|ft }xh emc f{framkf m}xh cft rhg`{`gft

p bf l`rgmgft# =5?8 "" 99 "" 99 ""


S!Mb gmrahc: Km{m kh 415 y#S 8 rr#S == ;- =? grt# hc{#/S m

K#/ Gàxhb Amrdçm Dmy#// kh ht{h Yxhr{f yfr tx txhbkf |hc'

d`kf khtkh =5 kh Gmrzf e#* l`c kh Thyorh# kh 18 mrmzfc kh

;9 y#S ghctxmbht#/

Hc cxh|h kh Hchrf kh g`b th{hd`hc{ft th{hc{m p th`t#

Yfr Khdrh{f }xh huyhkçgft ht{h Kçm kmgft hc Km{m {rht'

d`hc{ft th{hc{m p fdef y#S d`cdf rr#S fczh p }xm{rf kfzm|ft

grt# dfrr`hc{ht hc{rhamkft m K#¹ Gàxhb Amrdçm Dmy`{íc

kh ht{h Yxhr{f yfr tx txhbkf |hcd`kf khtkh =5 kh Gm`*zf

e#/ l`c kh K`z`hgorh kh =118 mb rhty#*¹ kh ;9 y#S ghctxmbht

}xh T# G# bh {`hch mtàcmkft hc _#! Dàkxbm kh ?< kh Thy'

{`hgorh kh =11; Dfgf ymrhdh kh dfy`m dhr{`l`dmkm kh hbbm



' =5; '

Gh`c#! h`{mr{f Khdrh{f kh ymaf }xh f{fraf m}``h cft rhg#S

p l`rgmgft# 415"" 8#" == ;=?

Ghkrmcf ‛ Íb{fbmax`rrh#

!SMb gmrahc: Km{m kh ;99 y#S dfrr#*SS hc{rha#/* m K#/ Jxmx

Arhafr`f Zmgxk`f Yrf{hd{fr ahc#! kh bxk`ft kh ht{m D`xkmkyfr tx txhbkf |hcd`kf hc bft < úb{`gft ghtht khb mlçf yrô'

u`gf ymtmkf kh =118 mb rhtyhd{f kh 599 y#S mccxmbht#/

Hc k`hz kh Hchrf kh g`b th{hd`hc{ft th{hc{m p th`t : Yfr

Khdrh{f p mx{f }xh yrf|he`gft ht{h k`m kmgft hc Km{m}xm{rfd`hc{ft yhtft dfrr`hc{ht hc{rhamkft m K#/ Jxmc %jrh'

afr`f Zmgxk`f Yrf{hd{fr Ahchrmb kh# @ck`ft kh ht{m D`xkmk

yfr tx txhbkf |hcd`kf hc F ghtht kht#** @/* kh Jxb`f e#S l`c

kh K`z&£ kh 18 mb rhtyhd{f kh 599 j`htft mccxmbht }xh T# G#bh {`hch mtàcmkft yfr _#! Khtymdef kh ?9 kh Thyorh# kh 1;

Dfgf ymrhzh kh Yhk`ghc{f d`{mkf mx{f | dmr{m kh ymaf

}xh f{fraf m}h# cft# rhg#!¹ p l`rg#¹S ;99 – 99 – 99 –

Ghkrmcf ‛ M @{fbmax`rrd#

S!Mb gmrahc: Km{m kh ;9 y#S dfrr#*S! hc{rha# ¹! m Jmd`c{f

Làxhrfm Yfr{hrf kh bm Dfc{mkxrçm g#/!/ kh dxhc{mt yfr hb

txhbkf }xh dfgf {mb {`hch |hcd`kf hc {rht ghtht kht#£ =#¹ kh

Fd{orh# ml`c kh K`zorh# kh =118 mb rhtyhd{f kh ; rr#S k`mr`ft#/

Hc fczh kh Hchrf kh g`b th{hd`hc{ft th{hc{m p th`t# Yfr

mx{f }xh yrf|he`gft hc k`hz kh kef# kmgft hc Km{m }xm'

rhc{m p th`t y#¹S dfrr#*!!!! hc{rha#/S m Jmd`c{f Làxhrfm Yfr'{hrf kh bm Dfc{mk#!! gmpfr kh Dxhc{mt yfr hb txhbkf }xdç

dfgf {mb {`hch |hcd`kf hc {rht ghtht kht#/ =¹ kh Fd{xorh

ml`c kh K`zorh# kh =118 cfgormkf ymrm kef# G`c`t{hr`f

thaúc flbz`f khb Thýfr Dfc{#*// g#!/S K#/ Dmck`kf _mgft kh

1 kh Cf|orh# }xh th embbm yfr dfgyrf|#*/ kh Km{m kh X !

Emz#/!! C/ =?5 hc kef# mýf mb rhty#*¹ kh ; rr#S k`mr`ft }xh



' =58 '

bh ht{mx mtàcmkft> Dfgf ymrhzh kh Yhk`g&/ d`{mkf mx{f

p dmr{m kh ymaf }xh f{fraf m}xh cft rhg#** j bf l`rgmgft#

;< – 99 – 99 –


!!Mb gmrahc: Km{m kh =89 y#S dfrr#*S! hc{rha#/S m k#/ Jxmc:R^mc#! Tmb`cm``- mxfgorh p dfgf myfk#¹ khb N#*S/ Y#S Lr# Bf'

rhczf \`bbmbom khb Frkhc kh Yrhk`dmkfrht m oxhcm dxhc{m

kh bft Tçcfkft }xh {`hchc |hcd`kft kh [ehc#*£ kh Dxrm kh bm

cxh|m _hkxdd`ôc khb Yxhobf kh Tmc Lrmcd`tdf kh Ymxbm#/

Hc fczh kh Hchrf kh g`b th{hd`hc{ft th{hc{m p th`t# Yfr

Khdrh{f kh ht{h Af|#// kh =9 khb g`tgf kmgft hc Km{m

d`hc{f d`c}xhc{m j)#*/ dfrr`hc{ht hc{rhamkft m K#/ Jxmc Gm'

cxhb Tmb`cmt mcfgorh p dfgf myfkhrmkf khb _# Y# Lr# Bf'

rhczf \`bbmbom khb frkhc kh Yrhk`dmkfrht thaúc dfct{m khb

Yfkhr f{framkf hc bm D`xkmk kh Dfrr`hc{ht hc =#¹ kh Maft{f

kh =118 mc{h K#/ Jftthl Mc{fc`f kh Ohramrm Mbdmbkh Frk`'

cmr`f kh Tha#// |f{f mc{h {ht{àft mlmb{m kh Htd#/¹ mlmofr

khb _#*!/ Y#S Lr# Mc{fc`f kh Tmc{m Gmr`m khb g`tgf frkhc

}x`hc bf tfot{`{xpf hc bm D`x#*S kh Dfrkf|m hc 1 kh K`z&£

kh kef# mýf hc hb huyrhtmkf Tmb`cmt mc{h hb htdr`|mcf Yx

ob`df kh Dm|`bkf Gmr{`c kh Mrrmtdmh{m dxpm dmc{`kmk th bhk`f m oxhcm dxhc{m kh bft Tàcfkft }xh {`hch |hcd`kft hc

[ehc`hc{h Dxrm kh bm cxhom _hkxd`fc khb Yxhobf cfgorm'

kf T#/ Lrmc#!¹ kh Ymxbm kht#£ ? kh Fd{xorh kh 1? e#S ; kh

Gmrzf kh 1; }xh e`zf dfct{mr dfc dhr{`l`dmt#// khb Y#£ Lr#

Ofc`lmd`f Fr{`z Dxrm kh kem# _hkxd`fc p khb Af|#/!S kh bft

Yxhobft kh G`t`fcht k#// Lrmcd`tdf Orxcf kh Zm|mbm tm'

díckfth kem# dmc{#S khb lfckf kh g#*// thr|`d`f dfc}xh dfc'

{ròxphc bft d`{mkft Yxhobft dfgf kht{`cmkft mb lfghc{f

bmt cxh|mt Yfobmd`fcht ymrhdh kh keft# yfkhrht dhr{`l`dm'

d`ôc ghgfr`mb @clfrgh khb Mkg`c`t{rmkfr Ahchrmb kh bft

ghcd`fcmkft Yxhobft p hb cxht{rf rhlhr`kf Khdrh{f p rhz`|f

}xh f{fraf m}xh cft rhg`{`gft p bf l`rgmgft#

=89 – 99 – 99 –




‛ =51 '

}xhkmckf dfc ht{h khtdxhc{f hc =5?4 y& ; `&f r|#R Dfgf ym'rhzh kh Mx{f hb Khl`c`{òf kh fczh kh Lhorhrf kh 18– B`}x`'

kmt// kft Yhk`g&/S d`{mkf yrf|ho`kf p dmr{m kh ymaf }xhf{fraf m }xh cft rhg#S p bf l`rgmgft# ==< "" 4 – =1


!SMb gmrahc: Km{m kh 0= y#/ ; rr& hc{rha#¹S m Jxb`íc p Jxm'

cm Dmbof yfr hb < y#¹ khb ;#/ mýf trh# bm dmc{`kmk kh =8?< y#S

4 rr#S }xh bm H#! Emz#S!* bh rht{m kh|`hckf kh txhbkft m{rmtm'

kft m tx k`l#!/ Y#!S hb Tfbk#¹ Mc{#S Dmbof#/

Hc k`hz p fdef kh Hchrf kh g`b th{ht#/* th{hc{m p th`t#

Yfr mx{f }xh yrf|hb``gft hc =1 khb g`tgf kmgft hc Km{mcfohc{m p xc yhtft }xm{rf rrr#S dfrr`hc{ht hc{rha#S m Jx'

b`íc p Jxmcm Dmbof yfr hb <#¹ y#¹ dfrrhty#*S mb ;#¹ mýf tforhbm dmc{#*S kh =8?< y#! 4 rr#S }xh bm _#! Emz#**/ bh rht{m kh|`hckf

kh txhbkft m{rmtmkft mtx K`lxc{f Ymkrh hb Tfbkmkf JxmcMc{fc`f Dmbof }xhkmckf dfc ht{h kht}xhc{f hc =;4; y#S

1 rr#S Dfgf ymrhzh kh Mx{ft Yhk`ghc{f hb yrf|ho`kf pdmr{m kh ymaf }#* f{fraf m }xh cft rhg`{`gft | bf l`rgmgft#

S0=– ;– 99–

Ghkrmcf ‛ MEfbmax`rrh ‛ Mr`zm#

/Mb gmrahc: Km{m kh <00 y#S 1 rr#! dfrr#!S hc{rha#// m bft

Fl`z#*! kh Dmry#!!!! kh _òhrm p Dmbmlm{hr`m }xh emc {rm|m'

jmkf hc bm dfct{rxdd`ôc kh xc Amomrrfc }xh th ht{m lmor`

dmckf hc hb _`mdexhbf kht#* =#¹ ml`c kh Cf|orh# kh =118#/

Hc k`hz j cxh|h kh Hchrf kh g`b th{ht#!! th{hc{m p th`t# YfrKhd#*¹ kh ht{h Af|#¹/ kh =5 khb g`tgf kmgft hc Km{m th`td`hc'

{ft cfohc{m p cxhoh y#/S t`h{h rr#S dfrr`hc{ht hc{rha#/ m bft

Gmht{rft p Fl`d`mbht kh Dmry#// kh _òhrm p Dmbmlm{hr`m }xh

emc {rmomjmkf hb ght kh Cf|orh# khb mýf yrfu#¹ ymttS¹ kh

18 hc bm dfct{rxd`fc kh xc Amomrrfc }xh th ht{ç` lmor`dmc'

kf hc hb _`mdexhbf kh dxhc{m kh bm _#S Emz#!!S yfr bft jfrcm'



' =55 '

bht }xh khphcamrfc hc kef# {`hgyf# Dfgf ymrhzh kh rhçmt//*dhr{`l`dmkm kh bft Grft# Lrmc#/!!/ Mbomrhlçf j Maxt{`c Tmamr`

dfc hb |`t{f oxhcf khb Dmy#/ khb Yxhr{f K#/ Gàxhb Amrdçm

Mjxt{mg#*¹ d`{mkf Khdrh{f p rhz#¹S }xh f{framrfc bft }xhtxy`hrfc l`rgmr p yfr bft }xh cf bf e`zf hb d`{mkf Dmy`{íc

m}#S cft rhg`{`gft p bf l`rgmgft# <00 – 1 – 99 –

Ghkrmcf ‛ MXfbm}x`rrh#

!!Mb gmrahc: Km{m kh Ab y#S 1 `&f rr#S dfrr#*!S hc{rha#¹S m K#/*

Gmr`mcf Drhx K#/ Jxmc kh Gfbmt p k#/ Jftthl Amrdçm Hdem'

oxrr` Ehrhkhrft khb [ehc`hc{h k#/ Bx`t Dfbh{ yfr hb < y#!!

kh <#¹ mcf tforh =944 y#S }xh bm H#! Emz#S!! bh rht{m kh|`hckf

kh txhbkft m{rmtmkft#/

Hc k`hz p cxh|h kh Hchrf kh g`b th{hd`hc{ft th{hc{m p S`t#Yfr mx{f }xh yrf|hb``gft hc =5 kh kef" kmgft hc Km{mththc{m p xc y#S t`h{h p ghk`f rr#S dfrr#*SS hc{rhamkft m k#¹

Gmr`mcf Drhx k#/ Jxmc kh Gfbmt p K#/ Jftthl Amrdçm kh

Hdemoxrr` ehrhk#/S khb k`lxc{f [ehc#*S kh @clmc{#/ k#¹ Bx`t

Dfbh{ yfr hb th`t y#¹ kh tht{f mýf tforh bm dmc{#*S kh =944y#¹S }xh bm H#! Emz#S!! bh rht{m kh|`hckf kh txhbkft m{rmtmkft

}xhkmckf dfc ht{h khtdxhc{f hc 01= y#¹S =? rr#S Dfgf ym'

rhzh kh mx{ft Yhk`ghc{f" hb Yrf|he`kf p dmr{m kh ymaf }xh

f{fraf m}#S cft rhg#¹! p bf ýr#¹! <= – 1 – =1


!!Mb gmrahc: Km{m kh ?99 y#S dfc'"*SS hc{rha#¹S mb Y# Lr#

Mthcd`f Bxdhrf khb frc# kh Yrhk`dmkfrht m oxhcm dxhc{m

kh bft Tàcfkft }xh {`hch |hcd`kft kh [ehc#*S Dxrm khbYxhobf kh Pmyhpx hc kft mýft kft ghtht p kft kçmt khtkh

5 `cdbxtòh kh 14 e#!! 49 hudbxtòh kh Cf|`hgorh kh =118#/

Hc |h`c{h p kft kh Hchrf kh g`b th{hd`hc{ft th{hc{m pth`t yfr Khdrh{f }xh huyhk`gft ht{h kçm kmgft hc Km{mkftd`hc{ft yhtft dfrr`hc{ht hc{rha#!/! mb H#!!¹ Y#*/ lr# Mthcd`f



' =50 '

Bxdhrf khb Frkhx kh Yrhk`dmkfrht m dxhc{m kh bfh Tàxfkft}xh {`hch |hcd`kft kh [ehx`hc{h Dxrm khb Yxhobf kh Pmyh'

px kh @ck`ft Axmrmc`t hc kft mýft" kft ghtht p kft k`mt

kht#* 5 `cdbxtòh kh Thjjorh# kh 14 emt{m =9 hudbxtòh kh

Cf|`hgorh kh =118 }xh e`zf dfct{mr dfc dhr{`l`dmt#!/! khb

Dm|`bkf p Mkg`c`t{rmkfr kh kb`f# Yxhobf bm }xh th bh kh

ofbo`f y#!! }xh bm yrhthc{h dxmckf th bh mjxt{h kh rhgm{h"

dfgf ymrhzh kh Ghgfr`mb d`{mkf Khdrh{f p rhdòf }xh

f{fraf m}xh# cft rhg`{`gft p l`rgmgft#

?99 – 99 "" 99 –


/Mb gmrahc: Km{m kh ?89 y#! dfrr#*SS! hc{rha#!!! m K#/ [ef'

gmt kh K`haf Ymdehdf" Yrf|`t{f Fl`z#! kh bm Dfc{mk#* g#*/S

kh dxhc{mt kh ht{mt Yrf|#/*S yfr txt txhbkft |hcd`kft hc< ghtht kht#!! =¹ kh Jxb`f e#* l`c kh K`zorh# khb mýf kh =118

mb rhty#*¹ kh 899 y#S }xh bh ht{íc mtàcmkft maht{m Ybmzm#/

Hc |h`c{h p {rht kh Hchrf kh g`b th{hd`hc{ft th{hc{m pth`t# Yfr mx{f }xh yrf|he`gft ht{h k`m kmgft hc Km{mkftd`hc{ft d`c}xhc{m y#¹* dfrr`hc{ht hc{rha#/ m k#¹ [efgmtkh K`haf Ymdehdf" Yrf|`t{f Fl`z#S ¡Sr`ghrf kh bm Dfc{mk#*

g#/// kh dxhc{mt kh ht{mt Yrf|`cd`mt u3fr tx txhbkf |hcd`kf

hc bft th`t úb{`gft ghtht khb mýf ymtmkf kh =118 mb rhty#*¹

kh }x`c`hc{ft y#S }xh bh ht{íc mtàcmkft m ht{m Ybmzm hc

jxc{m kh Frkhcmczm kh =9 kh Gmpf kh <0# Dfgf ymrhzh kh

Yhk`ghc{f d`{mkf mx{f p dmr{m kh ymaf }xh f{fraf m}xh

cft rhg`{`gft p bf l`rgmgft# ?89 "" 99 – F ""


!!Mb gmrahc: Km{m kh =?5 y#/S dfrr`hc{ht hc{rha#/S mb

Fxmrkm kh _#! Emz#!!/ Lrmcd`tdf Ambbmrkf yfr tx txhbkf

|hcd`kf hc xc mýf kht#S =0 kh Hchrf kh =118 b`#!! àxmb k`m

khb dfrr`hc{h kh 1< mb rhty#*/ kh =?5 y#¹S }xh th bh mtàcmrfc

yfr khtymdef bòrmkf yfr ht{h Af|`hrcf hb g`tgf k`m =0#/



' =09 '

Hc |h`c{h

j{rht kh Hchrf kh g`b th{hd`hc{ft th{hc{m

pth`t# Yfr Khd#*¹ }xh huyhk`gft ht{h k`m kmgft hc Km{md`hc{f |h`c{h p fdef y#** dfrr&S hc{rhamkft mb Axmrkm kh

bç#! Emz&* Lrmc#!!¹ Ambbmrkf yfr tx txhbkf |hcd`kf hc xcmýf kht#!! =0 kh Hchrf khb mýf ymtmkf kh =118 e#!! àxmb

k`m khb dfrr`hc{h ght p mýf bft g`tgft }xh th mtàcmrfc kh

arm{`l#¹/ mccxmb hc Khtymdef bòrmkf y#// hb T#/// Af|#/// pDmy#/ Ahc#! hc =0 kh Hchrf kh =118> Ymrhzh kh Ghgfr`mb

d`{mkf Khdrh{f p hb dfrrhty#*S rhdòf }xh f{fraf m}xh cft

rhg`{`gft p bft l`rgmgft# =?5 – 99 "" 99 –


!SMb gmrahc: Km{m kh ? # y#S dfrr#SS bft =0== y#! = rr#! =;

grt# hc{rha#!!S m bft Thýfrht [e#/S/ Lmd{fr Fl`z#*S _#SS kh

ht{mt Dmjmt yfr b`}#*S/ kh txt txhbkft |hcd`kft hc bft <

úb{`gft ghtht khb mcf ymtmkf kh =118 mb rhty#*¹ kh ? ] y#/

mcc#SS dmkm xcf p bft 55 y#S < rr#S ?9 grt ymtmkft mb Gfc{h

Yçf kh G`c`t{rft yfr hb kht}&¹ kh 5 grt# hc yhtf#/

Hc |h`c{h p }xm{rf kh Hchrf kh g`b th{hd`hc{ft th{hc{m

p th`t Yfr Bòrmczm }xh huyhk`gft ht{h k`m kmgft hc Km{m

kft g`b j3htft dfrr#*SS hc{rhamkft bft g`b cxhohd`hc{ft }xm'

rhc{m p xc y#S xc rr#! dm{frzh gmrm|hkçt m cftf{rft hb

[ehtfrhrf K#/ Yhkrf Ghkrmcf p Lmd{fr k#¹ Gmr{`c Jftthl

Mb{fbmax`rrh yfr b`}x`kf }xh cft yhr{hchdh kh cxht{rf

txhbkf |hcd`kf khtkh yr`ghrf kh Jxb`f mlçc kh K`z`hgorh

khb mýf ymtmkf kh =118 mb rhtyhd{f kh ? y#/S mccxmbht hc

\rk# kh _#! Dàkxbm kh ?8 kh Maft{f kh 1; p bft 85 y#S

< rr#S ?9 grt# rht{mc{ht ymtmkft mb Gfc{h Y`ô kh G`c`t{rft

yfr hb khtdxhc{f kh 5 grt# hc dmkm yhtf }xh th cft |hr`l`df

khb {f{mb Dfgf ymrhzh kh B`}x`kmd`ôc Bòrmczm p dmr{m kh

ymaf }xh f{framgft kàf }xh f{framgft m}xh cft rhg`{`'

gft p bf l`rgmgft# ?999 – 99 – 99 –




‛ =0? '

hlhd{f kh }xh hc{rmth kh Gfcjm }xhkmckf dfc ht{h kht'}xhc{f kh 14; y#S dfgf ymrhzh kh Yhk`ghc{f d`{mkf mx{f

p dmr{m kh ymaf }xh f{fraf m }xh cft rhg`{`gft p bf

l`rgmgft# ;< – < "" =1


!/Mb gmrahc: Km{m kh 499 y& dfrr&//S hc{rha#/S m K#/ Mckràtkhb [frf Axmrkm g#¹! kh _#! Emz#S/ yfr tx txhbkf |hcd`kf

hc xc mýf kht#S =#¹ kh Hchrf m l`c kh K`zorh# kh =118#/

Hc |h`c{h p t`h{h kh Hchrf kh g`b th{hd`hc{ft th{hc{m pth`t yfr mx{f }xh yrf|he`gft ht{h k`m kmgft hc Km{m {rht'

d`hc{ft y#S dfrr`hc{ht hc{rha#¹S m K#/ Mckràt khb [frf Axmr'

km g#¹// kh _#! Emz#*S yfr tx txhbkf |hcd`kf hc {fkf hb mcf

kh =118mb rhty#*¹

kh{rhtd`hc{ft j)#S

mccxmbht }xhbh ht{íc

mtàcmkft yfr _#! Frkhc kh ?< kh Thyorh# kh =119# Dfgfymrhzh khb Yhk`ghc{f d`{mkf mx{f j dmr{m kh ymaf }xh f{fr'

af m }xh cft rhg`{`gft p l`rgmgft# 499 "" 99 – 99–


!SMb gmrahc: Km{m kh ;?8 y#S dfrr#!!S hc{rha#/S m K#/ JxmcJye# Bhd`dm myfkhrmkf khb Yh# @SP'# Jxmc [b`fgmt Demdxrrm

khb Frkhc kh T#¹ Lrmcd`tdf thaúc dfct{m khb @ct{rxghc{f

f{framkf mc{h [ht{àft hc hb Yxhobf cfgo#rmkf çS#/ Yhkrf

kh @ck`ft Sbfdfo`ht#/

Hc |h`c{h p t`h{h kh Hchrf kh g`b th{hd`hc{ft th{hc{m pth`t Yfr mx{f }xh yrf|he`gft ht{h k`m kmgft hc Km{m }xm'

{rfd`hc{ft |h`c{h p d`cdf y#/** dfrr`hc{ht hc{rhamkft m K#/

Jxmc Jyb`# kh Bhd`dm m cfgorh p dfgf myfk#¹ khb Y#*/ Lr#

Jxmc [efgmt Demdxrrm khb Frkhc kh T#// Lrmcd`tdf thaúc

dfct{m khb @ct{rxghc{f f{framkf mc{h [ht{àft hc hb Yxhobf

cfgormkf T#¹ Yhkrf kh @ck`ft Gfdfo`ht hc ?5 kh Cf|`hg'

orh khb mýf yrfu#¹ ymtt#/ yfr `c`y#*!! kh bft Tçcfkft |hcd`kft

hc kft mýft" xc ght p }x`czh k#S }xh t`r|`ô kh Dxrm hc hb



' =04 '

g`tgf Yxhobf mb rhtyhd{f kh ?99 y#! mcxmbht kht& ?1 khJxb`f kh =114 e#S =? kh Fd{xorh kh 18 mgoft kçmt `cdbxtòht

bf }xh e`zf dfct{mr dfc dhr{`l`dmt#// khb Dm|`bkf kh kb`f# Yxh'

obf p dfct{mc{h khb Af|hrcmkfr kh Mrgmt kh Tmc{m Lh>

Dfgf ymrhzh kh hbbm d`{mkf Yfkhr Yhk`ghc{f Khdrh{f prhdòf }xh f{fraf m }xh cft rhg`{`gft p bf l`rgmgft#

;?8 – 99 – 99 –


/Mb gmrahc: Km{m kh 89 y#¹S dfrr#SS hc{rha#/S mb Y#£ lr#

Lrmc#** Um|`hr Mbomrrmc khb Frkhc kh Tmc Lrmc&// m oxhcm

}xhc{m khb Tàcfkf }"* |hcd`ô kh [ehc`hc{h kh Dxrm hc hb

Yxhobf kh @ck`ft Axmrmc`t cfgo#!!¹ Jhtút hc }xm{rf ghtht

p }x`cdh k`mt#/

Hc {rh`c{m kh Hchrf kh g`b th{hd`hc{ft th{hc{m p th`t#

Yfr Khdrh{f }xh huyhk`gft hc ?0 khb g`tgf kmgft hc Km{mh`c}xhc{m y#S dfrr`hc{ht hc{rhamk#/S mb Y#!! lr# Lrmcd`tdf Um'

|`hr Mbomrrmc khb Frc# kh Tmc Lrmcd`tdf m oxhcm }#S kh

bft Tàcfkft }#£ |hcd`ô t`r|`hckf kh [e#* Dxrm hc hb Yxhobf

bh @ck`ft Axmrmc`t kh G`t`fcht cfgormkf Jhtút hc }xm{rf

ghtht p }x`czh k`mt dfc{mkft kht#/ =? `cdbxtòh kh K`z`hg'

orh kh =11? b`#S ?4 kh Mor`b kh =114 }xh e`zf dfct{mr yfr

dhr{`l`dmd`ôc }xh yrhthc{f p th bh |fbo`f ymrm }xh bf oxhb'

|m }kmckf th bh mjxt{h kh rhgm{h# Dfgf ymrhzh kh Ghgfr`mbd`{mkf Khdrh{f p rhz#/ }xh f{fraf m}#S cft rhg#/* p bf l`r'

gmgft# 89 – 99 – 99 –


/Mb gmrahc : Km{m kh =89 y#S dfrr#**S hc{rha#/S mb _#¹ Y#* lr#

Yhkrf Afczíbhz khb Frkhc kh U# T# kh Ghrdhkht m crh# pdfgf Myfkhrmkf khb Y# lr# Jxmc Omxy{`t{m Amrmp khb g`tgfFrc# m oxhcm }xhc{m kh bft Tàcfkft }xh {`hch |hcd`kft kh

[ehc`hc{h p Dxrm Kfd{r`chrf hc hb Yxhobf kh bm Dmckhbmr`m

hc }xm{rf mýft 4 ghtht p =1 k`mt#!!

YòOB# ThD# E@T[# # =4



‛ =0; ‛

Hc {rh`c{m kh Hchrf kh g`b th{hd`hc{ft th{hc{m p th`t#Yfr Khdrh{f }xh huyhk`gft ht{h k`m kmgft hc Km{m d`hc{f

p d`c}xhc{m y#¹S dfrr`hc{ht hc{rha#¹S mb _#S¹ Y#S lr# YhkrfAfczíbhz khb Frkhc kh C{rm# Thýfrm kh Ghrdhkht m cfgorh

p dfgf Myf#// kh Y#S lr# Jxmc Omxy{`t{m Amrmp khb g`tgffrkhc m oxhcm dxhc{m kh bft Tàcfkft }#£ ht{h |hcd`ô kh

[ehc`hc{h p Dxrm Kfd{r`chrf hc hb Yxhobf kh bm Dmckhbmr`m

kh @ck`ft Axmrmc`t hc }xm{rf mcft {rht ghtht p k`hz p t`h{h

k`mt kht#S =5 `cdbxtòh kh Ma#*¹ kh =1<5 e#S 8 hudbxt`|h kh

Cf|`hgorh kh =11? bf }xh b``zf dfct{mr dfc dhr{`l`dmd`fcht

}xh th bh kh|fbo`f ymrm }xh bf yrhthc{h dxmckf th bh mjxt{h

kh rhgm{h dfgf ymrhzh kh kb`f# Yfkhr ghg#S d`{#*S/ khd#*/ prhdòf }xh f{fraf m }xh cft rhg`{`gft p bf l`rgmgft#

=89 "" 99 – 99 #"


! Mb gmrahc: Km{m kh ?<? y#/S 4 rr#// dfrr#*SS hc{rha#¹! m

Jftthl kh T`b|m p Max`mr yfr `gyfr{h kh |mr`ft Bòrft hc

obmcdf }xh em txog`c`t{rmkf dfc f{rft x{hcd`b`ft p hc}xm'

khrcmg`hc{ft ymrm hb thr|`d`f p A`rf kh ht{m fl`d`cm#/

Hc yr`ghrf kh Lhorhrf kh g`b th{hd`hc{ft th{hc{m p th`t#

Yfr Mx{f }xh yrf|hb``gft ht{h k`m Kmgft hc Km{m kftd`hc'

{ft ththc{m p kft yhtft {rht rr#S dfrr`hc{ht hc{rhamkft m Jyb`#

kh T`b|m p Max`mr yfr `gy#** kh |mr`ft Bòrft hc obl`cdf"

Ymyhb p f{rft x{hct`b`ft }xh em txog`c`t{rmkf ymrm hb thr'

|`d`f p a`rf kh ht{m fl`z`cm khtkh yr`cd`y`ft khb mcf kh =11;

e#S bm lem# Dfgf ymrhzh kh dxhc{m }xh em yrhthc{mkf d`{mkf

Mx{f p dmr{m kh ymaf }xh f{fraf m }xh cft rhg`{`gft p bf

l`rgmgft# ?<? – 4– 99""

Ghkrmcm ‛ MEfbma```rrh#

!!Mb gmrahc: Km{m kh 5< y#S < rr#S dfrr#**S hc{rha#/S m K#*

Gmr`m Tícdehz kh \hbmtdf yfr t` p dfgf my#S/ kh bft khgítehrhkhrft kh tx k`lxc{f Y#!S K#/ Gàxhb Tícdehz kh \hbmtdf



‛ =08 '

yfr hb %3#/ khb <#¹ mýf tforh =;;< y#S < Pf rr#/ }xh bm N#! Emz#/*bh rht{m kh|`hckf m txhbkft m{rmtmkft#/

Hc th`t kh lhorhrf kh g`b th{hd`hc{ft th{hc{m j th`t# YfrMx{f }xh yrf|he`gft hc d`cdf khb g`tgf kmgft hc Km{mfdehc{m j th`t y#¹S th`t rr#S dfrr#SS hc{rha#/S m k#* Gmr`m Tíc'

dehz kh Phbmtdf yfr t` p dfgf myfkhrmkm kh bft khgít ehrh'

khrft kh tx k`lxc{f Ymkrh hb Dmy#/ rhlfrgmkf K#/* G`axhb

Tícdehz kh \hbmtdf thaúc dfct{m kh @ct{rxg#*/ f{framkf

mc{h hb Htdr`|mcf yxob`df j kh Dm|`bkf Jftthl Thrrhrm hc

1 kh Jxc`f kh =1<0 y#!S hb < y#¹ dfrrhty#S* mb <#¹ mýf trh# bm

dmc{#/ kh =;;< y#!* < ` ô rr#S }xh bm _#! Emz#!!* bh rht{m kh|`hckf

kh txhbkft m{rmtmkft }xhkmckf dfc ht{h khtdxhc{f hc =4<9

yt# Pf rr#! Dfgf ymrhzh kh `\x{ft yhk`ghc{f hb yrf|he`kf

p dmr{m kh ymaf m }xh cft rhg#* p bf l`rgmgft# 5< – < – 99


/Mb gmrahc: Km{m kh ; y#¹S dfr`!#*SS bft 4151 y#! < rr#**

4 =; grt" hc{rha#/S m K#¹ Gmc#! _fkrçaxhz kh bm \ham m c#/S* pdfgf Myfk#/ kh k#// Maxt{çc Lhrcmckf kh Y`chkf Af|#*// pDmy#/ Ahc#! kh bm Yrf|`cd`m khb Ymrmaxmp b`}#S¹ }xh bh yhr'

{hchdh yfr tx txhbkf |hcd`kf hc xc mýf kht#£ =#¹ kh Jxb`f kh

1; e#* l`c kh Jxc`f kh 18 rh|mjmkft =8 y#S 5

(grt# yfr hb

khtdxhc{f kh @gomb`kft =11 y#S = rr#! ?= ( grt# y#* hb Gfc{hYçf G`b`{mr p 59 y#S kh Kf{md`ôc ymrm hb Mahc{h L`tdmb k2¾

bm _#! Mxk`hcd`m khb K`t{r`{f#/

Hc k`hz kh lhorhrf kh g`b th{hd`hc{ft th{hc{m p th`t# Yfr

mx{f }xh yrf|he`gft ht{h k`m Kmgft }xm{rf g`b y#S dfrr`hc'

{ht bft {rht g`b th{hd`hc{ft fdehc{m p t`h{h y#S th`t rr#S {rht

p ghk`f grt# hc{rhamkft m K#/ Gmcxhb _fkrçaxhz kh bm

\ham m cfgorh p dfgf Myfkhrmkf kh K#¹ Maxt{çc Lhrcmc'kf kh Y`chkf Af|#//S p Dmy#¹ Ahc#! kh bm Yrf|`cd`m khb Ymrm'

axmp thaúc dfct{m khb Yfkhr Ahc#! }xh tfot{ç{xpf hc kef#

\ham K#¹ Jxmc Mckràt kh Mrrfpf mc{h hb Hu#/¹ kh ht{h Af'

|`hrcf Jftthl Zhczmcf dfc lem# ?= kh Cf|orh# kh =118 yfr

b`%W#!!¹ }xh bh dfrrhty#/£ m tx txhbkf |hcd`kf hc xc mýf khtkh

=#/ kh Jxb`f kh =11; e#* l`c kh Jxc`f kh =118 mb rhty#*¹ kh



' =0< ‛

; y#!! mcxmbht }xh bh ht{íc mtàcmkft y& H#S Dàkxbm kh ?4kh Hchrf kh 1; : =8 y#* 5 ( grt# ymtmkft mb cxhof rmgf kh

khtdxhc{f kh @gomb`kft yfr hb kh 5 grt# }xh th bh |hr`l`df

hc dmkm yhtf kh 8== y#S 49 pt grt# }xh `gy#*!! hb b`m|hr }xh bh

dfrrhty#/SS hc = ght =< k`mt kht#* =8 `cdbxtòh kh Gmpf b`#!!

l`c kh Jxc`f kh =118 }xh th emzh ht{h khtdxhc{f hc |rk# kh

_#! Frc# kh =; kh Hchrf kh kb`f# mýf ==1 y#S = rr#! ?4 ( grt#

ymtmkft mb Gfc{h Y`ô G`b`{mr yfr hb l`tdf khtdxhc{f kh 5

grt# hc yhtf trh# 405; y#S 1 rr#S ?8 `S grt# hc }xh }xhkm

b`}x`kf hb @g|hr khtyxàt kh rh|mjmkft bft @gomb`kft p bft

59 y#S rht{mc{ht ymtmkft mb rmgf kh Khyôt`{ft bft g`tgftdfc }xh kh|h dfc{ròx`r mcxmbghc{h y#*/ Mahc{h L`tdmb kh bm

_#! Mxk#!S khb K`t{r`{f hc |rk# kh b`#*S Yrf|`t`fcht kh 1 kh

K`z#//£ kh =11= p ?= kh Maft{f kh 14# Dfgf ymrhzh kh lh kh

|`km kmkm yfr hb Htd#/¹ kh Af|#¹¹ kh bm D`xkmk kh bm Mtxgy'd`fc khb Ymrmaxmp Gmcxhb Omde`díf hc fdef kh Maft{f khb

mýf yrôu`gf ymtmkf Yfkhr Yhk`ghc{f d`{mkf Mx{f Mjxt{m'

g`hc{f p Dmr{m kh ymaf }xh f{fraf m }xh cft rhg`{`gft pl`rgmgft# ;999 – 99 – 99 –


!SMb gmrahc: Km{m kh 88? y#¹S 1 ( rr# S dfrr#*** hc{rha#/S

mb ==#!!¹ Y#/!* Bhmckrf \hbmrkh Dfghckmkfr khb Dfc|hc{f kh

C{rm# Thýfrm kh Ghrdhkht yfr hb <#¹ y#¹ khb ;#¹ mcf trh#

0?=< y#S 4 rr#S }xh bm _#! Emz#!SS bh rht{m kh|`hckf yfr bmt kf'

cmd`fcht }xh |mr`ft fl`z#£S }xh lxhrfc kh ht{h Yrht`k`f bh

{`hchc ehdef kh txt txhbkft m{rmtmkft#/

Hc kfzh kh lhorhrf kh g`b th{hd`hc{ft th{hc{m p th`t# Yfr

mx{f }xh yrf|he`gft ht{h k`m kmgft }x`c`hc{ft d`c}xhc{m

p kft y#¹S t`h{h {rht }xmr{`bbft rr#S dfrr#*£S hc{rhamkft mb _#¹

Y#* lr# Bhmckrf \hbmrkh Dfghckmkfr khb Dfc|hc{f kh Crm#Thýfrm kh Ghrdhkht yfr hb th`t y#¹ dfrrhtyfck`hc{h mb }xmr'

{f mýf tforh bm dmc{`kmk kh 0?=< y#S 4 rr"S }xh bm _#! Emz#!SS

bh rht{m kh|`hckf yfr bmt Dht`fcht }xh m kef# Dfc|hc{f {`h'

chc ehdemt kh txhbkft m{rmtmkft bft Dmy#*S k#¹ Ohc`{f Lhr'

cmckhz k#/ Mbfctf Txmrhz p k#!! Lrmc#!!¹ Ghk`cm hb Mblàrhz

k#/ Ohrcmrkf Jfthl kh Mcm|m p hb Dfckht{mobh kh Mr{`bbh'



‛ =05 ‛

@tmohb kh \hbmtdf |`xkm p úc`dm ehrhkhrm khb Dmy#/ Nhlfr'gmkf K#// Jftthl @ýàf Nfbkmc yfr hb < y#¹ dfrrhty&S mb ;#¹

mýf trh# bm dmc{`k#*S kh ??98 y#S ; `&S rr#S }xh bm _hmb Emz&!!

bh rht{m kh|`hckf kh txhbkft m{rmtmkft }xhkmckf dfc ht{h

khtdxhc{f hc ?914 y& ? =; rr#S Dfgf ymrhzh kh Mx{ft Yh'

k`ghc{f hb yrf|he`kf p dmr{m kh ymaf }xh f{fraf m }xhcft rhg`{`gft p l`rgmgft# =4? – ? – 99


!/Mb gmrahc : Km{m kh <?8 y#S hc{rha#S bft 418 y#S m k#¹ JxmcMckràt p Mrrfpf p bft ?89 rht{mc{ht m K#¹ Jxmc @acmd`f

Hb`m dfg`t`fcmkf hc bm Dfc{#!! g#/// kh dxhc{mt yfr txt txhb'

kft |hcd`kft hc < ghtht úb{`gft khb mýf yrôu`gf ymtmkf

kh =118#/

Hc |h`c{h p fdef kh lhorhrf kh g`b th{hd`hc{ft th{hc{m pth`t# Yfr mx{f }xh yrf|he`gft ht{h k`m Kmgft hc Km{mth`td`hc{ft |h`c{h p d`cdf yhtft dfrr`hc{ht hc{rhamkft bft

418 y#S m K#!! Jxmc Mckràt kh Mrrfpf p bft ?89 rht{mc{ht m

k#!! Jxmc @acmd`f Hb`m dfg`t`fcmkf kh bmt dfgyrhehctòmt

khtkh hb mýf kh =<0? m =1<; dfrrhtyfck`hc{ht m ht{mt Dmumtyfr txt txhbkft |hcd`kft hc bft < ghtht khb mýf yrôu`gf

ymtmkf kh =118 thaúc dfct{m kh dhr{`l`dmt#!/! kh hu`t{hcd`m

kmkm yfr hb Thýfr dfc{mkfr g#// k#/ Dmck`kf _mgft hc ?1kh ht{h ght mb rhtyhd{f kh 189 y#S mccxmbht hb yr`ghrf p 899

hb thaxckf }xh bht ht{íc mtàcmkft hc Jxc{m kh frkhcmczm

kh 4 kh Fd{xorh kh =11?# Dfgf ymrhzh kh k`dem dhr{`l`dmt#//

Yhk`ghc{f d`{mkf mx{f p dmr{m kh ymaf }xh f{framrfc m }#S

cft rhg#S p l`rgmgft# <?8 "# 99 – 99 –


/!Mb gmrahc: Km{m kh =989 y#S dfrr`hc{ht hc{rha#¹* m k#¹

Jye# kh Axrrxdemam myfkhrmkf kh K#*/ Gmr{`c Jftthl kh

Mrmgoxrx yfr bm rhdfgyhtmt#/// kh 489 k`mt }xh fdxyf hc hb

mrrhabf kh bmt Dmjmt txlrmamc{ht/#



‛ ?99 ‛

d`b`f# _mgf# Dfgf ymrhzh kh kb`f# Mx{f }xh frà`cmb t`r|hkh dfgyrf|mc{h m ht{m Ymr{`km m }#** cft rhg#¹S p bf l`rgm'

gft# =99#999 – 99 – 99 –

Ghkrmcm ‛ MJ{fbmax`rrh#

% Khtkh m}x` dfrrhc bft dmraft p bmt km{mt khb T#/// Dfc{m'

kfr K#¹ Mbhumckrf `Sr`zm }xh {fgf yfthd`fc kh kef# hgybhfhc =#/ kh Gmrzf kh =11<)#

SSMb gmrahc: Km{m kh ;899 y#S dfrr#!SS bft =?50 y#S 8 rr#S

4? grt# hc{rha#// m Kc# Maxt{`c Dmt`g`rf kh Max`rrh m cfg'orh p dfgf myfkhrmkf khb T#/// Af|#/ p Dmy#/ Ahc#S kh ht{m

Yrf|#/ K#¹ Jxmc Jftthl kh \hr{`z yfr b`}x`kf }xh bh dfrrht'

yfck`ô kh tx txhbkf |hcd`kf hc bft th`t úb{`gft ghtht khb

mýf ymtmkf kh =118mb

rhtyhd{f kh 0]!

yhtft mccxmbhtrhom'

jmkft =<< y#S = rr#S =; grt# ymtmkft mb cxhof _mgf kh kht'

dxhc{f kh @gomb`kft ??;; y#S ?? grt# mb Gfc{h Y`ô kh G`'

b`{mrht p 599 y#S mb kh Khyôt`{ft ymrm hb Mahc{h L`tdmb kh bm

_#! Mxk`hcd`m khb K`t{r`{f#/

Hc th`t kh Gmrzf kh g`b th{hd`hc{ft th{hc{m p th`t# Yfrmx{f }xh yrf|he`gft hc =? kh Lhorhrf khb g`tgf kmgfthc Km{m }xm{rf g`b }x`c`hc{ft y#S dfrr#*!S bft =?50 y#/ 8 rr>

4? grt# hc{rhamkft m K#¹ Maxt{`c Dmt`g`rf kh Max`rrh mcfgorh p dfgf Myfkhrmkf khb Thýfr Af|#/// p Dmy#¹ Ahchrmb

kh ht{m Yrf|`cd`m K#/ Jxmc Jftthl kh \hr{`z yfr b`}x`kf

}xh bh dfrrhtyfckh kh tx txhbkf |hcd`kf hc bft < úb{`gft

ghtht khb mýf ymtt#*!¹ kh =118 mb rhtyhd{f kh cxh|h g`b y#¹S

mccxmbht }xh T# G# bh {`hch mtàcmkmt hc _#S Dàkxbm kh =9

kh Gmrzf kh =11= '' =<< y#/ = rr#! =; grt# ymtmkft mb cxh|f

_mgf kh khtdxhc{f kh @gomb`kft yfr hb }xh th bh |hr`l`df

kh 5 grt# hc ybm{m hc dmkm u)htf" bft 44 y#! < rr#S ?9 grt# trh#

==89 y#S }xh `gy#**/ hb b`m|hr }xh bh dfrrhtyfck`ô hc = ght

p =< k`mt kht#S =8 `cdbxtòh kh Gmpf b`#S l`c kh Jxc`f kh 18

}xh th emzh ht{h khtdxhc{f hc |`r{xk kh _#! Frc# kh =; kh

Hchrf khb g`tgf mýf p bft =4? y#S ? rr#S ?5 grt# tforh bft

;899 y#/ }xh th bh mdrhk`{mc hc ht{h mjxt{h : ??;; y#¹! ?? grt

ymtmkft mb Gfc{h Y`ô G`b`{mr hc ht{m lfrgm: =? y#/ 1 rr#/



‛ ?9= ‛

=5 grt# yfr hb lùf khtdxhc{f kh 5 grt# hc yhtf kh ;;9 y#S

}xh th bh m|fcmrfc hc ht{mt Dmjmt yfr tx em|hr kh Oràm'

k`hr hc kft ghtht th`t k`mt dfc{mkft khtkh =#¹ kh Cf|`hg'

orh kh =1<5 }xh }xhkf ymamkf hc Htymým b`#* 1 hudbxt`|h

kh Hchrf kh =1<0 }xh bbhaf m ht{m D`xkmk mb rhty&¹ kh ?99y#S mb ght ?0= y"S = rr#! =; grt# yfr bm k`lhrhcd`m b`}x`km hc

xc ght khb txhbkf kh ?99 y#¹S }xh afzmom dfgf Oràmk`hr

hgybhmkf mb kh < y& }xh ymtf m k`tlrx{mr dfgf @ctyhd{fr

Ahchrmb kh ht{m Yrf|#S ?0? y& 8 rr"S < grt# yfr hb l`tdf kht'

dxhc{f kh 5 grt# hc yhtf trh# 0089 y#S }xh `gyfr{m hb em|hr

}xh bh dfrrhtyfck`ô dfgf @ctyhd{fr Ahchrmb hc =0 ghtht

?1 k`mt khtkh 1 kh Hchrf kh <0 b`#/ hudbxtòh kh Thyorh# kh

=119 }xh {fgf yfthd`fc khb hgybhf kh Af|hrcmkfr: ?;?

y#S 8 rr#S < grt# yfr bm k`lhrhcd`m b`}#S/ kh f{rf ght kh txhbkf

kh < y#S }xh afzm|m dfgf @ctyhd{fr Ahchrmb mb kh 0 ] y#*S

}xh k`tlrx{m dfgf Af|hrcmkfr : =?;4 y#S 4 rr#S ? grt# yfr hb

l`tdf khtdxhc{f kh 5 grt# hc yhtf tforh ;?#?18 y#S }xh `gy#*¹

hb em|hr }xh bh dfrrhtyfck`ô dfgf Af|#¹!! j Dmy#¹ Ahchrmb khht{mt Yrf|#!!! khtkh ; `cdbxtòh kh Thyorh# kh =119 e#S =8

`cdbxtòh kh Gmpf kh 18 rhty#*¹ m}xh khtkh ht{m lem# hc mkh'

bmc{h kh|hc yrmd{`dmrth bft khtdxhc{ft khb Gfc{h Y`ô khb

txhbkf b`}#!!¹ }xh rhtxb{mth khtyxàt kh rhomjmkf bf dfrrht'

yfck`hc{h m @gomb`kft {rh`c{m p kft yht#¹S < rr#S ?= gmr#S

yfr àxmb khtdxhc{f hc 5 gr#S hc yhtf tforh =#==< y#! = rr#S

dfrr#S/S khaf =; grt# }xh }xhkmrfc b`}#¹S kh bft =#=89 y#S }xh

bh yhr{hchd`hrfc khtkh hb rhlhr`kf k`m =8 `cdbxtòh kh Gmpfe#* l`c kh Jxc`f kh 18 rhomjmkft 44 y#S < rr#S ?9 grt# khb kht'

dxhc{f kh @gomb`kft =?5 y#S 4 rr#S ?4 grt# yfr hb g`tgfkhtdxhc{f kh 5 gr#S hc yhtf tforh ;#4<1 y#S 8 rr#/ < gmrm|h'

`ò`t }xh }xhkmrfc b`}#!!* kh bft ;#899 y#S }xh bh mdrhk`{mrfc

hc ht{h mjxt{h rhomjmkft bft =4? y#S ? rr#* ?5 grt# ymrm @g'

omb`kft p 599 y#S }xh kh|h dfc{ròx`r m bm Kf{md`ôc kh hb

Mahc{h L`tdmb kh bm _#! Mxk`hcd`m khb K`t{r`d{f p th ymtm'

rfc mb _mgf kh Khyôt`{ft dfgf dfrrhtyfck`hc{ht m }xm{rf

mcft kht#S =#¹ kh Hc#¹ kh =11? e#!! l`c kh K`zorh# kh =118 mhb rhty#!¹ kh ?99 y#/ mccxmbht thaúc _#*S Yrf|#** kh 1 kh

K`zorh# kh =11= p ?1 kh Ma#*¹ kh 14 p ?8 kh Hc#¹ kh 18 pFl`d`f khb T#/ Af|#¹! p Dmy#¹ Ahchrmb kh ?9 kh Thyorh# kh

kef# mcf kh =118 hc }xh frkhcm bm rh{hcd`ôc kh ht{m mtà'

cmt ¹¹ dfcthdxhc{h m bf rhtxhb{f yfr T# G# hc tx _#S Dàkxbm

kh 5 kh Mor`b khb g`tgf mýf# Dfgf ymrhzh kh kef# fl`d`f



‛ ?9? ‛

hc dfy`m dhr{`l`dmkm# Yhk`ghc{f d`{mkf Mx{f B`}x`kmz#/// pdmr{m kh ymaf }xh f{fraf m }xh cft rhg`{`gft p bf l`r'

gmgft# S ;899 / 99 / 99


!SMb gmrahc: Km{m kh =99 y#S dfrr#*£S hc{rha#/S mb AxmrkmH#! Emz#S!! \`dhc{h De`cmc yfr tx txhbkf |hcd`kf hc < ghthtkhtkh =#/ kh Jxb`f m l`c kh K`zorh kh =118 mb rhtyhd{f kh

?99 yhtft mccxmbht#/

Hc th`t kh Gmrzf kh g`b th{hd`hc{ft th{hc{m p th`t# Yfrmx{f }xh yrf|he`gft ht{h k`m kmgft hc Km{m d`hc y#S dfrr#*S!!

hc{rhamkft m \`dhc{h De`cmc Axmrkm kh N#S Emz#SS yfr tx

txhbkf |hcd`kf hc < ghtht khtkh =#¹ kh Jxb`f kh =118 emt{m

l`c kh K`zorh# khb

g`tgf mýfmb rhtyhd{f kh ?99 y#S mccxm'

bht }xh bh ht{íc mt`acmkft y#// H#! Dàkxbm kh ?; kh Mor`b

kh =114# Dfgf ymrhzh kh Yhk`g#*¹ d`{mkf mx{f p dmr{m kh

ymaf }xh f{fraf m }xh cft rhg`{`gft p l`rgmgft#

=99 / 99 / 99


/Mb gmrahc: Km{m kh 09 y#S dfrr`hc{ht hc{rha#/S m k#¹ C`'

dfbít Amrd`m [e#* khb Hha#*¹ kh @cl#!! kh ht{m Yrf|#S m crh#

kh k#¹ Omr{ef#ℯS kh Tmc Jxmc Mpxk#*S g#¹!! kh bm Mtmgobhm

kh Krma#SS p Dfgmck#*S kh bm @tbm kh Gmr{`c Amrd`m yfr bm

gmcx{hcd`ôc }xh em txog`c`t{rmkf mb Dmy#*/ Yfr{xaxàt

K#¹ Mc{fc`f T`bohprm Yhpuf{f yrhtf hc m}xhbbm @tbm kh

Frkhc kh ht{h Afp`hrcf hc bft < úb{`gft ghtht khb mççf

ymtmkf kh =118 m rmzôc kh =8 yhtft ghctxmbht#/

Hc cxh|h kh Gmrzf kh g`b th{hd`hc{ft th{hc{m p th`t# Yfr

Khdrh{f }xh huyhk`gft ht{h k`m kmgft hc Km{m cf|hc{m

yhtft dfrr`hc{ht hc{rha#*SS m k#/ C`dfbít Amrd`m [b`hc#*S khb

Hha`g`hc{f kh @clmc{#* kh ht{m Yrf|`cd`m hc |`r{xk kh

dmr{m khb Mpxkmc{h gmpfr kh bm Mtmgo#* kh Krma#S p Df'



‛ ?9; ‛

b`mckf kh Y`chkf Af|#/!! kh bm Yrf|#S khb Ymrmaxmp dfckht{`cf m bft amt{ft kh Mbgmdhcht }xh kh|h lmor`dmr `)m|ý#

rhtaxmrkf kh bmt Emd`hckmt kh T# G# p dfcthromr bft hlhd'

{ft mrgmghc{ft p ú{`bht p khgít Yhr{rhdeft#/

Hc k`hz p th`t kh Gmrzf kh g`b th{hd`hc{ft th{hc{m pth`t# Yfr Mx{f }xh yrf|hb``gft hc dfcth}xhcd`m kh fl`d`f

}xh cft em dfgxc`dmkf hb Thççfr Af|hrcmkfr p Dmy#/S Ahc#!

tx lhdem hc Gfc{h|#/ m 8 kh K`z`hgorh kh =118 p dmr{m kh

K#¹ Maxt{çc Lhrcmckf kh Y`chkf Af|hrcmkfr khb Ymrm'axmp kh =8 kh Lhorhrf kh ht{h mýf kmgft hc Km{m d`cdf

g`b y#!S dfrr`hc{ht hc{rha#/S m K#¹ Gmcxhb Hfkr`axhz kh bm

\ham m cfgorh p dfgf Myfkhrmkf kh kef# Maxt{`c kht{`'

cmkft ymrm lmor`dmr hc m}xhbbm D`xkmk kft mbgmdhcht hc

}xh mthaxrmc bm Emd`hckm kh T# G# p dfcthr|mr bft hlhd'

{ft Mrgmghc{ft ú{`bht p khgít yhr{rhdeft# Dfgf ymrhzh

kh kef# fl`d`f" dmr{m Yhk`g#*/ d`{mkf Mx{f p Dmr{m kh ymaf

}xh f{fraf m }#* cft rhg#Sp

bf l`rgmgft# 8999 / 99 / 99


!!Mb gmrahc: Km{m kh =59 y#S dfrr#*£S hc{rha#/S m K#/ [ef'

`cmt Gír}xhz Gmr`kf kh k#!! Gmr`m Mcl Hdem|mrr`m yfr

hb < ( khb 4#¹ mýf trh# bm dmc{`kmk kh 49=9 y#! 4 =&? rr#! }xh

bm _#! Emz#/S* bh rht{m kh|`hckf kh txhbkft m{rmtmkft#/

Hc k`hz p th`t kh Gmrzf kh g`b th{hd`hc{ft th{hc{m p th`t"

Yfr mx{f }xh yrf|he`gft ht{h k`m kmgft hc Km{m d`hc{f

fdehc{m y"!! 8 rr#S dfrr`hc{ht hc{rha#/S m K#¹ [efgmt Gír}xhzGmr`kf kh K#S Gmr`m Mc{fc`m Dem|mrr`m exc`dm e`jm pehrhkhrm khb Dmy#/ rhlfrgmkf }xh lxh kh ht{h Yrht`k`f K#¹

Jxmc T`boht{rh Dem|mrr`m yfr hb <#¹ y#¹ dfrrhtyfck`hc{h mb

{hrdhr mcf tforh bm dmc{#S kh 49=9 y#S 4 =? rr#S }xh bm _#!

Emz#!!!! bh rht{m kh|`hckf kh txhbkft m{rmtmkft }xhkmckf

dfc ht{h khtdxhc{f hc ?5?0 y#S < bj? rr#S Dfgf ymrhzh kh

mx{ft Yhk`ghc{f hb yrf|he`kf p dmr{m }xh f{fraf m}#£ cft

rhg#S p bf l`rg#¹S =59 – 8 – 99 –

Ghkrmc f ‛ M @{f bmrjx `rrh ‛ M r`zm#



' ?98 '

/Mb gmrahc: Km{m kh ??? y"¹S 4 =? rr#S dfrr&£S hc{rha#/S mK#! Ymxbm Ombt`cf yfr t` p m k#¹ Dfrchb`f _ff dfgf myfkh'

rmkf kh K& Ahrfc`gm k#/ Arhafr`m p k#* Tmo`cm Ax{`àrrhz

yfr hb l` ( dfrrhtyfck`hc{h m bft kft mcft }xh dfrrhc kht"*

?; kh Gmrzf kh =11; e#S `axmb k`m khb kh 1< trh# bm dmc{#*

kh =0== y#¹S 5 rr#S }xh bm _#! Emz#*** rht{m kh|`hckf kh Txhb'

kft mb k`l&!! Dmy#/ K#¹ Lrmcd`tdf Ax{`àrrhz#/

Hc |h`c{h j t`h{h kh Gmrzf kh g`b th{ht#/S th{#S p th`t#

Yfr mx{f }xh yrf|he`gft kmgft hc Km{m kftd`hc{ft |h`c{h

p kft y#!!S {rht p ghk`f rr#S dfrr#*S hc{rha#/S m k#S Jxmcm Ymxbm

Ombt`cf yfr t` p m K#!! Dfrchb`f Gm{e`mt kh _ff p Fbghkf

dfgf myf#!!/ kh k#S Tmo`cm K#/ Ahrôc`gf p k#S Arhafr`m Ax'

{`àrrhz thaúc dfct{m kh kft @ct{rxghc{ft f{framkft hb xcf

hc bm D`x#** kh Dfrr`hc{ht yfr ymr{h kh k#/ Tm|`cm hc ?? kh

Jxc`f kh =11? mc{h K#/* Jxmc kh bm Drxz T`b|m Mbd#S frk`'

cmr`f kh =#¹ |f{f kh hbbm p hb f{rf hc 4 kh Lhorhrf kh =114

mc{h hb htdr`omcf kh Dm|`bkf kh ht{m D`x#S K#¹ Lrmcd`tdfUm|`hr Lhrrhprm yfr hb < y# ( dfrrhty#**/ mb ?¹ p 4#/ mcf

tforh bm dmc{#/* kh =0== y#! p 4 rr#/ }xh bm _#! Emz#/*S rht{m

kh|`hckf kh txhbkft m{rmtmkft mb Dmy#¹ kh Krma#S }xh lxh

kh ht{h Yrht`k`f K#/ Lrmcd`tdf Ax{`àrrhz }xhkmckf dfc

ht{h khtdxhc{f hc = <55 y#/S 1 `&S rr#S Dfgf ymrhzh kh mx{ft

Yhk`ghc{f hb Yrf|he`kf p Dmr{m kh ymuf }xh f{framrfc

m }xh cft rhg#¹S p bf l`rg#¹S ??? – 4 – =1


/Mb gmrahc: Km{m kh ?44 y#S 8 rr#S == {\ rt# hc{rha#***

m k#/* Jxmc Omy#** kh Dxom m cfgorh kh K#¹ Jxb`íc Lhr'

cmckhz Y`bf{f khb Omrdf T#// Jftthl p bmt Mc`gmt yfr `g'

yfr{h khb lbh{h }xh hc yrfrrm{hf bh dfrrhty#*** kh ht{ft _m'

gft yfr 8= [hrd`ft kh Phrom ?; gmt kh [momdf ç = rfbbft khB`hczf kh Mba#// rhg`{`kft m ht{mt dmjmt yfr hb [ehc#* Fl#!

_#! kh Dfrr`hc{ht#/

Hc |h`c{h p t`h{h kh Gmrzf kh g`b th{hd`hc{ft th{hc{m

p th`t# Yfr mx{f }#£ yrf|he`gft hc =? khb g`tgf kmgfthc Km{m kftd`hc{ft {rh`c{m p {rht y#¹S d`cdf rr#* fczh t`h{h



‛ ?9< ‛

kft m|#/ grt# dfrr"/S hc{rhamkft m K#// Jxmc Omx{`t{m khDxom m cfgorh kh Jxb`íc Lhrcmckhz Y`bf{f khb Omr}x`bbf

cfgormkf Tmc Jftthl p bmt Mc`gmt bft g`tgft }xh thaúc

b`}#¹¹ lfrgmkm yfr ht{m Dfc{mk#S dfrrhtyfckh tm{`tlmdhr

kh ht{h _mgf kh bft ?48 y#/ 8 rr#S }xh mkhxkmrfc kh lbh{ht

8= [hrd`ft kh Phr|m ?; y`hzmt kh [momdf p fczh rfbbft kh

B`hczf kh Mbafkôc {fkf dfc yhtf kh 18; I 4 @ot hc orx{f

mb rhty#*¹ kh ? S&f rr#S mrr#S }xh rhg`{`ô m ht{mt Dmjmt hb

[ehc`hc{h [ehtfrhrf kh bm kh Dfrr`hc{ht dfc gmt =<? y#*

1 rr"S kh ybm{m thbbmkm }xh rhkxd`kf {fkf m ybm{m kh m}#!

dfghrd`f hc bft {àrg`cft }xh khgxht{rm bm dxhc{m kh kef#

[hc`hc{h yfr cf htyht`ýdmr hb cxghrf kh mrrf|mt hlhd{`|f

}xh yhr{hchdh m dmkm rmgf mtd`hckh tx {f{mb m 80;; y#S

1 rr#S gfchkm kh m}#S Ym`t k`t{r`ox`km hc ht{m lfrgm# Mb

_mgf kh Mbdmombm ?18? y#S p ? rr#S Mb kh _#*/S Cf|hcft

??=5 !y#¹S 4 `&f rr#S Mb kh fl`d`ft ?1= y#¹S Mb kh Hu{rmfr'í¹! ? y#S < rr#S Mb kh Ymyhb Thbbmkf <8= y#S Mb kh Ghk`mt

Mccm{mt 44 y& 8 ( rr"S Mb kh Yhcmt kh Dígmrm =8y#S

< rr#S p mtdhck`hckf bmt d`cdf yr`ghrmt Ymr{`kmt m 8508 y#¹S

4 =S rr#S yfr bm g`tgm rmzôc bht dxyf hc yrfrrm{hf m ht{ft

_mgft kh _hmb Emz&!! bm tm{`tlmdd`ôc kh bft ?44 y#¹S 8 rr#S

== 'rz m|t# gmrm|hkçt }xh }xhkmc huyrhtmkft: Dfgf ymrh'

dh kh Mx{ft Yhk`g&¹ hb yrf|he`kf B`}x`kmd`ôc p dmr{m kh

ymaf }xh f{fraf m }xh cft rhg`{`gft p bf l`rgmgft#

?44 " 8""" == {\

Jbhkrmcf" ‛ Mb{fbmax`rrh ‛ Mr`zm#

/Mb gmrahc: Km{m kh 04 y#S = ( rr#S dfrr#SSS hc{rha#¹S m

k#* Gmramr`{m Tmrm|`m |`xkm p Mbomdhm khb Dmy#/ kh Krm'

afcht K#¹ Jxmc Mc{fc`f kh bm _ftm" [x{frm p dxrmkfrm kh

txt e`jft yfr hb < y# ( khb 8#¹ mýf trh# bm dmc{#*S kh =884 y#S

1 pf rr#S }xh bm _#! Emz#S!! bh rht{m kh|`hckf kh txhbkft

m{rmtmkft#/

Hc yr`ghrf kh Mor`b kh g`b th{hd`hc{ft th{hc{m p th`t#

Yfr mx{f }xh yrf|he`gft kmgft hc Km{m cf|hc{m p {rht y#*S*

xcf p ghk`f rr#S dfrr#*!!S hc{rha#/S m k#/ Gmramr`{m Tmrm|`m

\`xkm p Mbomdhm khb K`lxc{f Dmy`{íc kh Krma#SS K#¹ Jxmc



‛ ?91 '

Mc{fc`f kh bm _ftm p dfgf {x{frm p dxrmkfrm kh txt e`jftyfr hb < y& d`hc{f dfrrhtyfck`hc{h mb 8#¹ mýf tforh bm dmc{#**

kh =884 y#S 1 `&3 rr& }xh bm _#! Emz&* bh rht{m kh|`hckf kh

txhbkft m{rmtmkft }xhkmckf dfc ht{h kht}#*¹ hc =;<9 y& F

rr& Dfgf ymrhzh kh Mx{ft Yhk`g&/ hb yrf|he`kf p dmr{m kh

ymaf }xh f{fraf m }xh cft rhg`{`gft p bf l`rgmgft#

04 / = / =1

Ghkrmcf ‛ MEf@max`rrh ‛ Mr`zm#

/Km{m kh <59 y#¹S ; rr#SS dfrr#*SS hc{rha#/S m K# Jxmc Ícahb

Bmzdmcf Mkg`c`t{rmkfr Ahc#! kh bft Yxhobft kh @ck`ft

Axmrmc`t m crh# khb _# Y# Lr# Jye" kh Amfcm m oxhcm }#** kh

bft txhbkft }xh {`hch |hcd`kft kh [eh#*S/ Dxrm khb cfgormkfTmc C`dfbít hc < mýft 0 ghtht p ?9 k`mt#/

Hc kfzh kh Mor`b kh g`b th{ht#/S th{hc{m p th`t# Yfr Kh'

drh{f }xh huyhk`gft hc == khb g`tgf kmgft hc Km{mth`td`hc{ft fdehc{m y#*SS }xm{rf rr#S dfrr`hc{ht hc{rha#/SS m

K#¹ Jxmc Ícahb Bmzdmcf Mkg`c`t{rmkfr Ahc#! kh bft Yxh'

obft kh G`t`fcht kh @ck`ft Axmrmc`t khb Xrxaxmp p Ymrm'

cí m cfgorh khb _# Y# lr# Jftthl Amfcm thaúc dfct{m kh

Dmr{m Frkhc tx lem# ?? kh Fd{xorh kh =118 m oxhcm dxhc{m

kh bft T`acfkft }xh {`hch |hcd`kft hc th`t mýft cxhoh gh'

tht p |h`c{h k`mt }xh thr|`f kh [ehc#** kh Dxrm hc hb cfg'ormkf Tmc C`dfbít khtkh =0 kh Ma#*/ kh =1<5 e#* 4= kh Gmpfkh =118 }xh mdrhk`{f dfc dhr{`l`dmd`ôc kh kef# Yxhobf dfc

hb |`t{f Oxhcf khb Af|#*// kh hbbft K#¹ Lrmcd`tdf Orxcf kh

Zm|mbm" bm }xmb th bh khofbo`f ymrm bm hu`om }xmckf th bh

ymaxh kh rhgm{h# Dfgf ymrhzh kh kem# dmr{m frkhc Ghg#!

d`{mkf Khdrh{f p rhd`|f }xh f{fraf m }xh cft rhg`{`gft pbf l`rgmgft# <59 – ; – 99 –


/Mb gmrahc: Km{m kh ? y#S dfrr#*SS hc{rha#/S mb _#/ Y#S

Yrf|#! kh T#*/ Kfg#¹ lr# Jftthl Jfm}xçc Ymdehdf m oxhcm



‛ ?90 ‛

Yhkrf Ghkrmcf p k#¹ Gmr{`c Jftthl kh Mb{fbmax`rrh kmgfthc Km{m {rht g`b y#¹! dfrr#**/ hc{rhamkft mb Jxhz g#//S khrhc{mt hdbht`ít{`dmt hb Grf# K#¹ Kfg`caf Hty`cftm yfr |`m

kh txybhghc{f j dfc dmraf mb rh`c{harf ymrm fdxrr`r dfchbbft m bm rhdfa`km kh bft K`hzgft kh armcft kh bft th`t Ymr'

{`kft kh ht{m Jxr`t#¹¹ p hb kh bmt ]x`c{mt khb Yxhobf hc hb

yrhthc{h mcf }xh th rhtfbo`f th e`z`hth kh dxhc{m kàbm g`tgm@a#* rhty#*¹ kh cf b`m|hr em|`kf Yft{fr }xh flrhd`hth k`chrf

mbaxcf yfr hb {fkf c` ymr{h kh hbbft hc bmt == mbgfchkmtyxob`dmt }xh th emc md{xmkf dxpm dmc{& mthaxrf khtkh bxhaf

hb huyrhtmkf Dm|`bkf dfc {fkmt txt rhc{mt bmt khb @bxt{ ℯ¹

T#/// Fo`tyf p kh {fkft bft khgít @ck`|`kxft `c{hrhtmkft hcbft K`hzgft ymrm }xh yrfc{mg&£ th rh`c{harh hc Dmjmt kh

bft =#¹ }xh th rhdfjm: Dfgf ymrhzh kh kof# Mdxhrkf hc [ht'

{`gfc`f p rhz#¹ }xh f{fraf m }xh cft rhg`{`gft p bf l`r'

gmgft# 4999 / 99 / 99 /


!!Mb gmrahc: Km{m kh ;=0 y#S ? rr#S dfrr#*SS hc{rha#¹! m K#¹

Yehb`yh kh Mraxòhb Mkg`c`t{rmkfr }xh lxh hb mcf ymtmkfkh 1; kh bft K`hzgft kh armcft kh bft < Ymr{`kft kh ht{m Jx'

r`tk`dd`ôc bft g`tgft }xh bh {fdmrfc hc yrfrrm{m m bft kft

rr& Cf|hcft yhr{hchd`hc{ht m T# G# yfr bft amt{ft kh tx

rhdfa`km thaúc bm dxhc{m }xh yrfkxjf kef# Mkg`c`t{rm#*///

Hc k`hz p t`h{h kh Mor`b kh g`b th{hd`hc{ft th{hc{m p th`t#

Yfr Khdrh{f }xh huyhk`gft hb g`tgf k`m m dfcthdxhcd`m

kh Fl`d`f khb T#/// Jxhz kh rhc{mt Khz`gmbht K#/// K#¹ GàxhbAfczíbhz kh Bhp|m tx lb`m# ?5 kh lhorhrf kh kef# mýf kmgfthc km{m }xm{rfd`hc{ft k`hz p cxh|h yhtft kft rr#S dfrr#*S

hc{rha#/S m K#// Yehb`yh kh Mraxòhb Mkg`c`t{rmkfr }xh

lxh kh bft K`hzgft kh armcft yhr{hchd`hc{ht mb mýf kh 1;bft g`tgft }xh mkhxkmrfc hc yrfrrm{m bft kft H#S Cf|hcftkh T# G# yfr bft amt{ft kh tx rhdfa`km thaúc bm dxhc{m }xhyrfkxjf hb huyrhtmkf mkg`c`t{rm#/// p cft em ymtmkf hb ghc't`fcmkf Thýfr Jxhz kh Hhc{mt dfc fl`d`f kh =? kh Maft{fkh 18 }xh th embbm marhamkm mb Kfdxg#*¹ kh Km{m kh ?905 y#S

hc hb Nmgf kh T`{xmkft dfc hb cxghrf ?14 hc hb d`{mkf mýf#

YXHB# ThD# E`T[# X



‛ ?=9

Dfgf ymrhzh kh kef# fl`d`f rhlhr`kf Khdrh{f p rhz#¹ }xhf{fraf m }xh cft rhg`{`gft p bf l`rgmgft#

;=0 – ? – 99 –

Ghkrmcm ‛ Mb{f bmax`rrh ‛ Mr`zm#

/Mb gmrahc: Km{m kh ?99 y#S dfrr#*SS hc{rha#/S m k#¹ Yehb`yh

kh Mraxòhb my#*S/ khb _# Y# lr# Ymobf Dmr|mbbf khb Frc# Th'

rmye`df yfr hb T`cfkf }xh ht{h {`hch |hcd`kf kh Dxrm Kfd'

{r`chrf hc hb Yxhobf kh C{rm" Thýfrm kh bm Dfcdhyd`ôc kh

Dmpmt{mt kh @ck`ft gfdfo`ht hc bm jxr`tk`dd`ôc kh Tmc{m

lhà hc xc mýf kht#S =8 kh Hc#¹ kh 18 e#S àxmb k`m p ght khb

yrhthc{h mýf#/

Hc k`hz p fdef kh Mor`b kh g`b th{hd`hc{ft th{hc{m p th`t#

Yfr mx{f }xh yrf|hc`gft hc =< khb g`tgf kmgft hc Km{mkftd`hc{ft yhtft dfrr`hc{ht hc{rha#¹S m k#¹ Yehb`yh kh Mrax`'

ohb m cfgorh p dfgf myfkhrmkf khb _# Y# lr# Ymobf Dmr|mbbf

khb Frc# kh Crf# Y# T# Lrmcd`tdf thaúc dfct{m kh Yfkhr

}xh mc{hr`frg#S£ {`hch yrhthc{mkf p dmr{m htdr`{m yfr kef#

Y#S dfc lem# kh 0 kh Gmrzf kh 1< yfr hb tàcfkf }xh {`hch

|hcd`kf hc xc mýf kht#£ =8 kh Hchrf kh 18 emt{m àxmb k`m

p ght khb yrhthc{h hc hb G`c`t{hr`f kh Dxrm Kfd{r`chrf khb

Yxhobf cfgormkf Crm# T#!S!! kh bm Dfcdhyd`ôc Eh Dmpmt{m

rhkxd`fc kh @ck`ft gfdf|`ht kh bm jxr`tk`dd`ôc kh T#** Lh}xh e`zf dfct{mr dfc dhr{`l`dmt#/!! khb L`tdmb p G{rf# kh kef#

Yxhobf p hb dfct{mc{h khb Af|#/// kh Mrgmt K#¹ Jxmc lrmc#//**

kh bm _òm Ehrrhrm > dfgf ymrhzh kh kem# dhr{`l`dmt#/!! Dmr{m

Yhk`g#*¹ d`{mkf mx{f p dmr{m kh ymaf }xh f{fraf m }xh cft

rhg`{`gft p bf l`rgmgft# ?99 – 99 – 99


/Mb gmrahc: Km{m kh 09 y#S 8 rr#S dfrr#*£S hc{rha#¹S m k#*

Jxmcm Afpdfdehm C`h{m p ehrhkhrm kh Lrmc#¹¹ khb Dfrrf

Tfbk#¹ }xh lxh kh ht{h Yrht`k`f yfr hb <#¹ y#/ yhr{hchz#*£

mb 8#¹ mýf tforh bm dmc{#S kh =8=9 y#S ; @&? rr#S }xh bm _#!

Emz#*SS bh rht{m kh|`hckf kh txhbkft m{rmtmkft#/



‛ ?== '

Hc |h`c{h p kft kh Mor`b kh g`b th{hd`hc{ft th{hc{m pth`t# Yfr mx{f }xh yrf|he`gft ht{h k`m Kmgft hc Km{mcf|hc{m y#¹S d`cdf rr#S dfrr&SS hc{rhamkft m k#* Jxmcm Afpdf'

dehm c`h{m p úc`dm ehrhkhrm khb Tfbkmkf }xh lxh kh ht{h

Yrht`k`f Lrmcd`tdf khb Dfrrf yfr hb < y#¹ dfrrhty#** mb }x`c'

{f mýf tforh bm dmc{`kmk kh =8=9 y#¹S ; bS rr#S }xh bm Nhmb

Emd`hckm bh rht{m kh|`hckf kh txhbkft m{rmtmkft }xhkmckfdfc ht{'h kht}xhc{f hc =;=0 y#!!* 1 @&? rr#S Dfgf ymrhzh kh

mx{ft Yhk`g#*/ hb yrf|hb``kf p dmr{m kh ymaf }xh f{fraf m}xh cft rhg`{`gft p bf l`rgmgft# 09 – 8 – 99

#"


/Mb gmrahc: Km{m kh =?5 y#S < rr#S dfrr#*£S hc{rha#/ m K#*

Lrmc#*S* Mbhc yfr t` p dfgf myfkhrmkm kh bft khgít ehrh'

khrft kh K#*/ Jxmc kh Mbhc Tmra#*¹ rhlfrgmkf }xh lxh kh ht{h

Yrht`k`f p k#¹ Jxmc kh Ghbô {mgo`àc ehrhkhrf yfr hb < y#/

khb =#¹ mýf tforh bm dmc{`kmk kh ?=;8 y#S < rr#S }xh bm N#!

Emz#/!* bh }xhkf kh|`hckf kh txhbkft m{rmtmkft#/

Hc |h`c{h p cxh|h kh Mor`b kh g`b th{hd`hc{ft th{hc{m pth`t# Yfr mx{f }xh yrf|he`gft hc ?1 khb g`tgf kmgft hc

km{m d`hc{f |h`c{h p fdef y#S th`t rr#S dfrr#*SS hc{rha#/S m k#S

Lrmcd`tdm Mbhc yfr t` p dfgf Myfkhrmkm kh k#!S Lrmcd`tdfUm|`hr Arhafr`f p k#// Jftthl Jfm}xçc kh Mbhc ehrhkhrft

khb k`lxc{f Tmra#*¹ rhlfrgmkf }xh lxh kà ht{h Yrht`k`f K#¹

Jxmc kh Mbhc thaúc dfct{m kh Yfkhr f{framkf hc bm D`x#*S

kh T#** lhà hc 49 kh Jxc`f kh =118 mc{h hb Htd#¹¹ yxob`df

Jftthl Gmcxhb kh \`bbmthýfr p K#/* Jxmc kh Ghbô {mgo`àc

ehrhkhrf kh kef# k`lxc{f yfr hb < y#¹ dfrrhtyfck#*£ mb yr`ghr

mýf trh# bm dmc{`kmk kh ?=;8 y#S < rr#S }xh b`}#*S bh }xhkf

kh|`hckf bm N#! Emz#S* kh txhbkft m{rmtmkft }xhkmckf dfc

ht{h kht}#*¹ hc ?9=1 y#S Dfgf ymrhzh kh Mx{ft hb k`l`c`{`|f

kh =0 kh Jxb`f kh =118 b`}#*// Yfkhr Yhk`g#*S hb yrf|he`kf

p dmr{m kh ymaf }#S f{fraf m }xh cft rhg`{`gft p bf l`r'

gmgft# =?5 – < – 99 –

Ghkrmcf ‛ Mb{fbmax`rrh ‛ Mr`zm"



‛ ?=? ‛

S!Mb gmrahc: Km{m kh 0; y"S 4 ( rr& dfrr&SS tmdmkft khht{ft Nmgft yfr `gy&* kh bm {mtmd`ôc kh 5 rfbbft kh [momdfcharf khb Ormt`b dfc =5 I ?? =#SS ch{mt m d`cdf y#S I rhg&/

m ht{mt dmjmt yfr hb Dmy#!! kh @cl#* K#// Jxmc Omz}xhz }x`hc

bft embbf hc{hrrmkft hc bm Mrhcm hc hb dmgyf khb Obf}xhf#/

Hc {rh`c{m kh Mor`b kh g`b th{hd`hc{ft th{hc{m p th`t# Yfrmx{f kh ht{h [ròxcmb kh 1 kh Lhorhrf khb g`tgf kmgft hc

km{m cf|hc{m p}xm{rf yhtft {rht

p ghk`frr#S dfrr#S

tmdmkftkh ht{ft _mgft dfgf `gy#*S kh bm [mtmd`ôc ehdem yfr K#¹

Jxmc kh Bmgmt kh fdef _fbbft kh [m|mdf charf khb Ormt`b

dfc =5 mrrfomt ?? bòrmt ch{mt m 8 y#¹S I hb }xmb lxh rhg`'

{`kf m ht{mt Dmjmt yfr hb Dmy#!! kh @cl#S kh O#S Mp#S K#¹ JxmcOmz}xhz }x`hc bf embbf hc{hrrmkf hc bm Mrhcm hc hb Dmgyfkhb Obf}xhf t`c }xh exo`hth yfk`kf mk}x`r`r cf{`d`m kh bmt

yhrtfcmt }xh bf `c{rfkxjhrfc p yxt`hrfc hc m}xhb ymrmah

em|`hckfth myb`dmkf m bm _#S Emz#/!* ymrm tx rhg`t`ôc m Ht'

ymcm p bm dmc{#/* kh ht{m Ymr{`km ht ymrm emdhr bmt myb`dmt#/*!

k`tyxht{mt yfr khrhdef# Dfgf ymrhzh kh Mx{ft hb d`{mkf

yrf|hbb`kf }xh hc [ht{`gfc`f t`r|h kh dfgyrf|mc{h m ht{m

Ymr{`km m }#S cft rhg#S p bf l`rg#S 0; – 4 – =1


/Mb gmrahc: Km{m kh ;48 y#S 4 rr#S =5 rt c`rt# dfrr#** hc'

{rha#¹S m K#// Jxmc Ícahb Bmzdmcf m crh# p dfgf My#!S/ khb

_#¹ Y#S lr# Bfrhczf Tmb`cmt [eh#* Dxrm Kfd{r`chrf khb Yxh'

obf kh T#!! @a#¹ Axmzx kh @ck`ft Axmrmc`t yfr `gy#** kh bft

Tàcfkft }xh {`hch |hcd`kft hc ? mýft ? ghSht p 4 k`mt mb

rhty&¹ kh ?99 y#S mccxmbht#/

Hc {rh`c{m kh Mor`b kh g`b th{ht#¹S th{hc{m p th`t# Yfr Kh'

drh{f }xh huyhk`gft ht{h k`m kmgft hc Km{m }xm{rfd`hc{ft{rh`c{m p d`cdf y#S {rht rr#S k`hz p fdef" }xm{rf kfzm|#S gm'

rm|hkçt dfrr#**S hc{rhamkft m k#¹ Jxmc Ícahb Bmzdmcf Mkg`'

c`t{rmkfr Ahchrmb kh bft Yxhobft kh @ck`ft Axmrmc`t khb

Xrxaxmp p Ymrmcí m cfgorh p dfgf myfkhrmkf khb _#¹ Y#

lr# Bfrhczf Tmb`cmt [ehc#S* Dxrm khb cfgormkf T#¹ @acmd`f

Axmzx yfr `gy#** khb Tàcfkf }xh {`hch |hcd`kf hc kef#



‛ ?=4 ‛

G`c`t{hr`f hc kft mcft kft ghtht j {rht k`mt }xh e`zf dfct'{mr hc kft dhr{`l`dmd`fcht khb Dfrrha`kfr" Dm|`bkf p Mkg`'

c`t{rmkfr khb huyrhtmkf Yxhobf p \`t{f oxhcf khb [ohc`hc'

{h kh Af|#/// kh keft# Yxhobft k#¹ Jftthl Omroftm mb rhty#*¹

kh kftd`hc{ft y#S mccxmbht kht#£ ?5 kh Fd{xorh kh =119 e#*

49 kh K`z`hgorh kh =11? mgoft k`mt hcdbxtòht# Dfgf ym'

rhzh kh kemt# dhr{`dmt#SS p dmr{m khb rhlhr`kf Y#£ ghgfr`mb

d`{mkf Khdrh{f p rhz#¹ }xh f{fraf m}#! cft rhg#! p bf l`rg#!

;48 – 4 – =5

SGhkrmcf ‛ Mb{fbmax`rrh ‛ Mr`zm#

/Mb gmrahc: Km{m kh ;48 y#¹S 4 rr#S =5 =( m|& dfrr&£! hc'

{rha#¹S m k#// Jxmc Ícahb Bhzdmcf m crh# p dfgf myfkhrmkf

khb _&¹ Y#£ lr# _f}xh Tícdehz khb Dmt{`bbf Dxrm Kfd{r`chrf

khb Yxhobf kh T#/ @acmd`f Axmzx kh @ck`ft Axmrmc`t yfr`gy#S khb Tàcfkf }xh {`hch |hcd`kf hc ? mýft ? ght#S p 4

k`mt mb rhty#*¹ kh ?99 y#S mccxmbht/#

Hc {rh`c{m kh Mor`b kh g`b th{ht#¹S th{hc{m p th`t# Yfr Kh'

drh{f }xh huyhk`gft ht{h k`m kmgft hc km{m }xm{rfd`hc{ft

{rh`c{m p d`cdf y#¹S {rht rr#S k`hz p fdef p }xm{rf kft m|#S

grt# dfrr`hc{ht hc{rha#¹S m K#!! Jxmc Ícahb Bmzdmcf Mkg`'

c`t{rmkfr ahc#S kh bft Yxhobft kh G`t`fcht kh @ck`ft Axm'

rmc`t khb Xrxaxmp p Ymrmcí m cfgorh p dfgf myfkhrmkf

khb _#¹ Y#£ lr# _f}xh Tícdehz khb Dmt{`bbf Dxrm Kfd{r`chrf

khb cfgormkf T#/ @acmd`f Axmzx yfr `gy#*£ khb Tàcfkf

}xh {`hch |hcd`kf hc ? mýft ? ghtht p 4 k`mt kht#£ ?5 kà

Fd{xorh kh =119 e#* 49 kh K`zorh# kh =11? mgoft k`mt `c'

dbxtòht mb rhtyhd{f kh ?99 y#S mccxmbht# Dfgf ymrhzh kh

kft dhr{`l`dmt#£S kmkmt yfr hb Dfrrha`kfr Dm|`bkf p Mkg`'c`t{rmkfr kh kef# Yxhobf dfc hb |`t{f oxhcf khb [ehc`hc{h

kh Af|#/// kh hbbft K#!! Jftthl Omroftm dmr{m khb huyrhtmkfdxrm ghgfr`mb d`{mkf Khdrh{f p rhd`|f }xh f{fraf m }xh cft

rhg`{`gft p bf l`rgmgft # ;48 – 4 – @T'e




' ?=; '

!!Mb

gmrahc: Km{m kh 4=4y#S

1rr#S

=9 grt" dfrr&£* bft=<= y#¹! 1 rr#! ?9 grt# j( m|#! kh f{rf hc{rha#/! m K#!! Yrmc#!7¹

M``{#/ Htdmbmkm m cfgorh p dfgf Myk#S/ khb T#*/S K#!! JmdfofJye# kh Gfrh`rmt _md`fchrf khb _#! Dfbha`f Tmc{` Ty`r`{xt

kh bm D`x& kh Tmc{`maf kh Amb`d`m ehrhkhrf xcòhrtmb kh hb

B`dhcd`mkf K#!! Lbfrhcd`f Mc{fc`f Gfrhprmt" [ehc#*/* Ahc#S

Mxk`{fr kh Axhrrm }xh lxh kh ht{mt Yrf|#!!S yfr b`}x`kf kh

tct txhbkft |hcd`kft kht"£ =#¹ kh Jxc`f kh << }xh th embbm

ymamkf e#!! < kh Cforh# khb g`tgf mýf }xh lmbbhd`ô mb rhty&¹

kh 189 y#S mcxmbht p bft =8= y& 1 rr#S ?4 {R grt# ymtmkft mb

Gfc{h Yçf kh G`c`t{rft yfr hb kht}#*¹ }xh th bh |hr`l`df#/

Hc {rh`c{m kh Mor`b kh g`b th{hd`hc{ft th{hc{m p th`t# Yfrmx{f }#** yrf|he`gft hc ?; kh Lhorhrf kh ht{h mýf kmgft hc

km{m {rhtd`hc{ft {rhzh y#¹S t`h{h rr#S k`hz grt# dfrr`hc{ht

bft =<= y#S 1 rr#S ?5 u\ m|t# grt# hc{rha#¹S m k#// Lrmcd`tdf

Mc{fc`f kh Htdmbmkm m cfgorh p dfgf Myfkhrmkf khb K#///

K#!! Jmdfof Jye# kh Gfrhprmt Yrhtoç{hrf _md`fchrf khb _#!

Dfbha`f kh Tmc{` Ty`r`{xt kh bm D`x#S kh Tmc{`maf kh Amb`d`m

thaúc dfct{m hc Yfkhr f{framkf hc kem# D`xkmk hc =9 kh

Fd{xorh kh =11; mc{h hb Htdròmcf _#! Lbfrhcd`f kh Omrd`m

p ehrhkhrf Xcòhrtmb khb B`dhcd`mkf K#!! Lbfrhcd`f Mc{fc`f

Gfrhprmt [ehc#*£ Ahc#S Mxk`{fr kh Axhrrm }xh lxh kh ht{m

Yrf|#S yfr b`}x`kf }xà m ht{h bh dfrrhtyfckh kh txt txhbkft

|hcd`kft hc d`cdf ghtht p th`t k`mt dfc{mkft kht#' =#¹ kh

Jxc`f kh =1<< }xh ht{m|m ymamkf e#* < kh Cf|orh# khb g`t'

gf mýf }xh lmbbhd`ô mb rhtyhd{f kh 189 y#¹S }xh afzm|m mc'

cxmbg#*£ p bft =8= y#S 1 rr#S ?4 'e grt# rht{mc{ht mb dxgyb`'

g`hc{f kh bft huyrhtmkft 4=4 y#S 1 rr#S =9 grt# ymtmkft mb

_mgf kh Gfc{h Y`ô kh G`c`t{rft bft 49 y#! ? rr#S ?? grt#

yfr bm ghk`m ymam b`}x`km hc xc ght kh hb rhlhr`kf txhbkf

p bft =?= y#S 8 rr#S /Mm m|t" grt# yfr hb khtdxhc{f kh 5 grt#

hc yhtf kh ;=48 y"S dfc 4 rr"S p =9 grt# }xh `gyfr{mrfc bft

txhbkft }xh em k`tlrx{mkf hc 8 mýft < ghtht p 8 k`mt kht#S

=#¹ kh Gmpf kh =1<= e#S < kh Cf|#/ kh =1<8 }xh lmbbhd`ô# Df'

gf ymrhzh kh k`bàhcd`mt formkmt Yfkhr lhà kh Gxhr{f

Yhk`g#S¹ d`{mkf mx{f B`}#*// p dmr{m kh ymaf }xh f{fraf m

}xh cft rhg#S p bf l`rgmgft# 4=4 – 1 – =9




‛ ?=8 ‛

SSMb gmrahc: Km{m kh bíí y#¹S ; S? rr#/ hc{rha#¹! m K#!! G`'axhb kh Fhmgyf Myfkhrmkf kh K#¹ Ohrcmrkf Thoht j khgítehrhkhrft khb Mbl#/ kh Dm|mbbhr`m }xh lxh kh ht{h Yrht`k`f

K#¹ Ohrcmrkf Thoht y& hb < y#/ khb yr`ghr mýf trh# bm dmc'

{`kmk kh ?;90 y#¹S 4 rr#® 49 grt# %}xh bm _#S Emz#/S* bh }xhkfkh|`hckf!!#

Hc {rhzh kh Gmpf kh g`b th{hd`hc{ft th{hc{m j th`t# Yfrmx{f }xh yrf|hb``gft ht{h k`m kmgft hc Km{m d`hc{f }xm'

rhc{m p }xm{rf y#¹S }xm{rf p ghk`f rr#S dfrr`hc{ht hc{rh'

amkft m K#/ G`axhb kh Fhmgyf m cfgorh p dfgf Myfkhrmkfkh k#* Ohrcmrkm Th|ht p khgít ehrhkhrft kh hb Mbl#S khDm|mbb#S }xh lxh kh ht{h Yrht`k`f K#/ Ohrcmrkf Thoht th'

aúc dfct{m kh @ct{rxghc{f f{framkf hc ?; kh Mo#! kh 18

mc{h hb Htt#!!/ yy#*S/ kh ht{m D`xkmk Gmr{`c kh _fdem yfrhb < y#¹ dfrrhtyfck`hc{h mb yr`ghr mýf tforh bm dmc{#*S kh

?;90 y#S 4 rr#S 49 grt# }xh bm _#S Emz#*SS bh }xhkf kh|`hckf

b`}#¹S m kef# Mbl#S kh txhbkft m{rmtmkft }xhkmckf dfc ht{hkhtdxhc{f hc ??<; y#S 1 rr#S =4 grt# : Dfgf ymrhzh kh Mx{fthb khl`c`{`|f kh =< kh Cf|orh# kh 18 B`}#¹¹ Yhk`g#*¹ hb yrf|h'

e`kf p dmr{m kh ymaf }xh f{fraf m }#£ cft rhg#S p bf l`rg#S

=;; – ; – =1

Ghkrmcf ‛ Mb{fbmpx`rrh ‛ Mr`zm#

SSMb gmrahc: Km{m kh 80 y#¹! 8 rr#! == {R grt# dfrr#*SS hc'

{rha#¹S m K#/* Ohrcmrkm p K#* Gmakmbhcm kh Axzgmc e`jmt

khb Mbl#S k#¹ Jxmc T`gôc kh Axzgmc yfr bmt kft 4#S ymr{ht

kh 50 =)#S ; rr#S }xh bht dfrrhtyfckhc khb < y"¹ trh# bm dmc{`kmk

kh =;0? y#! 8 rrhmbht }xh bm _#S Emz#/S* bh rht{m kh|`hckf kh

txhbkft m{rmtmkft p ht yhr{hcht#SS mb }x`c{f mýf#/

Hc {rhzh kh Gmpf kh g`b th{ht#/S th{hc{m p th`t# Yfr mx{f}xh yrf|he`gft ht{h k`m kmgft hc Km{m d`c}xhc{m p cxh'

|h y#¹S d`cdf rr#S dfrr`hc{ht dfc fczh p }xm{rf kfz m|#S

gmrm|hkçt hc{rha#¹! m K#* Ohrcmrkm p K#* Gmakmbhcm kh

Axzgmc e`jmt bhu`{`gmt p úc`dmt ehrhk#/S kh hb Mblàrhz }xhlxh kh ht{h Yrht`k`f K#// Jxmc T`gôc kh Axzgmc yfr bmt

kft {hrd`mt ymr{ht kh 50 y#S ; rr#S }xh b`}#¹S bh dfrrhtyfckhc



‛ ?=< ‛

khb <y#¹ khb 8#¹

mxftrh# bm dmc{#S kh =;0? y#! 8 rr#!

}xhbm

N#S Emz#S* bh rht{m kh|`hckf kh txhbkft m{rmtmkft }xhkmckf

rh{hc`kft hc ht{mt H#SS Dmjmt |h`c{h p cxh|h y#¹S p th`t rr#S

?? [( grt# }xh bh {fdmc yfr bm f{rm {hrd`m ymr{h m tx ehr'

gmcf hb Y#£ Jxmc Lrmc#¹¹ kh bm Dfgy"* kh Jhtút Çc{hr`c cf

jxt{`l`dm rhcxcd`m }xh empm ehdef p dfc hb khtdxhc{f kh

ht{m Km{m }xhkm hc =;94 y#S xc rr#S ?5 'e m|#S grt# hb yr`c'

d`ymb rmgf ymrhzh kh Mx{ft yhk`ghc{f hb yrf|he`kf pdmr{m kh ymaf }#S f{framrfc m }#£ cft rhg`{`gft p bf l`r'

gmgft# 80 "S 8 – == 'e

Ghkrmcf ‛ Íb{fbmax`rrh ‛ Mr`zm#

/Mb gmrahc: Km{m kh ==4 y#¹S 8 rr#S dfrr#*SS hc{rha#¹S m K#/*

Yhkrf Km|mbft myfk#¹ kh K#¹ Kfg`caf Yàrhz p khgít eh'

rhkhrft khb Dmy#/ K#!! Mbfctf Yàrhz yfr hb <#¹ y#¹ khb ;#/ mýf

tforh bm dmc{#/S kh =50; y#¹S 4 rr#S }xh bm _#S Emz#S* bh rht{m

kh txhbkmt m{rmtmkft#/

Hc k`hz p fdef kh Gmpf kh g`b th{hd`hc{ft th{hc{m pth`t# Yfr mx{f yrf|he`kf hc ht{h k`m kmgft hc Km{m d`hc{f

{rhzh y#!S d`cdf rr#S dfrr`hc{ht hc{rha#/S m k#¹ Yhkrf Mc{fc`f

Km|mbft my#S¹ kh K#S Lrmcd`tdm Yàrhz p khgít ehrhk#//

khb Dmy#/* }xh lxh kh ht{h #Yrht`k`f k#/S Mbfctf Yàrhz thaúc

dfct{m kh kft @ct{rxghc{ft f{framkft hc ht{m D`xkmk hc=8 kh Lhorhrf p 0 kh Maft{f kh =11= mc{h bft Htt#¹¹S Lrmc#!/!

Um|`hr Dfcah{ p Jye# Amrdçm Hdemoxrx yfr hb <#¹ y#¹ df'

rrhtyfck`hc{h mb ;#¹ mcf tforh bm dmc{#*S kh =50; y#S 4 rr#S

}xh bm _#! Emz#*SS bh rht{m kh|`hckf kh txhbkft m{rmtmkft

}xhkmckf dfc ht{h khtdxhc{f hc =159 y#S < rr#!! Dfgf ym'

rhzh kh Mx{ft Yhk`g#*¹ hb yrf|he`kf p dmr{m kh ymaf }xh

f{fraf m }xh cft rhg`{`gft p bf l`rgmgft# ==4 – 8 – 99

Ghkrmcf ‛ Íb{fbmax`rrh ‛ Mr`zm#

/Mb gmrahc: Km{m kh ?99 y#¹! dfrr#*!S hc{rha#¹S mb _#¹ Y#/

Ohrcmrkf Jmd`c{f _fbfc khb Frc# kh Yrhk`dmkfrht m oxhcm



‛ ?=1 ‛

}&* kh bft Tàcfkft }xh {`hch |hcd`kft kh Dfgymýhrf khdxrm hc hb Yxhobf kh Pmyhpx kh @ck`ft Axmrmc`t hc 4 mýft

< g#/ p 1 k#//

Hc k`hz p fdef kh Gmpf kh g`b th{#¹S th{#* p th`t# YfrKhd&¹ }xh huyhk`gft ht{h k`m kmgft hc Km{m kftd`hc{ft y#!

dfrr`hc{ht hc{rha#/S mb N#¹ Y#£ lr# Ohrcmrkf Jmd`c{f _fbfc

khb Frc# kh Yrhk`dmkfrht m oxhcm dxhc{m kh bft Tàcfkft

}xh {`hch |hcd`kft kh dfgymýhrf kh dxrm hc hb Yxhobf

cfgormkf cxht{rm thýfrm kh bft _hpht kh Pmyhpx kh @ck`ft

Axmrmc`t hc {rht mýft th`t ghtht p t`h{h k`mt khtkh =0 kh

Gmpf `cdbxtòh kh <0 e#** =1 `cdbxtòh kh Cf|`hgorh kh

=11? }xh dfc kftd`hc{ft yhtft }xh th bh hc{rhamrfc hc ht{mt

Dmjmt hc 1 kh Fd{xorh kh 1; p ?99 kh < kh Thyorh# kh 18

thaúc bm Ymr{`km kh Km{m kh ht{h Hmgf hc keft# mýft

C#/ ==? p =9? emdhc bm dmc{#S kh <99 y#S }xh em|`hckfthbh

khoxhb{f bm dhr{`l`dmz#/!! }xh em yrhthc{mkf khb dfrrha`kfr

Dm|`bkf p Mkg`c`t{rmkfr kh kef# Yxhobf dfc hb |`t{f oxh'cf khb [ehc#*S kh Af|#/// kh hbbft K#¹ Lrmcd`tdf Yàrhz hc }#£

dfct{m em|hr thr|`kf hb d`{mkf {`hgyf hc kef# G`c`t{hr`f

ymrm }xh bm hu`|m dxmckf th bh muxt{h kh rhgm{h# Dfgfymrhzh kh Ghgfr`mb d`{mkf Khdrh{f p rhdòf }xh f{fraf m

}xh cft rhg`{`gft p bf l`rgmgft# ?99 – 99 – 99

S Ghkrmcf ‛ Mb{fbmax`rrh ‛ Mr`zm#

/Mb gmrahc: Km{m kh ;99 y#S dfrr#*SS hc{rha#/S m k#/ [ef'

gmt Axzgmc m cfgorh p dfgf Myfkhrmkf khb Y# Lr# @acm'

d`f Dmorhrm [ehc#*S kh Dxrm kh bft Yxhobft kh @ck`ft Axm'rmc`t cfgormkf Tmc Lrmcd`tdf Um|`hr Crm# Thýfrm kh bm

Dfcdhyd`ôc m oxhcm ]xhc{m kh bft Tçcfkft |hcd#¹S/

Hc |h`c{h p kft kh Gmpf kh g`b th{hd`hc{ft th{hc{m pth`t# Yfr Khd#*/* }xh huyhk`gft hc ?= khb g`tgf kmgft hc

Km{m : }xm{rfd`hc{ft yhtft dfrr`hc{ht hc{rhamkft m K#!* [ef'

gmt Axzgmc Myfkhrmkf khb _#¹ Y#£ Lr# Jxmc @acmd`f Dm'

orhrm _hbà`ftf Lrmcd`tdmcf thaúc dfct{m kh Yfkhr f{fr'

amkf hc hb Yxhobf kh bm Dfcdhyd`ôc kh @ck`ft Axmrmc`t hc

? kh Gmrzf kh =118 mc{h hb Dm|`bkf | Mkg`c`t{rmkfr kh



‛ ?=5 ‛

dbef#

Yxhobf m oxhcm}xhc{m

khbft Tàcfkft

}xh{`hch

|hcd`kft hc ? mýft 5 ghtht p < k`mt kht#S == kh Ma#*¹ kh =1<5

e#// =? kh Fd{xorh kh kb`f# mýf j kh Dxrm hc hb huyrhtmkf

kh bm Dfcdhyd`ôc ? mýft < ghtht p < k`mt kh#S == kh Fd{xorh

khb g`tgf mýf kh <5 e#S ?9 kh Mor`b kh 1= }xh e`zf dfct{mr

dfc kft dhr{`l`dmd`fcht kh bft Dfrrha`kfrht Dm|`bkft p Mk'

g`c`t{rmkfrht kh hbbft p |`t{f oxhcf kh K#¹ Lrmcd`tdf Orx'

cf kh Zm|mbm Af|#/// kh bft {rh`c{m Yxhobft }xh th bh

khofb|`hrfc ymrm }xh bmt yrhthc{h dxmckf th bh mjxt{h kh

rhgm{h: Dfgf ymrhzh kh kb`f# Yfkhr Ghgfr`mb d`{mkf Kh'drh{f p rhdòf }xh f{fraf m }xh cft rhg`{`gft p bf l`r'

gmgft# ;99 – 99 – 99


!!Mb gmrahc: Km{m kh <89 y#S dfrr#*S!! hc{rha#¹S mb _#¹ Y#£

Lr# Jftà Yehb`yh Tícdehz khb Dmt{`bbf m oxhcm }xhc{m kh

bft Tàcfkft }xh {`hch |hcd`kft kh Dxrm khb Yxhobf kh

@ck`ft Axmrmc`t T#*S Gmr`m bm gmpfr hc 8 mýft p == !ghtht#/

Hc |h`c{h p kft kh Gmpf kh g`b th{hd`hc{ft th{hc{m pth`t# Yfr Khd#*¹ }xh huyhk`gft hc ?= khb g`tgf kmgft hc

Km{m th`td`hc{ft p d`c}xhc{m y#S dfrr#SS hc{rha#¹S mb _#¹ Y#*

Lr# Jftà Yehb`yh Tícdehz khb Dmt{`bbf khb Frc# kh Cxht{rm

Thýfrm kh Ghrdhkht m oxhcm }xhc{m kh bft Tàcfkft }xh{`hch |hcd`kft kh Dxrm Kfd{r`chrf khb Yxhobf kh Tmc{m

Gmr`m bm gmpfr kh @ck`ft Axmrmc`t khb Xrxaxmp p Ymrmcíhc d`cdf mýft" fczh ghtht khtkh =5 `cdbxtòh kh K`zorh# kh

=1<0 e#/* =5 `cdbxtòh kh Cf|orh# kh =118 }xh e`zf dfct{mr

dfc dhr{`l`dmt#//S khb Dfrrha`kfr Dm|`bkf p Mkg`c`t{rmkfr kh

kef# Yxhobf p |`t{f oxhcf khb Af|hrcmkfr kh hbbft k#/

Lrmcd`tdf Orxcf kh Zm|mbm }xh th bh kh|fbo`f ymrm }xh bm

yrhthc{h dxmckf th bh ymaxh kh rhgm{h# Dfgf ymrhzh kh

Ghgfr`mb d`{mkf Khd#S/ p rhd`|f }xh f{fraf m }xh cft rhg`'

{`gft p bf l`rgmgft# <89 – 99 – 99#




‛ ?=0 ‛

SSMb gmrahc: Km{m kh ==8 y"¹S = S? rr#S dfrr&SS hc{rha#*S m24#¹ Hxahc`f Gmr{çchz Bhrkf Myfk#¹ kh bft ehrhk#/! khb k`'

lxc{f MQ K#/S Gm{ehf kh Bmpzm yfr hb <#¹ y#¹ khb T#/ mýf

®¡rh# bm dmc{#!! kh =0?9 y#S 4 rr#S }xh bm _#! Emz#!/! bh rht{m

kh|`hckf kh txhbkft m{rmtmkft#/

Hc |h`c{h j kft kh Gmpf kh g`b th{hd`hc{ft th{hc{m jth`t# Yfr mx{f }xh yrf|hb``gft ht{h k`m kmgft hc km{m d`hc{f

}x`czh y#S xcf j ghk`f rr#S dfrr#SS hc{rha#¹S m k#!! Hxahc`f

Gmr{`chz Bhrkf" Myfkhrmkf kh k#S Gmr`m Mc{fc`m Bfpzm pkhgít ehrhkhrft khb k`lxc{f mblàrhz k#¹ Gm{ehf kh Bfpzm>

Dfgf dfct{m kh @ct{rxghc{f f{framkf hc bm D`xkmk kh

Gfc{h|`khf hc 49 kh Thyorh# kh 1; mc{h hb Mbd#S Frk`cmr`f

kh thaxckf |f{f K#// K`fc`t`f Lhrcmckhz yfr hb < yfr

d`hc{f dfrrhty#*£ mb 4#¹ mcf tforh bm dmc{#*S kh =0?9 y#S 4 rr#S

}xh bm _#! Emz#!S!! bh rht{m kh|`hckf kh txhbkft m{rmtmkft mb

huyrhtmkf Mbl#S }xhkmckf dfc ht{h khtdxhc{f hc =594 y#S

= bS rr#S Dfgf ymrhzh kh Mx{ft Yhk`ghc{f" hb yrf|he`kf pdmr{m kh ymaf }xh f{fraf m }xh cft rhg`{`gft p bf l`r'

gmgft# ==8 – = – =1


SSMb gmrahc: Km{m kh =54 y#S 8 \f `S'S dfrr#*SS hc{rha#!* m

k#* Jfthyem Gmrdeh p k#* Gmramr`{m _mg`rhz yfr t` p dfgfmyfkhrmkft kh bft khgít ehrhk#/S khb [ehc#*S K#¹ Yhkrf

_mg`rhz yfr hb < y#¹ khb Tha#**/ mcf tforh bm dmc{#** kh 49<?y#**S }xh bm _#! Emz#*SS bh rht{m kh|`hckf kh txhbkft m{rmtmkft#/

Hc |h`c{h p }xm{rf kh Gmpf kh g`b th{ht#!S th{hc{m p th`t#

Yfr mx{f }xh yrf|he`gft ht{h k`m Kmgft hc Km{m" d`hc{f

fdehc{m p {rht y#¹S d`cdf p ghk`f rr#S dfrr`hc{ht hc{rhamkft

m K#* Jyem# Gmrdeh p k#* Gmramr`{m _mg`rhz yfr t` p dfgfmyfkhrmkmt kh bft khgít ehrhkhrft khb [ehc`hc{h }xh lxh

kh ht{h Yrht`k`f K#// Yhkrf _mg`rhz thaúc dfct{m kh @ct'

{rxghc{f hb xcf f{framkf hc ht{m D`xkmk hc 8 kh Gmpf kh

1; mc{h hb Htt#¹ kh T# G# Lrmc#/¹ Um|`hr Dfcah{ p hb f{rf

hc hb _#S kh T#¹ Dmrbft hc =#¹ kh Fd{xorh khb g`tgf mýf hc

yrhthcd`m khb [ehc#SS Dfrfchb kh @clmc{#S kh ht{m Yrf|`cd`m



‛ ??9 ‛

K#/ C`dfbít kh Hbfrkxp Dfgmckmc{h kh m}xhb Yxhr{f dxpmdmc{& ht yhr{hchd`hc{h khb thaxckf mýf m hb <#/ y#/ trh# 49<?y#¹S 4 rr#S }xh bm Nhmb Emz&!! bh rht{m kh|`hckf kh txhbkft

m{rmtmkft mb huyrhtmkf [ehc`hc{h }xhkmckf dfc ht{h kht'

}xhc{f hc ?515 y#S 8 S rr& Dfgf ymrhzh kh Mx{ft Yhk`'

ghc{f hb yrf|he`kf p dmr{m kh ymaf }xh f{fraf m }xh cft

rhg`{`gft p bf l`rgmgft# =54 – 8 – =1


!!Mb gmrahc: Km{m kh 51 y#¹S ; rr#£S dfrr&/! hc{rha#¹S m

k#** Gmrçm Nftm kh \hbmtdf yfr t` p dfgf myfkhrmkm kh bft

khgít ehrhkhrft khb Mbl#!! k#¹ Jxmc kh \hbmtdf yfr hb <#/ y#/

hb 8#¹ mcf tforh =;80 y#S = rr#! }xh bm _#S Emz#SS bh rht{m


Hc |h`c{h p d`cdf kh Gmpf kh g`b th{hd`hc{ft th{hc{m pth`t# Yfr mx{f }xh yrf|he`gft ht{h k`m kmgft hc Km{mfdehc{m p t`h{h y#¹S }xm{rf rr#*!S hc{rha#S m k#* Gmr`m_ftm kh \hbmtdf yfr t` p dfgf myfkhrmkm kh bft khgít eh'

rhkhrft khb Mblàrhz }xh lxh kh ht{h Yrht`k`f k#/ Jxmc kh

\hbmtdf thaúc dfct{m kh @ct{rxghc{f f{framkf hc yr`ghrf

kh Jxb`f kh =1<0 mc{h Lrmc#!7¹ Um|`hr Dfcah{ htdr`omcf kh

T# G# hc ht{m D`xkmk dxpm dmc{#*S bht dfrrhtyfckh yfr hb

<#¹ y#¹ khb 8#¹ mýf tforh bm kh =;80 y#/ = rr"S }xh bm _# Emz#/SS

bh rht{m kh|`hckf yfr bft txhbkft m{rmtmkft kh kef# Mblh#/

}xhkmckf dfc ht{h kht}xhc{f hc =41= y#S 8 rr#S dfgf ymrhzh

kh Mx{ft Yhk`g#*¹ hb yrf|he`kf p dmr{m kh ymaf }xh f{fraf

m }xh cft rhg`{`gft p bf l`rgmgft# 51 – ; – 99 –


/Mb gmrahc: Km{m kh =;< y#¹S = rr#S dfrr`hc{ht hc{rha#¹S m

k#¹ Jxmc rrmc#¹¹ kh bm _`om Ehrrhrm tmra#*¹ g#/!/ kh ht{m Ybm'

zm yfr `gy#*£ kh bft dft{ft dmxtmkft hc bm `cx{`b`tmd`fc kh

bft Mt{`bbhrft }xh {hc`mc bft Yfr{xaxhtht hc bm Dfbfc`m khb

Tmdrmghc{f ymrm lmor`dmr hgomrt#SS khb {rma`c hc hb Ym'

rmcí#/



‛ ??= ‛

Hc |h`c{h p d`cdf kh @C@mpf kh g`b th{ht#/S th{hc{m p th`t#

Yfr mx{f p Khdrh{f khb T#/// Af|#/// p Dmy#/* Ahchrmb kh ??

khb g`tgf kmgft hc Km{m d`hc{f }xmrhc{m p th`t y#* p =

rr#! dfrr&SS hc{rha#¹S m k#/ Jxmc Lrmc#S kh bm N`|m Ehrrhrm

Tmrahc{f g#/// kh ht{m Ybmzm yfr `gy&S kh bft amt{ft dmxtm'

kft hc hb rhu`t{rf kh bmt @tbmt khb Ymrmcí `cx{`b`zmd`ôc kh

bft Mt{`bbhrft }xh {hc`mc hc hbbmt bft Yfr{xaxhtht kh bm

Dfbfc`m khb Tmdrmg#*¹ ymrm lmor`dmr hgomrdmt#SS p lfghc{mr

hb dfghrd`f `bçd`{f dfctxgf kh |òhrht arm{`l`dmd`fcht p kh'gmt chdhtmr`ft kh dfg`t`ôc }xh bh dfcl`r`ô hb g`tgf Thýfr

Dmy#/ Ahc#! Dfgymrhzh kh dxhc{m l`rgmkm yfr kef# Tmr'

ahc{f g#// hc dfctfrd`f khb Htdròmcf kh Dm|`bkf p N#!

Emz#S!* kh m}xhbbm d`xkmk Mgorft`f @acmd`f Dmg`cft d`{mkf

Khdrh{f p rhdòf }xh f{fraf m }xh cft rhg#S p bf l`rgmgft#

=;< – = –

Ghkrmcf ‛ Mb{fJmax`rrh ‛ Mr`zm#

/Mb gmrahc: Km{m kh =94 y#S dfrr`hc{ht hc{rhamkft m k#/

Ohrcmrkm Bx`tm khb Y`cf e`jm p ehrhkhrm khb Mbl#!S K#/S Kf'

g`caf khb Y`cf yfr hb <#¹ y#¹ khb yr`ghr mýf tforh bm dmc{#S

kh =1=1 y#S 4 rr#S }xh bm _#! Emz#S* bh rht{m kh|`hckf kh txhb'

kft m{rmtmkft#/

Hc |h`c{h p cxh|h kh Gmpf kh g`b th{hd`hc{ft th{hc{m pth`t: Yfr mx{f }xh yrf|he`gft ht{h k`m kmgft hc Km{md`hc{f {rht y#S dfrr#S*S hc{rha#¹S m K#* Bx`tm Ohrcmrkm khb

Y`cf e`jm úc`dm p ehrhkhrm khb Mblàrhz }xh lxh kh ht{h Yrh'

t`k`f K#!* Kfg`caf khb Y`cf yfr hb th`t y#¹ dfrrhtyfck`hc{h

mb tày{`gf mýf trh# bm dmc{#*S kh =1=1 y#S 4 rr"S }xh bm _#*

Emz#!S* bh rht{m kh|`hckf kh txhbkft m{rmtmkft }xhkmckf

dfc ht{h khtdxhc{f hc =<=; y#S 4 rr#S dfgf ymrhzh kh Mx{ft

Yhk`g#*/ hb yrf|he`kf p dmr{m kh ymaf }xh f{fraf m }xh cft

rhg#/S p bf l`rg#¹S

S

=94 – 99 – 99 ""

Ghkrmcf ‛ Mb{fJmax`rrh ‛ M``zm#



‛ ??? ‛

S!SMb gmrahc:Km{m

kh 5? y#S ; rr& dfrr#*!!!

hc{rha#¹S m k#*Gmr`m Mc{fc`m Afczíbhz b``jm p úc`dm ehrhkhrm khb [eh'

c`hc{h rhlfrgmkf K#¹ Yhkrf Afczíbhz yfr hb <#¹ y#¹ khb ;#¹

mýf trh# bm dmc{#** =41< y& }xh bm H#! Emz#SS bh rht{m kh|`hckf


Hc |h`c{h j cxhoh kh Gmpf kh g`b th{hd`hc{ft th{hc{m pth`t# Yfr Mx{f }xh yrf|he`gft ht{h k`m kmgft hc Km{mfdehc{m p kft y#S }xm{rf rr#S dfrr`hc{ht hc{rhamkft m K#/*

Gmr`m Mc{fc`m Afczíbhz e`jm p úc`dm ehrhkhrm khb {eh'

c`hc{h rhlfrgmkf }xh lxh kh ht{h Yrht`k`f K#!! Yhkrf Afc'zíbhz yfr hb < y#¹ dfrrhty#*S£ mb ;#¹ mýf tforh bm dmc{#**

kh =41< y#S }xh bm N#S Emz#S!! bh rht{m kh|`hckf kh txhbkft

m{rmtmkft }xhkmckf dfc ht{h khtdxhc{f hc =?04 y#S ; rr#S

dfgf ymrhzh kh Mx{ft Yhk`g#*¹ hb yrf|he`kf p dmr{m kh

ymaf }xh f{fraf m }xh cft rhg#S p bf l`rg#S

5? – ; – 99 –

Ghkrmcf ‛ Mb{fbma```rrh ‛ Mr`zm#

SSMb gmrahc: Km{m kh =95 y#S dfrr#*SS hc{rha#¹S m k#* Lrmc'

d`tdm Jfthlm Gmu`g`b`mcf p khgít ehrh#¹S khb Tfbkmkf Ehc'

rr`}xh Gmu`g`b`mcf yfr hb <#¹ y#¹ khb 4#¹ mýf tforh =59? y#S

}xh bm _#S Emz#!S!! bh rht{m kh|`hckf kh txhbkft m{rmtmkft#/

Hc {rh`c{m kh Gmpf kh g`b th{hd`hc{ft th{hc{m p th`t#

Yfr mx{f }xh yrf|he`gft hc ?0 kh Mor`b kmgft hc Km{md`hc{f fdef y#S dfrr#SSS hc{rhamkft m K#S Lrmcd`tdm Jfthyem

Gmu`g`b`mcf k#¹ Jye# K#* _`{m p khgít ehrhkhrft khb tfb'

kmkf }xh lxh kh ht{h Yrht`k`f Hcrr`}xh Gmu`g`b`mcf yfr

hb <#¹ y#/ khb 4#¹ mýf tforh bm dmc{`kmk kh =59? y#S }xh bm _#!

Emz#SS bh rht{m kh|`hckf kh txhbkft m{rmtmkft }xhkmckfdfc ht{h khtdxhc{f hc =<0; y#S yrh|`c`hckf th `cdbxphc hc

ht{m Km{m t`h{h y#S yfr bm ymr{h }xh dfrrhtyfckh m K#¹ Jftà

kh Hty`cftm xcf kh bft ehrhkhrft }xh th embbm mxthc{h hc

bm f{rm |mckm khb _`f p th gmckf hc{rhamr m K#¹ Jye# Mc'

{fc`f @omlçhz dfgf l`mkfr }xh yrfyxt`hrfc# Dfgf ymrhzh kh



‛ ??4

Mx{ft Yhk`ghc{f hb yrf|hb``kf p dmr{m kh ymaf }xh f{fr'

amrfc m }xh cft rhg#// p bf l`rgmgft# =95 / 99 / 99 /


/Mb gmrahc: Km{m kh =4? y#/S `S p|w dfrr#*SS hc{rha#¹S m k#*

Gmrçm Mc{fc`m Oxt{ft yfr t` p dfgf myfkhrmkm kh bft kh'gmt ehrhk#S khb Mblàrhz k#// Gmr{`c kh Oxt{ft yfr hb <#¹ y#*/

khb ?#¹ mcf trh# ??9= y#/ A rr#S }xh bm _#S Emz#!S!! bh rht{m kh'

|`hckf kh txhbkft m{rmtmkft#/

Hc {rh`c{m kh Gmpf kh g`b th{hd`hc{ft th{hc{m p th`t#

Yfr mx{f }xh yrf|he`gft ht{h k`m kmgft hc km{m d`hc{f

{rh`c{m p kft y#/S ghk`f rr#S dfrr`hc{ht hc{rha#¹S m K#* Gmr`m

Mc{fc`m Oxt{ft yfr t` p dfgf myfkhrmkm kh k#S Gmramr`{m

kh \`bbhamt thaúc dfct{m kh @ct{rxghc{f f{framkf hc ht{m

D`xkmk mc{h hb Hu#// yxo#*// Hx{rmd`f Jftà Ofpdf hc =#¹ kh

lho&¹ kh =118 e`jm p c`h{m khb Mblàrhz }xh lxh kh ht{h Yrh'

t`k`f K#¹ Gmr{`c kh Oxt{ft yfr hb <#¹ y#¹ }xh bh dfrrhtyfckh

khb ?#¹ mýf tforh bm dmc{#*S kh ??9= y#S p < rr#S }xh bm _#!

Emz#/* bh rht{m kh|`hckf kh txhbkft m{rmtmkft }xhkmckf dfc

ht{h khtdxhc{f hc ?9<0 y#S 4 ( rr#S Dfgf ymrhzh kh Mx{ftYhk`g#*¹ hb yrf|hb``kf p dmr{m kh ymaf }xh f{framrfc m }xh

cft rhg#S p bf ýrg#S =4?/

99/

=1Ghkrmcf ‛ Mb{fbmax`rrh ‛ Mr`zm#

/Mb gmrahc: Km{m kh =?9 y#S `&S rr#S dfrr#*S m K#// _ftmYmdehdf yfr t` 4S dfgf Myfkhrmkm kh k#* Gmr`m kh Tmbmt

yfr hb <#¹ y#¹ khb <#¹ mýf trh# ?99= y#/ ? rr#S }xh bm _#! Emz#!*!!

bh rht{m kh|`hckf kh txhbkft m{rmtmkft m tx Y#£ p MoxhbfK#¹ G`axhb p K#/ Mc{fc`f Ymdehdf Mblàrhz#/

Hc yr`ghrf kh Jxc`f kh g`b th{hd`hc{ft th{hc{m p th`t#

Yfr Mx{f }xh yrf|he`gft ht{h k`m kmgft hc Km{m d`hc{f

|h`c{h y#¹* ghk`f rr#* dfrr`hc{ht hc{hrmkft m K#* _ftm Ym'

dehdf yfr t` p dfgf Myfkhrmkm kh K#* Gmr`m kh Tmbmt eh'



‛ ??; ‛

rhkhrmt kh tx Moxhbf p Ymkrh bft Mblàrhz K#!! G`axhb pK#/ Mc{fc`f Ymdehdf yfr hb <#¹ y#¹ khb ?#¹ mýf tforh bm

dmc{& kh ?99= y#S ? rr#S }xh bm _#S Emz#/S bh rht{m kh|`hckf

kh txhbkft m{rmtmkft }xhkmckf dfc ht{h khtdxhc{f hc =55=

y#S = =; rr#! Dfgf ymrhzh kh Mx{ft Yhk`g#*S hb yrf|he`kf

j dmr{m kh ymaf }xh f{fraf m }xh cft rhg`{`gft p l`rg#S

=?9 / 99 / =1


/Mb gmrahc: Km{m kh 89 y#S dfrr#*SS hc{rha#¹S m k#/ Jye# kh

Ghck`cxh{m yfr hb {rmomjf }xh `gyhck`ô hc bm tmdm kh {rht

dmr{mt dxhc{mt ymrm `go`mr yfr Kxyb`dmkf m T# G#/


Hc |`r{xk kh kft fl`d`ft khb Thýfr Dfc{mkfr gmpfr kh dxhc'{mt K#¹ Dmck`kf _mgft tx lb`m# =#¹ kh Gmrzf p ?? kh Gmpfkmgft hc Km{m d`c}xhc{m y#S dfrr#*£S hc{rhamkft m K#*/ Jftà

kh Ghck`cxh{m bft g`tgft }xh kef# Thýfr Dfc{mkfr bh em

armkxmkf kh rhdfgyhctm yfr hb {rmomjf }#£ `gj)hck`f kh tx

frkhc hc tmdmr kxyb`dmkft Çc{harft kh bmt dxhc{mt kh ht{mt

dmjmt dfrrhty#*/S m bft mýft kh <=" <? p <4 ymrm rhg`{`r mb

_hp hc dfclfrg`kmk kh tx _#! Frc# kh 49 kh Fd{&£ kh =11?#

Dfgf ymrhzh kh Ghg#! d`{mkft fl`d`ft dfy`m khb }xh bh eh'

gft ymtmkf hc rhtyxht{m }xh f{fraf m }xh cft rhg#S p bf

l`rg#S 89 / 99 / 99 /

Ghkrmcf ‛ M @{f bmax`rrh ‛ M r`zm#

/Km{m kh 199 y#/ dfrr#*S! hc{rha#¹! mb _&¹ Y#S Yrf|#! kh Yrh'

k`dmkfrht Tr# Jftà Jfm}xçc Ymdehdf dfgf Myf#*S/ khb _# Y#Tr# Omr{efbfgh Gfb`cm khb g`tgf frc# m oxhcm }xhc{m kh

bft t`acfkft }xh kh|hcaf kh dfgymýhrf kh dxrm hc hb Yxh'

obf kh @ck`ft Axmrmc`t cfgormkf bft Tmc{ft Gír{`rht#/


Yfr mx{f }xh yrf|he`gft hc kef# k`m kmgft hc Km{m th{h'



' ??8 ‛

d`hc{ft yhtft dfrr#/!S hc{rhamkft mb _#/¹ Y& Yrf|`cd`mb kh

Yrhk`dmkfrht lr# Jftà Jfm}xçc Ymdehdf m crh# p dfgf Myf#!!¹

khb _# Y# lr# Omr{b`fbfgh Gfb`cm khb g`tgf frc# thacc dfct'

{m kh @ct{rcg&/ f{framkf hc bm D`x& kh Dfrkf|m hc 1 kh

Ma&¹ kh =118 dfc B`z#/ khb H#¹ Y#* Yr`fr Yrf|#! kh m}xhb Dfg'

ohc{f Lr# Mc{fc`f Afczíbhz mc{h hb Ht#¹¹ yo#*// kh Dm|`bkf

Gmr{`c kh Mrrmtdmh{m m oxhcm }#*// kh bft T`acfkft }xh em

kh|hcamkf kh [ehc#*S Dxrm khb Yxhobf cfgormkf kh bft Tmc'

{ft 4nbmr{`rht kh @ck`ft Axmrmc`t hc 8 mýft khtkh =#¹ kh Hch'rf kh =119 e#* 4= kh Kbzorh kh =11; }xh e`zf dfct{mr dfc

{rht dhr{`l`dmd`fcht khb Dfrrha`kfr Dm|`bkf Mkg`c`t{rmkfr

kh kef# Yxhobf dfc hb |`t{f Oxhcf khb Af|#/!S kh hbbft k#//

Lrmcd`tdf Orxcf kh Zm|mbm }xh th bh kh|fbo`hrfc ymrm }xh

bm hu`|m }xmckf th bh mjxt{h kh rhgm{m6# Dfgf ymrhzh kh

kef# Yfkhr Yhk`g#*¹ d`{mkf mx{f p dmr{m kh ymaf }xh f{fraf

}xh cft rhg`{`gft p bf l`rgmgft#

199 / 99 / 99!

/Mb gmrahc: Km{m kh ==1*y#S = =; rr#! dfrr#*!!S hc{rhamkft

m k#/ Yhkrf Gmr{`chz kh \hbmzdf my#!!¹ kh k#!! Omt`b`m kh

Mr`mt p Gmcd`bbm e`jm p ehrhkhrm khb mblhr#S K#¹ Ohrcmrkf

Mr`mt p Gmcd`bbm yfr hb <#¹ y#¹ khb 8¹ mýf trh# =08? y#S = `&S

rr#! }xh bm _hmb Emz#/* bh rht{m kh|`hckf#/

Hc {rht kh Jxc`f kh g`b th{ht#/S th{#S p th`t# Yfr mx{f }xhyrf|he`gft ht{h k`m kmgft hc Km{m d`hc{f k`hz p t`h{h y#/S

xcf p ghk`f rr#S dfrr#SS hc{rha#¹S m k#¹ Yhkrf Gmr{`chz kh

\hbmzdf myfkhrmkf kh K#S Omt`b`m Mr`mt p Gmct`bbm thaúc

dfct{m kh @ct{rxg#*/ f{framkf hc =¹ kh Fd{xorh kh 1? mc{h

hb Hu#/¹ yy#*/* kh ht{m D`xkmk Jftà Amrd`m Hdemoxrx yfr hb

A#¹ y#¹ dfrrhty#**/ mb 8#¹ mýf trh bm dmc{#** kh =08? y#S = pS rr#!

}xh bm _#! Emz#/* bh rht{m kh|`hckf kh txhbkft m{rmtmkft

m tx k`lxc{f Y#£ hb mbl"!! rhlfrgmkf }xh lxh kh ht{h Yrht`k`f

K#/ Ohrcmrkf kh Mr`mt Gmct`bbm }xhkmckf dfc ht{h kht'

dxhc{f hc =548 y#S Dfgf ymrhzh kh mx{f Yhk`ghc{f hb yrf'

|he`kf p dmr{m kh ymaf }xh f{fraf m!}#* cft rhg#S p l`rg#S

``6> `–`1–

Ghkrmcm ‛ Mb{fbmac`rrh ‛ Mr`zc#

YXOB# ThD# E@T[# =<



‛ ??< ‛

!SMb gmrahc: Km{m kh =499 y& dfrr&£S hc{rha#¹! m k#!! Gmr'{`c kh Tmrrm{hm Myf#S¹ kh Gmr`m Lrmc#!S!! kh Mbzmpomr \`xkm

khb Gmr`tdmb kh Dmgyf K#¹ Jftà Jfm}xçc kh \`mcm m oxhcm}#*S kh ?1?< y#S 4 rr& ?; =&; grt# }xh bh rhtxb{mrfc bç}x`kft

yfr tx txhbkf |hcd`kf dfgf Af|#¹!! @c{hr`cf kh Gfc{h|#/ hc

=1 ghtht =4 k`mt#/

Hc {rht kh Jxc`f kh g`b th{ht#!!S th{hc{m p th`t# Yfr mx{f

}xhyrf|hb``gft ht{h k`m dfcth}xhc{h

mKhdrh{f khb' T#///

Af|#/ p Dmy#/ Ahchrmb kh 5 kh Cf|orh# kh =118 kmgft hc

km{m g`b p {rhtd`hc{ft y#¹S dfrr`hc{ht hc{rha"¹S m k#// Gmr{`c

kh Tmrrm{hm Myfkhrmkf kh K#// Gmr`m Lrmcd`tdm kh Mbzmp'

omr \`xkm khb Gmr`tdmb kh Dmgyf k#¹ Jftthl Jfm}xçc kh

\`mcm thaúc dfct{m kh @ct{rxg&¹ f{framkf hc bm D`x#*S kh

Gfc{h|#¹ hc =? kh Hchrf kh 1< yfr mc{h hb Nha`kfr Mblàrhz

_#! Mbdmbkh `c{hr`cf kh tha&/ |f{f K#¹ Jxmc kh Hdehc`}xh

m oxhcm }wS kh ?1?< y#¹S 4 rr#S ?? S; SSpS' }xh yfr mjxt{mg&¹

}xh th bh lfrgf hc ht{mt Dmjmt bh rhtxb{mrfc bç}x`kft khtúttxhbkft |hcd`kft dfgf Af|#// kh m}xhbbm Ybmzm hc =1 ghtht

=4 k`mt kht#£ l`c kh Jxc`f kh 14 }xh ht{mom tm{`tlb`f# b`#S =;

hudbxtòh kh K`z`hgorh kh 1; mb rhtyhd{f kh ?899 rr#* kh

\hbbôc mb ght }xh bh ht{momc mtàcmkft yfr _#S Frc# kh ; kh

K`zorh# kh =11= mtdhck`hrfc m ;4854 =&4 rr#S kh bm g`tgmhtyhd`h }xh rhkxd`kft m gfchkm dfrr#*£ kh mghr`dm m rmzôc

kh 18 rr#S ? grt# kh \hbbôc yfr yhtf dfgyfchc ?50; y#S

= rr#!

?4 \=?m|#S

grt# khbft

}xh thbh

rhomjmrfc ymrm ymtmrm txt rhtyhd{òft _mgft dxmckf th bh ymaxh kh rhgm{h

58 y#S 44 ( grt# yfr @gomb`kft p 5? y#S ; rr#S 4? @&? grt#

khb Gfc{h Y`ô G`b`{mr }xhkmckf dfc ht{h khtdxhc{f hb

{f{mb b`}x`kf kh =;?< y#S 4 rr#S ?? \=? m|t# grt# Dfgf ymrhzh

kh kef# Mjxt{mg#*¹ Ghg#S d`{mkf Khdrh{f Yfkhr yhk`ghc{f

rhlhr`kf mx{f p dmr{m kh ymaf }xh f{fraf m}xh cft rhg`{`'

gft p bf l`rgmgft#

Ghkrmcf ‛ Mb{fbmax`rrd ‛ Mr`zm#

!SMb gmrahc: Km{m kh ;99 y#S dfrr#*£! hc{rha#/! m k#¹ JftàÍcahb Bmzdmcf Mkg`c`t{rmkfr Ahchrmb kh bft Yxhobft khG`t`fcht p Myfk#¹ khb Y#!! Lr# Maxt{çc Gmpkmcm [b`hc#*!



‛ ??1 ‛

kh Dxrm khb cfgormkf Tmc{m _ftm m oxhcm }#*/ kh bft

Tàcfkft }xh {`hch kh|hcamkft hc kef" jC@`c`t{Sr`f#/

Hc d`cdf kh Jxc`f kh g`b th{hd`hc{ft th{hc{m p th`t# Yfr

Khdrh{f }xh huyhk`gft hc kef# k`m Kmgft hc Km{m }xm{rf

d`hc{ft y#S dfrr#SS hc{rha#¹S m k#¹ Jxmc Ícahb Bmzdmcf Mkg`'

c`t{rmkfr ahchrmb kh bft Yxhobft kh G`t`fcht kh @ck`ft

Axmrmc`t p My#*S/ khb _#¹ Y#* Tr# Maxt{çc Gmpkmcm [eh'

c`hc{h kh Dxrm khb cfgormkf Tmc{m _ftm m oxhcm }xhc{mkh bft Tàcfkft }xh om kh|hcamkf hc kef# G`c`t{hr`f hc

kft mýft khtS =#/ kh ehchrf kh 14 e#* àxmb lhdem khb mýf

ymtmkf kh 18 }xh e`zf dfct{mr dfc kft dhr{`l`dmt"/S khb Df'

rha`kfr dm|`bkf p Mkg`c`t{rmkfr kh kef# Yxhobf dfc hb

\`t{f Oxhcf khb [ehc`hc{h Af|#//S kh hbbft K#¹ Jftà Omrbfzm

}xh th bh kh|fbo`hrfc ymrm }xh bmt yrhthc{h dxmckf th bh

mjxt{h kh rhgm{h rhtyhd{f kh }xhkmr dfc{`cxmckf hc hb

g`tgf huhrt`d`f : Dfgf ymrhzh kh Ghgfr`mb d`{mkf Khdrh{f

p rhz#¹ }xh f{fraf m }#/ cft rhg#S p bf l`rg#S

;99 /99 /99/


/Mb gmrahc: Km{m kh ;99 yhtft dfrr#!// hc{rha#/S m k#¹ Jxmc

Ícahb Bmzdmcf My#!!/ khb _# Y# lr# Tmc{`maf khb \mbbh moxhcm }xhc{m kh bft Tàcfkft }#/ {`hch kh|hcamkft kh dxrm

khb Yxhobf cfgormkf Cxht{rm Thýfrm kh lhà kh @ck`ft

Axmrmc`t#/

Hc d`cdf kh Jxc`f kh g`b th{t#¹S th{hc{m p th`t# Yfr Kh'

drh{f }xh huyhk`gft hc kef# k`m kmgft hc Km{m ]xm{rf'

d`hc{ft y#S dfrr#*/S hc{rhamkft m K#¹ Jxmc Ícahb BmzdmcfMkg`c`t{rmkfr ahc#! kh bft Yxhobft kh G`t`fcht kh @ck`ft

Axmrmc`t p Myfkhrmkf khb _# Y# Lr# Tmc{`maf khb \mbbhkhb Frc# kh Yrhk`dmkfrht thaúc dfct{m kh @ct{rxg#*S f{fr'

amkf hc hb kh Crm# Thýfrm kh lhà hc =; kh Gmrzf kh 1< m

oxhcm }#*!! kh bft Tàcfkft }xh {`hch |hcd`kft kh Dxrm kfd'

{r`chrf kh hb hc kft mýft kht#/ =4 kh Cf|`hgorh kh 14 W3#*

àxmb lhdem khb mýf kh 18 }xh mdrhk`{f dfc dhr{`l`dmd`ôc

myrf|mkm yfr hb [ehc`hc{h kh Af|hrcmkfr kh keft# Yxh'



‛ ??5 ‛

obft K#/ JfNTthybç Omroftm }xh th bh kh|fbo`f ymrm }xh bm

yrhthc{h dxmckf th bh mjxt{h kh rhgm{h rhtyhd{f m dfc{`'

cxmr hc hb g`tgf G`c`t{hr`f p em|hrthbh yhrk`kf bm }xh

jxt{`l`dm|m tx hu`t{hcd`m kht#S < kh Thyorh# kh =1<5# Dfgfymrhzh kh Yfkhr Ghg#! d`{mkf Khdrh{f p rhz`|f }xh f{fraf

m }xh cft rhg#S p bf l`rg#S ;99 – 99 – 99

Ghkrmcm ‛ Mb{ôbm ax`rrh ‛ Mr`zm#

/Mb gmrahc: Km{m kh 489 y#S dfrr#*SS hc{ra#/S m K"/ JxmcÍcahb Bmzdmcf My#*S/ khb b`# Y# Lr# Jftà Amrmp p Tmmohkrm

[ehc{h# kh Dxrm kh Crm# Trm# kh lh m oxhcm }&S kh bft txhb'

kft }xh {`hch |hcd`kft#/

Hc d`cdf kh Jxc`f kh g`b th{ht#/S th{hc{m p th`t# Yfr

Khd#*!! }#S

huyhk`gft hckef#

k`m kmgft hc Km{m{rhtd`hc{ft

p d`c}xhc{m y#S dfrr#*/ hc{rha#¹S m K#¹ Jxmc Ícahb Bmzdmcf

Mkg`c`t{rmkfr ahc#! kh bft Yxhobft kh @ck`ft Axmrmc`t pmyfkhrmkf khb _# Y# Lr# Jftà Amrmp p Tmmohkrm khb Frc# kh

Yrhk`dmkfrht thaúc dfct{m kh @ct{rxg#** f{framkf hc hb

cfgormkf Crm# Thýfrm kh lhh hc =; kh Gmrzf kh 1< m oxhcm}#*/ kh bft T`acfkft }xh {`hch kh|hcamkft hc ? mcft = ght

p =0 k#S kht#* =? kh Cf|orh# kh =114 e#!! = kh Hchrf kh kef#

mýf kh 1< }xh mdrhk`{f om|hr thr|`kf hc hb huyrhtmkf Dx'

rm{f kh [ehc`hc{h kh Dxrm dfc dhr{`l`dmd`ôc khb Dfrrha`kfrDm|`bkf p Mkg`c`t{rmkfr kh hb dfc hb |`t{f oxhcf khb [eh'

c`hc{h kh Af|hrcmkfr K#¹ Jftà Omroftm bm }xh th kh|fbo`f

ymrm }xh bm yrhthc{h dxmckf th bh mjxt{h kh rhgm{h rhtyhd{f

m dfc{`cxmr hc hb g`tgf G`c`t{hr`f p em|hrthbh yhrk`kf bm

dhr{`l`dmt#/ }xh mdrhk`{m tx hu`t{hcd`m kht#*! hb ght kh Thyorh#

kh =1<5 dxpf krf# rhthrom yfr m}xhb thr|`d`f# Dfgf ymrhzh

kh Yfkhr Ghgfr`mb d`{mkf Khdrh{f p rhz`|f }xh f{fraf m }xh

cft rhg`{`gftp

bf l`rgmgft# 489 / 99 / 99


/Mb gmrahc: Km{m kh <99 y#S dfrr#**S hc{rha#// m k#/ JxmcÍcahb Bmzdmcf My#S¹ khb _#¹ Y#*! Jxmc Omy{`t{m Amrmp m



‛ ??0 ‛

oxhcm Dxhc{m kh bft Tàcfkft }xh {`hch kh|hcamkft khdxrm Kfd{r`chrf hc hb Yxhobf cfgormkf Crm# Thýfrm kh

Bfrh{f#/

Hc d`cdf kh Jxc`f kh g`b th{hd`hc{ft th{hc{m p th`t# Yfr

Khdrh{f }xh huyhk`gft ht{h k`m kmgft hc Km{m th`td`hc{ft

y#S dfrr`hc{ht hc{rhamkft m K#¹ Jxmc Ícahb Bmzdmcf Mkg`'

c`t{rmkfr Ahchrmb kh bft Yxhobft kh G`t`fcht kh @ck`ft

Axmrmc`t p myfk#¹ khb _# Y# Lrmp Jxmc Omy{`t{m Amrmp

thaúc dfct{m kh @ct{rxg#*/ f{framkf hc hb cfgormkf Crm#

Thýfrm kh [#frh{f hc ?1 kh Gmrzf kh 1< hc yrhthcd`m khb

Dfrrha`kfr Fm|`bkf p Mkg`c`t{rmkfr kh kef# Yxhobf m

oxhcm dxhc{m kh bft Tàcfkft }xh b`m kh|hcamkf hc hb çC@ç'

c`t{hr`f kh Dxrm kh hb hc {rht mýft kht#S ?1 kh Gmrzf kh

=114 emt{m àxmb lb`m# khb dfrr#*£ kh 1< }xh mdrhk`{f dfc

dhr{`l`dmt#SS khb Dfrrha`kfr Dm|`bkf p Mkg`c`t{rmkfr p hb

\`t{f oxhcf khb [ehc#*£ kh Af|#/! kh m}xhbbft Yxhobft K#¹

Jxmc Omb`hc{h bm }xh th bh kh|fbo`f ymrm }#S bm yrhtt#*£ dxmc'kf th bh mjxt{h kh rhgm{h" dfgf ymrhzh kh Yfkhr Ghgfr`mb

}xh yrhthc{f y`k`hckf bft rhlhr`kft txhbkft p rhz#/ }xh

f{fraf kh hbbft m }#* cft rhg#S p bf l`rg#S <99 – 99 – 99 –


!!Mb gmrahc: Km{m kh ;99 y#S dfrr#*SS hc{rha#*S m k#¹ JxmcÍcahb Bmzdmcf My#*S¹ khb _# Y# lr# Lrmcd`tdf Yhrhprm m

oxhcm }#** kh bft Tàcfkft }xh em kh|hcamkf kh Dxrm hc hb

Yxhobf cfgormkf Tmc{m _ftm kh @ck`ft Axmrmc`t#/

Hc d`cdf kh Jxc`f kh g`b th{ht#/S th{hc{m p th`t# Yfr Kh'

drh{f }xh huyhk`gft ht{h k`m kmgft hc Km{m ]xm{rfd`hc'

{ft y#S dfrr`hc{ht hc{rhamkft m k#/* Jxmc Ícahb Bmzdmcf

Mkg`c`t{rmkfr Ahc#! kh bft Yxhobft kh G`t`fcht kh @ck`ftAxmrmc`t p My#S¹ khb _# Y# lr# Lrmcd`tdf Yhrhprm thaúc

dfct{m kh Yfkhr f{framkf hc hb cfgormkf Tmc{m _ftm hc

=9 kh Gmrzf kh 1< m oxhcm dxhc{m kh bft Tàcfkft }xh emkh|hcamkf hc hb G`c`t{hr`f kh Dxrm kh kef# Yxhobf hc kft

mýft kht#S =#/ kh Hchrf kh 14 e#S àxmb lem# khb kh 18 }xhmdrhk`{f dfc kft dhr{`l`dmd`fcht khb Dfrrha`kfr Dm|`bkf |



' ?49 '

mkg`c`t{rmkfr kh hb dfc hb |`t{f oxhcf khb [ehc#*£ Af|hr'

cmkfr kh m}xhbbft Yxhobft K#¹ Jftà Omroftm }xh th bh kh

|fbo`hrfc `)m-:m }xh bft yrhthc{h dxmckf th bh mjxt{h kh rh'

gm{h: Dfgf ymrhzh kh yfkhr Ghgfr`mb d`{mkf Khdrh{f prhz`|f }xh f{fraf m }xh cft rhg`{`gft |`f l`rgmgft#

;99 / 99 / 99 /

Ghkrmrbf ‛ Mb{fbmax`rrh ‛ Mr`zm#

!!!Mb gmrahc: Km{m kh 55 y#S 4 ( rr#S hc{rha#/S m k"* Gmr`m

Hbhcm kh Mrrfpf yfr t` p dfgf Myfkhrmkm kh bft khgít

ehrhkhrft khb tfbkmkf }xh lxh kh ht{h Yrht`k`f Jxmc kh

Mrrfpf yfr hb < y"¹ khb ;#¹ mýf tforh =;1; y#¹S 1 rr#// }xh bm _#!

Emz#*SS bh rht{m kh|`hckf kh txhbkft m{rmtmkft#/

Hc d`cdf kh Jxc`f kh g`b th{ht#¹S th{#*S p th`t# Yfr Mx{f}xh yrf|he`gft hc hb g`tgf k`m kmgft hc Km{m fdehc{m pfdef y#S {rht p ghk`f rr#S k`af {rht }xmr{#¹S dfrr#!SS hc{rha#*S

m K#* Gmr`m Hbhcm kh Mrrfpf yfr t` p dfgf Myfkhrmkm kh

bft khgít ehrhkhrft kh tx k`lxc{f Ymkrh hb tfbkmkf }xh lxh

kh ht{h Yrht`k`f Jxmc kh Mrrfpf thaúc dfct{m kh @ct{rxg#*¹

f{framkf hc ht{m D`xkmk hc 0 kh Mor`b kh =11; mc{h hb

Hu#// yy#/S/ Hxlrmd`f Jftà Ofptf yfr hb < y"¹ dfrrht#*£ mb

;#¹ mcf tforh bm dmc{#*S kh =;1; y#¹S 1 rr#S }xh bm O#6 Emz#/!S bh

rht{m kh|`hckf kh txhbkft m{rmtmkft }xhkmckf dfc ht{h kht'

dxhc{f hc =45< y#S 4 =; rr#! Dfgf ymrhzh kh mx{ft Yhk`g#*¹

hb yrf|he`kf w dmr{m kh ymaf }xh f{fraf m }xh cft rhg#¹S

p bf l`rg#¹S /S 55 / 5 / ?8 u(


!!Mb gmrahc: Km{m kh =9< y#¹! 8 rr#/ dfrr#*S/ hc{rha#/S m K#/

Dfrchb`f Gm{e`mt kh _ff p Fbghkf My#/*/ kh k#S JxmcmEhcrr`}xhz p khgít ehrhkhrft khb Dmy`{íc K#¹ @t`krf

Ehcrr`}xhz yfr hb < y#¹ khb <#¹ mcf trh# =111 y#/! = rr#! }xh bm

_#S LJmz#!S!! bh rht{m kh|`hckf kh txhbkft m{rmtmkft#/



' ?4= '

Hc d`cdf kh Jxc`f kh g`b th{ht#// th{&* p th`t# Yfr mx{f}xh yrf|he`gft ht{h k`m kmgft hc Km{m d`hc{f th`t y#¹!

d`cdf rr#! dfrr`hc{ht hc{rha#/S m k#¹ Dfghb`f Gm{e`mt kh _ffp Fbghkf Myfk#¹ kh k#* Jxmcm Ehcrr`}xhz p khgít ehrh'

khrft khb Dmy#/ }xh lxh kh ht{h Yrht`k`f K#¹ @t`krf Ehcrr`'

}xhz thaúc dfct{m kh @ct{rxg#!/ f{framkf hc bm D`x#S khDfrr`hc{ht mc{h hb Mbd#S Frk#¹ kh ?¹ |f{f K#¹ Jxmc Ht{h|mcGmr{`chz hc =9 kh Hc#¹ kh =1<0 y#! hb < y#¹ dfrrhty#!/ mb <#¹

mýf trh# bm dmc{#** kh =111 y#! = rr#! }xh bm _#S Emz#!!* lh rht{m

kh|`hckf kh txhbkft m{rmtmkft }xhkmckf dfc ht{h kht}#*¹ hc

=<19 y#S = rr#S Dfgf ymrhzh kh mx{ft Yhk`g#*¹ hb yrf|he`kf

p dmr{m kh ymaf }xh f{fraf m }xh cft rhg`{`gft p bf l`r'

gmgft# =9< / 8 / 99


/Mb gmrahc: Km{m kh ==9 y#S ? rr#S dfrr#SSS hc{rha#¹S m k#¹

Yehb``3h Tmc{`maf Yftmkmt yfr t` p hc crh# kh bft khgítehrhkhrft kh tx k`l#*¹ Y#£ Jxmc Mkr`íc Yftmkmt yfr hb <#/ khb

4#/ mýf trh# =545 y#! = `&f rr#! }xh bm _#S Emz#!!* bh rht{m kh'


Hc d`cdf kh Jxc`f kh g`b th{hd`hc{ft th{hc{m p th`t# Yfrmx{f }xh yrf|he`gft ht{h k`m kmgft hc Km{m d`hc{f k`hz y#¹S

kft rr#S dfrr`hc{ht hc{rha#/S m k#¹ Yehb`yh Tmc{`maf Yftmkmt

yfr t` p dfgf Myfkhrmkf kh bft khgít ehrhkhrft kh tx k`'

lxc{f Y#S hb tfbkmkf }xh lxh kh ht{h Yrht`k`f Jxmc Mkr`íc

Yftmkmt thaúc dfct{m kh @ct{rxg#*/ f{framkf mc{h hb Htd#/!

yy#*¹ kh ht{m D`x#!S lrmc#!S/ Um|`hr Dfcah{ hc ? kh Jxc`f kh

g`b th{hd`hc{ft th{hc{m p {rht yfr hb <#¹ y#¹ dfrrhty#*£ mb 4#/

mlçf trh# bm dmc{#** kh =545 y#/ = =S rr#! }xh bm _#S Emz#*** bh

rht{m kh|`hckf kh txhbkft m{rmtmkft }xhkmckf dfc ht{h kht'

dxhc{f hc =1?1 y#¹S 1 pS SS'S Dfgf ymrhzh kh mx{ft Yhk`g#*/hb yrf|he`kf p dmr{m kh ymaf }xh f{fraf m }xh cft rhg#** pbf l`rgmgft# ==9 – ? – 99 –




' ?4? '

S!SMb gmrahc: Km{m kh =44 y#¹S = S&S rr#! dfrr&SS hc{rha#/S mK#¹ Yhkrf p k#¹ Amor`hb kh bm ]x`c{mcm yfr t` p m cfgorh

kh K#¹ Jxmc kh bm ]x`c{mcm ehrhk#¹S khb dmy#/ K#¹ Mc{fc`f

Aôghz kh bm ]x`c{mcm bft ;4 y& 1 rr#S yfr hb <#¹ y#¹ kh 4

mýft trh# ?80 y#S 4 rr#S }xh th thymrmrfc yfr bm ymr{h yhr{h'

cht#*S m kb`f# K#/ Jxmc p bft 50 y#S ? @&? rr#S yfr hb 4#¹ mýf trh#

=;50 y#¹S 8 rr#S }xh bh }xhkmrfc rht{mckf kh bm ymr{h kh bft

yr`g#!!/

Hc fdb`f kh Jxc`f kh g`b th{ht#¹S th{hc{m p th`t# Yfr mx{f

%jxh yrf|hb``gft ht{h k`m kmgft hc Km{m d`hc{f {rh`c{m p{rht =)#¹S xcf p g#¹ rr#S dfrr`hc{ht bft 50 y#S ? rr#S hc{rha#/S m

K#¹ Yhkrf p K#// Amor`hb kh bm ]x`c{mcm b`hrhk#/S khb Dmy#/

}xh lxh kh ht{h Yrht`k`f K#¹ Mckràt Aôghz kh bm ]x`c{mcm

yfr hb A#!* y#¹ khb 4#¹ mýf trh# bm dmc{#*S kh =;50 y#S 8 rr#S }xh bm

_#! Emz#!!/ bh rht{m kh|`hckf jjfr bm ymr{h }xh bht dfrrht'

yfckh kh bft txhbkft kh kb`f# Flbz`mb }xhkmckf dfc ht{h

khtdxhc{f hc =;99 y#S ? =; rr#S p bft ;4 y#S 1 rr#S m kb`f# K#¹Yhkrf dfgf myfkhrmkf kh tx ehrgmcf K#¹ Jxmc thaúc

dfct{m kh @ct{rxg#*¹ f{framkf hc == kh Gmpf kh 1< mc{h hb

Jxhz Dfg`t`fcmrbf khb Ymr{`kf khb _ftmr`f K#¹ Kfg`cafBhpht yfr hb }xh bh yhr{hchdh hc 4 mýft trh# ?80 y#S 4 rr#/

}xh }xhkmrfc thymrmkft kh bm ymr{h kh bft f{rft çc{hr`c cf

yrhthc{mdhc yfkhr txl`d`hc{h ymrm tx yhrd`of dfc dxpm rh'

omjm }xhkm bm ymr{h khb huyrhtmkf K#¹ Jxmc hc ?=8 y#S ; rr#!!

%jxh marhamkft m bft =;99 y#S ? =; rr#S emdhc bm dmc{`kmk kh

=<=8 y#¹S < =; SS'S SSS' bft }xmbht th bht kh|h tm{`tlmdhr hc bf

txodht`of bf %jxh rhtxb{mth hc xc dxhryf : Dfgf ymrhzh kh

mx{ft Yfkhr Yhk``c#*/ hb yrf|he`kf p dmr{m kh ymaf" }xh

f{framgft m }xh cft rhg`{`gft p bf l`rgmgft#

=44 / = / =1


/Mb gmrahc: Km{m kh ==5 y#¹¹ ; rr#S dfrr#!SS hc{rha#/£ m K#/

Gmr`m _mgçrhz Mrhbbmcf yfr t` p dfgf myfkhrmkm kh k#/

Gmr`m khb [rmct`{f yfr hb <#¹ y#** khb ;#/ mýf trh# bm dmc{#*S

kh =01< y#S }xh bm _#! Emz#// bh rht{m kh|`hckf mtx k`lxc{f

Y#S hb [ehc#*S£ rhlfrgmkf K#/ Jxmc _mgçrhz kh Mrhbbmcf#/



‛ ?44 ‛

Hc kfzh kh Jxc`f kh g`b th{ht#/! th{hc{m p th`t# Yfr mx{f}xh yrf|he`gft ht{h k`m kmgft hc Km{m d`hc{f k`hz p fdef

y#S }xm{rf rr& dfrr#!£S hc{rha/S m k#* Gmr`m _mgçrhz kh

Mrhbbmcf yfr t` p dfgf Myfkhrmkm kh k#S Gmr`m khb [rmct`'

{f thaúc dfct{m kh @ct{rxghc{f f{framkf hc ?9 kh Cf|`hg'

orh kh =119 mc{h hb Htd#/¹ yy#!¹ p kh Dm|`bkf K#¹ Lrmcd`tdf

Um|`hr Yhrrhrm yfr hb <#¹ y#¹ dfrrhty&* m` ;#¹ mýf trh# bm

dmc{#** kh =01< y#S }xh bm _#! Emz#!!S bh rht{m kh|`hckf mtx

k`lxc{f Ymkrh hb [ehc`hc{h rhlfrgmkfK#¹

Jxmc _mgçrhzkh Mrhbbmcf }xhkmckf dfc ht{h khtdxhc{f hc =581 y#¹S:

Dfgf ymrhzh kh mx{ft Yhk`g&¹ hb yrf|hb``kf p dmr{m kh ymaf

}xh f{fraf m }xh cft rhg#¹S p bf lbrg#S ==5 – ; – 99

G|krg`f ‛ Mb{fbmax`rrd ‛ Mr`tm#

SSMb gmrahc: Km{m kh ==8 y#S dfrr&£S hc{rha"/S m k#/ Yh{rfcm

Ymbmd`ft yfr t` p dfgf Myfkhrmkm kh bft khgít b`hrhk#/S

khb Tmrahc{f Gàxhb Ymbmd`ft yfr hb <#¹ y#¹ khb yr`ghr mcf

trh# =0?1 y#¹S 8 rr#S ? 'e grt# }xh bm _#! Emz#S* bh }xhkf kh'


Hc dm{frzh kh Jxc`f kh g`b th{hd`hc{ft th{hc{m p th`t#

Yfr mx{f }xh yrf|he`gft ht{h k`m kmgft hc Km{m d`hc{f}x`czh y#S d`cdf rr#S dfrr#*£S hc{rha#/S m K#!! Yh{rfcm Ymbmd`ft

yfr t` p dfgf myfkhrmkm kh bft khgít ehrhkhrft khb Tmr'

ahc{f rhlfrgmkf }xh lxh kh ht{h Yrht`k`f Gàxhb Ymbmd`ft

thaúc dfct{m kh @ct{rxg#*/ f{framkf hc ?= kh Gmrzf kh 1;

mc{h hb Htd#¹¹ yy#*// kh ht{m D`xkmk Hxlrmt`f Jye# Of`tf

yfr hb <#¹ y#¹ dfrrhty#*S mb yr`ghr mýf tforh bm dmc{`k#!S kh

=0?1 y#¹S 8 rr#S ? {( grt# : Dfgf ymrhzh kh Mx{ft Yfkhr Yh'

k`g#*¹ Mx{f kh ht{h [ròxcmb kh ?1 kh Gmrzf kh 1< B`}#¹/

f{rf Yhk`ghc{f hb yrf|he`kf p dmr{m kh ymaf }xh f{fraf m

}#/ cft |hg#/! p l`rg#¹S ==8 / 8 / 99

Ghkrmcm ‛ Mb{fbmax`rrh ‛ Mr{àm#



' ?4= '

SSMb gmrahc: Km{m kh ==1 y#¹S ? rr#S dfrr#*£S tmdmkft khht{ft Hmgft bft 8 y#¹S ? rr#£ yfr `gy#*£ kh bm {mtmd`ôc kh 5 I%`h thof ? Of{`jmt p = Ohjàm kh Armzm myb`dmkm ymrm Dm'

rhcmt kh Omrdft p bft ==? y#¹S rht{mc{ht yfr hb kh bm kh 5 @o#S

kh Demlmbfcçm }xh th kh{hrg`cf rhg`{`r m Htymým yhr{hcht#**

mb Dfg`ttf ehdef yfr bft Ym{rfcht kh bmt Dfrtmr`mt Gmcxhb

H`fofô p Dmt`g`rf Nmg`rhz#/

Hc k`hz p t`h{h kh Jxc`f kh g`b th{ht#/! th{hc{m p th`t# Yfr

mx{f kh ht{h [ròxcmb kh 49 kh Gmrzf kh kef# mcf kmgft hc

km{m d`hc{f k`hz p t`h{h yhtft kft rr#£ dfrr#*£S tmdmkft kh

ht{ft _mgft bft 8 y#¹S ? rr#S yfr `gy&S kh bm [mtmd`ôc kh 5 Ikh thof ? Of{`jmt p = Ohaàm kh Armtm myb`dmkmt ymrm dmrh'

cmt kh bmt Hgomrdmt#SS p bft ==? y#S rht{mc{ht |mbfr kh bm

{mtmd`ôc kh fdef Bòrmt kh Demlmbfcçm }xh th kh{hrg`cf

rhg`{`r m T# G# khb Dfg`tf b`hdef yfr bft Ym{rfcht kh bmt

Dfrtmr`mt Crm# Thýfrm khb Dmrghc p Tmc [hbgf Gmcxhb

kh _`fofô p Dmt`g`rf _mgçrhz dfc hb Of{h khb {rma`c }xhyfr `cú{`b th gmckf khtomrm{mr p myb`dmr txt [mobmt ymrm

Yxhc{ht khb _`mdexhbf p Htybmcmkmt" dxpm dmc{#!! dfc bm rht'

{mc{h khb Dfg`tf th k`t{ròxpf hc{rh txt @c{hrhtmkft# Ym'

rhzh kh mx{ft hc hb _mgf kh Mbgfu#¹ C#/ < p Ymr{#!!S 58 hc

ht{h m }xh cft rhg`{`gft p bf l`rgmgft# ==1 / ? / 99


!SMb gmrahc: Km{m kh 0< y#S 1 rr#S dfrr#*S! hc{rha#**S m K#/

Gmrçm Gfczôc yfr t` p dfgf myfkhrmkm kh bft khgít eh'

rhk#/S khb Dmof kh Htdxmkrm Jxmc lrmc#!S/ \hrm yfr hb <#¹ y#/

khb yr`ghr mýf tforh ?911 y#¹S < rr#S ? {? c`rt# }xh bm _#!

Emz#!SS bh rht{m kh|`hckf kh txhbkft m{rmtmkft }xhkmckf hc

ht{mt Dmjmt ?1 y#S 8 rr#S yfr bmt {rht ymr{ht yhr{hcht"*SS m

_f}xh Gfczôc" Jxt{f Afpf p T`gôc kh \hrm }xh lmbbhd`h'rfc e#/ }xh th thym }x`hcht tfc txt ehrhkhrft#/

Hc k`hz p t`h{h kh Jxc`f kh g`b th{hd`hc{ft th{#*S p th`t

Yfr mx{f }xh yrf|he`gft ht{h k`m kmgft hc km{m cf|hc{m pth`t y#S t`h{h rr#S dfrr`hc{ht hc{rha#/S m K#// Gmr`m Gfczôc yfr

t` p dfgf myfkhrmkm kh bft khgít ehrhkhrft khb Dmof kh Ht'



' ?48 '

}xmkrm Jxmc lrmc#!S/ kh \hrm thaúc dfct{m kh bxt{rxg&!**

f{framkf hc =8 kh Lhorhrf kh ht{h mýf mc{h hb Htdr`|mcf

yxob`df kh Dm|`bkf kh ht{m D`x#/* Yhkrf Cxlçhz bft 89 y#* 8 rr#

ymrm tm{`tlmdhr bmt dft{mt dmxtmkmt hc hb huyhk`hc{h kh }xh

k`gmcm p bft ;< y#S ? rr#S yfr bmt d`cdf ymr{ht kh 14 y& 1 rr&

}xh }xhkmc b`}#¹S kh =?; y#S ; rr#£ rhomjmkft bft huyrhtmkft

89 y#£ 8 rr& kh dft{mt p tfc dfrrhty&£ mb <#¹ y#¹ khb yr`ghr

mýf trh# bm dmc{& kh ?911 y& < rr& ? S m|& grt# }xh bm _#!

Emz&* bh }xhkf kho`hckf m kef# dmof kh Ht}xmkrm kh txhb'

kft m{rmtmkft em|`hckfth rh{hc`kf hc ht{mt dmjmt bft ?1 y&8 rr& mb dxgyb`g&¹ kh bft 144 y& dfc 1 rr& yfr bmt {rht ymr'

{ht }xh yhr{hchdhc m _f}xh Gfczôc" Jxt{f Afpf p T`gôckh \hrm }xh lmbbhd`hrfc emt{m }xh emamc dfct{mr }x`hcht

tfc txt ehrhkhrft }xh{bmckf dfc ht{h khtdxhc{f hc =059 y&1 rr& ? {( grt# dfgf ymrhzh kh Mx{ft hb k`l`c`{`of kh 5 kh

Mo& kh =118 B`}x`kmd`ôc Yfkhr Yhk`ghc{f hb yrf|he`kf pdmr{m kh ymaf }xh f{fraf m }xh cft rhg`{`gft p bf l`rg#¹S

0< / 1 / 99


/Mb gmrahc: Km{m 88 y#*S 1 rr#£ dfrr`hc{ht hc{rha#/£ m K&Lrmc#!/! p k#* Gmr{`cm kh bft _hpht e`jft p xc`ohrtmbht eh'

rhk#/£ khb tfbkmkf }xh lxh kh ht{h Yrht`k`f Amtymr kh bft

_hpht yfr hb <#¹ y#¹ khb 8#/ mýf trh# 04= y#£ ? pS SS! }xh bm

_#! Emz#!!S bh rht{m kh|`hckf kh txhbkft m{rmtmkft#/

Hc k`hz p fdef kh Jxc`f kh g`b th{hd`hc{ft th{hc{m p th`t#

Yfr mx{f }xh yrf|he`gft ht{h k`m" kmgft hc Km{m d`c'

}xhc{m p d`cdf y#¹£ t`h{h rr#£ dfrr`hc{ht hc{rhamkft m k#¹

Lrmcd`tdf p K#!! Gmr{`cm kh bft _hpht e`jft p úc`dft ehrh'

khrft khb tfbkmkf }xh lxh kh ht{h Yrht`k`f Amtymr kh bft

_hpht yfr hb <#¹ y& dfrrhty#*£ mb 8#¹ mýf tforh bm dmc{`k#!S kh04= y#£ ? =; rr#£ }xh bm _#! Emz#/* bh rht{m kh|`hckf kh txhb

kft m{rmtmkft }xhkmckf dfc ht{h khtdxhc{f hc 518 y#£ 4 X¶

rr#£: Dfgf ymrhzh kh Mx{ft Yhk`ghc{f hb yrf|he`kf p dmr{m

kh ymaf }xh f{fraf m }#* cft rhg#/£ p l`rg#£ 88 / 1 *

! 99 !!




‛ ?41 '

/MZ gmrahc: Km{m kh =1? y#/ 1 `&f rr& dfrr&S! hc{rha#/S mK#/ Gmcxhbm Ambm`c myfk&/ kh bft b`hrhk#¹S khb [b`hc`hc{h

K#/ Jxmc lrmcd`tdf Ymbmd`ft }xh dfc =? y#/ ; \f rr#!! }xh yhr'

d`o`ô khgít hc hb Ymamg&¹ ymttmkf emdhc =58 y#! ; rr#7 yfr

hb <#¹ y#¹ khb <#¹ mcf tforh 490? y#S 4 =&? rr#S }xh bm _#! Emz#/7

bh rht{m kh txhbkft m{rmtmkft#/

Hc k`hz p cxhoh kh Jxc`f kh g`b th{hd`hc{ft th{hc{m pth`t yfr mx{f }xh yrf|hb``gft mt{h k`m kmgft hc Km{m d`hc{f

th{hc{m p kft y#¹/ t`h{h p ghk`f rr#S dfrr`hc{ht hc{rha#/S m K#/

Gmcxhbm Ambm`c mbomdhm kh tx gmr`kf K#¹ Hmgfc Ymbmd`ft"

[x{frm p dxrmkfrm kh txt e`jft p myfk#*S* kh bft khgít eh'

rhk#/!! khb [ehc`hc{h }xh lxh kh ht{h Yrht`k`f K#¹ Jxmc lrmc#*7¹

Ymbmd`ft thaúc dfct{m kh @ct{rxg#*/ f{framkf hc ?= kh

Maft{f kh 18 mc{h hb Htd#¹¹ yxob`df kh ht{m D`x#/* Jftà Amrd`m

Hdemoxrx }xh dfc =? y#S ; ( rr#S }xh th bh rhomjmrfc yfr em'

|hrbft yhrd`o`kf khgít hc hb ymaf mc{hr`fr dfgf th gmc`'

l`ht{m kh bm Ymr{`km kh Km{m C#¹ 00 kh ht{h _mgf dfc lem# kh?< kh Maft{f kh kef# mýf kh 18 emdhc bm dmc{#* kh =58 y

; rr#S bft g`tgft }xh bh yhr{hchdhc yfr hb < y#¹ khb <#¹ mýf

trh" 490? y#S 4 ( rr#S }xh bm _#! Emz#*S* bh rht{m kh|`hckf kh

txhbkft m{rmtmkft }xhkmckf dfc ht{h khtdxhc{f hc ?09< y#/*

1 Pf rr#S Dfgf ymrhzh kh mx{ft Yhk`g#*/ hb yrf|he`kf p dmr{m

kh ymaf }xh f{fraf m }#S cft rhg#S p bf l`rg#S =1? / 1 / =1


S!Mb gmrahc: Km{m kh =91 y#/!! < `&S rr#S dfrr#*SS hc{rha#**S m

k#/ WGmr`m [ehrhtm _fghrf yfr hb <#¹ y"¹ khb ;#¹ mýf tforh bm

dmc{#** kh =101 y#S ; rr#S }xh bm _#! Emz#S/ bh rht{m kh|`hckf

kh txhbkft m{rmtmkft m tx k`lxc{f Y#S hb Tmrahc{f K`haf

_fghrf#/

Hc |h`c{h p xcf kh Jxc`f kh g`b th{ht#/S th{hc{m p th`t#

Yfr mx{f }xh yrf|he`gft ht{h k`m kmgft hc Km{m d`hc{f

t`h{h y"**S th`t p ghk`f rr#S dfrr#**S hc{rhamkft m k#* Gmrçm[ehrhtm _fghrf úc`dm ehrhkhrm kh tx k`lxc{f Ymkrh hb

Tmrahc{f }#* lxh kh ht{h Yrht`k`f K`haf _fghrf yfr hb < y#/

khb }xmr{f mýf tforh bm dmc{`kmk kh g`b th{hd`hc{ft cfohc{m



‛ ?45 ‛

p t`h{h y#¹S }xm{rf rr#S }xh bm _#! Emz&!! bh rht{m kh|`hckf khtxhbkft m{rmtmkft }xhkmckf dfc ht{h khtdxhc{f hc =<50 y&8 =&? rr#S Dfgf ymrhzh kh Mx{ft Yhk`ghc{f hb yrf|hbb`kf jdmr{m kh ymaf }xh f{fraf m}xh cft rhg`{`gft p bf l`rgmgft#

=91 – <– =1 –

Ghkrmcf ‛ Mb{ôbmax`rrh ‛ Mr`zm#

!!Mb gmrahc: Km{m kh ??= y#/! 1 rr& dfrr&SS hc{rha#// m k#¹

Mcm p K#!! Gmrçm Jfthyem Dfc{rhrmt p khgít ehrhk#!/! khb

Dmy#/ K#¹ Mbfctf Dfc{rhrmt m}#S dfc 41 y#¹S dfrrhtyfck#*S¹

m K#/ Jye# Jfrah mxthc{h p }xhkmc hc ht{mt dmjmt emdhc bm

dmc{#!S kh ?85 y#¹S 1=&4 rr#S khb <#¹ y#¹ khb ;#¹ mcf trh# ;4=8

y#S < =&? rr#S }xh bm _#! Emz#!!!! bh rht{m kh|`hckf yfr txybh'

ghc{f b`hdb`f m bm [rfym#!!

Hc |h`c{h p kft kh Jxc`f kh g`b th{hd`hc{ft th{hc{m p th`t#

Yfr mx{f }xh yrf|he`gft ht{h k`m kmgft hc Km{m kftd`hc{ft

|h`c{h p xc y#¹S t`h{h rr#S dfrr#*£S hc{rha#¹S m k#* Mcm p k#S Gm'

rçm Jyem# Dfc{rhrmt k#¹ Jye# Am`czm myfkhrmkf kh k#/ Mbfc'

tf Dfc{rhrmt thaúc dfct{m kh Yfkhr }#£ mc{hr`frg#*S {`hch

yrhthc{mkf K#/ Jxmc Omy#*S Dem|mrr`m Mbomdhm kh k#* Yh'

{rfcm Dfc{rhrmt {fkft ehrhk#!! khb K`lxc{f Dmy#/ K#¹ Mbfctf

Dfc{rhrmt }xh dfc 41y#*/

%bxh }xhkmc rh{hc`kft yfr bm ymr{hkh K#/ Jftà Jfrah Dfc{rhrmt mxthc{h emdhc bm dmc{#!S kh

?85 y#S 1 =&S rr#S dfrrhty#*£ mb <#¹ y#¹ khb ;#¹ mýf trh# ;4=8 y#/

A =&? rr#S }xh bm _#! Emz#S!! bh rht{m kh|`hckf m kef# Dmy#/

yfr txybhg#*¹ }xh e`zf m bm [rfym kh ht{h Yrht`k`f }xhkmc'

kf dfc ht{h khtdxhc{f hc ;98< y#S 1 rr#S Dfgf ymrhzh kh Mx'

{ft Yhk`ghc{f hb yrf|he`kf p dmr{m kh ymaf }xh f{framrfc

m }xh cft rhg#¹! p bf l`rgmgft ??= – 1 – 99 –


!!Mb gmrahc: Km{m kh =?0 y#/!! ; rr#!! dfrr#**/ hc{rha#/!! m k#/

Ohrcmrkf ]x`rfam myfkhrmkf p Mbomdhm kh k#!! Maxt{`cm

_ftm Ar`ohf ehrhkhrm khb Dmy#/ kh @gomb`kft K#/ Yhkrf



' ?40 '

Aròhf y& hb <#¹ y#¹ khb <#¹ p 1#¹ mýf }xh {`hch |hcd`kft trh#

===4 y#¹S ( rr#S }xh bm _#! Emz#S** bh rht{m kh|`hckf kh txhb'

kft m{rmtmkft#/

Hc |h`c{h p kft kh Jxc`f kh g`b th{ht#*/S th{hc{m p th`t#

Yfr mx{f }xh yrf|hb``gft ht{h k`m kmgft hc Km{m d`hc{f

|h`c{h p cxh|h y#// }xm{rf rr#! dfrr`hc{ht hc{rha#¹S m K#¹

Ohrcmrkf ]x`rfam Myfkhrmkf [x{fr dxrmkfr p Mbomdhm

kh bft ghcfrht e`jft khtx k`lxc{m Gmkrh k#* Maxt{`cm

_ftm Aròhf úc`dm e`jm p ehrhkhrm khb Dmy#¹ kh @gomb`kft

K#¹ Yhkrf Aròhf thaúc dfct{m kh @ct{rxg#*¹ f{framkf hc

ht{m D`xkmk hc ?< kh Mo& kh =114 mc{h hb Ht#!!/ y#!¹ Gmr{`c

kh _fdem yfr hb <#¹ y#¹ dfrrhtyfck#** mb <#¹ p 1#¹ mcf }xh

{`hch |hcd`kft trh# bm dmc{`kmk kh ===4 y#S =&? rr#! }xh bm _#!

Emz#SS bh rht{m kh|`hckf m kef# fl`z`mb kh txhbkft m{rmtmkft

}xhkmckf dfc ht{h khtdxhc{f hc 054 y#S ; `&S rr#S Dfgf ym'

rhzh kh Mx{ft Yhk`g#*/ hb yrf|he`kf p dmr{m }xh f{fraf

m}xh cft rhg#S p l`rg#S =?0 – ; – 99 ""


/Mb gmrahc: Km{m kh 00 y#S ; rr#S dfrr#*SS hc{rha#¹S m k#¹

Gàxhb kh Fdmgyf Myfk#¹ kh bft ehrhk#/S khb Dmy#/ rhlfr'

gmkf K#¹ Arhafr`f Amrd`m Fr{`z yfr hb <#¹ y#¹ khb =#¹ mýf

tforh =<85 y#¹S 8 \S rr#S }xh bm _#! Emz&S bh }xhkf kh|`hckf


Hc |h`c{h p t`h{h kh Jxc`f kh g`b th{hd`hc{ft th{hc{m pth`t# Yfr mx{f }xh yrf|he`gft hc ?8 khb g`tgf kmgft hc

Km{m cfohc{m p cxh|h y#¹S }xm{rf rr#S dfrr#**S hc{rhamkft m

K#/ Gàxhb Fdmgyf dfgf Myfk#*S/ kh K#¹ Jxmc Ohrcmrkf

Amrd`m K#S Gmramr`{m Amrd`m p K#S G`demhbm Tmpmaf

ehrhk#/S khb Dmy#/ rhlfrgmkf kh ht{h Yrht`k`f K#¹ Arhaf'r`f Amrd`m Fr{`z thaúc dfct{m kh @ct{rxg#*/ f{framkf

hc ht{m D`x#S hc ; kh Gmpf kh =11; mc{h hb Htd#¹¹ yy#!S/

Gmr{`c _fdem yfr hb <#¹ y#¹ dfrrhtyfck#*S mb yr`ghr mýf tf'

orh bm dmc{#/! kh =<85 y#S 8 pS rr#S }xh bh rhtxb{m |m kh|`hckfbm _#! Emz#*** m kef# Fl`z#! kh txhbkft m{rmtt#/! }xhkmckf dfcht{h khtdxhc{f hc =880 y#S = çS rr#S Dfgf ymrhzh kh mx{ft



‛ ?;9 ‛

hb k`l`c`{òf kh ?8 kh Th`)orh# kh =114 Yfkhr Yhk`g#*¹ mx{fkhb [ròxcmb kh ; kh Jxb`f kh =118 f{rf Yhk`g&¹ b`}#¹¹ hb

Yrf|he`kf p dmr{m kh ymaf }xh f{fraf m}xh cft rhg#¹S p bf

l`rgmgft# 00 – ; – 99 –


/Mb gmrahc: Km{m kh ==< y#¹S < \S |pJ/ }f||wSS hc{rha#/S

m K& Gmr`m Aôghz yfr t` p dfgf myfkhrmkm kh bft khgítehrhk#¹S khb dmy#/ rhlfrgmkf K#¹ Mgmkfr kh _fumt yfr hb

<#¹ y#/ khb 4#¹ mýf trh# =0;8 y#¹! 4 S rr#/ }xh bm _#! Emz#/S bh

rht{m kh|`hckf kh txhbkft m{rmtmkft#/

Hc = kh Jxb`f kh g`b th{ht#/!! th{hc{m p th`t# Yfr mx{f }xh

yrf|hb``gft ht{h k`m kmgft hc Km{m d`hc{f k`hz p th`t y#//

d`cdf p ghk`f rr#S dfrr#*SS hc{rha#¹S m K#*/ Gmr`m Aôghz yfrt` p dfgf myfkhrmkm kh K#S Jxmcm Lhrcmckhz _fjmt K"!!

Gmr`m Jfthyem _fumt p khgít ehrhkhrft khb Dmy#/ rhlfr'

gmkf }xh lxh kh ht{h Yrht`k`f K#/ Mgmkfr kh _fumt thaúc

dfct{m kh ymyhb kh dôgohcbf f{framkf hc =; kh Gmpf kh

1; dfgf dfrrhty#*£S m hb <#¹ y#¹ khb 4#¹ mýf tforh bm dmc{#*S kh

=0;8 y#!S 4 pS rr#S }xh bm JRw Emz#!!* bh rht{m kh|`hckf m kb`f#

Fòz#! kh txhbkft m{rmtmkft }xhkmckf dfc ht{h kht}#*¹ hc

=5?5 y#¹S < rr#S Dfgf ymrhzh kh mx{ft Yhk`ghc{f hb yrf|h'

e`kf p dmr{m kh ymaf }xh f{fraf m}xh cft rhg#S p l`rgmgft#

==<–8–=1–

Ghkrmcm ‛ Mb{mbmax`rrh ‛ Mr`zm#

!!Mb gmrd&hc: Km{m kh ?%88 y#** dfrr#*£/ hc{rha#/!! m K# Jxmc

Ohrcmrkf Mg`{h tmrfoh dfgf Myfk#¹ kh bft Mblàrhdht K#/[efgmt Gfrmbht p K#/ Gàxhb kh Bfr`m yfr hb <#¹ y#/ khb

W)r`ghr mýf trh# bm dmcl kh ;;=< y#S < Pf rr#S }xh bm _#!

Emz#S!! bh }xhkf kh|`hckf kh txhbkft m{rmtmkft#/

Hc {rht kh Jxb`f kh g`b th{hd`hc{ft th{hc{m p th`t# Yfr

mx{f }xà yrf|hb``gft ht{h k`m kmgft hc Km{m kftd`hc{ft



c' ?;= ‛

ththc{m j d`cdf yhtft dfrr`hc{ht hc{rha#/! m K#¹ Jxmc Ohr'

cmrkf Mg`{h tmrfoh Dfgf Myfkhrmkf kh K#/* @t`krf p %K#¹

Ohrcmrkf) kàf K#¹ Yhkrf Gfrmbht p K"* [efgmtm kh Bfr`m

e`jft p úc`dft ehrhkhrft kh bft Txo{{hc`hc{ht }xh lxhrfc

kh ht{h Yrht`k`f K#¹ [efgmt Gfrmbht p K"!! Gàxhb kh Bfr`m

thaúc dfct{m kh @ct{rxg#!** f{framkf hc ?4 kh Cf|orh# kh

=118 mc{h hb Htd#¹¹ yy#!7¹ p kh Dm|`bkf kh ht{m D`xkmk Yhkrf

Cxýhz yfr hb <#¹ y#¹ dfrrhty&£ mb yr`ghr mýf trh# bm dmc{#/*

;#<=< y#/ < ( rr#/ }#* bm _#S Emz#S* bh rht{m kh|#*S/ kh txhbkftm{rmtmkft }xhkmckf dfc ht{h khtdxhc{f hc ;=8= y#S < `S rr#S

Dfgf ymrhzh kh mx{ft hb khl`c`{òf kh =? kh Hchrf kh 1<

B`}#*// Yhk`g#*¹ hb yrf|he`kf p dmr{m kh ymaf }#S f{fraf m

}xh cft rhg`{`gft p bf l`rgmgft# ?<8 / ‛ / ‛Ghkrmcf ‛ Mb{fbmax`rrh ‛ Mr`zm#

S!Mb gmrahc: Km{m kh ?89 y#¹S dfrr#*SS hc{rha#¹S m K#/ Dfr'

chb`f Gm{e`mt kh _ff Fýz#S kh bm Dfc{mk#S gmpfr kh Dxhc'

{mt kh ht{mt Yrf|#¹S yfr txt txhbkft |hcd`kft hc bft < yr`g#¹*

ghtht kh 1< mb rhty#*¹ kh 899 y#S }xh bh ht{íc mtàcmkft#/

Hc d`cdf kh Jxb`f kh g`b th{ht#¹S th{hc{m p th`t# Yfr mx{f

}xh yrf|he`gft ht{h k`m kmgft hc km{m kftd`hc{ft p d`c'

}xhc{m y#¹S dfrr#*SS hc{rha#/S m K#/* Dfrchb`f Gm{e`mt kh_ffFl`z#S thaxckf kh bm Dfc{mk#* g#*// kh dxhc{mt kh ht{mt Yrf|#*!

yfr tx txhbkf |hcd`kf hc < ghtht kht#£ =#¹ kh Hchrf ml`c kh

Jxc`f kh ht{h mýf mb rhtyhd{f kh }x`c`hc{ft y#¹S }xh bh rht'

{mc mtàcmkft hc Jxc{m kh Frkhcmczm kh 4 kh Fd{xorh kh

=11? Dfgf ymrhzh kh Yhk`g#*¹ d`{mkf mx{f p dmr{m kh ymaf

}xh f{fraf m}#! cft rhg#!!S p bf l`rgmgft#


/Mb gmrahc: Km{m kh =9= y#¹S = `S rr#! dfrr#*£S hc{rha#/S mK#! Gmr`m @z}x`hrkf yfr hb <#¹ y#/ khb ;#¹ mýf trh# =<5< y#¹!

4 rr#S }xh bm _#! Emz#*S* bh rht{m kh|`hckf mtx k`lxc{f Y#* hb

Tmrahc{f Lrmcd`tdf @z}x`hrkf#/

Ykob# Thd# E`t{# =<



‛ ?;? ‛

Hc th`t kh Jxb`f kh g`b th{ht#/S th{hc{m p th`t# Yfr mx{f}xh yrf|hb``gft ht{h k`m kmgft hc Km{m d`hc{f p xc y#S xcf

p ghk`f rr#! dfrr`hc{ht hc{rhamkft m K#/ Gmr`m @z}x`hrkf

yfr hb <#¹ y#¹ dfrrhty&S mb í¹ mýf trh# bm dmc{#/S kh =<5A y#¹S

4 rr#S }xh bm H#! Emz#S* bh rht{m khM`hckf kh txhbkft m{rmtm'

kft mtx k`lxc{f Y#S hb Tmrahc{f rhlfrgmkf kh ht{h Yrht`k`f

Lrmcd`tdf @z}x`hrkf }xhkmckf dfc ht{h khtdxhc{f hc =858

y#¹S = p? rr6 dfgf ymrhzh kh mx{ft Yhk`g&¹ hb yrf|he`kf pdmr{m kh ymaf }xh f{fraf m}xh cft rhg`{`gft

pbf l`rgm'

gft# =9= – = – =1 –


!!Mb gmrahc: Km{m kh ==; y#¹S ; rr#S dfrr#*SS hc{hr#¹* m K#//

Mc{fc`f Dhrkhrm Myfkhrmkf kh tx htyftm K#*/ Gmr`m Mrrh'

ax` yfr hb <#¹ y#¹ khb <#** mýf trh# =091 y#¹* 1 rr#S }xh bm H#!

Emz#/S bh rht{m kh|`hckf kh txhbkft m{rmtmkft mb k`lxc{f Mb'

làrhz K#¹ Jxmc Mc{fc`f Gfc{hcharf#/

Hc th`t kh Jxb`f kh g`b th{hd`hc{ft th{hc{m p th`t# Yfrmx{f }xh yrf|hb``gft ht{h k`m kmgft hc Km{m D`hc{f pdm{frzh yhtft }xm{rf rr#S dfrr`hc{ht hc{rha#/S m K#!! Mc{fc`f

Dhrkhrm Gmr`kf p Myfkhrmkf kh K#S Gmr`m Mrrhax` úc`dm

ehrhkhrm khb Mblàrhz }xh lxh kh ht{h Yrht`k`f K#// Jxmc Mc'

{fc`f Gfc{hcharf yfr hb <#!! y#¹ khb <#¹ mýf trh# bm dmc{`k#*

kh =091 y#/*/ 1 rr#S }xh bm H#! Emz#*S* bh rht{mom kh|`hckf khtxhbkft m{rmtmkft }xhkmckf dfc ht{h khtdxhc{f hc =104 y#¹S

4 rr#S Dfgf ymrhzh kh mx{f Yhk`g#*¹ hb yrf|he`kf p dmr{m

kh ymaf }xh f{fraf m}#* cft rhg#// p l`rg#¹!

==;–;–99–


/Mb gmrahc: Km{m kh 899 y#** dfrr#*S bft ;58 y#¹! ? rr#S

=? grt# hc{rha#/S m K#/ Jxmc Gmcxhb kh Bmomrkhc [e#*£

Ahc#S Mxk`{fr kh Arrm# yfr b`}#S/ khtx txhbkf |hcd`kf hc



‛ ?;4 '

< ghtht kh =#¹ kh Hchrf ml`c kh Jxc`f kh ht{h mýf p bft =; y#*

8 rr#* ?? grt# rht{mc{ht ymtmkft mb Gfc{h Y`ô kh G`c`t{rft&*

Hc th`t kh Jxb`f kh g`b th{hd`hc{ft th{hc{m p th`t Yfrmx{f }xh yrf|he`gft ht{h k`m kmgft hc Km{m }x`c`hc{ft

y#** dfrr`hc{ht bft ;58 y#¹S ? rr& =? grt# hc{rha#¹S m K#¹ JxmcGmcxhb kh Bmomrkhc [ehc#** Ahchrmb Mxk`{fr kh Axhrrm

kh ht{m Yrf|#S yfr b`}x`kf }xh bh dfrrhtyfckh kh tx txhbkf

|hcd`kf hc < ghtht kht#£ =#¹ kh Hchrf ml`c kh Jxc`f kh 1< mbrhty#*¹ kh = y#¹S mccxmbht }xh T# G# bh {`hch mtàcmkft

yfr kef# hgybhf hc _#! Dàkxbm kh 49 kh Mor`b kh =1<= pbft =; y& 8 rr#S ?? grt# rht{mc{ht ymtmkft mb rmgf kh Gfc{hYçf kh G`c`t{rft yfr hb khtdxhc{f kh 5 grt# hc dmkm yhtf

}xh th bh |hr`l`df kh {f{mb# Dfgf ymrhzh kh Yhk`ghc{f d`'

{mkf mx{f p dmr{m kh ymaf }xh f{fraf m}xh cft rhg`{`gft

p bf l`rgmgft# 899 – 99 – 99 –


/Mb gmrahc: Km{m kh =5?8 y#¹S dfrr#*SS hc{rha#/S m bft Fl`z#*S

kh Ybxgm kh ht{m Dfc{mk#S yfr txt rhtyhd{òft txhbkft |hc'

d`kft hc bft < yr`g#¹S ghtht kh ht{h mýf kh 1<#/

Hc th`t kh Jxb`f kh g`b th{hd`hc{ft th{hc{m p th`t Kmgfthc Km{m g`b fdefd`hc{ft |h`c{h p d`cdf yhtft dfrr`hc{ht

hc{rha#¹S m bft 8 fl`z#**S kh Ybxgm kh ht{m Dfc{mk#!! kft keft#

p ? txyhrcxghrmr`ft m bm dxhc{m p rmzôc kh bm [rfym kh

ht{m Yrf|#S p xcf m bm Lmd{frçm yfr txt txhbkft |hcd`kft

hc bft < yr`g#¹S ghtht kh ht{h mýf hc ht{m lfrgm m K#¹

Yhkrf Gfmt fl#! =#¹ yfr hb huyrhtmkf {yf# mb rhtyhd{f kh

199 y#S }xh ht{íc mtàcmkft m ht{m Ybmzm y#/S _#! Dàkxbm kh

?8 kh Maft{f kh =11; ‛ 489 y#S m K#!! Jxmc kh Bmgmt y#!

àxmb rmzôc ?89 y"S mb rhtyhd{f kh 899 y#S mccxmbht m K#/

Gmcxhb Gfrhcf Mraxgftm y#! `khg =89 y#S mrrmzfc kh 499y#S mb mcf m K#/ _f}xh _mgmbbf yfr `khg =?8 y#S mb rhty#*/

kh ?89 y"S mccxmbht m K#/ Jftthl Gmr`m _ff =99 y#S mb rhty#**

kh ?99 y#S mccxmbht mtàcmkft m ht{m Ybmzm hc |`r{xk kh

mx{f kh ht{h Af|#¹¹ kh ?5 kh K`zorh kh << p Mdxhrkf dhbh'

ormkf hc B`gm hc =; kh lhorhrf kh <0 M K#/* Yhkrf Mc{fc`f



‛ ?;; ‛

Km|mbft flbz#S =¹ kht{`cmkf m bbh|mr bm dxhc{m p rmzôc kh bm

{rfym kh ht{m Yrf|#!! ?89 y& mb rhtyhd{f kh 899 y#S mccxmbht

kh mdxhrkf kh _#! Emz#*SS kh =1 kh Fd{xorh kh 1= K#!S _f}xhAfczíbhz =89 y#¹! m rmzôc kh 499 y#! K#¹ Gmcxhb Lrmc&/ kh

_fdem Txyhrcxghrmr`f =89 y& mb g`tgf rhtyhd{f kh 499 y#S

m f{rf K#¹ Gmcxhb Yehb`yh kh Hdemcmaxd`m kht#S kof# k`m

yr`g#¹ kh Hchrf }xh hc{rf m thr|`r ht{m Ybmzm =89 y#S mrmzfc

kh 499 mb mýf p m K#/ Dhlhr`cf _fkrçaxhz Fl`z#! kh Lmd{frçm

=89 y#S mb rhty#*¹ kh 499 y#S mccxmbht Dfgf ymrhzh kh mjxt'{mg`hc{f p rhz#¹S }xh emc f{framkf m}xh cft rhg#¹S p bf

l`rgmgft# =5?8 – ‛ – ‛ –


/Mb gmrahc: Km{m kh ==? y#/S 1 rr#S hc{rha#/S m K#// Mgmkfrkh _fjmt hc crh# kh tx Gxahr K#S Ohrcmrkm kh @cfjftm pmyfk#¹ kh bft khgít ehrhk#!SS khb mbl#!! K#¹ Jye# @cfjftm yfr

hb <#¹ y#¹ kh 4#¹ mcf trh =55= y& }xh bm _#! Emz&S bh rht{m


Hc fdef kh Jxb`f kh g`b th{ht#¹S th{hc{m p th`t# Yfr mx{f

}xh yrf|he`gft ht{h k`m kmgft hc Km{m d`hc{f kfzh Yhtft

t`h{h rr#S dfrr`hc{ht hc{rha#¹S m k#!! Mgmkfr kh _fjmt hccfgorh khtx gxjhr K#S Ohrcmrkm kh @cfjftm p Myfk#¹ kh

k#¹ Jxmc kh bm _ftm Bôyhz p kh k#S Yh{rfcm kh @cfjftm eh'

rhk# ¹S khb Mblh#!! }#S lxh kh ht{h Yrht`k`f K#// Jye# kh @cfjftm

thaúc dfct{m kh @ct{rxg#*/ f{fra#¹S hc ? p 4 kh Jxb`f kh

=11= mc{h hb Hu#¹¹ yy#/7¹ kh ht{m D`x#S Lrmc#!7¹ Um|`hr Dfcah{

yfr hb <#¹ y#¹ khb 4#¹ mýf trh# bm dmc{#/S kh =55= y#S }xh bm

_#! Emz#S* bh rht{m kh|`hckf kh txhbkft m{rmt#¹S }xhkmckf

dfc ht{h kht}#*¹ hc =1<5 y#S = rr#S Dfgf ymrhzh kh mx{ft Yh'

k`g#*¹ hb yrf|he`kf p dmr{m kh ymaf }#S f{fraf m}#£ cft rhg#¹!

p bft ýrg#¹! ==? – 1 – 99 –




‛ ?;8 ‛

!!Mb gmrahc: Km{m kh ;899 y#¹S dfrr&S bft ;=40 y#// =&? rr#!

hc{rhamkft m k#¹ Maxt{çc Dmt`g`rf kh Max`rrh Myfk#¹ khb

Thýfr Af|#*// p Dmy#/ Ahchrmb yfr b`}#*S/ kh tx txhbkf |hcd`kf

hc bft < yr`g#¹S ghtht kh ht{h mýf mb rhty&¹ kh 0 y#¹S mcc#S

khtdfc{#/! =4? y#S ? rr#/ ?5 grt# y#S @gomb`kft =?5 y#/ 4 rr#/

?4 grt# y#/ hb Gfc{h Y`ô G`b`{mr p =99 y#S y#S hb mahc{h L`tdmb

kh bm _#! Mxk#S khb K`t{r`{f#/

Hc fdef kh Jxb`f kh g`b th{ht#/S th{#** p th`t# Yfr mx{f }xhyrf|ho`gft hc 8 khb g`tgf kmgft hc Km{m }xm{rf g`b p}x`c`hc{ft y#¹S dfrr#*£S bft ;=40 y#S S rr#S hc{rha#¹S m K#¹

Maxt{çc Dmt`g`rf kh Max`rrh Myfkhrmkf khb T#/// Af|#**!S pDmy#/ Ahchrmb kh ht{mt Yrf|`#*S yfr b`}#/!¹ }xh bh dfrrhty#S!

kh tx txhbkf |hcd`kf hc < ghtht kht#£ =#/ kh Hc#¹ ml`c kh

Jxc`f kh 1< mb rhty#*¹ kh 0 ` mccxmbht }xh T# G# bh {`hch

mt`acmkft hc _#! Dàkxbm kh =9 kh Gmrzf kh 1= ‛ =4? y#!

? rr#S ?5 grt# ymtmkf mb cxhof rmgf kh khtdxhc{f kh @g'

omb`kft yfr hb }xh th bh |hr`ýdf kh 5 grt# hcyhtf trh# bft

huyràt#/S ;899 y#S thaúc _#S Frc# kh =; kh Hchrf kh 18:

=?5 y#S 4 rr#£ ?4 grt# ymtmkft mb Gfc{h Y`ô G`b`{mr yfr hb

khtdxhc{f kh 5 grt# hc yhtf trh# bft ;4<1 y#¹S 8 rr#S < grt#

}xh }xhkmrfc b`}#¹S rhomjmkft @gomb`kft p bft =99 y#S rht{mc'

{ht mb dxgyb`g`hc{f kh ht{m Km{m ymtmkft mb rmgf kh Kh'

yôt`{ft dfgf dfrrhtyfck`hc{ht m bm Kf{md`ôc khb Mahc{hL`tdmb kh bm _#! Mxk`hcd`m khb K`t{r`{f mb rhty#*/ kh ?99 y#¹S

mccxmbht hc}#* th yhct`fcf ht{h Af|#// thaúc _#*S Yrf|#*!kh =1 kh K`zorh# kh 1= ‛ ?1 kh Ma#!¹ kh 14 p ?8 kh Hchrfkh 18 myrf|mkm yfr T# G# hc _#! Dàkxbm kh 5 kh Mo#! kh kef#

mýf kh 18 Dfgf ymrhzh kh Yhk`ghc{f d`{mkf mx{f b`}#¹¹ pdmr{m kh ymaf }xh f{fraf m}xh cft rhg#S p bf l`rgmgft#

;899 – 99 – 99 –


/Mb gmrahc: Km{m kh 899 y#¹S dfrr#*SS hc{rha#/S mb _#¹ Y#/

lr# Jxmc @acmd`f Dmorhrm khb Frc# kh T#¹ Lrmc#*!/ m oxhcm}#S kh bft t`acfkft }xh {`hch |hcd`kft kh [ehc#*S kh Dxrmhc bft Yxhobft kh Tmc lrmc#*7¹ Um|`hr p C{rm# T#ℯ kh bm Dfc'dhyd`ôc kh @ck`ft Axmrmc`t#/



‛ ?;< '

Hc fdb`f kh Jxb`f kh g`b th{ht#¹! th{hc{m p th`t# Yfr Khd&¹

}xh huyhk`gft hc < khb g`tgf kmgft hc Km{m }x`c`hc{ft

y#/S ffrr#*SS hc{rha#/S mb _#¹ Y#S lr# Jxmc @acmd`f Dmorhrm khb

Frc# kh Tmc Lrmcd`tdf m oxhcm }&* kh bft T`acfkft }xh {`hch

|hcd`kft hc 1 m# p =9 ghtht bft ? ghtht = k`m kh [ehc#*£ Dxrmhc hb yxhobf cfgormkf T#// Lrmcdf Um|`hr kh @ck`ft Axmrm'

c`t 4 m < ghtht j 4 k`mt hc `axmb g`c`t{hr`f hc hb kh C{rm#

T#S kh bm Dfcdhyd`ôc p bft ; m = ght p ?< k`mt rht{mc{ht kh

dxrm hc hb g`tgf kht#S == kh Ma#*¹ kh =1<5 e#* =; kh Gmpf kh1< }xh e`zf dfct{mr dfc ; dhr{`l`dmt#SS kh bft Dfrrha`kfrht

Dm|`bkft p Mkg`c`t{rmkfrht kh keft# Yxhobft p \`t{f Oxh'

cf khb [ehc`hc{h kh Af|hrcmkfr kh hbbft K"¹ Jxmc \mb`hc{h

dxpft Kfdxghc{ft th bh kh|fbo`hrfc ymrm }xh bft yrhthc{h

}xmckf th bh mjxt{h kh rhgm{h p marhamkm ht{m dmc{#*S m bm

kh ;99 y#S }xh hc ?? kh Gmpf kh ht{h mýf th hc{rhamrfc m tx

myfkhrmkf K#// [efgmt Axzgmc thaúc th gmc`l`ht{m kh bm

Ymr{`km C#¹ 80 kh Km{m kh ht{h _mgf dfgyfchc bm kh 099 y&

Dfgf ymrhzh kh Ghg& d`{mkf Khdrh{f p rhz#¹ }#S f{fraf m

}xh cft rhg`{`gft p bf l`rgmgft# 899 / 99 / 99

Ghkrmcm ‛ MEfbmax`rrh ‛ Mr`zm#

/Mb gmrahc: Km{m kh =?8y#¹S

; rr#S dfrr`hc{ht hc{rha#¹S mK#¹ Yhkrf Dmorhrm yfr t` p hc cfgorh kh bft khgít ehrhk#SS

kh [ehc`hc{h K#// Lhrcmckf Dmorhrm y#*/ hb <#¹ y#¹ khb 4#¹ ml`f

trh# ?90? y#S 4 rr#S }xh bm _#! Emz#!S!! bh rht{m kh|`hckf kh

txhbkft m{rmtmkft#/

Hc fdef kh Jxb`f kh g`b th{ht#/! th{hc{m p th`t# Yfr mx{f

}xh yrf|he`gft kmgft hc Km{m d`hc{f |h`c{h p d`cdf y#¹*

}xm{rf rr#S dfrr`hc{ht hc{rha#¹S m K#// Yhkrf Dmorhrm yfr t` p

dfgf myfkhrmkf kh bft khgít ehrhkhrft khb [ehc`hc{h rh'

lfrgmkf K#¹ Lhrcmckf Dmorhrm thaúc dfct{m kh @ct{rxg#!*/

f{framkf hc =0 kh Thyorh# kh =1<5 mc{h hb Htd#¹¹ yy#!S/ kh ht{m

D`xk#S Jftà Amrd`m Hdemoxrx y#// hb <#¹ y#¹ dfrrhty#*S mb 4#¹ mýf

tforh bm dmc{#S kh ?90? y#S 4 rr#/ }xh bm _#! Emz#!S* bh rht{m

kh|`hckf kh txhbkft m{rmtmkft }xhkmckf dfc ht{h khtdxhc{f

hc =0<< y#S 1 rr#/ Dfgf ymrhzh kh Mx{ft Yhk`g#*¹ hb yrf|h'



‛ ?;1 '

e`kf j dmr{m kh ymaf }xh f{fraf m }& cft rhg#¹! p bf l`r'

gmgft# =?8 / ; / 99 /


/Mb gmrahc: Km{m kh 0= y#/ dfrr&* hc{rha#¹S m K#// Jmd`c{f

Làchrfm y& tx tmbmr`f |hcd`kf kh Yfr{hrf khbm

Dfc{#* g#/kh dxhc{mt kh ht{mt Yrf|&S hc < ghtht kh =#¹ kh Hchrf m ýc

kh Jxc`f kh [{ç#/

Hc fdef kh Jxb`f kh g`b th{hd`hc{ft th{hc{m p th`t# Yfr

mx{f }xh yrf|he`gft ht{h k`m kmgft hc Km{m cf|hc{m p xcy#/! dfrr`hc{ht hc{rha#¹S m K"!! Jmd`c{f Làchrfm Yfr{hrf kh

bm Dfc{mkxrçm gmpfr kh dxhc{mc kh ht{mt Yrf|`cd`mt yfr tx

tmbmr`f |hcd`kf hc < ghtht kht#S =#¹ kh Hchrf m l`c kh Jxc`f

kh 1< mb rhtyhd{f kh ; rr#S k`mr`ft mtàcmkft m ht{m Ybmzm yfrH#S Frkhc kh 8#¹ kh Cf|#/SS kh =1<0# Dfgf ymrhzh kh Yhk`'

ghc{f d`{mkf mx{f p dmr{m kh ymaf }xh f{fraf m }xh cft

rhg#¹! p bf l`rg#¹/ 0= / ‛ / ''


/Mb gmrahc: Km{m kh ;99 y#S dfrr#**S hc{rha#**S m k#/ JxmcArhafr`f Zmgxk`f Yrf{h{fr ahc#S kh @ck`ft kh àt{m D`xk#S

yfr tx txhbkf |hcd`kf hc < ghtht kht#£ yr`g#// kh Hc#¹ m l`c

kh Jxc`f kh 1< mb rhtyhd{f kh 599 y#S mccxmbht#/

Hc cxhoh kh Jxb`f kh g`b th{hd`hc{ft th{#* p th`t : yfr mx{f

}xh yrf|he`gft ht{h k`m kmgft hc Km{m : ]xm{rfd`hc{ft yh'

tft dfrr`hc{ht hc{rha#/* m K#¹ Jxmc Arhafr`f Zmgxk`f Yrf'

{hd{fr ahchrmb kh @ck`ft kh ht{m D`xkmk yfr tx txhbkf |hc'

d`kf hc < ghtht kht#£ yr`ghrf kh Hchrf m l`c kh Jxc`f kh

ht{h yrhthc{h mýf kh =11< m hb rhty#*¹ kh 599 y#S mcc#£! }#/

T# G# bh {`hch thýmbmkf yfr hb rhlhr`kf hgybhf# Dfgf ymrhzh

kh Yhk`ghc{f d`{mkf mx{f p dmr{m kh ymaf }#£ f{fraf m }#£

cft rhg#/! p bf l`rrc#S ;99 / 99 / 99 !S




‛ ?;5 ‛

SSMb gmrahc: Km{m kh =?0 y#¹S 8 rr#S dfrr#*!!S hc{rha"/S m K#S

Lrmc#!S* Um|`hrm Ax{`àrrhz yfr hb <#/ y#¹ khb ;#¹ mlçf trh# bm

dmc{#*S kh ?=<= y& < rr#S }xh bm H#S Emz#SS bh rht{m kh|`hckf

m tx k`lxc{f Y#S hb Dmy#// k#!! Jxmc K`haf Ax{`àrrhz kh txhb'

kft m{rmtmkft#/

Hc cxhoh kh Jxb`f kh g`b th{ht#¹S th{hc{m p th`t# Yfr mx{f

}xh yrf|he`gft ht{h k`m kmgft hc Km{m d`hc{f |h`c{h j cxh'

oh y#S d`cdf rr#S dfrr#*SS hc{rha#¹S m k#S Lrmcd`tdm Um|`hrmAx{`àrrhz e`jm p úc`dm ehrhkhrm khb K`lxc{f tx Ymkrh hb

Dmy#/ K#¹ K`haf k`af K#// Jxmc K`haf Ax{`àrrhz yfr hb <#¹ y#/

dfrrhtyfck`hc{h mb }xmr{f mýf tforh bm dmc{`kmk kh ?=<= y#!

p < rr#S }#£ bm H#! Emz#*SS bh rht{m kh|`hckf kh txhbkft m{rm'

tmkft }xhkmckf dfc ht{h khtdxhc{f hc ?94? y#¹S = rr#S Dfgfymrhzh kh mx{ft Yhk`g#*¹ hb yrf|he`kf p dmr{m kh ymaf }#S

f{fraf m }xh cft rhg`{`gft p bf l`rgmgft# =?0 / 8 / 99


/Mb gmrahc: Km{m kh =95 y#S 4 rr#S dfrr#*SS hc{rha#¹S m K#*

Ymxbm K#// Jye# Mc{#¹ p k#S Gmcxhbm Mohckmýf ehrhk#¹S khb

tfbkmkf Jftà Mt{xr`mcf yfr hb <#¹ y#¹ kh 4#¹ mýf trh =59< y#*/S

= \? rr#S }xh bm H#! Emz#*SS bh rht{mom kh|`hckf kh txhbkft

m{rmtmkft#/

Hc cxhoh kh Jxb`f kh g`b th{hd`hc{ft th{hc{m p th`t# Yfrmx{f }xh yrf|he`gft ht{h k`m kmgft hc Km{m d`hc{f fdefy#¹S {rht rr"S dfrr`hc{ht hc{rha#S m k#* Ymxbm K#// Jftà Mc{fc`f

p K#S Gmcxhbm Mohckmýf ehrhk#¹S khb tfbkmkf }xh lxh kh

ht{h Yrht`k`f Jftthl Mt{xr`mcf yfr hb <#¹ y#¹ khb 8#¹ mýf trh#

bm dmc{`k#*S kh =59< y#/ = =&? rr#! }xh bm H#S Emz#SS bh rht{mom

kh|`hckf kh txhbkft m{rmtmkft }xhkmckf dfc ht{h kht}#!/ hc

=<01 y#S < ( rr#S Dfgf ymrhzh kh Mx{ft Yhk`ghc{f hb yrf'

|he`kf p dmr{m kh ymaf }xh f{fraf m }xh cft rhg`{`gft p bf

l`rgmgft# =95 / 4 !! ‛Ghkrmcf ‛ Mb{fbmax`rrh ‛ Mr`zm#



‛ ?89 ‛

!'Mb gmrahc: Km{m kh 589 y& dfrr#**! bft 8;1 y& < rr#S =1grt# hc{rhamkft m K#¹ Jxmc Mckràt kh Mrrfpf Fll#S _#S kh

bm Dmjm kh Tmc{m Lhà yfr b`}#S¹ kh tx txhbkf |hcd`kf hc bft

< yr`g#!S ghtht kh ht{h mýf mb rhty#*¹ kh =?99 y& mccxmbht

rhomjmkft 8? y#S = =S rr#S yfr hb khtdxhc{f khb Gfc{h Y`ô kh

G`c`t{rft p bft ?89 y#S rht{mc{ht m K#// Jftthl kh Ghck`cxh{m

yfr àxmb {`hgyf kh Tfot{`{x{f kh K#!! Jxmc Taf# Hb`m Df'

g`t`fcmkf hc bm Dfc{mk#!! g#*/S kh dxhc{mt#/

Hc {rhzh kh Jxb`f kh g`b th{ht#¹S th{#*!! p th`t# Yfr mx{f }xh

yrf|he`gft ht{h k`m kmgft hc Km{m fdefd`hc{ft p d`c}xhc{my#¹S dfrr#*!!S bft 8;1 y#¹S < `&S rr#S hc{rha#¹! m K#// Jxmc Mckràt

kh Mrrfpf Fçç#! _#! kh bm Dmjm kh Tmc{m Lh dfgf b`}x`kf }xh

bh dfrrhtyfckh kh tx txhbkf |hcd`kf hc th`t ghtht kht#S =#¹ kh

ehchrf m l`c kh Jxc`f kh 1< mb rhty#*¹ kh =?99 y#S mccxmbht

}xh bh ht{íc mtàcmkft yfr _#! Frc# kh ?4 kh Thyorh# kh 18

rhomjmkft 8? y#¹S = =; rr#! }xh th ymtmrfc mb Gfc{h Y`ô kh

G`c`t{rft yfr hb khtdxhc{f kh 5 grt# hc yhtf trh# bft <99}xh `gyfr{f tx em|hr p bft ?89 y#S rht{mc{ht hc{rha#!S m K#/

Jftthl kh Ghck`cxh{m dfg`t`fcmkf hc bm Dfc{mk#S Gmpfrkh Dxhc{mt hc dbmth kh thaxckf tfot{`{x{f kh K#// Jxmc @acm'

d`f Hb`mt }xh th kht{`cf m bm Ybmzm kh Gfc{h|#/ hc bm [rfym

kh G`b`d`mt kh Dm|mbbhr`m kh ht{m D`xkmk yfr Frc# khb T#*//

Af|#/// p Dmy#/ Ahchrmb yfr hb }xh bh yhr{hchdh hc hb d`{mkf

{`hgyf mb rhty#*¹ kh 899 y#S mccxmbht }xh bh ht{íc mtàcmkft

m ht{m Ybmzm hc jxc{m kh frkhcmczm kh 4 kh Fd{xorh kh 1?#

Dfgf ymrhzh kh dhr{`l`dmt#// khb Thýfr Dfc{mkfr g#¹!! kh

Dxhc{mt tx lem# =#¹ kh Jxb`f kh 1< Yhk`g#*¹ Mx{f hc }xh th

dfctxb{f m kef# Thýfr Dfc{mkfr g#/// hb yrf|he`kf p Dmr{m

kh ymaf }xh f{fraf m }xh cft rhg#S p bf l`rgmgft#

589 / 99 / 99 /

Ghkrmcm ‛ Mb{fbmax`rrh ‛ Mr`zm"

/Mb gmrahc: Km{m kh 41? y#¹S 8 rr#S ?1 =( grt# dfrr#SSS tm'

dmkft kh bft _#ℯ¹S kh _#! Emz#// hc kfckh hu`t{`mc dfgf yhr'

{hcht#**S mb K`lxc{f Dfc{mkfr Fll#! _#! }xh lxh kh ht{mt Dm'

jmt ymrm ymtmrbft mb kh @gyxht{f hc ymr{h kh ymaf kh =199

y#S }xh hb k`lxc{f k#¹ Lrmc#*!/ Mbzmpomr mdrhehkfr m bft \`h'



‛ ?<= ‛

cht kh kef# Mr{h{m rht{m kh|`hckf dfgf l`mkfr kh K#/ DftghMbomrhz#/

Hc {rhzh kh Jxb`f kh g`b th{ht&* th{hc{m p th`t# Yfr mx{f

}xh yrf|he`gft hc 5 khb g`tgf kmgft hc km{m : {rhtd`hc{ft

th{hc{m j kft y#! d`cdf rr& |h`c{h p t`h{h th`t kft m|& grt#

dfrr`hc{ht tmdmkft khb dmxkmb kh ht{ft Hmgft dfgf b`}#¹S

kh 1;5 y#S ? grt# }xh em|`m hu`t{hc{ht hc hbbft hc bm Dbmth

kh Hu{rmfrk`cmr`ft yfr yhr{hcht#*SS mb K`lxc{f Dfc{#/!S

Fll#S H#! }xh lxh kh ht{mt Dmjmt K#/ Mc{fc`f kh Mr{h{m yfr

rmzôc kh txt txhbkft emt{m tx Gxhr{h thaúc dfct{m kh bm

Ymr{#*** C#¹ == kh dmraf kh kef# rmgf kh hu{rmfrk#¹S dfc lem#

kh ?= kh Jxc`f kh =1<0 khkxd`kft 41< y#S < =; S'S ]xh hc

?1 kh Thyorh# kh 1; th tmdmrfc kh m}#! {f{mb ymrm rh`c{harmr

mb rmgf kh Nhyrhtmb`m kh `axmb dmc{#S }xh bh dfrrhtyfckçm

tmt{`lmdhr kh bmt lmb{mt }xh huyhr`ghc{mrfc hc bft \`hcht

_hyrhtmb`mkft p gmc`l`ht{m bm Ymr{`km kh Km{m C#¹ =9< kh

ht{ft _mgft hc hb rhlhr`kf mýf kh 1; p bm kh Km{m ht ymrmymtmr mb kh @gyxht{f hc ymr{h kh ymaf C#¹ =199 y#S }xh hb

k`l#*¹ K#¹ lrmc#*S/ kh Mbzmpomr %mdrhehkfr m bft |`hcht kh

kef# Mr{h{m yfr gmpfr txgm }xh ht{h bh kh|`m) rht{m m bm

g`tgm _#! Emz#*S* dfgf l`mkfr kh K#/S Dftgh Mbomrhz ymrm

hb dfgybh{f kh bft ? y#S }xh th bh em|`mc hc{rhamkf hc ??

kh K`zorh" kh << ymrm bmofrhf kh bmt G`cmt }xh th em|`mc

khtdxo`hr{f hc bm jxr`tk`dd`ôc kh Gfc{#¹ yfr em|hr hc{h'

rmkf hc =0 kh Thyorh# kh 1?

‛499 y#S m}#** thaúc rhtxb{m

kh bm Ymr{`km kh dmraf C#¹ 5 hc kef# mýf hc hb rmgf kh @gy#*/

p dfc hb m|fcf kh bft huyràt#/S 41? y#¹S 8 rr#S ?1 {( grt# }xhkm

rht{mckf =4?1 y#*S ? rr#S < {( grt# Dfgf ymrhzh kh mx{ft

[ht{`gfc`f kh B`}x`kmd`ôc p yrf|`khcd`m hc }xh th gmckflfrgmr p khb d`{mkf yrf|he`kf dfc cf{m kh }xhkmr thc{mkm

ht{m Ymr{`km m }xh cft rhg`{`gft p bf l`rgmgft#

41? / 8 / ?1 j(

Ghkrmcf

‛Mb{fbmax`rrh

‛ Mr`zm#

/Mb gmrahc: Km{m kh 48= y#/S ;; rr#! R( kh f{rf hc{rh'

amkft m K#// Jxmc Ohrcmrkf mg`{htmcfoh Myfkhrmkf khk#* Yh{rfcm Dmorhrm ehrhkhrm khb tfbkmkf Yhkrf Thrrmcf



‛ ?8? ‛

yfr hb <#¹ y#¹ dfrrhtyfck`hc{h m 4 mýft trh bm dmc{`kmk kh?918 y#S 8 grt# }xh bm N#! Emz#S* bh rht{m kh|`hckf kh txhbkft

m{rmtm`kft#/

Hc k`hz p t`h{h kh Jxb`f Yfr mx{f }xh yrf|he`gft ht{h k`m

kmgft hc km{m {rhtd`hc{ft d`c}xhc{m y#¹S }xm{rf rr#S ? S¹&`?

grt# dfrr#*SS hc{rhamkft m K#// Jxmc Ohrcmrkf Mg`{htmcfoh

myfkhrmkf kh K#// Yh{rfcm Dmorhrm ehrhkhrm úc`dm khb tfb'

kmkf Yhkrf Thrrmcf thaúc dfct{m kh @ct{rxghc{f f{framkf

mc{h hb Hu#¹¹ yy#*// kh ht{m D`xkmk Gmr{`c kh _fdem hc ==

kh Fd{xorh kh =11; yfr hb <#¹ y#¹ dfrrhty#*£ m {rht mcft }xh

{hc`m |hcd`kft kht#£ 8 kh Cf|`hgorh kh 1? }xh th bh e`zf hb

yr`ghr ymaf dxpm dmc{`kmk th khkxdh kh ?918 y#S 8 rr#S }xh

hc m}#/S lhdem th bh }xhkmrfc rht{mckf kh txhbkft m{rmtmkft

}xhkmckf dfc ht{h khtdxhc{f hc =1?; y#S 4= 'rS grt# dfgfymrhzh kh mx{ft [ht{`gfc`f kh [ht{mghc{f p Yfkhr Yh'

k`g#*¹ hb yrf|he`kf p dmr{m kh ymaf }xh f{fraf m}xh cft

rhg#¹S p l`rgmgft# 48= – ; – ? R(


!!Mb gmrahc: Km{m kh =?< y#S ; rr#S dfrr#*£S hc{rha#¹* m K#S

Gmr`m Mc{fc`m Gfrmbht yfr t` p hc cfgorh kh bft khgítehrhkhrft khb Mblàrhz K#¹ Gmcxhb Gfrmbht yfr hb <#/ y#¹ khb

y#£*/ mýf tforh ?=90 y#S }xh bm _#S Emz#*SS bh }#S¹ kh|`hckf kh

txhbkft m{rmtmkft }xhkmckf dfc ht{h khtdxhc{f hc =05? y#S

; rr#S/

Hc k`hz p t`h{h kh Jxb`f kh g`b th{hd`hc{ft th{hc{m p th`t#

Yfr mx{f }xh yrf|he`gft ht{h k`m Kmgft hc Km{m d`hc{f

|h`c{h p th`t y#¹S ; rr#S dfrr#*£S hc{rha#¹S m K#* Gmr`m Mc{fc`mGfrmbht yfr t` p dfgf myfkhrmkm kh bft khgít ehrhkhrft

khb Mblàrhz }xh lxh kh ht{h Yrht`k`f K#// Gmcxhb Gfrmbhtthaúc dfct{m kh @ct{rxghc{f f{framkf hc 0 kh Maft{f kh

18 mc{h hb Hu#!/! kh Af|#/// kh ht{m D`x#/S Jftà Dhczmcf yfr hb

<#¹ y#¹ dfrrhtyfck`hc{h mb yr`ghr mýf tforh bm dmc{`kmk kh

?=90 y#S }xh bm _#! Emz#/S* bh }xhkf kh|`hckf bç}x`kft khtxhbkft m{rmtmkft p dfc ht{h kht}#*£ th bh rht{mc =05? y#S

; rr#S Dfgf ymrhzh kh mx{ft hb k`l`c`{`of kh =1 kh Gmpf kh



' ?84

1< B`}x`kmd`ôc Yhk``c#!/ hb yrf|he`kf p dmr{m kh ymaf }xhf{fraf m}xh cft rhg#¹S p l`rg#¹S =?< – ; – 99 –


/Mb gmrahc: Km{m kh ?91 y#S ? rr#S dmrr&s hc{rha#¹S m k#*

Jfthlm Dm|hbbf yfr t` p dfgf Myfkhrmkm kh bft khgít eh'

rhkhrft khb [ehc`hc{h K#// Jxmc J`gàchz yfr hb <#¹ y#¹ khb

?#/ mýf trh# 4;8; y#¹S }xh bm H#S Emz#/S* bh rht{m kh|`hckf kh

txhbkft m{rmtmkft#/

Hc k`hz p fdef kh Jxb`f kh g`b th{ht#¹S th{hc{m p th`t# Yfr

mx{f }xh yrf|he`gft ht{h k`m kmgft hc Km{m kftd`hc{ft

t`h{h y#¹S kft rr#S dfrr`hc{ht hc{rhamkft m k#* Jftthlm Dm|hbbf

yfr t` p dfgf Myfkhrmkm kh bft khgít ehrhkhrft khb [eh'

c`hc{h kh Krma#SS K#!! Lrmcd`tdf U`ghchz khb Dmt{`bbf thaúcdfct{m kh @ct{rxghc{f f{framkf hc k`hz kh kef# ght kh

Jxb`f mc{h hb Hu#¹¹ kh T# G# p yy#/¹ kh ht{m D`xkmk Lrmc#!7¹

Jm|`hr Dfcah{ yfr hb <#¹ y#¹ dfrrhtyfck`hc{h mb ?#¹ mýf trh#

bm dmc{#S kh 4;8; y#S }xh bm _#! Emz#SS bh rht{mom kh|`hcbkf

kh txhbkft m{rmtmkft }xhkmckf dfc ht{h khtdxhc{f hc 4?;<

y#¹S < rr#S: Dfgf ymrhzh kh Mx{ft [ht{`gfc`f kh Yfkhr

Yhk`g#*/ hb yrf|he`kf p dmr{m kh ymaf }xh f{fraf m}#£ cft

rhg#¹7 p l`rgmgft# ?91 – ? – 99 –


/Mb gmrahc: Km{m kh <; y#¹* dfrr#*S hc{rha#/S mb Axmrkm

kh _#S Emz#*** Lrmc#// Ambbmrkf yfr tx txhbkf |hcd`kf hc bft

< yr`g#¹* ghtht kh 1<#/

Hc |h`c{h kh Jxb`f kh g`b th{hd`hc{ft th{hc{m p th`t# YfrKhdrh{f }xh huyhk`gft ht{h k`m kmgft hc Km{m ththc{m p}xm{rf y#¹S dfrr#*£S hc{rhamkft mb Axmrkm kh _#! Emz#*S* K#¹

Lrmc#!!¹ Ambbmrkf yfr tx txhbkf |hcd`kf hc bft < yr`ghrft

ghtht kh ht{h mýf mb rhty#*/ kh =?5 y#S }xh th bh mt`acmrfc

hc khtymdef b`ormkf yfr hb T#/// Af|#/*S p Dmy#/ Ahc#/ hc =0



‛ ?88 ‛

{rmkfrht kh bft Yxhobft kh @ck`ft Axmrmc`t cfgormkft T&¹Ícahb p T#¹ C`dfbít |`tmkmt khb Af|#/ kh keft# Yxhobft K#¹

Lrmc#!/! Orxcf kh Zm|mbm p [ehc`hc{ht kh Af|#//S em|hr thr'

|`kf hc hbbft m tm|hr : ? mýft 5 ghtht p 4 k`mt kh [ehc`hc{h

hc hb kh Tmc{f Ícahb kht#* 5 `chbxtòh kh Maft{f kh <5 e#*

== hudbxtòh kh Mor`b kh 1= xc mýf p ; ghtht hc hb kh T#¹

C`dfbít hc kef# G`c`t{hr`f kht& =< `chbxtòh kh MQ kh 1=

e#/ =< hudbxtòh kh Maft{f kh 1? p 4 mýft 1 ghtht p ?4 k#/

kh Dxrm hc hb huyrhtmkf kh Tmc{f Ícahb kht& =< `chbxtòh

kh Maft{f kh 1? e& 0 hudbxtòh kh Mor`b kh 1< dxpft Kf'

dxghc{ft th bh kh|fb|`hrfc ymrm }& bft yrhthc{h }xmckf th

bh mjxt{h kh rhgm{h Dfgf ymrhzh kh Ghg#! d`{mkf Khdrh{f

p rhz#¹ }xh f{fraf m}xh cft rhg`{`gft p bf l`rgmgft#

199""‛""‛


SSMb gmrahc: Km{m kh 04 y#S 4 rr#S dfrr#*S hc{rha#/S m k#!

@tmohb Afczíbhz p khgít ehrhk#S khb Mblàrhz K#// lrmc#!7¹

Afczíbhz Omy{`t{m y#!! hb <#/ y#¹ khb <#¹ mýf tforh =88< y#S

< =&? rr#S }xh bm N#! Emz#SS bh rht{m kh|`hckf kh txhbkft m{rm'

tmkft#/

Hc |h`c{h p }xm{rf kh Jxb`f kh g`b th{hd`hc{ft th{hc{m pth`t# Yfr mx{f }xh yrf|he`gft hc kef# k`m kmgft hc Km{m

cfohc{m p {rht y#/S {rht rr#S dfrr`hc{ht hc{rha#// m k#S @tmohb

Afczíbhz Omy{`t{m K#S Jftthlm p k#* Omt`b`m Mbomchz eh'

rhkhrmt khb Mblàrhz }xh lxh kh ht{h Yrht`k`f K#¹ Lrmcd`tdf

Afczíbhz Omy{`t{m yfr hb <#¹ y#¹ khb <#/ mýf trh# bm dmc{#*

kh =88< y#! < çS rr#S }xh bm _#! Emz#S* bh rht{m|m kh|`hckf

kh txhbkft m{rmtmkft }xhkmckf dfc ht{h khtdxhc{f hc =;<4

y& 4 pS rr#* Dfgf ymrhzh kh mx{ft Yhk`ghc{f hb yrf|he`kfp dmr{m kh ymaf }xh f{framrfc m}xh cft rhg#¹S p l`rg#¹S

S4 33 4 –




‛ ?8< ‛

/Mb gmrahc: Km{m kh 89 y#/S hc{rha#/S m k#¹ Gmcxhb @ccf'dhcd`f kh Xr`mr{h Dm|f kh bm Axmrk`m kh Bxjmc g`{mk kh

=99 y#¹S }xh bh ht{íc mtàcmkft hc ht{h _mgf p kh hb kh

@gyxht{f yfr kmr ymr{h kh bmt [rfymt kh Dmrrh{mt p Gxçmt

}xh ymtmc yfr k`dem Axmrk`m#/

Hc |h`c{h p }xm{rf kh Jxb`f kh g`b th{ht#¹! th{hc{m p th`t

Yfr Khd#*¹ }#!! huyhk`gft ht{h k`m kmgft hc Km{m d`c}xhc{m

y#¹S dfrr`hc{ht hc{rha#/!! m K#!! Gmcxhb @ccfdhcd`f kh Xr`mr{h

Dm|f kh bm Axmrk`m kh Bxjmc g`{mk kh bft =99 y#¹S }xh

mccxmbg&£ bh ht{íc mtàcmkft kh yhct`ôc hc |rk# kh Khdrh{f

khb Af|`hrcf kh 4 kh Fd{xorh kh =119 bft 89 y#S kh ht{h

_mgf p bft f{rft 89 kh hb kh @gyxht{f yfr kmr ymr{h m ht{h

[rò#! kh bmt [rfymt kh Dmrrh{mt p Mrr`mt kh Gxçmt }xh

ymtmc y& kem# Axmrk`m dxpm dmc{& {`hch |hcd`km hc xc mcf

kht#£ =#¹ kh Jxb`f kh 18 e#* l`c kh Jxc`f kh 1< Dfgf ymrhzh

kh Ghgfr#S d`{mkf Khd#*¹ p rhz#¹ }xh f{fraf m}#£ cft rhg#!!S

p l`rgmgft#89 – –


/Mb gmrahc: Km{m kh =;? y#S ? rr#S dfrr#*£¹ hc{rha#¹S m K#!!

Ohrcmrkm Bx`tm khb Y`cf p K#/ Kfg#¹ Gm}xhkm Myfkhrmkftkh bft ehrhkhrft khb Dmy#// K#!! Kfg`caf Afczíbhz Omy{`t{m

yfr hb <#¹ y#¹ khb ;#¹ mlçf tforh ?41? y#¹! 1 rr#! }xh bm _#S

Emz#!S!* bh rht{m kh|`hckf kh txhbkft m{rmtmkft#/

Hc |h`c{h p }xm{rf kh Jxb`f kh g`b th{hd`hc{ft th{hc{m pth`t# Yfr mx{f }xh yrf|he`gft ht{h k`m kmgft hc Km{md`hc{f }xmrhc{m p kft y#¹S kft rr#S dfrr#SS£ hc{rha#¹S m k#*

Ohrcmrkm Bx`tm khb Y`cf p K#¹ Kfg`caf Gm}xhkm Myfkh'rmkft kh bft ehrhkhrft khb Dmy`{íc K#// Kfg`caf Afczíbhz

Omy{`t{m thaúc dfct{m kh @ct{rxghc{f f{framkf hc =? kh

Jxb`f kh 18 mc{h hb Hu#¹¹ kh ht{m D`xkmk Gmr{`c kh _fdemyfr hb <#¹ y#¹ dfrrhty#*£ mb ;#¹ mýf trh# bm dmc{`#*S kh ?41? y#/

1 rr#S }xh bm _#! Emz#*SS bh rht{mom kh|`hckf kh txhbkft m{rm'

tmkft dfc ht{h khtdxhc{f hc ??49 y#S 8 rr#S Dfgf ymrhzh



' ?81 ‛

kh Mx{f Yhk`g#*¹ hb yrf|he`kf p dmr{m kh ymaf }xh f{fram'

rfc m }xh cft rhg`{`gft p bf l`rg#¹S =;? – ? – ‛Ghkrmcf ‛ Mb{fbmax`rrh ‛ Mr`zm#

/Mb gmrahc: Km{m kh 08 y#¹S ; rr#S dfrr&SS hc{rha#/S m k#*

Gmr`m Nftm Axhrrm yfrt`

p dfgfmy#S*/ kàbft

khgítb`hrhk#/!

khb Mbl#!! rhlfrgmkf K#/ Jxb`íc Mblfctf Axhrrm yfr hb <#¹

y#¹ khb 8#¹ mcf trh# =804 y#S 8 rr#S }xh bm _#S Emz#SS bh rht{mom


Hc |h`c{h p }xm{rf kh Jxb`f kh g`b th{hd`hc{ft th{hc{m pth`t# Yfr mx{f }xh yrf|he`gft ht{h k`m kmgft hc Km{mcfohc{m p d`cdf y#¹S }xm{rf rr"S dfrr"S hc{rha#¹S m k#S Gmr`m_ftm Axhrrm yfr t` p dfgf myfkhrmkm kh bft khgít ehrhk#/!

khb Mblàrhz rhlfrgmkf K#¹ Jxb`íc Mblfctf Axhrrm thaúcdfct{m kh @ct{rxghc{f f{framkf hc ht{m D`xkmk hc == kh

kb`f# ght kh Jxb`f mc{h hb Hu#!/! yy#!S/ Hxlrmd`f Jftà Ofptfy#! hb <#¹ y#¹ dfrrhty#*/ mb 8#¹ mýf trh# bm dmc{#S kh =840 y#S

8 rr#S }xh bm _#! Emz#*SS bh rht{mom kh|`hckf kh txhbkft m{rm'

tmkft }xhkmckf dfc ht{h khtdxhc{f hc =;05 y#S = rr#! Dfgfymrhzh kh mx{ft [ht{`gfc`f kh Yfkhr Yhk`ghc{f hb yrf'

|he`kf p dmr{m kh ymaf }xh f{fraf m}#£ cft rhg`{`gft p bf

l`rgmgft#08 – ; "#

‛Ghkrmcf ‛ Mb{fbmax`rrh ‛ Mr`zm#

/Mb gmrahc: Km{m kh ==0 y#¹S = rr#! dfrr#*SS hc{rha#¹S m k#*

Tmo`cm Bôyhz Dmghbf yfr t` p dfgf myfkhrmkm kh bft khgítehrhkhrft khb Dmy#¹ rhlfrgmkf K#¹ Jxmc Bôyhz Dmghbf yfr

hb <#¹ y#¹ khb yr`ghr mýf trh# =05= y#¹! = =&? rr'! }xh bm _#S

Emz#S* bh }#S¹ kh|`hckf kh txhbkft m{rmtmkft#/

Hc |h`c{h p }xm{rf kh Jxb`f kh g`b th{hd`hc{ft th{hc{m pth`t# Yfr mx{f }xh yrf|he`gft ht{h k`m kmgft hc Km{md`hc{f k`hz p cxh|h y#¹! xc rr#S dfrr`hc{ht hc{rhamkft m k#/*

Tmo`cm Bôyhz Dmghbf yfr t` p dfgf myfkhrmkm kh bft ehrh'

YXOB# ThD# E@T[# =1



' ?85 '

khrft khb Dmy#/ rhlfrgmkf K#/ Jxmc Bôyhz Dmghbf thaúc

dfct{m kh @ct{rxg#*S f{framkf hc 49 kh Fd{xorh kh =118

mc{h hb Htd#¹¹ kh T# G# j yy#// kh ht{m D`xkmk Lrmcd`tdf

Um|`hr Dfxah{ y& hb <#¹ y#¹ dfrrhtyfck`hc{h mb yr`ghr mýf

trh# bm dmc{`kmk kh =05= y#S = =&? rr& }xh bç}x`kft bh }xhkf

kh|`hckf bm ==#! Emz#!SS kh txhbkft m{rmtmkft p dfc ht{h kht}#*¹

th bh rht{mc =5<? y#S `&S rr#! Dfgf ymrhzh kh mx{ft hb k`lbc`'

{`of kh =; kh Fd{xorh kh =118 [ht{`g#¹ kh Yfkhr B`}#¹¹ yh'

k`g#!/ hb yrf|he`kf p dmr{m kh ymaf }xh f{fraf m }xh cftrhg#¹! p l`rgmgft# ==0 / = / 99


/Mb gmrahc: Km{m kh 05 y#/S < =; rr#S hc{rha#/* m k#* Gmrçm

_ftm \ham úc`dm ehrhkhrm khb Tmra#*¹ rhlfrgmkf Lrmcd`tdf

kh bm \ham y#! hb <#/ y#¹ khb 8#¹ mýf trh# bm dmc{#*S kh =<;1 y#**!

< rr#S }xh bm _#! Emd`hckm bh rht{m|m kh|`hckf kh txhbkft

m{rmtmkft#/

Hc |h`c{h p }xm{rf kh Jxb`f kh g`b th{hd`hc{ft th{hc{m pth`t# Yfr mx{f }xh yrf|hc`gft ht{h k`m kmgft hc Km{m cf'

|hc{m p fdef y#S th`t p ghk`f rr#S dfrr`hc{ht hc{rha#¹S m k#*

Gmr`m _ftm \ham úc`dm e`jm p ehrhkhrm khb Tmra#*¹ rhlfr'

gmkf Lrmc#/S/ kh bm \ham yfr hb<#¹

y#/ dfrrhty#*£S mb8#¹

mcftrh# bm dmc{#/ kh =<;1 y#S < rr#S }xh bm _#! Emz#!!S bh rht{m|m


hc =8;5 y#S 1 `&S rr#S dfgf ymrhzh kh mx{ft Yhk`g#*¹ hb yrf'

|he`kf p dmr{m kh ymaf }xh f{fraf m }xh cft rhg#¹S p Mr'

gmgft#! 05 / < / =1


/Mb gmrahc: Km{m kh =95 y#¹S dfrr#*£S hc{rha#/! m k#* JxmcmGmr`m Mbomchz úc`dm ehrhkhrm khb [ehc#** rhlfrgmkf K#/*

Yhkrf Mbomchz y#// hb <#¹ y#¹ khb 8#/ mýf trh# bm dmc{#* kh

=599 y#S 4 rr#S }xh bm _#! Emz#S* bh rht{m kh|`hckf kh txhbkft

m{rmtmkft#/



' ?80 '

Hc |h`c{h p }``m{rf kh Jxb`f kh g`b th{hd`hc{ft th{hc{m pth`t : yfr mx{f }xh yrfShb``gft ht{h k`m kmgft hc Km{m d`hc'

{f fdef y#¹S dfrr#*** hc{rha#¹S m K#S Jxmcm Gmr`m Mbomchz

úc`dm e`jm p ehrhkhrm khb [ehc&£ rhlfrgmkf K#¹ Yhkrf Mb'

omchz yfr hb ]#/ y#¹ dfrrhty#*S mb 8#¹ mýf trh# bm dmc{#** kh =599

y& 4 rr#S }xh bm _#! Emz#*SS bh rht{mom kh|`hckf kh txhbkft

m{rmtmkft }xhkmckf dfc ht{h khtdxhc{f hc =<0? y#S 4 rr#!

Dfgf ymrhzh kh mx{ft Yhk`g&¹ hb yrf|he`kf p dmr{m kh ymaf}#* f{fraf m }xh cft rhg`{`gft p bf l`rgmgft#

=95/ ‛ / ‛Ghkrmcf ‛ Mb{fbmax`rrh ‛ Mr`zm#

/Mb gmrahc: Km{m kh 1< y& < rr#S dfrr&*S hc{rha#¹S m K#/*

@acmd`m Amrdht úc`dm e`jm p ehrhkhrm khb tfbkmkf Gm{ehfAmrdht y& hb <#¹ y#!! khb <#¹ mýf trh# bm dmc{`kmk kh =?10 y#¹!

4 \f rr#S }xh bm _#! Emz#*SS bh rht{m kh|`hckf#/

Hc |h`c{h p t`h{h kh Jxb`f kh g`b th{hd`hc{ft th{#SS p th`t#

Yfr mx{f }xh yrf|he`gft ht{h k`m kmgft hc Km{m th{hc{m pth`t y#¹! th`t rr#S dfrr#*SS hc{rhamkft m K#S @acmd`m Amrdht

úc`dm e`jm p ehrhkhrm khb tfbkmkf }xh lxh kh ht{h Yrht`k`f

Gm{ehf Amrdht yfr hb <#¹ y#¹ dfrhty#*S mb <#¹ mýf trh# bm dmc{#S

kh =?10 y#S 4 `&f rr#S }xh bm _#! Emz#!SS bh rht{mom kh|`hckf

kh txhbkft m{rmtmkft }xhkmckf dfc ht{h khtdxhc{f hc =?9?

y#S 8 =&S rr#* Dfgf ymrhzh kh Mx{ft Yhk`g#*¹ hb Yrf|he`kf pdmr{m kh ymaf }xh f{fraf m }xh cft rhg#¹S p l`rgmgft#

1</ </ ‛Ghkrmcf ‛ Mb{fbmax`rrh ‛ Mr`zm#

/Mb gmrahc: Km{m kh ??? y#* dfrr#**S hc{rha#¹S m K#¹ Jftthl

Mc{fc`f Aôghz úc`df ehrhkhrf khb Dmy#/ K#¹ Jftà kh Fdefm

p Mbl#S K#¹ T`gôc Aôghz y#/ hb <#¹ y#¹ khb ;#/ mýf trh# 4199 y#¾

4 rr#S }xh bm _#! Emz#*SS bh rht{m kh|`hckf kh txhbkft m{rm'

tmkft#/



‛ ?<= ‛

!!Mb gmrahc: Km{m kh 099 y#/ dfrr#!/S hc{rha#!S mb _#/ Y#* lr#

Jxmc kh bm Drxz Hty`côbm Myfkhrmkf khb _#¹ Yh# Lr# _m'

gôc kh M}x`cf _hbà`ftf Ghrdhkmr`f m oxhcm }#S* kh bft

Tçcfkft }xh {`hch |hcd`kft kh Dxrm Kfd{r`chrf hc hb Yxh'

obf kh Tmc Jxmc Bfrhczf kh @ck`ft Axmrmc`t#/

Hc {rht kh Maft{f kh g`b th{hd`hc{ft th{hc{m p th`t# Yfr

Khdrh{f }xh huyhk`gft ht{h k`m kmgft hc Km{m cxh|hd`hc'

{ft yhtft dfrr`hc{ht hc{rhamkft mb ==¹ Y#£ lr# Jxmc kh bm

Drxz Hty`côbm Myfkhrmkf khb _#¹ Y#¹ lr# _mgôc kh M}x`cf

mgoft rhbà`ftft Ghrdhkmr`ft thaúc dfct{m kh yfkhr }xh

bh dfcl`r`ô hc ?1 kh Mor`b kh ht{h mýf m oxhcm }#** kh bft T`'

cfkft }xh {hc`m |hcd`kft hc < mcft = ght p =9 k`mt }xh t`r'

|`ô hb G`c`t{hr`f kh Dxrm khb Yxhobf kh T#/* Bfrhczf kh @c'

k`ft Axmrmc`t khtkh =< `cdbxtòh kh Maft{f kh =1<0 e#* ?9

hudbxtòh kh Thy#!/S kh =118 }xh mdrhk`{f dfc dhr{`l`dmt#//

khb Dfrrha`kfr Dm|`bkf p Mkg`c`t{rmkfr kh kef# Yxhobf bm

}xh th bh kh|fb|`ô ymrm }#* bm yrhthc{h }xmckf th bh

mjxt{h kh rhgm{h# Dfgf ymrhzh kh Yfkhr Ghg#S d`{mkf Khdrh{f p rhz#¹ }xh f{fraf m}xh cft rhg`{`gft p bf l`rgmgft#

099 – 99 – 99 –


/Mb gmrahc: Km{m kh 199 y#! dfrr#*!! hc{rha#/S mb _#/ Y#! lr#

Jxmc kh bm Drxz Hty`côbm m crh# khb _#¹ Y#S lr# _f}xhKxmr{h [ehc#*S kh Dxrm khb Yxhobf kh @ck`ft Axmrmc`t

cfgormkf Tmc{f [efgh m dxhc{m kh bft Tçcfkft }xh {`hch

|hcd`kft hc 8 mýft 0 ghtht p =0 k`mt#/

Hc {rht kh Maft{f kh g`b th{hd`hc{ft th{hc{m p th`t# YfrKhdrh{f }xh huyhk`gft ht{h k`m kmgft hc Km{m th{hd`hc{ft

y#/*/ dfrr#*S/ hc{rha#¹* mb _#¹ Y#* lr# Jxmc kh bm Drxz Hty`côbmm crh# khb _#¹ Y#* lr# _f}xh Kxmr{h thaúc dfct{m kh Yfkh{'

}xh bh dfcl`r`ô hc 0 kh Gmpf kh ht{h mýf m oxhcm }#** kh bft

Tçcfkft }xh {`hch |hcd`kft hc 8 mýft 0 ghtht p =0 k`mt kh

[ehc#*£ kh Dx`!m khb Yxhobf kh @ck`ft Axmrmc`t cfgormk#/

Tmc{f [efgh p mdrhk`{f dfc dhr{`l`dmt#// khb Dfrrha`kfr

Dm|`bkf p Mkg`c`t{rmkfr kh kb`f# Yxhobf }xh th bh kh|fb|`ô



‛ ?<? ‛

ymrm }xh bm yrhthc{h dxmckf th bh mjxt{h kh rhgm{h bft

; mýft 0 ghtht =0 k#! kht#* =? `cdbxtòh kh Fd{&* kh =1<5

b`& 49 `cdbxtòh kh Jxb`f kh 14 p hb mýf rht{mc{h kht#£ ?8

`cdbxtòh kh lhorhrf kh 18 e#S ?8 hudbxtòh kh àxmb ght khb

dfrr#** kh 1<# Dfgf jjmrhzh kh kef# Yfkhr Ghgfr`mb d`{mkf

Khdrh{f p rhz`|f }xh f{fraf m}xh cft rhg`{`gft p l`rgmgft

199"" 99 – 99 –


/Mb gmrahc: Km{m kh ;99 y#S dfrr#*£S hc{rha#¹S m K#¹ Gmc#S

Gmr{çchz kh Fdb`mam|`m m crh# khb Y#£ lr# @acmd`f Dmorhrm

khb Frc# kh Tmc Lrmc#!S/ m oxhcm dxhc{m kh bft Tçcfkft

}xh {`hch |hcd`kft hc hb G`c`t{hr`f kh Dxrm p dfgymýhrf

kh bft Yxhobft kh @ck`ft Axmrmc`t cfgormk#/S T#/ Lrmc#*//

Um|`hr p T#¹ Jftà p bm Dfcdhyd`ôc hc 1 mýft 5 ghtht p ?;k`mt#/

Hc {rht kh Maft{f kh g`b th{hd`hc{ft th{hc{m p th`t# YfrKhdrh{f }#£ huyhk`gft ht{h k`m kmgft hc Km{m }xm{rfd`hc'

{ft y#¹S dfrr#*£! hc{rhamkft m K#// Gmcxhb JGmr{`chz Fdemam|`m

m crh# khb Y#£ lr# @acmd`f Dmorhrm khb Frc# kh T#!S Lrmc#!S/

m oxhcm }#*S kh bft Tçcfkft }xh {`hch |hcd`kft hc 1 mýft 5

ghtht ?;k`mt

}xh mdrhk`{f em|hr thr|`kfhb

G`c`t{hr`f khDxrm Kfd{r`chrf p dfgymýhrf hc bft Yxhobft kh @ck`ft

Axmrmc`t cfgormkft Tmc Lrmc#*// Um|`hr T#!! Jftà p bm

Dfcdhyd`ôc dfc d`cdf dhr{`l`dmd`fcht kh bft Dfrrha`kfrht

Dm|`bkft p Mkg`c`t{rmkfrht kh kb`ft# Yxhobft p |`t{f oxh'

cf khb Af|#*// kh hbbft K#!! Lrmc#!!¹ Orxcf kh Zm|mbm p kh hb

[ehc`hc{h kh ht{h K#// Jxmc \mb`hc{h khtkh == `cdbxtòh

kh Maft{f kh =1<5 e#!! 8 hudbxtòh kh Gmpf kh 1< }xh dfc

;99 y#!! }xh th bh hc{rhamrfc hc ?? kh Gmpf kh ht{h mýf p

899 hc 5 kh Jxb`f khb g`tgf thaúc dfct{m kh bmt Ymr{`kmtkh Km{m kh ht{h Hmgf C#¹ 80 p =9; emdhc bm dmc{`kmk kh

=499 y#S m}xh marhamkft =<9 }xh rhz#¹ kh K#!S! Lrmc#// kh

Tmcar`ht Mkg`c`t{rmkfr armb# }xh lxh kh keft# Yxhobft p=89 }xh hc huyhd`h kh B`hczf kh Mbafkôc th bh hc{rhamrfc

kh bft Mbgmdhcht kh hb kh bm Dfcdhyd`ôc dfgyfchc bm Txgmkh =<=9 y#S dfrr#SS! em|`hckfthbh khoxhb{f bmt huyrhtmkmt



?<4

dhr{`l`dmt#£* ymrm }xh bmt yrhthc{h dxmckf bmt muxt{h khrhgm{h# Dfgf ymrhzh kh Ghgfr`mb d`{mkf Khdrh{f rhz#¹ }xh

f{fraf m}xS cft rhg#¹S p l`rgmgft# ;99 – 99 – 99 ""

Mçhkrmcf ‛ Mb{fbmax`rrh ‛ Mr`zm#

/Mb gmrahc: Km{m kh =<8 y#¹! 4 rr#! dfrr#*S! hc{rha#¹S m k#¹

Gmcxhb Jfm}x`c kh [fdm Myfkhrmkf kh bft ehrhkhrft khb

Dmy`{íc Amrd` Aôghz y#// hb <#¹ y#¹ khb ; mýf trh# ?1<8 y#*

? rr#S }xh bm _#S Emz#S* bh rht{m|m kh|`hckf kh txhbkft m{rm'

tmkft#!

Hc d`cdf kh Maft{f kh g`b th{hd`hc{ft th{hc{m p th`t# Yfr

Mx{f yrf|h```kf hc ht{h k`m kmgft hc Km{m d`hc{f ththc{m

p d`cdf y#*S {rht rr#S dfrr`hc{ht hc{rha#¹S m K#/ Gmcxhb Jfm'

}x`c kh [fdm myfkhrmkf kh K#S Gmr`m Jfthlm p K#* JxmcmOmy{`t{m Aôghz kh Tmrm|`m thaúc dfct{m kh @ct{rxghc{f

f{framkf hc ht{m D`x#/S hc ?8 kh Hc#¹ kh =11= mc{h hb Hu#¹¹

yy#*// lrmc#!!/ Um|`hr Dfcah{ y#// hb <#/ y#¹ dfrrhty#*!! mb ;#¹ mýf

trh# bm dmc{#S kh ?18< y#¹S ? rr#£ }xh bm _#! Emz#SS bh rht{m


hc ?809 y#S 1 rr#S Dfgf ymrhzh kh Mx{ft Yhk`ghc{f hb

yrf|he`kf p dmr{m kh ymaf }xh f{fraf m}xh cft rhg`{`gft pbf l`rgmgft# =<8 – 4 – ‛


!!Mb gmrahc: Km{m kh =94 y#S dfrr`hc{ht hc{rha#¹S m k#/

Jxmc Bx`t Fbgft Myfk#¹ kh bft ehrhkhrft khb Dm|f kh

Ht}xmkrm Mbfctf Gfrmbht yfr hb <#¹ y#/ khb ;#¹ mýf trh# =1=1

y#/ ; S; rr#! }xh bm _#S Emz#*S* bh rht{m kh|#S¹#/

Hc d`cdf kh Ma#*¹ kh g`b th{hd`hc{ft th{hc{m p th`t# YfrMx{f }xh yrf|he`gft ht{h k`m kmgft hc Km{m d`hc{f {rht

y#! dfrr`hc{ht hc{rhamkft m k#¹ Jxmc Bx`t Fbgft myfkhrmkfkh bft ehrhk#!S khb dm|f kh Ht}xmkrm Mbfctf Gfrmbht thaúcdfct{m kh @ct{rxghc{f f{framkf hc ht{m D`xkmk hc ?= kh



‛ ?<; ‛

Gmrzf kh =11;# mc{h hb Htt#¹¹ kh T# G# Lrmcd`tdf Um|`hrDfcah{ yfr hb <#/ y#¹ dfrrhtyfck`hc{h mb ;#¹ mýf tforh bm

dmc{#!! kh =1=1 y#S ; `&; SSS'S ]xh bm N#! Emz#*SS rht{m|m kh|`hckf

kh txhbkft m{rmtmkft }xhkmckf dfc ht{h kht}xhc{f hc =<=;

y#S ; S rr#¹ Dfgf ymrhzh kh Mx{ft Yhk`ghc{f hb yrf|hbb`kf

p dmr{m kh ymaf }xh f{fraf m}xh cft rhg`{`gft j l`rgmgft#

=94 – 99 – 99 –


/Mb gmrahc: Km{m kh =95 y#S 1 rr& dfrr#*SS hc{rha#¹S m k#*

Jxmcm Ombbhjft Myfk&S kh bft ehrhkhrft kh tx k`lxc{f Ym'

krh hb tfbkmkf Jmd`c{f Bmr`t kh Ombbhjft y& hb <#¹ y#¹ khb

;#¹ mýf trh# =5=8 y#S 1 rr#S }xh bm _#S Emz#*SS bh rht{m kh|`hckf


Hc th`t kh Ma#*¹ kh g`b` th{hd`hc{ft th{hc{m p th`t# Yfrmx{f }xh yrf|hc`gft ht{h k`m kmgft hc Km{m d`hc{f fdefy#¹S t`h{h rr#S dfrr`hc{ht hc{rhamkft m K#* Jxmcm Ombbhjft

myfkhrmkm kh bft khgít ehrhk#/S kh tx k`lxc{f Y#S hb Tfb'

kmkf Jmd`c{f Bmr`t kh Ombbhjft thaúc dfct{m kh @ct{rx'

ghc{f f{framkf hc ht{m D`x#!* hc 5 kh Gmpf kh =11? mc{h hb

Htt#¹¹ yy#!/! Gmr{`c _fdem yfr hb <#/ y#¹ dfrrhty#** mb ;#*! mýf

tforh bm dmc{#S kh =5=8 y#S 1 rr#S }xh bm _#S Emz#*S* bh rht{m|m

kh|`hckf kh txhbkft m{rmtmkft }xhkmckf dfc ht{h kht}&/

hc =191 y#S dfgf ymrhzh kh mx{ft Yhk`g#S¹ hb Yrf|he`kf pdmr{m kh ymaf }xh f{fraf m}xh cft rhg`{`gft p l`rg#¹S

=95"" 1– '


/Mb gmrahc: Km{m kh ==? y#¹S 8 rr#! 4 SS grt# dfrr#*!S

hc{rhamkft mb Lmd{fr Fll#S _#S kh ht{mt Dmjmt K#¹ Gmr{`c kh

Mb{fbmax`rrh p mb [ehtfrhrf `c{hr`cf }xh lxh kh hbbmt K ¹

Jxmc Mckràt kh Mrrfpf bft g`tgft }xh rhtxb{mrfc m tx



' ?<8 ‛

lmofr p hb kh f{rft Fll#! _#S hc bm abftm p lhchd`g#!/ kh bmtdxhc{mt }#* Mkg`c`t{rmrfc kh bft mýft kh <0 – ‛ 19 – ‛1=–'p1?#/

Hc th`t kh Ma&¹ kh g`b th{hd`hc{ft th{hc{m p th`t hc |rk#

kh fl`d`f khb T#*// Dfc{#/!/ g#/! kh dxhc{mt K#¹ Dmck`kf _m'

gft kh ?9 kh Jxc`f kh kef# mýf th tmdmrfc kh ht{ft _mgftkh _#! Emz&* p th hc{rha#/// m g` hb Lmd{fr K#// Gmr{`c Jftà

kh Mb{fbmax`rrh p mb [ç`htfrhrf @c{hr`cf }xh lxh kh ht{mt Dm'

jmt K#¹ Jxmc Mckràt kh Mrrfpf bft g`tgft }#£ thaúc dfct{m

kh bft 8 Yb`haft kh dmraf p mofcf }xh rhg`{`ô dfc kef# fl`d`f

rhtxb{mrfc m c{rf# lm|fr p hb kh f{rft Fll&S _#*S hc bm

abftm p lhc`d`g`hc{f kh bmt dxhc{mt kh ht{m Mkg`c`t{rmt#//

dfgyrhehct`omt kht#* =#¹ kh Hchrf kh =1<0 e#* l`c kh K`zorh#

kh 1? Dfgf ymrhzh kh keft# Yb`haft d`{mkf fl`d`f p rhz#¹

}#£ f{framgft m}xh cft rhg`{`gft p bf l`rgmgft#

==? – 8 – 4 0&=?


/!!Mb gmrahc: Km{m kh ?=9 y#S dfrr#*£S hc{rha#**S m K#!! G`'

axhb Amrd`m Dmy#/ khb Yxhr{f yfr tx txhbkf |hcd`kf hc bft

< yr`ghrft ghtht kh ht{h mýf#!!

Hc th`t kh Maft{f kh g`b th{hd`hc{ft th{hc{m p th`t# YfrKhdrh{f }xh huyhk`gft ht{h k`m kmgft hc Km{m kftd`hc{ft

}xmrhc{m y#/ dfrr#!*/ hc{rhamkft m K#// G`axhb Amrd`m dmy#¹

khb Yxhr{f yfr tx txhbkf |hcd`kf hc bft < yr`g#¹S ghthtkh ht{h mýf mb rhty#*¹ kh ;59 y#S mccxmbht }xh afzm hc |rk#

kh _#S Khtymdef kh ?< kh Thy{`hgorh kh 1;# Dfgf ymrhzh

khb Ghgfr`mb d`{mkf Khdrh{f p rhd`|f }xh f{fraf m}#* cft

rhg`{`gft p l`rgmgft# ?;9 – 99 – 99 –


//Mb gmrahc: Km{m kh =;1? y#* 4 rr#S dfrr#*S hc{rha#¹S m K#/

Jxmc @acmd`f Hb`m myfkhrmkf kh k#¹ Cmrd`tf Orf`c Dfbô'



‛ ?<< ‛

rmkf Mbomdhm [ht{mghc{mr`f kh k#!! Gmr{`c kh Hdembhg yfrhb <#¹ y#¹ dfrrhty&£ m kft mýft trh =?<;0 y#S 8 `&f rr#S }xh bm

_#! Emz#/S* bh ht{mrí kh|`hckf yfr txybhghc{f ehdef m bm _#*

Emz#SS/

Hc fdef kh Maft{f kh g`b th{hd`hc{ft th{hc{m p th`t# Yfr

Mx{f }xh yrf|he`gft ht{h k`m kmgft hc Km{m g`b }xm{rf'

d`hc{ft th{hc{m p kft yhtft {rht rr#S dfrr#*SS hc{rha#!* m K"!!

Jxmc @a& Hb`m m cfgorh p dfgf myfkhrmkf kh k#¹ Cmrd`tfOrf`c Dfbfrmkf Mbomdhm [ht{mghc{mr`f kh k#// Gmr{`c kh

Hdembhg thaúc dfct{m kh @ct{rxghc{f f{framkf hc bm D`x#S

kh Dík`z hc =1 kh lhorhrf kh =114 mc{h hb htt#// yy#// Jftà

_fkrçaxhz kh Oxt{`c `4fr hb <#¹ y#¹ dfrrhty&* m kft mýft trh#

bm dmc{#** kh =?<;0 y#S 8 `&; rr#S }xh bm _#! Emz#*S* bh rht{m|m

kh|`hckf hb xb{`gf ymaf }xh th e`zf hc ?4 kh Gmrzf kh =11;

}xh mdrhk`{m bm Ymr{`km kh Km{m hc ht{h _mgf cxghrf <?

hc kef# mýf `)fr rmzôc khb txybhghc{f }xh |hr`l`df hc ht{mt

dmjmt k#¹ Amtymr @z}x`hrkf khb Dmxkmb yhr{hchd`hc{h mbm[ht{mghc{mr`m khb d`{mkf Hdembhg }xhkmckf dfc ht{h kht'

dxhc{f hc ===11 y#S ? 4&? rr#S Dfgf ymrhzh kh Mx{ft yh'

k`ghc{f hb yrf|he`kf p dmr{m kh ymaf }xh f{fraf m}xh cft

rhg`{`gft p bf l`rgmgft#

=;1? – 4 – 99 –

Ghkrmcf ‛ Mb{ôbmax`rrh ‛ Mr`zm#

/Mb gmrahc: Km{m kh =14 y#¹S 8 rr#S dfrr`hc{ht hc{rha#¹S

m K#// Lrmcd`tdf Mbgmckfz Myfkhrmkf kh bft ehrhk#/S khb

Mblàrhz rhlfrgmkf K#/ C`dfbít kh Chprm p khb Mblàrhz K#¹

Omr{efbfgh Obmcdf y#// hb <#¹ y#¹ khb <#¹ mýf trh# ?50; y#/

< rr#S !}xh bm _#S Emz#S* bht rht{m kh|`hckf kh txhbkft m{rm'

tmkft#!/

Hc fdef kh Maft{f kh g`b th{hd`hc{ft th{hc{m p th`t# Yfr

mx{f }xh yrf|he`gft ht{h k`m kmgft hc Km{m d`hc{f th{hc{m

p {rht y#¹* d`cdf rr#!! dfrr#S£S hc{rha#¹S m k#¹ Hrmc#!!/ Mbgmckfz

myfkhrmkf kh bft ehrhkhrft kh bft Mblàrhdht K#/ C`dfbít

Chprm p K#¹ Omr{efbfgh Obmcdf thaúc dfct{m kh 4 @ct{rx'

ghc#!// bft ? f{fra#/! hc =4 kh lho#// kh <0 p 8 kh Gmrzf kh



‛ ?<1 ‛

1= hc ht{m D`x#!! mc{h hb Htt#¹¹ Jftà Amrdçm Hdomoxrx j hb

f{rf hc hb |mbbh kh Dmrm`]Xde`{m jxr`tk`dd#/!! kh Dfrkf|m

mc{h hb Htt#/// Dbhghc{h Axhrrhrf yfr hb <#¹ y#¹ dfrrhty&* mb

<#/ mýf trh bm dmc{`kmk kh ?50; y#! < rr#! }xh bm _#S Emz&!

bht rht{m|m kh|`hckf kh txhbkft m{rmtmkft }xhkmckf dfc

ht{h khtdxhc{f hc ?1?= y#S = rr#! Dfgf ymrhzh kh Mx{ft Yh'

k``c&¹ hb yrf|hbb`kf j dmr{m kh ymaf }xh f{fraf m}#£ cft rh'

g`{`gft j bf l`rgmgft# =14 – 8 – 99 #""


/Mb gmrahc: Km{m kh bft =99 y#! dfrr#*£S hc{rha#/S mb Axmr'

km kh H#! Emz#SS \`dhc{h De`gmc yfr tx txhbkf kh bft <

yr`g#¹S ghtht kh ht{h mýf#/

Hc cxh|h kh Maft{f kh g`b th{hd`hc{ft th{hc{m p th`t : YfrMx{f }xh yrf|he`gft hc 5 khb g`tgf kmgft hc Km{m d`hc

y ft%®frr&*! hc{rha#¹S mb Axmrkm kh _#S Emz#SS \`dhc{h De`'

gmc yfr tx txhbkf |hcd`kf hc bft < yr`ghrft ghtht kh ht{h

mcf mb rhty"*/ kh ?99 y& mcc#¹ }xh afzm kh dfclfrg`kmk kh

_#! Dàkxbm kh ?; kh Mor`b kh =114 dfgf ymrhzh kh Yhk`g#*/

d`{mkf mx{f p dmr{m kh ymaf }xh f{fraf m}xh cft rhg`{`gft

p bf l`rgmgft # =99 – 99 – 99 –


/Mb gmrahc: Km{m kh ?81 y#S ? rr#S =1 grt# dfrr`hc{ht hc'

{rhamkft m K#// Kfg`caf [r`bbf Myfkhrmkf kàbft ehrhkh#/!

kh K#!! Hrmc#/! _xpbfom yfr hb <#¹ y#¹ khb ?#/ mýf trh# ;?50

y#S ? rr#S }xh bm _#! Emz#S* bh rht{m kh|`hckf y#// txybhghc{f

}#S e`zf y#* bm arrm# kh bm Dfbfc`m#/

Hc cxhoh kh Maft{f kh g`b th{ht#**S th{hc{m p th`t# Yfrmx{f }xh yrf|he`gft ht{h kçm kmgft hc Km{m kftd`hc{ft

d`c}xhc{m p t`h{h y#¹S kft p ghk`f rr#S dfrr`hc{ht hc{rha#*/

m K#!S Kfg#¹ [r`bbf myfkhrmkf kh K#/* Lrmc#/7¹ _xpbfom th'

aúc dfct{m kh @ct{rxghc{f f{framkf hc bm \`bbm kh T#*/



‛ ?<5 ‛

Ohrcmrkf kh [mr`jm hc ?? kh Gmrzf kh =114 mc{h hb Ott#//

Jftà Jfm}xçc kh bm Dmom yfr hb <#¹ y#¹ dfrrhty&£ mb ?¹ mýf

tforh bm dmc{`kmk kh JB?50 y#S ? rr#S }xh bm H#! Emz&* bh rht'

{m|m kh|`hckf yfr txybhghc{f }xh kef" K#¹ Lrmc#*7¹ e`zf m

T# G# hb mlçf kh 41 ymrm bm arrm# kh bm Dfbfc`m khb Tmdrm'

ghc{f }xhkmckf dfc ht{h khtdxhc{f hc ;94= y#!! 1 ( rr#/

Dfgf ymrhzh kh mx{ft Yhk`ghc{f hb yrf|he`kf p dmr{m kh

ymaf }xh f{fraf m}xh cft rhg&S p l`rg#/S

?81–

?–

=1


!SMb gmrahc: Km{m kh =98 y#¹S dfrr&£S hc{rha#¹S m K#!! Kfg#¹

Yhbb`tm K#¹ Omr{b`fbfgh k#S Gmr`m p k#* Gmr`m Hbhcm Nxo`f

y& hb <#¹ y#¹ khb ;#¹ mýf trh# =18= y#S 8 rr#S }xh bm _#!

Emz&* bh rht{m kh|`hckf kh txhbkft m{rmtmkft mb Dmy& K#¹

Omr{efbfgh _xo`f#/

Hc {rhth kh Maft{f kh g`b th{hd`hc{ft th{hc{m p th`t# Yfrmx{f }xh yrf|he`gft ht{h k`m Kmgft hc Km{m d`hc{f d`cdf

y#¹S dfrr`hc{ht hc{rha#¹S m K#¹ Kfg`caf Yhbb`zm K#// Omr{ef'

bfgh p k#/ Gmr`m p k#* Gmr`m Hbhcm _xo`f ehrhk#¹S khb Dmy#/

Armkxmkf K#¹ Omr{efbfgh _xo`f yfr hb A#*S y#/ dfrry#*S mb ;#S

mýf trh# bm dmc{`kmk kh =18= y#// 8 rr#/ }xh bm _#S Emz#*S*

bh rht{mom kh|`hckf kh txhbkft m{rmtmkft }xhkmckf dfc

ht{h khtdxhc{f hc =<;< y#S 8 rr#/ Dfgf ymrhzh kh Mx{ftYhk`g#*¹ hb yrf|he`kf p dmr{m kh ymaf }xh f{fraf m}xh cft

rhg`{`gft p bf l`rgmgft# =98 – 99 – 99 –


/Mb gmrahc: Km{m kh =?8 y#S = rr#! dfrr`hc{ht hc{rha#¹S

m K#* Yh{rfcm Lhrrhprm e`jm p ehrhkhrm khb Tfbkmkf Ahrô'

c`gf Lhrrhprm yfr hb <#¹ y#/ khb ?#/ mýf trh# ?95< y#/ 4 rr#/

}xh bm _#S Emz#!!!! bh rht{m kh|`hckf kh txhbkft m{rmtmkft#/



‛ ?<0 '

Hc k`hz j th`t kh Maft{f kh g`b th{hd`hc{ft th{hc{m p th`t#

Yfr mx{f }xh yrf|hb``gft ht{h kçm kmgft hc Km{m d`hc{f

|h`c{h p d`cdf y#! xc rr#S dfrr`hc{ht hc{rha#/! m K#S Yh{rfcm

Lhrrhprm e`jm p úc`dm ehrhkhrm khb Tfbkmkf Ahrôc`gf Lh'

rrhprm yfr hb <#¹ y#¹ khb ?¹ mýf trh# bm dmc{#** kh ?95< y#/

< rr#* }xh bm _#S Emz#/!* bh rht{m|m kh|`hckf kh txhbkft m{rm'

tmkft }xhkmckf dfc ht{h kht}xhc{f hc =0<= y#S ? rr#S Dfgfymrhzh kh Mx{f Yhk`ghc#*¹ hb yrf|he`kf p dmr{m kh ymaf }xh

f{fraf m}xh cft rhrm#S p l`rg#S =?8 – =– ‛Ghkrmcf ‛ Mb{fbmax`rrh ‛ M{Ezm#

/Mb gmrahc: Km{m kh ?8; y#S = rr#! dfrr#*S hc{rha#¹S m K#¹

Mbfctf @t`krf kh bm Yhým yfr hb <#¹ y#¹ khb ;#/ mýf trh# ;?4<

yh#¹! }xh bm _#! Emz#!!S bh rht{m kh|`hckf mb Dmy#!! K#¹ Jxmm

_fkrçaxhz Yhcm#/

Hc k`hz p th`t kh Maft{f kh g`b th{hd`hc{ft th{hc{m p th`t#

Yfr mx{f }xh yrf|he`gft hc kef# k`m kmgft hc Km{m kft'

d`hc{ft d`c}xhc{m j }xm{rf y#¹S xc rr#S dfrr`hc{ht hc{rha#!/

m K#/ Mbfctf @t`krf kh bm Yhcm yfr hb <#¹ y#¹ dfrrhtyfck`hc{h

mb ;#¹ mlçf trh# bm dmc{`kmk kh ;?4< y#S }xh bm _#! Emz#/* bh

rht{mom kh|`hckf kh txhbkft m{rmtmkft mtx k`lxc{f Moxhbfhb Dmy#!! K#/ Jxmc _fkrçaxhz kh bm Yhým m bft }xh ht mdrheh'

kfr hb huyrhtmkf K#/ Mbfctf yfr dht`ôc }xh bh e`zf tx úc`dm

ehrgmcm K#* Gmrçm Ht{mc`tbmkm _fkrçaxhz Yhým khb Krf#

}xh yxk`hrm {hchr m ht{m mdd`ôc thaúc dfct{m kh @ct{rxghc'

{f f{framkf hc ht{m D`xkmk hc =4 kh Thyorh# kh =1<1 mc{h

hb Htt#// yy#!7¹ Lrmc#!S/ Jm|`hr Yhrrhrm }xhkmckf dfc ht{h

khtdxhc{f hc 405= y#S 1 rr#S Dfgf ymrhzh kh Mx{ft Yhk`g#S¹

hb yrf|he`kf p dmr{m kh ymaf }xh f{fraf m}xh cft rhg#S pl`rgmgft# ?8; – = – 99 –


/Mb gmrahc: Km{m kh =?99 y#S dfrr#*SS hc{rha#/! mb Dmy#/

K#/ Th|mt{`mc Y`zmrrf [ehc#*S khb _#! Dxhryf kh Mr{`bbhrçm



‛ ?19 ‛

yfr |`m kh arm{`l`dmt#*/ }xh th thýmbf hc Mdxhrkf kh _#!

Emz#!!* hc dfct`khr#!/! m bft hu{rmefrk`c#S Thr|`d`ft p dfg`'

t`fcht hc }xh em hc{hck`kf hc ht{m Yrf|# m 13

Hc |h`c{h p th`t kh Ma#*¹ kh g`b th{hd`hc{ft th{hc{m p th`t#

Hc |`r{xk kh Mdxhrkf kh _#! Emz#S//' dhbhormkf hc =1 khb g`t'

gf kmgft hc Km{m g`b p kftd`hc{ft y#¹S dfr#*/ hc{rha#¹S mb

Dmy#// K#!! Th|mt{`mc Y`zmrrf [ehc#!£ kh Mr{`bb#* yfr |`m kh

arm{`l`dmt#// }xh th bh thýmbf hc dfcd`khrmt#/!! m bft hu{rmefr'

k`cmr`ft thr|`d`ft p dfg`t`fcht khb Hhmb Thr|`d`f m}xh `x2`¡

kht{`cmkf hc ht{m Yrf|#* yfr |mr`ft T#!SS Dmy`{mcht Ahch'

rmbht kh hbbm em|`hckfth fdxymkf hc mtxc{ft k`|hrtft khtx

yr`cd`ymb fobàmd`ôc hc bmt k`lhrhc{ht fdmt#£S }xh th bh df'

g`t`fcf hb {yf# kh < mýft p 5 ghtht }xh mb rhty#*¹ kh =8 y#*

ghctxmbht dfc bft }xmbht th bh dfct`khrm omt{mc{h rhdfg'

yhctmkf dfgyfchr bm huyrhtmkm dmc{`kmk dfgf ymrhzh kh

K`bà#/S d`{mkf mdxhrkf p dmr{m kh ymaf }xh f{fraf m}xh

cft rhg`{`gft p l`rg#S =?99 – 99 – 99""


!!Mb gmrahc: Km{m kh <99 y#S dfrr`hc{ht hc{rha#/S m K#/

Yhkrf kh Maòhrf Myfk#!SS khb _#¹ Y#S lr" Jftà Gmr`mcf kh

Maòhrf khb Frc# kh Tmc Lrmcd`tdf m oxhcm }#*// kàbft T`cf'

kft }xh {`hch kh|hcamkft#/

Hc kft kh Thy#//S kh g`b th{ht#¹S th{hc{m p th`t# Yfr Kh'drh{f }xh huyhk`gft hc ?0 kh Ma#*!! kmgft hc Km{m th`t'

d`hc{ft y#¹S dfrr`hc{ht hc{rham#/ m K#!! Yhkrf kh Maòhrfdfgf Myfk#¹ khb _#!! Y#S Lr# Jftà Gmr`mcf Maòhrf _hb`'

a`ftf Lrmcd`tdmcf thaúc dfct{m kh Yfkhr dfclhr`kf hc bm

D`xkmk kh bm Mtxgyd`fc hc ?; kh Jxc`f kh ht{h mýf m oxhcm}#**

khbft

Tçcfkft }xh {`hch |hcd`kft mtm|hr = mýf = ght p? k#S kh Dxrm Kfd{r`chrf hc hb Yxhobf cfgor#S¹ T#** Drxzkh @ck`ft Axmrmc`t kht#S ?? `cdbxtòh kh Jxb`f kh =1<5 e#*

?; hudbxtòh kh Ma#*¹ kh =1<0 p 4 mýft 0 ghtht p ?< kt# hc

hb kh Tmc{m Mcm kht#S 8 `cdbxtòh kh K`z#*/S kh =1<0 e#* =#!*

hudbxtòh kh Fd{xorh kh 14 dxpf {`hgyf mdrhk`{f dfc kftdhr{`lb#/ kh bft Dfrrha`kfrht Dm|`bkft p Mkg`c`t{rmkfrht



‛ ?1= ‛

kh k`deft Yxhobft j |`t{f oxhcf khb [b`hc#S Af|#/! kh hbbft

K#/* Lrmcd`tdf Yàrhz bmt }xh th bh kh|fbo`hrfc ymrm }xh bmt

yrhthc{h dxmckf th bh mjxt{h kh rhgm{h# Dfgf ymrhzh kh

k`def Yfkhr Ghg#! d`{mkf Khdrh{f p rhz#¹ }xh f{fraf m}xh

cft rhg#/S p l`rg#¹S <99 – 99 "" 99 –


SSMb gmrahc: Km{m kh 899 y#!** dfrr&SS hc{rha#¹S m K#/ JxmcÍcahb Bmzdmcf Mkg`c`t{rmkfr kh bft Yxhobft kh G`t`fcht

p my#!S!* khb H#¹ Y#£ Lrmc#¹¹ Kfgçcaxhz _hbà`ftf Lrmcd`tdmcf

m oxhcm }&S kh bft Tçcfkft }xh {`hch |hcd`kft#/

bçc kft kh Thyorh# kh g`b th{hd`hc{ft th{hc{m p th`t# YfrKhdrh{f }xh huyhk`gft hc ?0 kh Maft{f kmgft hc Km{m

]x`c`hc{ft y#¹S dfrr#*£S hc{rha#/! m K#¹ Jxmc Ícahb BmzdmcfMkg`c`t{rmkfr Ahchrmb kh bft Yxhobft kh G`t`fcht kh @c'

k`ft Axmrmcçt hc cfgorh p dfgf my#*S/ khb _#¹ Y#£ lr# Lrmc'

d`tdf Kfgçcaxhz _hbà`ftf Lrmcd`tdmcf thaúc dfct{m kh

Yfkhr dfclhr`kf hc ?5 kh Mo#! kh 1< m oxhcm }#*S kh bft

Tçcfkft }xh em kh|hcamkf hc hb G`c`t{hr`f kh Dxrm pdfgy#/S/ hc bft cfgormkft T#¹ Dftgh p Jhtút m Tm|hr: ?

mýft 0 ghtht p 8 k#S kh dfgy#/// hc hb yr`rc#/ khtkh =5 kh

K`zorh# kh =119 e#S ?? kh Thyorh# kh 14 mgoft kçmt `cdbx'

tòht p = mlçf kh Dxrm yrfy`h{mr`f hc hb ?#¹ kht#£ 5 kh Hchrf

kh 1; e#* àxmb lem# khb kh 18 }xh mdrhk`{m dfc kft dhr{`l`'

dmd`fcht kh bft Dfrrha`kfrht Dm|çbkft p Mkg`c`t{rmkfrht

kh bft rhlhr`kft Yxhobft p |`t{f oxhcf khb Af|hrcmkfr kh

{fkft K#¹ Lrmcd`tdf Orxcf Zm|mbm bmt }xh th kh|fbo`hrfc

ymrm }xh bmt yrhthc{h dxmckf th bh mjxt{h kh rhgm{h# Dfgfymrhzh kh kef# Yfkhr Ghg#S d`{mkf Khdrh{f p rhz#¹ }#£ f{fr'

af m}xh cft rhg#S p l`rg#¹S 899 3" 99 – 99 –


/Mb gmrahc: Km{m kh =99 y#¹* dfrr#*SS hc{rha#/* mb Y#£ lr#

Mc{fc`f _fkrçaxhz Yrfd#//S khb Dfc|&¹ kh T#!¹ Kfg#¹ yfr hb



‛ ?1? ‛

<#¹ y#/ khb 4#¹ mxf trh# =<<5 y#¹! < rr& }xh bm H#! Emz#SS bh rht{m

kh bft txhbkft khb Dmy#// K#!! Jftà Zmrmzxm#/

Hc }xm{rf kh Thyorh kh g`b th{ht#¹S th{hc{m p th`t# Yfr

mx{f }#S yrf|hb``gft ht{h k`m Kmgft hc Km{m d`hc y#¹* dfrr&S*

hc{rhamkft mb Y#£ Y#/// khb Dfgohc{f kh Tmc{f Kfg`cafLrmp Mc{fc`f _fkrçaxhz yfr hb <#¹ y#¹ dfrrhty#*S mb 4#¹ mcf

trh# bm dmc{#*S kh =<<5 y#S < rr#S }xh bm _#! Emz#/SS bh rht{m|m

kh|`hckf kh txhbkftm{rmtmkft mb dmy#/ K#//

Jftà kh Zmrmzxmkh }#// ht dhd`fcmr`f kb`f# Dfgohc{f thaúc dbmxtxbm kh Gh'

gfr`m [ht{mghc{mr`m f{framkm mc{h hb Htt#¹¹ kh Dm|`bkf kh

ht{m D`x#*S Jftà [hrrhrm Lhf hc =5 kh Jxc`f kh =18? }xh'

kmckf dfc ht{h kht}xhc{f hc =8<5 y#S < rr#S Dfgf ymrhzh

kh mx{ft Yhk`ghc{f hb yrf|hb``kf p dmr{m kh ymaf }#* f{fraf

m}xh cft rhg#S p l`rg#S =99 – 99 – 99 –


/Mb gmrahc: Km{m kh =8? y#¹S dfrr#*SS hc{rha#¹S m K#** Gm'

cxhb kh Mrmcm yfr `gy#*£ kh 49 rhtgmt kh Ymyhb l`cf dfr'

{mkf }xh th bh dfgyrf ymrm hb dfctxgf kh ht{m fl`d`cm m

8 y#S bm rhtgm p 5 p#S kh b`hczf drxkf m ? rr#!#/

Hc th`t kh Thyorh# kh g`b th{hd`hc{ft th{hc{m p th`t# Yfr

Khdrh{f }xh huyhk`gft ht{h k`m kmgft hc Km{m d`hc{f

d`c}xhc{m p kft y#¹S dfrr`hc{ht hc{rhamkft m K#/S Gmcxhb kh

Mrmcm yfr `gyfr{h kh 49 rhtgmt kh Ymyhb l`cf dfr{mkf }xh

th bh dfgyrf ymrm hb dfctxgf kh ht{mt dmjmt mb rhtyhd{f kh

8 y#¹S dmkm rhtgm p bft ? y#S yfr 5 |#S kh B`hczf drxkf }xh

dfc{hc`m hb {hrd`f kh hgoxhb{m m ? rr#S dmkm |mrm myb`dmkf

ymrm {mbhamt kh ybm{m dfgf ymrhzh kh Ghgfr`mb d`{mkf Kh'

drh{f p rhz#¹ }xh f{fraf m}#£ cft rhg#S p l`rg"S

=8?"" 99 – 99 –




' ?14 '

!SMb gmrahc: Km{m kh ?=1 y#¹* 1 @&? rr#S dfrrS*S hc{rha#*Sm k#* Gmrçm k#* Tmo`cm p K#* Mc{fc`m Omrrmcdf p khgít eh'

rhkhrmt khb Dmy`{íc K#¹ Tmb|mkfr khb Omrrmcdf yfr hb <#/ y#/

khb 0#¹ mcf trh# bm dmc{`kmk kh ?<4? y& 4 \f rr#! }xh bm _#!

Emz&S bh rht{m|m kh|`hckf kh txhbkft m{rmtmkft#/

Hc {rhzh kh Thyorh# kh g`b th{hd`hc{ft th{#* p th`t# Yfr

mx{f }xh yrf|he `rcft hc =? khb g`tgf kmgft hc Km{m kft'

d`hc{ft k`hz p t`h{h y#¹S t`h{h p g#¹ rr#S dfrr&SS hc{rha#**S m

K#// Gmr`m" K#*/ Tmo`cm p k#* Mc{fc`m Omrrmcdf p khgítehrhk#/S khb Dmy#/ K#** Tmb|mkfr khb Omrrmcdf yfr hb <#¹ y#¹

dfrrhtyfck`hc{h mb 0#¹ mýf trh# bm dmc{#S kh 4<4? y#S 4 `&S rr#S

}xh bm _#S Emz#*SS bh rht{m|m kh|`hckf kh txhbkft m{rmtmkft

}xhkmckf dfc ht{h kht}xhc{f hc 4;=; y#S ; rr#* Dfgf ymrhzh

kh Mx{ft Yhk`g#*¹ hb yrf|hb``kf p dmr{m kh ymaf }xh f{fram'

rfc m}#S cft rhg`{`gft p l`rg#¹S ?=1 – 1 – =1

Ghkrmcm ‛ Mb{fbmax`rrh ‛Mbk`zm#

!S/Mb gmrahc: Km{m kh ;?;5 y#¹S < rr#S dfrr#SS hc{rha#/S hc

;=?8 y#S kt# m K#// Dfrchb`f Gm{b``mt kh _ff m cfgorh pdfgf myfk#¹ tfot{`{x{f kh K#S Cmrd`tm _fzf e`jm p ehrhkhrm

khb Dfg`tmr`f kh Gmr`cm K#¹ Ymobf _fzf bft g`tgft }xh th

bh {hc`mc rh{hc`kft hc ht{mt dmjmt yfr |`m kh Khyft`{f yfr

bm l`mczm }xh kh|`f em|hr kmkf mb rhdh|`g#*¹ khb hgybhf kh

dfc{mkfr Fll#! _#! kh hbbmt#/

Hc dm{frzh kh Thyorh# kh g`b th{ht#¹S th{hc{m p th`t# Yfrmx{f }xh yrf|he`gft hc =4 khb g`tgf dfcth}xhc{h m _#!

Frc# kh ?5 kh Lhorhrf kh kef# mcf kmgft hc km{m }xm{rf

g`b kftd`hc{ft }xmrhc{m p fdef y#*S th`t rr#S dfrr`hc{ht hc'

{rha/S

hc ;=?8 y#S kfobht dfc hb yrhg`f kh 4#/ y#¹ m K#¹ Dfr'chb`f Gm{e`mt kh _ff p Fbghkf myfkhrmkf txot{`{x{f kh

K#* Umrd`tm _fzf |hz`cm kh bm @tbm kh Bhôc %thaúc dfct{m

kh Yfkhr f{framkf hc m}xhbbm \`bbm hc ? kh Mor`b kh 1< mc{h

hb Htd#// kh T# G# Lbfrhcd`f Gfrd`bbf Dmbkhrôc p tfot{`{x'

d`fc ehdem yfr hb 5#¹/S Dfc{mk#/// g#/ kh dxhc{mt kh ht{mt

Yrf|#//S K#¹ Dmck`kf _mgft hc hb huyrhtmkf _ff mc{h hb

YòOB# ThD# E@T[# =5



' ?1; ‛

Htd#¹¹ kh N#! EtBZ#/S kh ht{m D`x#*S Ymobf Ohrx{` hc =4 khMa&¹ kh kb`f# mlçf) e`jm p ehrhkhrm khb Dfg`tmr`f kh ç¾rrm#

kh Gmr`cm K#/ Ymobf Jftà Efzf dxpm dmc{`kmk th bh em|`m

rh{hc`kf kh txt txhbkft |hcd`kft hc ht{mt Dmjmt yfr rmzôc

kh bm l`mczm }xh kh|`f f{framr m tx `carhtf kh Dfc{mkfr

Fbl#! _#! kh hbbmt p myb`dmrfc bft Fll#S _& kh bmt g`tgmt

ymrm tm{`tlmdhr hb Mbdmczh }xh hb [ròxcmb kh Dxhc{m kh

B`gm khkxjf p rhtxb{f kh 81;? y#S 1 rr& 5S&4 c`rt# hc bmt

}xh emc {fgmkf mb rhlhr`kf _fzf p K#/ Lrmcd`tdf kh bm

[frrh }#/ t`r|`hrfc jxc{ft ghk`mc{h cf em|hrth embbmkf yfrl`c kh ht{h dmxkmb txl`d`hc{h ymrm hc{hrmr bm ymr{h }xh bh

{fdmom p em|`hckf rhyrhthc{mkf mb rhp hb ghcd`fcmkf T#///

Dfc{mkfr g#//S dfc [ht{`gfc`f kh Mx{ft trh# bm B`}x`kmd`ôc

khb dmraf kh ?0=? y#S < rr#S 4= grt# }xh rhtxb{mrfc dfc{rm

kef# Dfg`tmr`f yfr bm arm{`l`dmd`ôc kh <;4 yhtft }xh bh ht'

{m|mc dfctàcmkft dfgf |`t`{mkfr tforh hb rhtxb{mkf kh {mb

dfg`tmr`f kh }xh k`f l`mczm k#/ Jxmc Sbàxhb kh Htymrzm

ymrm rhtyfckhrkh

ht{hymaf

}xh th e`zf mb

g`tgf K#¹ Ymobfem rhtxhb{f T# !T@# hc |`t{m kh {fkf yfr bm d`{mkm _#! Frc# th

{xo`hth yfr |`hc huhdx{mkf ht{h demcdhbmckfthbh bm l`mczm

mb rhlhr`kf Htymrzm p }xh àxmbg&S th kh|fbo`hthc m bm hcxc'

d`mkm K& Cmrd`tm kh _fzf dfgf e`jm p ehrhkhrm kh k#¹ Ym'

obf bft huyrhtmkft ;=?8 y#S kh hb txhbkf kh ht{h }xh khyf'

t`{f hc dmjmt hc dfct`khrmd`ôc m }xh mormzf md`xhbbm dfg`'

t`ôc }xh cf yrh{hck`ô {mc k`t{mc{h kh tx lmg`b`m }xh khuf

hc Htymým p m bmt `ckàhcd`mt hc }xh em }xhkmkf ht{m yfr

lmb{m kh m}xhb G`c`t{rf bft }xh th hc{rhamrfc hc ybm{m k#*

dfc dfcdhy{f m bf Khdbmrmkf yfr hb huyrhtmkf Dfc{mkfr hc

rhtyxht{m m bm dfctxb{m }xh m ht{h mtxc{f th bh e`zf yfr

ht{h [ròxcmb# Dfgf ymrhzh kh k`dem _#! Frc# k`bà#!!* d`{m'

kf mx{f p dmr{m kh ymaf }xh f{fraf m }xh cft rhg#¹S p l`rg#/S

;?;5 / < / 99 !!


S!M@ gmrahc: Km{m kh 18= y#/! =S rr#S dfrr#*S! hc{rha#/! m K#/*

Kfg`caf Yàrhz Myfk#/¹ kh bft Ehrhkhrft khb [ehc`hc{h rh'

lfrgmkf K#/ Amtymr kh Y`chkm yfr hb <#¹ y#¹ dfrrhty#*S mb



!S

‛ ?18 ‛

8#¹ mýf |hcd`kft kht#* hb =& ymaf tforh ?5?? y& 1 r|J }xh bm

N#! Emz#!/!! bh rht{m|m kh txhbkft m{rmtmkft#!!

Hc k`hz p t`h{h kh Thy#ℯ kh g`b th{hd`hc{ft th{#* p th`t#

Yfr mx{f kh ht{h [r`oxcmb kh =< khb g`tgf kmgft hc Km{mth{hd`hc{ft d`c}xhc{m p xc y#¹S ghk`f rr#! dfrr`hc{ht hc{rh'

j¾mkft m K#¹ Kfg`c`rf Yàrhz myfkhrmkf kh k#S Jxmcm Y`chkm

@)#¹ Gmrçm p K#* Gmr{`cm k`mz> e`jm p c`h{mt khb [ehc`hc{h

rhlfrgmkf K#¹ Amtymr kh Y`chkm tha:xc dfct{m kh @ct{rx'

ghc{f f{fr?:mkf hc ht{m D`xkmk hb ?1 kh Jxb`f kh =118 mc{h

hb Htd#/¹ Yrmc#!S/ Jm|`hr Dfcah{ yfr hb <#¹ y#¹ dfrrhtyfc'

k`hc{h m 8 mýft |hcd`kft khtyxàt kh ehdef hb yr`ghr ymafhc ?9 kh Fd{xorh kh =119 tforh bm dmc{`kmk kh ?5?? y#//

1 rr#S }xh hc ht{m lem# th bh }xhkmrfc rht{mckf m kef# Fll#!

yfr rmzôc kh txhbkft m{rmtmkft p dfc khtdxhc{f kh htm Km{mrhkxd`kf tx yr`cd`ymb m ?91= y#/* < `&3 rr#S Dfgf ymrhzh khmx{ft [ht{`gfc`f kh yfkhr kft Yhk`ghc{ft B`}x`kmd`ôc

d`{mkf mx{f p dmr{m kh ymaf }xh f{fraf m }xh cft rhg`{çgft p bf l`rgmgft# 18= – 99 "" =1

Ghkrmcf ‛ Mb{fJmax`rrd ‛ Mr`#zm#

!!Mb gmrahc: Km{m kh ==9 y#! < `&f rr#/ hc{rha#/S m K#¹ Jftà

Mc{fc`f Y`g`hc{mp

khgít ehrhk#/S khb Mblàrhz K#¹ Jftà Y`'

g`hc{m yfr hb <#¹ y#¹ khb 4#¹ mýf trh# bm dmc{`kmk kh =5=1 y&< =&? rr#S }#* bm @@#! Emz#/* bh rht{m|m kh txhbkft m{rmtmkft#/

Hc k`hz p cxhoh kh Thyorh# kh g`b th{hd`hc{ft th{hc{m pth`t# Yfr mx{f }xh yrf|he`gft hc =5 khb g`tgf kmgft hc

Km{m d`hc{f k`hz yhtft th`t p ghk`f rhmbht dfrr#SSS hc{hrmkft

m K#¹ Jftthl Mc{fc`f Y`g`hc{m K#* Gmr`m Gmakmbhcm pS

khgít ehrhkhrft khb mblàrhz }xh lxh kh ht{h Yrht`k`f K#¹S

Jfthl Y`g`hc{m yfr hb <#/ y#¹ dfrhtyfck`hc{h mb 4#¹ mýf trh#

bm dmc{`kmk kh =5=1 y#S < =; rr#S }xh bm _#! Emz#!!* bh rht{m|m


hc =141 y#** Dfgf ymrhzh kh mx{ft Yhk`g#S/ hb yrf|he`kf pdmr{m kh ymaf }xh f{framrfc m }xh cft rhg`{`gft p l`r'

gmgft# ==9 / < / =1




‛ ?1< '

SSMb gmrahc : Km{m kh ? y#/** dfrr&*S bft =5;; y#¹S 4? grt#hc{rha#/S m k#// Gmc#! _fkrçaxhz kh bm \ham myfkhrmkf kh

K#/ Maxt{çc Lhrcmckf kh Y`chkf Af|#¹!! kh bm Yrf|#S khb Ym'

rmaxmp yfr b`}x`kf em|hr }xh bh dfrrhtyfck`ô kh tx txhbkf

|hcd`kf hc bft < úb{`gft ghtht kh 18 ‛ 85 y#S < rr#S ?9 grt#

ymtmkft mb _mgf kh @gomb`kft 81 y#S ?8 grt# mb Gfc{h Y`ô

G`b`{mr p bft ;9 rht{mc{ht mb kh Khyôt`{ft#/

Hc |h`c{h kh Thyorh# kh g`b th{hd`hc{ft th{hc{m p th`t#

Yfr mx{f }xh yrf|hb``gft hc =0 khb g`tgf kmgft hc Km{m

kft g`b y#!'S dfrr`hc{ht bft =5;; y#¹S 4? grt# hc{rha#/S m K#¹

Gmcxhb _fkrçaxhz kh bm \ham myfkhrmkf kh K#/* Maxt{çc

Lhrcmckf kh Y`chkf Af|#/// kh bm Yrf|`cd`m khb Ymrmaxmp

%thaúc dfct{m kh @ct{rxghc{f }xh mc{hr`frghc{h {`hch yrh'

thc{mkf p th embbm marhamkf mb Kfdxghc{f kh Km{m kh ht{h

_mgf C#¹ ?5 dfc lb`m# =9 kh Lhorhrf kh ht{h mýf) yfr b`}x`'

kf }xh bh dfrrhtyfck`ô kh txt txhbkft |hcd`kft hc bft <

úb{`gft @chtht kh ht{h mýf ymtmkf kh 18 mb rhty#*¹ kh ; S y#S

mccxmbht }xh afzm hc |rk# kh _#! Dàkxbm kh ?4 kh Hchrf kh

1; rhomjmkft =88 y#¹S 1 rr#S == grt# bft 85 y#S < rr#S ?9 grt#

ymtmkft mb rmgf kh @gomb`kft yfr hb khtdxhc{f kh 5 grt# hc

yhtf |hr`l`dmkf hc dfclfrg`kmk kh _#! Frc# kh =; kh Hchrf

kh 18 tforh ? y#// }xh `gyfr{f tx em|hr : 81 y#S ?8 grt# mb kh

Gfc{h Yçf G`b`{mr yfr hb }xh th bh e`zf kh 5 grt# hc yhtf

tforh bft =0;= y#£ dfc = rr#! p =; grt# hc }xh }xhkf rhkxd`kf

kef# em|hr khtyxàt kh rhomjmkft @gomb`kft p bft ;9 y#S

rht{mc{ht ymtmkft mb _mgf kh Khyôt`{ft }xh tfc bft g`tgftdfc}#S kh|h dfc{r`ox`r mb rhty#*¹ kh 59 y#S mccxmb#S ymrm bm

Kf{md`ôc khb Mahc{h L`tdmb kh bm _#! Mxk`hcd`m khb K`t{r`{f

dfcth}xhc{h m _#SS Yrf|#SS kh 1 kh K`zorh# kh 1= p ?1 kh Ma#*/

kh 14# Dfgf ymrhzh kh dhr{`l`dmt#£S kh |`km kmkm yfr hb Htd#/!!

kh Af|#¹¹ kh bm D`xkmk kh bm Mtxgyd`fc Gmcxhb Omde`dmf

hc ?0 kh Gmpf kh ht{h mýf Yhk`ghc{f d`{mkf mx{f B`}x`'

kmd`ôc p dmr{m kh ymaf }xh f{fraf m }xh cft rhg`{`gft p

l`rgmgft# ?#999/ 99!/ 99/

Ghkrmcm ‛ Mb{fbma```rrh ‛ Mr`zm#



‛ ?11 ‛

!!Mb gmrahc: Km{m kh 554 y#/! dfrr&SS h``{rha#/!* mb _#¹ Y#S lr#

K`fc`d`f kh @ràfjShc my#S¹ tfot{`{``{f kh bft __# YY# lr# Ehr'

ghcha`bkf Amrdh{h p Lr# Amor`hb Gàckhz m oxhcm }xhc{m

kh bft Tçcfkft }xh {`hchc |hcd`kft kh Dxrm p Dfgy#¹ khb

Yxhobf kh T#¹ Lrmx#/S/ Um|`hr#/

Hc |h`c{h p th`t kh Thy#/ kh g`b th{hd`hc{ft th{#/ p th`t#

Yfr Khdrh{f }xh huyhk`gft ht{h k`m kmgft hc Km{m fdef'

d`hc{ft fdehc{m p {rhty#!S

dfrr`hc{ht hc{rhamkft mb _#¹ Y"£lr# K`fc`d`f Jftà kh @ràfphc hc crh# p dfgf Myfkhrmkf kh

bft _N# YY# Lr# Ehrghcha`bkf Amrdh{h p Lr# Amor`hb Gàc'

khz _hbà`ftft Lrmcd`tdmcft %thaúc dfct{m kh tfot{`{xd`fc

}#* e`zf hc kef# Y#S K#¹ Jftà Am`czm hc ?9 kh Gmrzf kh ht{h

mýf) m oxhcm }#*S kh bft Tçcfkft }xh {`hchc |hcd`kft hb

yr`g#/! kh dxrm < mcft 1 ghtht p ?5 k#S kht#* ; `cdbxtòh kh

Maft{f kh A5 e#S ? hudbxtòh kh Mor`b kh 18 p hb ?#¹ kh Dfgy#¹

=9 ghtht p =9 k#S khtkh ?< `cdbxtòh kh Gmpf kh 1; e#* <

hudbxtòh kh Mor`b kh 18 mgoft hc hb Yxhobf kh @ck`ft Axm'rmx`t cfgormkf Tmc Lrmc#*// Um|`hr dxpf thr|`d`f mdrhk`'

{mrfc dfc kft dhr{`òd#SS khb Dfrrha`kfr Dm|`bkf p Mkg`'

c`t{#¹! kh kef# Yxhobf dfc hb |`t{f oxhcf khb Af|#*S kh hbbft

K#¹ Lrmc#!!¹ Orxcf kh Zm|mbm }xh th bh kh|fb|`hrfc mb myf'

khrmkf ymrm }xh bmt yrhthc{h dxmckf th bht mjxt{h kh rh'

gm{h m|fcmckfth kh bm dmc{#** kh ht{m Km{m kh }xh t`r|`ô

kh Dxrm 599 y#S p bft 54 rht{mc{ht mb dfgymýhrf# Dfgf ym'

rhzh kh Yfkhr d`{mkf Khdrh{f p rhz#¹ }xh f{fraf m }#£ cftrhg`{`gft p l`rgmgft# 554 – 99 – 99 –

Ghkrm cf ‛ M @{f bmax `rrh ‛ Mr`zm#

! J#Z gmrahc: Km{m kh 499 y#S dfrr#*S hc{rha#/S mb _#¹ Y#*

lr# K`fc`d`f Jftà kh @ràfphc myfkhrmkf khb _#¹ Y#S lr# JftàTf{f _hbà`ftf Lrmcd`tdmcf m oxhcm }#** kh bft Tçcfkft }xhem kh|hcamkf kh dxrm hc bft Yxhobft kh @ck`ft Axmrmc`t

cfgormkft Tmc{m Drxz p Tmc Jfthl#/

Hc |h`c{h p th`t kh Thyorh# kh g`b th{hd`hc{ft th{hc{m pth`t# Yfr Khd#*¹ }xh huyhk`gft ht{h k`m Kmgft hc Km{m {rht'



' ?15 '

d`hc{ft yhtft dfrr`hc{ht hc{rhamkft mb Y#S lr# K`fc`d`f Jf'

thybç kh @ràfjShc Myfkhrmkf khb _#/ Y#S lr# Jftà Tf{f _hb`'

a`ftf Lrmcd`tdmcf %thaúc dfct{m kh txot{`{xd`ôc }xh e`zf

hc kef# Ymkrh dfgf Yrfdxrmkfr khb Dfgohc{f lr# Kfg`cafJmxrhax`) m oxhcm dxhc{m kh bft T`cfkft }xh {`hch |hcd`'

kft hc ? mýft hb xcf }xh t`r|`ô hb G`c`t{hr`f kh [ehc`hc{h

Dxrm hc hb Yxhobf kh bm Drxz kht#S ?4 `cdbxtòh kh Gmpf kh

1= e#S ?4 hudbxtòh kh Gmpf kh 14 p xc mýf kh Dxrm hc

Tmc Jftà kht#£ 8 `cdbxtòh kh Jxc`f kh 14e#//

8 hudbxtòhkh àxmb ght kh 1; }xh mdrhk`{f dfc kft dhr{`l`dmd`fcht

kh bft Dfrrha`kfrht Dm|`bkft p Mkg`c`t{rmkfrht kh keft#

Yxhobft p |`t{f oxhcf khb Af|hrcmkfr kh {fkft K#!! Lrmc'

d`tdf Orxcf kh Zm|mbm }xh th bh kh|fb|`hrfc ymrm }xh

bmt yrhthc{h }xmckf th bh mjxt{h kh rhgm{h Dfgf ymrhzh

kh Yfkhr Ghg#! d`{mkf Khdrh{f p rhz#¹ }xh f{fraf m }xh cft

rhg`{`gft p l`rgmgft#

499 – 99 – 99 –


SSMb gmrahc: Km{m kh 14 y#S 4 rr#S dfrr#!£S hc{rha#// m K#¹

Gmcxhb kh Lxhc{ht hc cfgorh kh k#!! JC@mr`m Mc{fc`m Dmbbht

tx gxjhr" e`jm p ehrhkhrm khb tfbkmkf Jxmc Omy{`t{m Dmbbht

yfr hb <#¹ y#¹ yhr{hchd`hc{h m {rht mýft |hcd`kft trh# bm

dmc{`kmk kh ;44 y#S 1 rr#S }xh bm _#! Emz#*!!! bh }xhkf kh|`hckf

kh txhbkft m{rmt#¹S/

Hc |h`c{h p th`t kh Thy{`hgorh kh g`b th{hd`hc{ft th{hc{m

p th`t# Yfr mx{f kh ht{h [rò#! khb g`tgf k`m kmgft hc Km{m

th{hc{m p {rht y#S {rht rr#S dfrr`hc{ht hc{rha#/S m K#¹ WGmcxhb

Lxhc{ht hc crh# kh K#* Gmr`m Mc{fc`m Dmbbht tx gxjhr

e`jm bhu#!/!! p ehrhkhrm khb tfbkmkf }xh lxh kh ht{h Yrht`k`fJxmc Omxy{`t{m Dmbbht yfr hb <#¹ y#¹ dfrrhtyfck`hc{h m 4

mýft dfc{mkft kht#£ ?9 kh Thyorh# kh 14 e#*S ?9 kh àxmb ghtkh 1< trh# bm dmc{#S kh ;44 y#* 1 rr#S }xh bm _#! Emz#*** rhtxb'

{mom kh|hrbh bç}x`kft kh txhbkft m{rmtmkft }xhkmckf dfc

ht{h khtdxhc{f hc 4<9 y¹S ; rr&! Dfgf ymrhzh kh Mx{ft hb

khl`c`{òf khb d`{mkf k`m ?9 Thyorh# kh =114 b`}x`kmd`ôc



‛ ?10 ‛

Yhk`ghc{f hb yrf|he`kf p dmr{m kh ymaf }xh f{fraf m}xh

cft rhg#¹* p l`rgmgft# 14 – 4 – 99 –


!!Mb gmrahc : Km{m kh = y#¹S dfrr&SS hc{rha#/S m K#¹ Jxmc

Ícahb Bmzdmcf m crh# khb _#/ Y#S lr# Kfg`caf Gmd`hb khbFrc# kh Yrhk`dmkfrht m }&* kh bft T`cfkft }xh kh|hcaf#/

Hc |h`c{h p fdef kh Thyorh# kh g`b th{hd`hc{ft th{hc{m pth`t# Yfr Khdrh{f }xh huyhk`gft hc ht{h k`m Kmgft hc

Km{m: g`b yhtft dfrr#SSS hc{rha#/S m K#¹ Jxmc Ícahb Bmzdmcf

m crh# p dfgf Myfkhrmkf khb _#¹ Y#* lr# Kfg`caf Gmd`hb

khb Frc# kh Yrhk`dmkfrht thaúc dfct{m kh Yfkhr }xh bh

dfcl`r`ô hc ?1 kh Gmrzf kh ht{h mýf m oxhcm }#*S kh bft

T`cfkft }xh {`hch |hcd`kft hc 8 mýft 8 ghtht p ; kçmt kht#*

bf `cdbxtòh kh Maft{f kh =1<5 e#S =0 hudbxtòh kh Hchrf

kh 1= }xh mdrhk`{f b`m|hr thr|`kf hb G`c`t{hr`f kh Dxrm khb

Yxhobf kh @ck`ft Axmrmc`t cfgormkf Tmc @acmd`f G`c`

dfc kft dhr{`l`dmd`fcht kh tx Dfrrha`kfr p Mkg`c`t{rmkfr

p |`t{f oxhcf khb Af|hrcmkfr kh {fkft K#¹ Lrmcd`tdf Orxcfkh Zm|mbm bmt }xh th bh kh|fbo`hrfc ymrm }xh bmt yrhthc{h

}xmckf th bht muxt{h kh rhgm{h# Dfgf ymrhzh kh kef# Yfkhr

Sbhgfr`mb d`{mkf Khdrh{f p rhz#¹ }xh f{fraf m}xh cft rhg#¹*

p l`rgmgft#!

=999 – 99 – 99 –


!!Mb gmrahc: Km{m kh = ] y#S dfrr#!SS hc{rha#/S m K#¹ JxmcÍcahb Bmzdmcf m crh# khb _#/ Y#* lr# Tmc{`maf kh Hcd`cm _h'

bà`ftf Lrmcd`tdmcf m }xhc{m kh txt T`cfkft#/

Hc |h`c{h p fdef kh Thy#/ kh g`b th{hd`hc{ft th{hc{m pth`t: Yfr Khdrh{f }xh huyhk`gft ht{h k`m kmgft hc km{m

g`b yhtft dfrr#**S hc{rhamkft m K#¹ Jxmc Ícahb Bmzdmcfm cfgorh p dfgf myfkhrmkf khb _#¹ Y#* lr# Tmc{`maf Hcd`cm%thaúc dfct{m kh Yfkhr }xh tfot{`{xpf hc kef# Bmzdmcf



' ?59 ‛

hb Y#/ lr# Jxmc @acmd`f Dmorhrm hc ?? kh Jxb`f kh ht{h mýf)m oxhcm }xhc{m kh bft Tçcfkft }xh {`hch kh|hcamkft hc

8 mýft = ght p 4 k#S kht#S ; `chbxtòh kh u;aft{f kh <5 e#* 1

hudbxtòh kh Thyorh# kh 14 }xh mdrhk`{f em|hr thr|`kf hb

G`c`t{hr`f kh [ehc#*£ kh Dxrm hc hb Yxhobf kh @ck`ft Axm'

rmc`t cfgormkf T#/ Jxmc Omy{`t{m dfc {rht dhr{`l`dmt#S* kh

tx Dfrrha`kfr Dm|`bkf p Mkg`c`t{rmkfr |`tmkmt kh bft [oh'

c`hc{ht kh Af|hrcmkfr kh {fkft K#!! Amtymr kh bm Ybmzm p

k#/* lrmc#!!¹ Yàrhz }xh th bh kh|fb|`hrfc ymrm }xh bmt yrhthc{hdxmckf th bh mjxt{h kh rhgm{h Dfgf ymrhzh kh Yfkhr tfot'

{`{xpkf Ghg#S d`{mkf Khdrh{f p rhz#/ }xh f{fraf m}xh cf¾

rhg`{`gft p l`rgmgft# =999 – 99 – 99 "p


!SMb gmrahc: Km{m kh 499 y#S dfrr#*S* hc{rha#¹* m K#¹ JxmcÍcahb Bmzdmcf m crh# khb _#¹ Y#S lr# Jxmc Omy#*S Amrmpm oxhcm }#*S kh bft Tçcfkft }xh {`hch |hcd`kft hc hb Yxhobm

kh Bfrh{f#/

Hc |h`c{h p fdef kh Thyorh# kh g`b th{ht#*/S th{hc{m p th`t#

Yfr Khdrh{f }xh huyhk`gft ht{h kçm kmgft hc Km{m {rht

d`hc{ft y#¹S dfrr#*SS hc{rha#!/! m K#¹ Jxmc Ícahb Bmzdmcf m

cfgorh khb _#¹ Y#S lr# Jxmc Omy"*S Amrmp thaúc dfct{m kh

Yfkhr }xh bh dfcl`r`ô hc ?4 kh lhorhrf kh g`b th{hd`hc{ft

th{hc{m p d`cdf m oxhcm }#** kh bft Tçcfkft }xh {`hch |hcd`'

kft hc hb G`c`t{hr`f kh Dxrm khb Yxhobf kh @ck`ft Axmrmcç¾

cfgo#!S/ Crm# T#/S* kh Bfrh{f hc = mýf p < g#S kht#S =5 `chbx'

tòh kh Maft{f kh 14 e#S =5 hudbxtòh kh lho#¹ kh 18 }xhmdrhk`{f dfc dhr{`l`dmt#// khtx Dfrrha`kfr Dm|`bkf p Mkg`'

c`t{rmkfr |`tmkm khb Af|#/! kh {fkft bft Yxhobft K#¹ lrmc#!S!!

Orxcf Zm|mbm bm }xh th bh kh|fb|`ô ymrm }#£ bm yrhthc{h

}xmckf th bh mjxt{h kh rhgm{h# Dfgf ymrhzh kh kef# YfkhrGhg#! d`{mkf Khd#*¹ p rhz#¹ }#S f{fraf m}xh cft rhg`{`gft

p l`rgmgft# 499 – 99 – 99 ""




' ?5= '

!!Mb gmrahc: Xm{m kh <99 y#/ dfrr#*/S hc{rha#¹S m K#¹ JxmcÍcahb Bmzdmcf m crh# khb _#¹ Y#S Lr# Jxmc @acmd`f Yàrhz

_hbà`ftf Lrmcd`tdmcf m oxhcm }#** kh txt T`cfkft |hc'

d`kft#/

Hc |h`c{h p fdef kh Thy{`hgorh kh g`b th{hd`hc{ft th'

{hc{m p th`t# Yfr Khdrh{f }xh huyhk`gft ht{h k`m Kmgfthc Km{m th`td`hc{ft y#S dfrr#*£S hc{rhamkft m K#!! Jxmc Ícahb

Bmzdmcf m crh# khb _#¹ Y#* lr# Jxmc @acmd`f Yàrhz _hbà`ftfLrmcd`tdmcf %thaúc dfct{m kh Yfkhr tfot{`{x`kf hc kef#

Bmzdmcf y#// hb Y#S lr# Jxmc @acmd`f Dmorhrm hc ?? kh Jxb`f

kh ht{h mýf) m oxhcm }#** kh bft Tçcfkft }xh {`hch kh|hcam'

kft hc ; mýft = ght p ?5 k#S mtm|hr hc hb Yxhobf kh bm Drxz

kh [`b hc#*£ kh Dxrm = mýf p ; ghtht kht#£ 8 `cdbxtòh kh Jxb`f

kh 19 e#* 8 hudbxtòh kh Cf|orh# kh 1= p ? mýft 0 ghtht p ?5

k#S hc hb yrfy`f G`c`t{hr`f hc hb kh bm Dfcdhyd`ôc kht#£ 4

`cdbxtòh kh Jxb`f kh 14 e#S =#¹ hudbxtòh kh Gmpf kh 18

}xh mdrhk`{f dfc kft dhr{`l`d#£S kh bft Dfrrha`kfrht Dm|`bkft

p Mkg`c`t{rmkfrht kh keft# Yxhobft |`tmkmt khb Af|#/// kh

{fkft k#// Lrmc#£¹ Orxcf kh Zm|mbm }xh th bh kh|fb|`hrfc

ymrm }xh bmt yrhthc{h dxmckf th bh mjxt{h kh rhgm{h# Dfgfymrhzh kh k`def yfkhr Ghgfr`mb d`{mkf Khdrh{f p rhz#¹ }xh

f{fraf m}#£ cft rhg`{`gft p l`rgmgft#

<99 – 99 – 99 –

Ghkrmcm ‛ Mb{fbmax`rrh ‛ M|`tm#

!!Mb gmrahc: Km{m kh 1< y#S ? rr#S =4 `b grt# dfrr#*£S hc'

{rha#/S m K#¹ Jftà Ghu`m Dmrrh{f dfgmck#*S£ kh bmt Dfcdemt

g`{mk kh =?8 y#S ; rr#S ?1 R( grt# }xh kh ht{ft _mgft p khb

kh @gyxht{f th bh gmckmrfc tm{`tlmdhr dfgf dfrrhty#*£S m

bft =99 y#S dmkm mýf p {`hch kh|hcamkft kht#£ ?9 kh K`zorh#

kh 1; e#* l`c kh Jxc`f kh 1<#/

Hc kft kh Fd{xorh kh g`b th{hd`hc{ft th{hc{m p th`t hc

\rk# kh Mdxhrkf kh _#! Emz#*SS dhbhormkf hc 0 kh Thy#/£ kh

kef# mýf kmgft hc Km{m th{hc{m p th`t y#¹S kft rr#S {rhzh

fczh kfzh m|#S grt# dfrr#*£S hc{rhamkft m K#/ Jftà Ghu`mDmrrh{f dfgmck#*£ khb Yxhr{f kh bmt Dfcdemt yfr bm arm{`'



' ?5? '

l`dmd`fc }xh th bh thýmbf hc kb`f# Mdxhrkf kh =99 y& mccxm'bht bft 89 kh ht{ft _mgft p bft f{rft 89 khb kh @gyxht{f yfr

hb {rm|mjf p dx`kmkf }xh {`hch hc {fgmr yxc{xmb dxhc{m

P rmzôc kh bm dmrum }xh dfckxdhc bft Omrdft khb Ymrmaxmp

p Dfrr`hc{ht ymr{`d`yíckfbh m ht{h [ròxcmb p bm dmc{#S kh

ht{m Km{m ht bm }xh bh dfrrhtyfck`ô p th bh dfcd`khrf kht#/

?9 kh K`zorh# kh 1; }xh kh frkhc khb T#*// Dmy#/ Ahchrmb

ymtf m ht{mobhdhr hc m}xhbbm Axmrk`m thaúc dfct{m kh dhr'

{`l`dmd`ôc khb Tmrahc{f Gmpfr @c{hr`cf kh ht{m Ybmzm K#¹mblfctf Tf{fdm b`#!! l`c kh Jxc`f kh 1<# Dfgf ymrhzh kh

Ghgfr`mb @clfrgh khb [ròxcmb d`{#*S/ Mdxhrkf dhr{`l`dmz#//

p rhz#¹ }xh f{fraf m}xh cft rhg`{`gft p l`rgmgft#

1< – ? – =4 E


S!Mb gmrahc: Km{m kh =?5 y#/*/ 1 rr#S ; p\ grt# dfrr#*£S hc'

{rha#/! m k#¹ _mgôc kh Mcdb`fr`z My#!!¹ khb _#¹ Y#* lr# Omr'

{efbfgh kh bft _hpht khb Frc# kh N{rm# Thýfrm kh Ghrdhkht

yfr @gy#*S kh bft Tçcfkft }xh b`m |hcd`kf kh Dxrm hc hb

Yxhobf kh @ck`ft Mo`yfcht cfgormkf Tmc Ahrôc`gf#/

Hc dm{frzh kh Fd{xorh kh g`b th{hd`hc{ft th{hc{m p th`t#

Yfr Khd#S¹ }xh huyhk`gft Kmgft hc Km{m d`hc{f |h`c{h pfdef y#¹S t`h{h rr#!! }xm{rf th`t kfz m|t# grt# dfrr`hc{ht hc'

{rhumkft m K#// _mgôc kh Mcdb`fr`z myfk#¹ khb _#¹ Y"S lr#

Omr{e"/S kh bft _hpht rhbà`ftf Ghrdhkmr`f thaúc dfct{m

kh @ct{rxghc{f f{framkf hc Tmc{m Lh hc ?4 kh Thyorh" kh

ht{h mýf mc{h hb Htt#¹/ kh Dm|`bkf p _#! Emz#SS Mgorft`f

@acmd`f Dmg`cft yfr `gy#*£ khb T`cfkf }xh em kh|hcamkf hc

hb SG`c`t{hr`f kh Dxrm Kfd{r`chrf hc hb Yxhobf kh @ck`ft

Mo`yfcht kh m}xhbbm Jxr`tk`dd`ôc cfgormkf T#¹ Ahrôc`gfhc 1 ghtht ?= k#S kht#* ?9 `cdbxtòh kh Thy#//S kh 18 e#/ =? hu'

dbxtòh kh Sbmpf kh 1< }xh mdrhk`{f tx hu`t{hcd`m dfc dhr'

{`l`dmt#*! khb dxrm p Dm|`bkf kh kef# Yxhobf p khb [ehc#**

kh Af|#*// kh kem# D`xkmk k#¹ Ghbdefr kh Hdemaxh p Mck`m

}xh mb rhtyhd{f kh ?99 y#S mccxmbht }xh bh ht{íc mtàcmkft

`gyfr{m bm rhlhr`km dmc{#S Dfgf ymrhzh kh kb`mt# dhr{`l`'



/S

‛ ?54

dmt#/* Yfkhr d`{mkf Khdrh{f p rhz#¹ }xh f{fraf m}xh cft

rhg`{`gft p l`rgmgft# =?5 "" 1 – ; MGhkrmcf ‛ Mb{fJmax`rrd ‛ Mr`zm#

S!Mb gmrahc: Km{m kh ;99 y#* dfrr&SS h``{rha#/S m k#¹ Lehb`yh

kh Mrdxòhb Myfkhrmkf khb _#¹ Y#* lr# Jxmc Mthcd`f Yhýmb'|m khb Frkhc Thrmyb``df yfr `gy&* khb T`cfkf }xh {`hch

|hcd`kf hc ? mýft kh [b`hc`hc{h kh Dxrm khb Yxhobf kh Crm#

Thýfrm kh bm Dfcdhyd`ôc kh Dmpmt{m#/

Hc dm{frzh kh Fd{xorh kh g`b th{hd`hc{ft th{hc{m p th`t#

Yfr Khdrh{f }#* huyhk`gft hc =? khb g`tgf kmgft hc Km{m

}xm{rfd`hc{ft y#¹S dfrr#*S/ hc{rha#/S m k#¹ Yehb`yh kh mraxòhb

Myfkhrmkf khb H#¹ Y#S lr# Jxmc Mthcd`f Yhýmb|m khb Frc#

Thrmye`df thaúc dfct{m kh @ct{rxg#*/ f{framkf hc Tmc{m Lhhc 8 kh kef# ght kh Fd{xorh mc{h hb Htt#¹¹ kh Dm|`bkf p_#! Emz#!SS Mgorft`f @acmd`f Dmg`cft yfr `gyfr{h kh bft

T`cfkft }xh em kh|hcamkf kh Mpx#** kh Dxrm cfgo#**/ kh

Crm# T#/S* kh bm Dfcdhyd`ôc kh Dmpmt{m hc kft mýft kht#S =8

kh Thy#/* kh 1; b`#!! =8 kh à#! ght kh 1< }xh mdrhk`{f dfc

dhr{`l`dmd`fcht khb dxrm p dmz`}xhz kh kef# Yxhobf p khb

[ehc#!/ kh Af|#¹! kh bm rhlhr`km D`xk#*S K#!! Ghbdefr kh ¶dem'

aòh p Mck`m mb rhtyhd{f kh ?99 y#* }xh mccxmbg#!S ht{ícmtàcmkft Dfgf ymrhzh kh kemt# dhr{`l`dmt#SS Yfkhr Ghgf'r`mb d`{mkf Khdrh{f p rhz#¹ }xh f{fraf m}#S cft rhg`{`gft pl`rgmgft#

!

;99"" 99"" 99*"


!'Mb gmrahc: Km{m kh =99 y#¹/ dfrr#**! hc{rha#/! mb _#¹ Y#*

lr# Jftà Ohrcmb khb Frkhc kh Tmc Lrmcd`tdf m oxhcm }#!*

kh bft T`cfkft }xh {`hch |hòd`kf kh [ehc`hc{h kh Dxrm khb

Yxhobf kh T#/ Lrmc#/¹ Um|`hr#/

Hc }x`czh kh Fd{xorh kh g`b th{hd`hc{ft th{hc{m p th`t#

Yfr Khdrh{f }#* huyhk`gft ht{h kçm kmgft hc Km{m d`hc y#/!



' ?5; ‛

dfrr`hc{ht hx{rha#/S mb _#/ Y#S Jfthye Ohrcmb khb Frkhckh Tmc Lrmcd`tdf Jm|`hr m oxhcm }#** kh bft Tçcfkft }#! em

kh|hcamkf kh [ehc`hc{h kh Dxrm khb Yxhobf kh Tmc lrmc#*S¹

Jm|`hr kh @ck`ft Axmrmc`t hc xc mlçf dfc{mkf khtkh =5

`cdbxtòh kh Fd{xorh kh =11= b`#S =5 hudbxtòh kh àxmb ghtkh 1? }xh e`zf dfct{mr kh dhr{`l`dmd`ôc khb Dfrrha`kfr Dm'

|`bkf p Mkg`c`t{rmkfr kh kef# Yxhobf p |`t{f oxhcf khb

Af|#/// kh hbbft K#¹ rrmc#*7¹ Orxcf kh Zm|mbm }xh th bh kh'

|fb|`ô ymrm }xh bm yrhthc{h }xmckf th bh mjxt{h kh rhgm{hdfgf ymrhzh kh Ghg& Khdrh{f p rhz`|f }xh f{fraf m}xh cft

rhc`#/S p l`rg#¹S =99 – 99 – 99 –


!SSMb gmrahc: Km{m kh 489 y#S dfrr&SS hc{rha#/S m Jmd`c{f

Làxhrfm Yfr{hrf kh bm Dfc{#S g#/// kh dxhc{mt kh ht{mt

Yrf|#/S ymrm tm{`tlmdhr bft amt{ft kh hbbm hc {fkf hb mlçf#/

Hc k`hz p th`t kh Fd{xorh kh g`b th{hd`hc{ft th{hc{m pth`t# Hc |`r{xk kh fl`d`f khb T#*// Dfc{mkfr g#/// kh dxhc{mt

kh ht{mt Yrf|`cd`mt K#/ Dmck`kf _mgft khb g`tgf k`m

kmgft hc Km{m {rhtd`hc{ft d`c}xhc{m yhtft dfrr`hc{ht hc'

{rhamkft m Jmd`c{f Làxhrfm Yfr{hrf kh kem# Dfc{mkxrçm

ymrm tm{`tlmdhr bft amt{ft dmxtmkft hc hbbm hc {fkf hb yrh'

thc{h mcf dxpm dmc{#** bh ht{m dfct`khrmkm mccxmbghc{h yfr

fl`d`f khb Sr Af|#¹S p Dmy#/ Ahc#! kh ?4 kh Maft{f kh =114

}xh th embbm marhamkf mb Kfdxghc{f kh Km{m kh ht{h _mgfhc kef# mýf mb C#¹ <5 dfgf ymrhzh khb d`{mkf fl`d`f p rhz#¹

}xh f{fraf m}xh cft rhg`{`gft p l`rgmgft#

489 – 99 – 99 –


/Mb gmrahc: Km{m kh 4<5 y#¹S dfrr#*£S tmdmkft kh ht{ft

_mgft y#// `gyfr{h kh bm [mtmd`ôc kh ?4 _fbbft kh [momdf

charf myrhehck`kf yfr Jxmc Amrh{m p myb`dmkf m T# G#

ymrm rhg`{`r m Htymým#/



‛ ?58 ‛

Hc k`hz p fdef kh Fd{xorh kh g`b th{hd`hc{ft th{#S p th`t

kmgft hc Km{m {rhtd`hc{ft th{hc{m p fdef y#S dfrr`hc{ht }xh

hc \rk# kh mx{f kh ht{h [rò#S kh 8 kh Ma#*¹ kh =114 th tmdm'

rfc kh ht{ft _mgft yfr `gy#** kh bm {mtmd`ôc kh ?4 rfbbft

kh [momdf charf khb Ormt`b dfc ;< I ch{mt m 5 y& }xh th

hc{rha#/ hc _#S Mbgmdhcht ymrm tx rhg`t`ôc m Htymým myrh'

ehckm y& Jxmc Amrh{m Ym{rôc kh bm Dembxym Dfrtmr`m Crm#

Trm# khb Y`bmr dfc xcm dmcf|m }#* yfr `cthroòbh th gmckf

khtomrm{mr ymrm yxhc{ht khb _`mdexhbf p ht{m dmc{& lxhymrm emdhr bmt myb`dmd`fcht khtyxht{mt yfr Krf# dfgf ym'

rhzh kh Mx{ft hc Mbgfu#/ C#¹ 0 [ht{`gfc`f khb yrf|he`kf

k`t{ròx t#//* p cf{m kh }xhkmr thc{mkm ht{m Ymr{`km m }xh

cft rhg`{`gft p l`rgmgft# 4<5 / 99 / 99 /


SSMb gmrahc : Km{m kh ;? y#S 1 =; rr#S dfrr#*SS tmdmkft kh

ht{ft _mgft yfr `gy&S kh bm [mtmd`ôc kh < I =? @o# kh [momdf charf khb Ormt`b p 8 omrr`b`{ft kh Dmdemzm myrhehc'

k`kft yfr hb Dfrtmr`f Jxmc kh Om}xhrfzm p myb`dmkft mb _#!

Thr|`d`f#!'

Hc |h`c{h p xcf kh Fd{xorh kh g`b th{hd`hc{ft th{hc{m p

th`t kmgft hc km{m }xmrhc{m p kfty#¹*

t`h{h p }xmr{`bbf rr#//

S]Yj"{ht }Sa ajj pj"S ¶a SSSSp Sy SSS [ròxcmb kh ?; kh Mor`b

khb g`tgf th tmdmrfc kh ht{ft _mgft yfr `gy#** kh bm [mtm'

d`ôc kh < I =? ro# kh [momdf charf khb Ormt`b m 8 y#S I }xh

th hc{rhaf hc _#*S Mbgmdhcht ymrm rhg`{`r m Htymým p 8

Omrr`b`{ft kh Dmdemzm hb xcf omd`f hc ; rr#S p bft rht{mc{ht

dfc k`hz p th`t lrmtdft m 8 rr#S dmkm xcf kht{`cmkft ymrm bmt

@tbmt Gmb|`cmt myrhehck`k#/S yfr hb Dfrtmr`f Jxmc kh Om'

}xhrfzm hc bm |fdm khb Yxhr{f kh bmt Dfcdemt }xh dfc xc

Of{h }xh yfr `cthroòbh th gmckf khtomrm{mr ymrm htybm'

cmkmt p yxhc{h khb _`mdexhbf dxpm dmc{#S lxh ymrm emdhr

bmt myb`dmd`fcht k`tyxht{mt yfr krf# Dfgf ymrhzh kh mx{ft

hc Mbgfu#/ C#¹ =9 hb yrf|he`kf k`t{ròxt#// p cf{m }xh hc

{ht{`g#/ t`r|hc kh dfgyrf|#** m ht{m Ymr{#!! m }#S cft rhg#¹S

p l`rgmgft# ;? – 1 – 5 j(




‛ ?5< ‛

!SMb gmrahc: Km{m kh 40 y& dfrr#!*!* tmdmkft kh ht{ft _m'gft ymrm myb`dmr mb Dfg`tf kh ?9 _fbbft kh [momdf myrh'

ehck`kf yfr hb Axmrkm g#//S =)#¹ Mckràt khb [frf p hb Axmrr

km \`dhc{h De`cmc/#

Hc |h`c{h p }xm{rf kh Fd{#!£ kh g`b th{ht#¹S th{hc{m p th`t#

Kmgft hc Km{m {rh`c{m p cxh|h y#¹S }xm{rf rr#S dfrr`hc{ht

}xh dfcth}xhc{h m Mx{f kh ht{h [rò#! kh < kh Gmpf khb

g`tgf mýf th tmdmrfc kh ht{h _mgf yfr `gy#!£ kh bm [mtm'

d`ôc kh ?9 _fbbft kh [momdf charf khb Ormt`b dfc 40 @&? I S

5 rr#S myrhehck`kft y#// hb Axmrkm g#/// kh _#! Emz#!S!* K#¹

Mckràt khb [frf p# hb Axmrkm \`dhc{h De`cmc hc xc ]xmr{f

hc hb Mb{f kh Tmc Yhkrf p th hc{rhamrfc hc _#S Mbgmdhcht

ymrm rhg`{`r m Htymým dxpm dmc{`#*S lxh ymrm emdhr bmt

myb`dmd`fcht rb`tyxht{mt yfr Krf# Dfgf ymrhzh kh Mx{ft

hc Mbgfu#¹ C#¹ == [ht{`g#¹ khb yrf|he`kf k`t{ròxt#// p cf{m

}xh t`r|hc kh dfgyrf|mc{h m ht{m Ymr{#!! m}xh cft rhg#!! p

l`rc`#S 40 "" ; – 99 –


/Mb gmrl`dc: Km{m kh '=9 y#S dfrr"*SS hc{rha#/* mb Dmrrh{hrf

Lhb`d`mcf Gfrmbht yfr hb lbh{h p dfckxt#// e#!! Ghckfzm kh

K#¹ [efgmt kh Làxhrfm hc dmb`kmk kh yrhtf#/

Hc |h`c{h j th`t kh Fd{xorh kh g`b th{hd`hc{ft th{hc{m

p th`t# Yfr khdrh{f }xh huyhk`gft ht{h k`m kmgft hc km{m

}xmrhc{m y#*! dfrr#*SS hc{rhamkft m Lhb`d`mcf Gfrmbht yfr

hb lbh{h hc }xh th mjxt{f yfr hb {rmctyfr{h p txt{hc{f emt{m

bm D`xk#S kh WGhckfzm hc xcm kh txt dmrrh{mt kh bm yhrkfcm

kh K#/ [efgmt Làxhrfm }xh kh Frc# khb T#/// Dmy#/ Ahc#! th

rhg`{h m Tmc{`maf kh De`bh hc dmb`kmk kh yrhtf:

Dfgf ym'rhzh kh keft# Khd#¹S p rhz#¹ }xh f{fraf m}xh cft rhg#¹S pl`rg#¹S

!

;9 – 99 – 99 –




‛ ?51 '

SSMb gmrl&{c: Km{m kh =;94 y#! ; rr& dfrr&*S tmdmkft khht{ft _mgft p ymtmkft m hb kh Khyôt`{ft dfgf `gy&* kh

=99 Omrr#S kh Maxmrkm* dmdemzm p f{rft hlhd{ft yhr{hch'

d`hc{ht mb cmxlrma`f kh bm Zxgmdm Yfr{xaxhtm Crm# Trm#

kh bm Y`hkmk#/

HSc |h`c{h p cxh|h kh Fd{xorh kh g`b th{ht#/S th{hc{m pth`t : kmgft hc Km{m g`b }xm{rfd`hc{ft {rht y#¹S }xm{rf rr#S

dfrr#!SS }xh hc |rk# kh Mx{f Srf|hb``kf hc ?0 kh Jxb`f kh

18 th tmdmrfc kh ht{ft _mgft p ymtmrfc m hb kh khyôt`{ft

bft =499 y& yfr hb |mbfr kh bm {mtmd`ôc kh =99 omrr#S kh

Maxmrk&S dmdemzm mb rhtyhd{f kh =4 y#¹S dmkm xcf }xh yfr

ht{mr yrfe`o`km tx |hc{m th emc hc{rhamkf hc _#* Mbgmdhcht

dfc kht{`cf mbmt @tbmt Gmb|`cmt p bft =94 y#¹S ; rr#S rht{mc{ht

}xh `gyfr{f bm {mtmd`ôc kh 0 {mdeft kh dforh dfc =45 {t# m

23 rr& d#mkm xcm }xh yfr Frc# khb T#/// Dmy#/ Armb# kh 5 kh

Gmpf kh 18 }#S th embbm ml#*S 4< kh bft mx{ft kh bm Zxgmdm

Yfr{xaxhtm Urm# Trm kh bm Dfcdhyd`ôc p T#/ Lrmc#// khYmxbm cmxlrmumkm hc hb _`f a#**£ }xhkmrfc hc Gfc{h|#/

mlçc kh }xh t`r|`hthc ymrm dfzhr bm dfg`km kh bft @ck`ft pdmt{mt g`b`d`mcmt }xh e`omc m emdhr hb thr|#/ hc m}#!!* Ybmzm

dxpm dmc{#** th marhaf mb yrfkxd{f kh bft khgít hl#**S }#* hc

8 kh K`zbx!h# kh kef# mýf kh 18 th rhgm{mrfc hc yy#*/* Mbgf'

chkm y#// K#/ Ohrcmrkf Arhafr`f kh bmt Ehrmt dfgf yhr{h'

cht#** mb cmxlrma`f kh bm Zxgmdm Crm# Trm# kh bm Y`hkmk

p dfct{m kh Ymr{`km kh dmraf kh ?=9? y#S ? rr#/* ? = p\ m|#*

grt# hc hb _mgf kh Khyôt`{ft dfc ht{m lem# mb C"¹ =0 e#S bm

kh{hrg`cmt#// kh Tx G# m}#/ th em kmkf dxhc{m dfc {ht{`gf'

c`f kh bft mx{ft kh bm gm{hr`m : Dfgf ymrhzh kh hbbft hb

yrf|he`kf kh =< kh Fd{xorh kh 1< b`}#// p cf{m }xh hc{ht'

{`gfc`f t`r|hc kh dfgyrf|mc{h m ht{m Ymr{`km m}xh cft

rhg#! p l`rg#¹S =;94 – ; – 99 –


/Mb gmrljh``: Km{m kh ;<5 y#S dfrr#*£* tmdmkft kh ht{ft

_mgft p ymtmkft mb kh Khyôt`{ft dfgf `gy#** kh bm {mtmd`ôc

kh 4< Omrr#S kh Maxmrk#SS dmdemzm yhr{hc#** mb cmxlrma`f

kh bm Zxgmdm Crm# Trm# kh bm Dfcdhyd`ôc#/



' ?55 ‛

Hc |h`c{h p cxh|h kh Fd{xorh kh g`b th{hd`hc{ft th{hc{mp th`t# Kmgft hc Km{m }xm{rfd`hc{ft ththc{m p fdef y& df'

rr#**S }xh hc |`r{xk kh mx{f yrf|he`kf hc ? kh Maw¹ kh 18

th tmdmrfc kh ht{ft _mgft yfr `gy&S kh bm [mtmd`ôc kh 4<Omrr#S kh MawS dmdemzm mb rhty#*¹ kh =4 y& dmkm xcf }xhth emc hc{rhamkf hc _#SS Mbgmdhcht dfc kht{`cf m Gmb|`cmt

dxpm dmc{& th ymtf mb _mgf kh Khyôt`{ft e#S bm kh{hrg`'

cmt#// kh T# G# marhamkm mb yrfkxd{f kh bft khgít hlhd{ft

}xh hc 8 kh K`zorh# kh 18 th rhgm{mrfc hc yy#/S* Mbgfchkmyfr k#/ Ohrcmrkf Arhafr`f kh bmt Ehrmt dfgf yhr{hchz"*SS

mb cmxlrma`f kh bm Zxgmdm Yfr{xaxhtm Crm# Trm# kh bm Dfc'

dhyd`ôc p Tmc Lrmc#// kh Ymxbm thaúc dfct{m kh Ymr{#S kh

Dmraf kh ?90 y#S = Pf rr#S hc kef# _mgf dfc ht{m lem# mb

C#¹ ?9 dfgf ymrhzh kh mx{ft hb yrf|he`kf f{rf kh =< kh

Fd{xorh kh 1< B`}#¹/ p cf{m }xh hc{ht{`g#/ t`r|h kh dfg'

yrf|mc{h m ht{m Ymr{`km m}xh cft rhg#/S p l`rg#¹S

;<5"" 99 – 99 –


!!Mb gmrahc: Km{m kh ;<4 y#S ? rr#S dfrr#SSS tmdmkft kh

ht{ft _mgft yfr `gy#!£ kh bm {mtmd`ôc kh 4= Omrr#! kh dm'

demzm p f{rft hlhd{ft myb`dmkft mb _#! Thr|`d`f dxpm dmc{#/S

th ymtf mb _mgf kh Khyôt`{ft yfr yhr{hcht#*S mb cmxlrma`f

kh Crm# Trm# kh Ofcmczm#/

Hc |h`c{h p cxhoh kh Fd{xorh kh g`b th{hd`hc{ft th{hc{m pth`t kmgft hc Km{m }xm{rfd`hc{ft ththc{m p {rht y¹S kft rhm'

bht dfrr#*£S }xh hc \rk# kh mx{f yrf|he`kf hc ?0 kh Jxb`f kh

18 th tmdmrfc kh ht{ft _mgft bft ;94 y#S |mbfr kh bm {mtmd`ôc

kh 4= Omrr#S kh Maxmrk#*S dmdemzm }xh th hc{rhamrfc hc _#**

Mbgmdhcht dfc kht{`cf m Gmb|`cmt p bft <9 y#S ? rr#S rht{mc'

{ht `gyfr{h kh bm {mtmd`ôc kh 44 dmr{xdehrmt ?< t`c{xrfchtdfc om`cmt kh ompfch{m ?0 ompfch{mt khtcxkmt < Omrr#S kh

Mdhp{h kh Ombbhcm p =5 Mrft kh dhkmzf myb`dmkf {fkf ymrm

thr|#¹ kh bm [rfym p _#S Formt dxpm dmc{#*S th yxtf hc hb

_mgf kh Khyôt`{ft e#S bm kh{hrg#¹¹ kh T# G# marhamkm mb

yrfkxd{f kh bft khgít hl#/** }xh hc 8 kh K`zorh# kh 18

rhgm{f hc yy#!S!! Mbgfchkm K#// Ohrcmrkf Arhafr`f kh bmt



‛ ?50 ‛

Ehrmt dfgf yhr{hcht&SS mb cmxlrma`f kh bm Zògmdm Yfr{x'axhtm Nrm# Trm# kh Ofcmczm thaúc dfct{m kh Ymr{`km

kh dmraf kh 585 y& ; rr#S 5 l` c`rt# hc kb`f# rmgf dfc ht{m

lem# mb C#/ ?=# Dfgf ymrhzh kh mx{ft hb yrf|hb``kf f{rf kh

=< kh Fd{xorh kh 1< b`}#¹¹ p cf{m }xh hc {ht{`g#/ t`r|hc

kh dfgyrf|mc{h mht{m Ymr{#* m }xh cft rhg`{`gft p l`r'

gmgft# ;<4 – ? – 99 ""


SSMb gmrahc: Km{m kh 1454 y#¹S ? @&? rr#S dfrr`hc{ht tmdm'

kft kh ht{ft _mgft yfr `gy#*£ m }xh mtdhck`ô bm {mtmd`ôc

kh bft hl#¹S dfc{hc`kft hc bm Zxgmdm Yfr{xaxhtm Crm# Trm#

khb Dmrghc Tmc Mc{fc`f j Mc`gmt myrhtmkm hc hb _`f a#**S

dfc hb |mbfr khb dmtdf mymrhjft p Of{h p ymtmkft mb _mgf

kh Khyôt`{ft e#S bm kh{hrg`cmt#// kh T# G#/

Hc {rh`c{m kh Fd{xorh kh g`b th{ht#/S th{#S p th`t# Yfr mx{f

yrf|hbb`kf ht{h k`m dfcth}xhc{h m f{rf kh ht{h [ròxcmb kh

4 kh Cforh# kh =11; Kmgft hc Km{m t`h{h g`b {rhtd`hc{ft

fdehc{m p {rht yhtft kft p ghk`f rr#S dfrr#*SS tmdmkft kh

ht{ft _mgft yfr `gy#** m }xh mtdhck`ô bm {mtmd`ôc kh kft

charft p khgít hl#¹S dfc{hc`kft hc bm Zxgmdm Yfr{xaxhtm

cfgormkm Crm# Trm# khb Dmrghc Tmc Mc{fc`f p Mc`gmt tx

dmy#¹ K#¹ Jxmc Yhrhprm myrhtmkm hc hb _`f a#S£ kh T#!! Yhkrf

dfc xc Of{h }xh tmb`ô kh bm yxc{m kh T#¹ Yhkrf `cdbxtf hb

|mbfr kh bm {mtmd`ôc kh hc{rmgoft Ox}xht dfc {fkft txt

myhrft kh dxpm dmc{#S rhomjmkft =<8= y#¹S 1 ( rr#S hc ht{m

lfrgm ?91 y#S ; rr#S kh dft{mt yrfdhtmbht ;9 y#S }xh th rhax'

bmrfc kh Fcfrmr`f mb Mthtfr cfgormkf hb K#// K#// Jftà Ym'

obf Dfc{` ?9 y#S rhaxbmkft m K#// Dfrchb`f Gm{e`mt kh _ffyfr hb {rmomjf }xh `gyhck`ô hc hb df{hjf yrmd{`dmkf kh bft

hlhd{ft hc{rhamkft p k`t{ròx`kft : =415 y#S 4 `&S rr#S }xh thymtmrfc mb _mgf kh Ht{rmfrk#/S thaúc dfct{m kh bm Ymr{`km

kh dmraf C#¹ ?0 yfr `gy#S kh 4990 rmd`fcht kh gmr p =814

kh [`hrrm }xh th txog`c`t{rmrfc kh }#** kh bm _#! Emz#*S* hc

m}#! kht{`cf m bm {r`yxbmd`ôc p ymtmahrft kh kb`f# Zxgmdm pOf{h mb rhty#*¹ kà ? ( dmkm xcm kh bmt yr`g#S j = ( rr#!S

bmt tha#!!/S p bft < y#S rht{mc{ht }xh th frà`cmrfc kh amt{ft

YXOB# THD# gT[# =0



' ?09 ‛

hc bm dfckxt#*// j hc{rham hc H& Mbgmdhcht kh bft hl#¹S }xh th

rhgm{mrfc hc yy#¹S Mbgfchkm hc 4 kh Thyorh# kh 1; df'

rrhty&£S m kem# Zxgmdm }xhkmrfc b`}#¹S 814= y#¹* 4 rr#S }xh

hc |rk# kh Mx{f kh ; kh Thyorh# kh 1< th ymtmrfc mb Hmgf kh

Khyôt`{ft e#S bm kh{hrg`cmt#// kh T# G# dfc ?1 y#* yhr'

{hchd`hc{ht m hb Gmr`chrf K`lxc{f Ohrcmrkf kh Mdft{m j th

marhamrfc m ?9= y#S 1 rr#S ?0 `SS grt# }xh em|`m hu`t{hc{ht hc

hb g`tgf Hmgf dfgf rht{f khb yrfkxd{f kh keft# aàchrft

}xh th rhgm{mrfc hc yxob`dm Mbgfchkm dfrrhtyfck`hc{ht

m bmt huyrhtmkmt Zxgmdmt thaúc th gmc`l`ht{m hc bm Ymr{`km

kh dmraf dfc ht{m lem# mb C#¹ ?? kh dmc{#*S kh 8185 y#S 4 rr#S

Dfgf ymrhzh kh Mx{ft bft yrf|he`kft b`}#¹!! p cf{m }xh hc

{ht{`g#/ t`r|hc kh dfgyrf|#*S£ m ht{m Ymr{#S!! m }xh cft rhg#¹S

p bf ýrg#¹S 1454 – ? – =1


!!Mb gmrahc: Km{m kh 8 y#£ ? rr#S dfrr#**/S hc{rha#¹S m K#//

Gmr`mcf Zmcdf yfr `gy#*S kh bm gmcx{hcd`ôc p rfym b`gy`m

}xh em txog`c`t{rmkf hc =; k`mt m K#// [efgmt L`axhrfm#/

Hc d`cdf kh Cf|#//£ kh g`b th{hd`hc{ft th{hc{m p th`t# YfrKhd#*¹ }xh huyhk`gft ht{h k`m dfcth}#*S m f{rf khb Af|#¹¹ kh

=; kh Fd{xorh kmgft hc Km{m d`cdf y#S ? rr#S dfrr#*SS hc'

{rha#¹S m K#!! Gmr`mcf Zmcdf yfr `gy#*S kh bft amt{ft dmxtm'

kft hc bm gmcx{hcd`ôc p rfym b`gy`m dfc }xh mu`t{{`f m K#/

[efgmt L`axhrfm hc bft =; k`mt }xh ht{xof yrhtf hc ht{m

Lfr{mbhzm yfr k`tyft`d`ôc khb Thýfr Dmy#!! Armb# Dfgf ym'

rhzh kh kef# Khdrh{f khb Af|#¹¹ dxhc{m hb huyhk`kf p rhz#¹

}xh f{fraf m }xh cft rhg"¹S p l`rg#¹S 8 – ? – 99 –


/Mb gmrahc: Km{m kh =81< y#¹S < rr#S dfrr#*£S hc{rha#/S mb

Mkg`c`t#!// kh Dfrrhft K#!! Gmcxhb kh Omtmo`bomtf y#// `gy#**

kh bft yfr{ht kh dmr{mt p yb`haft kh fl`d`f }xh em rhz#¹ hb

T#/!/ Af|#/// yhr{hcht#*SS mb H#! Thr|#¹/



‛ ?0= ‛

Hc d`cdf kh Cf|orh# kh g`b th{hd`hc{ft th{hc{m p th`t#

Kmgft hc Km{m g`b }x`c`hc{ft th{hc{m p th`t y#¹S th`t rr&

dfrr&SS }#* hc |`r{xk kh Khdrh{f khb T#/// Af|"//S p Dmy#/ Armb#

kh 49 kh Fd{xorh hc{rhamrfc mb Mkg`c`t{rmkfr Ahc#* kh

Dfrrhft kh ht{mt Yrf|#S K#// Gmcxhb kh Omtmo`bomtf `gy#S

m }xh mtdhck`hrfc bft yfr{ht kh yb`haft kh fl`d`f dft{ft kh

mbdmczht f dfrrhft hu{rmfrk`c#/S }xh yhr{hcht#*SS mb N#! Thr'

|`d`f m rhz#¹ kh kef# T#*// Af|#*// p kh Frc# kh tx Thýfrçm

em khtymdemkf hb d`{mkf Mkg`c`t{rmkfr kht#* 1 kh Jxb`fkh 1; e#* =; kh Fd{xorh kh 1< t`c `cdbx`r hb |mbfr kh bm

dfrrhtyfckhcd`m }xh em dfckxd`kf bm lrmam{m dfrrhf bm k`'

bàhcd`m# Dfgf ymrhzh kh dxhc{m rhlhr`kf Khd#*¹ p rhz#¹ }xh

f{fraf m }#¹ cft rhg#¹! p l`rg#¹S =81< – < – 99 –

* Ghkrmcm ‛ Mb{fbmax`rrh ‛ Mr`zm#

/Mb gmrahc: Km{m kh 0?1 y#¹S ? rr#S < `( grt# dfrr#**/ tm'

dmkft kh ht{ft Nmgft y#! }#** kh =;;? y#S ; rr#S }xh bm _#*

Emz#S* kh|h m hb k`lxc{f K#/* Lrmc#*!/ Mbzmpomr p ymtmkft mb

kh @gy#*¹ hc rh`c{harf kh à#* dmc{#/S }xh ht{h p K#/ DftghMbomcht rht{m|mc kh|`hckf m bm g`tgm _"! Emz#/**#/

Hc kfzh kh Cf|`hgorh kh g`b th{ht#¹S th{hc{m p th`t# Km'

gft hc Km{m cxh|hd`hc{ft |h`c{h p t`h{hy#¹S

kft rr#S th`t pth`t kfz# m|t# grt# dfrr`hc{ht hc |rk# kh Mdxhrkf dhbhormkf

hc ?? kh Jxb`f th tmdmrfc kh ht{ft _mgft yfr }#** kh =;;? y#!

; rr#S }xh bm _#! Emz#*** rht{mom kh|`hckf m hb k`lxc{f K#¹

Lrmc#!!¹ Mbzmpomr b`}#¹S kh ?9=5 y#S < rr#S }xh bh e`zf kh mbdmc'

zh yfr txybhghc{f mb _#! Ehrmr`f p kh }xh th bh {hc`m tm{`t'

lhdef hb < y#¹ dfrrhtyfck`hc{h m 8 mýft dxpm dmc{#/* th ymtf

mb rmgf kh @gyrhtf hc Ymr{`km kh dmraf dfc ht{m lem# C#¹ ==

hc rh`c{harf kh à#! dmc{#S }xh K#¹ Dftgh Mbomchz dfgf yr`c'

d`ymb p hb d`{mkf K#// Lrmcd`tdf kh Mbzmpomr dfgf tx l`mkfr

rht{mom kh|`hckf m bm g`tgm _#! Emz#*** ymrm hb dxgyb`'

g`hc{f kh ? T)J y#S }xh khb lfckf kh k`def _mgf kh @gyxht{f

th bh em|`mc txyb`kf m hb yr`ghrf hc ?? kh K`zorh# kh =1<<

dfcth}xhc{h m Fg# kh ht{h Af|#¹¹ y#* hb bmofrhf kh bmt G`'

cmt kh bm Jxr`tk`dd`ôc kh Gfc{h|#/ p dfc kht}#S kh bm dmc{#*

kh ht{m Km{m }xhkm kh|`hckf bm _#* Emz#/** m K#¹ Lrmc#/!/! kh



‛ ?0?

Mbzmpomr 8=8 y#S = rr& ?1 {x grt# Dfgf ymrhzh kh Mx{ft

{ht{`g#/ khb d`{mkf Mdxhrkf p cf{m kh }xhkmr thc{mkm ht{m

Ymr{`km m }#* cft rhg#S p bf lbrg#¹S 0?1 – ? – < {R


/Mb gmrahc: Km{m kh <0 y#¹S < rr#S dfrr&SS tmdmkft kh ht{ft_mgft yfr `gy#*S kh =; rfbbft kh [momdf Charf dfc ?4 I< @ot# }xh th hc{rhamrfc hc H#S Mbgmdhcht ymrm tx rhg`t`ôc

m Htymým#/

Hc dm{frzh kh Cf|orh# kh g`b th{hd`hc{ft th{hc{m p th`t

hc |rk# kh Mdxhrkf dhbh|rmkf hc 4 kh Fd{xorh kmgft hc

Km{m ththc{m p cxh|h y#¹S th`t rr#S dfrr`hc{ht tmdmkft kh

ht{ft _mgft y& `gy#*S kh bm {mtmd`ôc kh =; rfbbft kh [momdf

charf khb Ormt`b dfc ?4 I < @ot# }xh th hc{rhamrfc hc _#S

Mbgmdhcht ymrm tx rhg`t`ôc m Htymým myrhehck`kf dfc kft

charmt p bft dfc{rmomck`t{mt Jfm}#/ Dxhomt Charf p _f}xhTícdehz Lrmc#// _x`t p Jftà khb \mbbh yfr hb Mpxk#*S g#/!/

kh bm Mtmg#S kh @clm{#S K#¹ Jxmc Tmcgmr{çc hc bm f{rm |mc'

km kh ht{h _`f kh dxpm dmc{#*S th gmckmrfc tmdmr bft Krft#

@jhr{hcht#*/S m T# G# dfgf {mgo`àc kh ;09 y#S hc }xh lxhrfc

{mtmkmt bmt charmt p }#S ht{mt p hb |mbfr khb [momdf th hc'

{rhamthc m K#!! Lmdxckf kh Yr`h{f p Yxb`kf dfgf Myfkhrmkfkhb huyrhtmkf Mpxk#£ hc m{hcd`ôc m }xh em|`hckf `c{hr'

yxht{f tx ymbmorm hb T#/// Dmy#!! Ahc#! hc crh# kh T# G# flrh'

d`hckf m bft }xh yrhck`hthc m keft# dfc{rm|mck`t{mt {fkf

}xmc{f bht dfa`hthc kh dfc{rm|mckf p em|hr bfarmkf yfr

ht{h ghk`f m}#! fl#! tx dmy{xrm th kh{hrg`cf bm hc{rham kh

ht{h dfg`tf m tx myfkhrmkf }xh dfct{mc hc Mbgfu#/ dfc

ht{m lem# hc bft dmraft C#¹ =4 p mb Htt#¹¹ bmt dft{mt kh bf

md{xmkf }xh `axmbg#*£ em tm{`tlef# Dfgf ymrhzh kh mx{ft

hb k`l`c`{`of kh 5 kh Gmpf kh 1< Yfkhr d`{mkf Mdxhrkf b`}#¹¹

cf{m p rhz#¹S }xh hc {ht{`g#¹ t`r|hc kh dfgyrf|mc{h m ht{m

Ymr{`km m }xh cft rhg#¹! p l`rg#¹S 0< – < – 99 –




' ?04 '

!!Mb gmrahc: Km{m kh 099 y#! dfrr&S hc{rha#// mb K& K#/

Mc{fc`f Mbkmf Mofamkf kh bm _#! Mxk`hcd`m kh bft Demrdmt

bft g`tgft }xh mb rhty&¹ kh < y#* k`mr`ft kh|hcaf hc hb

{`hgyf }xh ht{xof hgybhmkf hc mtxc{ft khb _#* Thr|#¹ kh

Gfc{h|#¹/

Hc }x`czh kh Cf|#ℯ kh g`b th{hd`hc{ft th{hc{m p th`t#

Yfr Khdrh{f }xh huyhk`gft ht{h k`m dfcth}&S m f{rf khb

T#/! Af|#/! p Dmy#/* Armb# kh =4 khb g`tgf kmgft hc Km{mxxh|hd`hc{ft y#S dfrr#*SS hc{rha#/! mb K& K#!! Mc{fc`f Mbkmf

Mofamkf kh bm _#* Mxk`hcd`m kh bft Demrdmt bft g`tgft }xh

em kh|hcamkf hc =89 k`mt }xh hc frc# khb huyrhtmkf T#/*/

Af|#*// kh =; kh Gmpf kh ht{h mýf dfgxc`dmkm mb [ehc`hc{h

kh _hp ht{xof hgybhmkf hc bm Ybmzm kh Gfc{h|#/ hc mtxc{ft

khb _#! Thr|#¹ }xh th bh dfg`t`fcf kht#! ?1 kh Gmpf e#* ?4

kh Fd{xorh `cdbxt`oht mb rhty#*¹ kh < yhtft k`mr`ft }xh th bh

dfct`khrmrfc dfc mrrhabf m _#S Dàkxbm kh =1 kh Mor`b kh 1;

hc }xh th frkhcf }xh m K#¹ Jxmc Gmcxhb kh Bmomrkhc th

bh tm{`tlmd`hth m rmzôc kh < y#¹S yfr dmkm k`m kh bft }xh

em|`m ht{mkf hgybhmkf hc hb Yxhr{f kh bmt \mdmt dfgf ym'

rhzh kh Ghg#! d`{mkft Khdrh{ft b`}x`kmd`ôc p rhz`|f }xh

f{fraf m }#¹ cft rhg#// p l`rg#¹/ 099 – 99 – 99 –


!!Mb gmrahc: Km{m kh =888 y#¹S < `&f rr#S dfrr#*S hc{rha#/S

mb Mkg`c`t#/!/ kh dfrrhft K#¹ Gmcxhb kh Omtmo`bomtf yfr

bft yfr{ht kh Yb`haft p dmr{mt kh fl`d`ft Gmrç{`gmt p [h'

rrht{rht rhz#*S hc ht{mt Dmjmt p bm Dfc{#* g#/// kh Dxhc{mt#/

Hc |h`c{h p {rht kh Cf|orh# kh g`b th{ht#¹S th{hc{m p th`t

kmgft hc Km{m g`b }x`c`hc{ft d`c}xhc{m p d`cdf y#¹* th`t

p ghk`f rr#S dfrr#SS hc{rhamkft mb Mkg`c`t{rmkfr kh DfrrhftK#¹ Gmcxhb kh Omtmo`bomtf bft =9;0 y#S ; rr#S hc |rk# kh

Khdrh{f khb g`tgf k`m yfr bft yfr{ht kh yb`haft p dmr{mt

kh fl`d`ft kh bmt dfrrhtyfckhcd`mt Gmr`{`gmt p {hrrht{rht

}xh th rhz`|`hrfc hc ht{mt Dmjmt kht#S ? kh Jxb`f kh 14 e#* ??

kh Jxc`f kh ht{h mýf p bft 89< y#S ? Pf rr#S yfr `gy#*£ kh bft

}xh th emc rhz`|`kf hc bm Dfc{mk#* g#*/S kh dxhc{mt kht#£ =8



?0;

kh Jxb`f kh 1; e#/ =; kh Jxc`f kh 1<# Dfgf ymrhzh kh kftdxhc{mt d`{mkf Mx{f rhdfcfd`g#*/ kh kem# dfc{mk#* j rhz#/!

}xh f{fraf m }xh cft rhg#¹S p bf l`rg#/! =888 – < – =1


!!Mb gmrahc: Km{m kh 1< y#S ? rr#S dfrr#*£S hc{rha#**S m K#¹

Gmr`mcf Zmcdf yfr `gy#*S khb txybhg#S }xh e`zf ymrm gmcx'{hcd`ôc p rfym b`gy`m mb dmy`{íc Yfr{xaxàt K#¹ Mc{fc`f

T`b|m Yhùf{f#/

Hc kft kh K`z`hgorh kh g`b th{hd`hc{ft th{hc{m p th`t#

Yfr Khdrh{f }xh huyhk`gft ht{h k`m kmgft hc Km{m th{hc{m

p th`t y#¹S kft rr#S dfrr`hc{ht hc{rhamkft m K#¹ Gmr`mcf

Zmcdf yfr `c`y#*£ kh bf }xh em txyb`kf mb Dmy#!! kh Krmafcht

K#!! Jfm}xçc Gfcf{h ymrm bm gmcx{hcd`ôc p rfym b`gy`m}xh em txog`c`t{rmkf mb Dmy#¹ Yfr{xaxàt }xh lxh Yr`t`fchrf

hc G`t`fcht K#*/ Mc{fc`f T`b|m Yhùf{f hc d`cdf ghtht k#£

? kh Gmpf m ? kh Fd{xorh kh 14 mb rhty#*¹ kh =8 y#S ghctxmbht

dfc }xh yfr mdxhrkf kh _#! Emz#S!! kh ? kf Jxc`f kh 1= ht{mom

kh{hrg#*!/ th bh tfdfrr`hth kh }#** kh bm g`tgm _#! Emz#*S* hc

dxpm dmc{#*S ht{íc `cdbxtft =9 rr#S yfr rmzôc kh kem# rfym

b`gy`m# Dfgf ymrhzh kh 8 rhz#¹S khb huyrhtmkf Dmy#¹ Ghg#!

d`{mkf Khdrh{fp

rhz#* }xh f{fraf m }xh cft rhg#* p l`rg#/S

1< – ?– 99 –


!!Mb gmrahc: Km{m kh 489 y#S dfrr#*SS hc{rha#/! m K#// Bx`t

Dhd`b`f Dfbbmc{ht myfkhrmkf khb _#/ Y#S lr# Jftà Yehb`yh

Tícdehz khb Dmt{`bbf _hbà`ftf Ghrdhkmr`f m oxhcm }#** khbft Tàcfkft }#S {`hch |hcd`kft#/

Hc th`t kh K`zorh kh g`b th{hd`hc{ft th{hc{m p th`t# YfrKhdrh{f }xh huyhk`gft ht{h k`m kmgft hc Km{m {rhtd`hc{ft

d`cdxhc{m y#S dfrr#*SS hc{rhamkft m K#// Bx`t Dhd`b`f Dfbbmc{ht

myfkhrmkf khb _#¹ Y#£ lr# Jftà Yehb`yh Tícdehz khb Dmt'



‛ ?08 ‛

{`bbf _hbà`ftf Ghrdhkmr`f m oxhcm }xhc{m kh bft Tàcfkft}xh {`hch |hcd`kft hc 8 mýft == ghtht }xh t`r|`ô kh Dxrm

hc hb Yxhobf kh @ck`ft Axmrmc`t cfgormkf T&* Gmr`m bm

Gmpfr kht& =5 `cdbxtòh kh K`zorh# kh <0 e#* =5 hudbxt`|h

kh Cf|orh kh 18 }xh mdrhk`{f dfc dhr{`l`dmt#// khb Dfrrha`kfr

Dm|`bkf p Mkg`c`t{rmkfr kh kb`f# Yxhobf p \# O#¹ khb Af'

|hrcmkfr kh hbbft K#// Lrmc&¹ Orxcf kh Zm|mbm bm }xh th bh

kh|fb|`ô ymrm }xh bm yrhthc{h }xmckf th bh mjxt{h kh rhgm{h

}#£ dfc <89 y#S th bh hc{rhamrfc hc ?? kh Gmpf kh ht{h mýfthaúc dfct{m kh bm Ymr{`km C#¹ <9 kh Km{m kh ht{h _mgfBmdhc bm dmc{`kmk kh b jy#¹S kh }xh th bh {`hch ehdef hb

dfrrhty#*S dmraf ymrm tx khtdxhc{f# Dfgf ymrhzh mb yfkhr

f{framkf hc ht{m D`xkmk hc ?4 kh Jxb`f kh 1< mc{h hb Htt#///

yy#/// Hxlrmd`f Jftà Ofptf Ghg#S d`{mkf khdrh{f p rhz#¹ }xh

f{fraf m }xh cft rhg#¹S p bf lbrg#¹S 489 – 99 – 99 –


!!Mb gmrahc: Km{m kh <4; y#S = rr#! dfrr#**S hc{rha#¹S m K#/*

Yhkrf Mc{fc`f Km|mbft myfk#¹ kh bft ehrhkhrft khb Dmy`{íc

K#// Mc{fc`f kh Ymckf p hb Mblàrhz K#¹ Mc{fc`f Jftà kh

Ymckf y#// hb <#¹ y#¹ kh ? mýft trh# 8;;5 y#S < rr#S }xh bm

_#S Emz#SS bh rht{m kh|`hckf kh txhbkft m{rmtmkft#/

Hc t`h{h kh K`zorh# kh g`b th{ht#¹S th{hc{m p th`t# Yfrmx{f }xh yrf|he`gft hc < khb g`tgf kmgft hc km{m th`t'

d`hc{ft {rh`c{m p }xm{rf y#¹S xc rr#! dfrr#*SS hc{rha#¹S m K#/

Yhkrf Mc{fc`f Km|mbft Myfkhrmkf kh bft e`jft p ehrhkhrft

khb Dmy#!! K#// Mc{fc`f Ymckf p khb Mblàrhz K#/ Mc{fc`f

Jftà Ymckf p Ym{`cf thaúc dfct{m kh @ct{rxg#*S/ f{framkf

hc ht{m D`x#S hc 0 kh Gmpf kh <0 mc{h hb Htd#¹¹ Jftà Amrd`m

Hdemoxrx p f{rf hc hb bxamr kh bm Dmy`bbm khb _ftmr`f

jxr`tk`dd`ôc kh Tmc{m Lh hc =8 kh lhorhrf kh =119 mc{h{ht{àft y#// hb <#¹ y#¹ dfrrhtyfck`hc{h m <#¹ p 1#/ mýf trh# bm

dmc{#/S kh 8;;5 y#S < rr#S }xh bm _#! Emz#/S* bht rht{m kh|`hckf

kh txhbkft m{rmtmkft }xhkmckf dfc ht{h khtdxhc{f hc ;5=;

y#¹ 8 rr#S Dfgf ymrhzh kh Mx{ft Yhk`g#*¹ hb yrf|he`kf pdmr{m kh Ymaf }xh f{fraf m }#* cft rhg#¹S p bf l`rg#¹S

<4;"" =– 99–




‛ ?0< ‛

S!Mb gmrahc: Km{m kh 8?4= y#¹S dfrr#*SS tmdmkft kh ht{ft

_mgft y#S ymtmr mb kh Khyôt`{ft yZ `gy&S kh bm {mtmd`ôc

khb Ohramc{`c hb T#¹! khb Oxhc l`c#/

Hc t`h{h kh K`zorh kh g`b th{hd`hc{ft th{hc{m p th`t# Yfr

mx{f }xh yrf|he`gft ht{h k`m kmgft hc Km{m d`cdf g`b

kftd`hc{ft {rh`c{m p xc y#¹S dfrr`hc{ht tmdmkft kh ht{ft _m'

gft y& `gy#*S m }xh mtdhck`ô bm {mtmd`ôc yrmd{`dmkm yfr

bft Grft# gmpfrht kh r`ohrm lrmc#!S/ Fb`khcp

Mc{fc`f db`m|m'

rr`m hc =< kh Gmpf kh 1? khb Ohramc{`c Yfr{xaxàt cfg'

ormkf hb Tmc{f Der`t{f khb Oxhc l`c p T#!! Bxd`m dfc {fkft

txt myhrft Ohbmghc jmrd`m p Of{h myrhehck`kf yfr hb Dfr'

tmr`f Gmcxhb [r`af `cghk`m{f mb Ymrmah }xh bbmgmc T#**

Bxd`m 8 bhaxmt khb Yxhr{f kh Gfc{h|#/ dxpm {mtmd`ôc th em

myrf|mkf yfr Mdxhrkf dhbhormkf hc ?9 kh Cf|&S kh ht{h

mcf kh dxpm dmc{#S em|` hckfth rhomjmkf 0=1 y& ? `&S rr#S bft

1<1 dfc ? bS rr"S yfr `gy&S kh bmt Dft{mt yrfthzmbht p bft

=89 y#S rht{mc{ht }xh th rhaxbmrfc kh efcfrmr`f mb mthtfr hb

K& K#// Jftà Ymobf Dfc{` cfgormkf ymrm bm khlhctm kh

K#¹ Gmcxhb D`yr`mcf Dmy#// kh kef# Ohramc{`c }xhkmckf

b`}#¹S ;4=4 y#S 8 \f rr#S }xh dfc ht{m lem# th yxt`hrfc hc hb

_mgf kh Khyôt`{ft y#S bm kh{hrg`cmt#/!! kh T# G# thaúc

dfct{m kh Ymr{`km kh dmraf C#¹ ?4# Dfgf ymrhzh kh mx{f

d`{mkf Mdxhrkf hb yrf|he`kf p cf{m }xh hc {ht{`gfc`f t`r'

|hc kh dfgyrf|mc{h m ht{m Ymr{#S m}xh cft rhg#¹S p lbrg#¹S

8?4=""99

–99

–Ghkrmcf ‛ Mb{fbmax`rrh ‛ Mr`zm#

/Mb gmrahc: Km{m kh 0?5 y#S < rr#S ?4 {8 grt# dfrr#*£S hc'

{rha#¹S mb Mkg`c`t#// kh Dfrrhft K#/* Gmcxhb kh Omtmo`bomtf

yfr lbh{ht kh yfrd`ôc kh lmrkft kh Ymyhb Thbbmkf }xh |`c`h'

rfc hc bft M|`tft#/

Hc dm{frzh kh K`z#//£ kh g`b th{ht#/S th{hc{m p th`t# Yfr

Khdrh{f }xh huyhk`gft hc =9 khb g`tgf kmgft hc Km{m

cxh|hd`hc{ft |h`c{h p fdef y ¹S th`t rr#S |h`c{h p {rht p t`h{h

kfzh grt# dfrr#*SS b`}#¹S kh =94= y#S 1 rr#S 5 'e grt# }xh `g'

yfr{mrfc bft lbh{ht kh =9? lmrkft p =? Ombfcht kh ymyhb



‛ ?01 ‛

thbbmkf }xh dfckxahrfx kh Htymým bmt lrmu#*S Dfrrhft hb

Ym{maôc hc hb 8#/ p 1#/ huyhk#*! p bm K`mcm hc hb 4#¹ bft <?

lmrkft p 5 Ombfcht ymrm Demrdmt p bft ; lmrkft p ; Ombfcht

rht{mc{ht ymrm De`bh }xh {fkft g`k`hrfc 0=1 p `&; ymbgft mb

rhty&¹ kh 0 rr& rhomjmkf hb =9 y#¹ khb {f{mb yfr bm armd`m

dfcdhk`km m bft arft kh bm _#! Emz#*** p bm Dmc{#S kh ht{m

Km{m th hc{rhaf mb Mkg`c`t{rmkfr kh Dfrrhft K#¹ Gmcxhb

kh Omtmo`bomtf : dfgf ymrhzh kh kft dxhc{mt dfclfrght dfc

bmthc{rmkmt kh

kef#Ymyhb hc

ht{mtdmjmt d`{mkf Khdrh{f prhz#¹ }xh f{fraf m}xh cft rhg#¹S p l`rc`#/S

0?5 >" < – ?4 jb?

Ghkrm cf ‛ M @{fbmax `rrh ‛ Mr`zm#

S!Mb gmrahc: Km{m kh ?8=< y#¹7! 8 rr#S dfrr&SS hc{rha#/S mb

T#*// Lmd{fr K#// Gmr{`c Jftà kh ubb{fbmax`rrh y& `gy#S kh bftamt{ft dmxtmkft hc bft _& Mbgmdhcht lbh{ht kh Dmrrh{mt pf{rft |mr`ft ghcht{hrht#/

Hc k`hz p fdef kh K`d`hgorh kh g`b th{h#/S th{hc{m p th`t#

Yfr mx{f kh ht{h k`m yrf|he`kf yfr bft T#!S*S [ehtfrhrf pDfc{mkfr K#¹ Yhkrf Ghkrmcf p K#/ Mbhumckrf Mr`zm km'

gft hc Km{m kft g`b }x`c`hc{ft k`hz p th`t y#S d`cdf rr#S

dfrr#!S! hc{rha#/S m g` hb Lmd{fr K#// Gmr{`c Jftà kh Mb{fbm'

ax`rrh yfr `gy#*/ kh bm }#S* kh amt{ft dmxtmkft hc bft _#*S

Mbgmdhcht mt` hc lbh{ht kh Dmrrh{mt }xh emc {rmtyfr{mkf

arft# yhr{hchd`hc{ht m bm _#S Emz#*** dfgf hc jfrcmbht kh

Yhfcht }xh th emc fdxymkf hc bmt lmhcmt yrht`tmt !}xh emcfdxrr`kf hc hbbft dfgyrm p dfgyft`d`ôc kh bft ghcht{hrht

}xh th emc myrfc{mkf m ht{h l`c p f{rft |mr`ft amt{ft ghcf'rht dfrrhtyfck`hc{ht m bft kft mc{hr`frht mýft kh 14 p 1;{fkf hc |rk# kh frkhcht kh ht{h Af|#¹¹ kh 0 kh K`z#!S kh 1? p

?? kh lhorhrf kh 1;# Dfgf ymrhzh kh kem# dxhc{m `ct{rx`òmdfc bmt rhtyhd{`omt frkhcht p =4 dfgyrf|mc{ht d`{mkf mx{f

p dmr{m kh ymaf }xh f{fraf m}xh cft rhg#¹S p bf lbrg#/

?8=< – 8 – ‛

?=<=5<"" 9– 9?




?05 ‛

Dmraf kh bft yhtft dfrr#*SS kh m 5 }xh hc ht{m H#S Dmum hc{rm yfr

]#** khb Hme`f kh Khyôt`{ft khtk#£ ? kh Hchrf e#* l`c kh K`z#£ kh

=11<#

SSMb gmrahc: Dmraf kh 411=1 y#S 8 'S grt# dfrr#**S }xh

rhtxb{mrfc kh hu`t{hcd`m b`}x`km mlm|fr kh ht{h Nmgf yfr

l`c kh K`z`hgorh kh =118#/

Hc kft kh Hchrf kh g`b th{hd`hc{ft th{#* p th`t" Tfc dmraf

dfc{rm g` hb [ehtfrhrf K#// Yhkrf Ghkrmcf {rh`c{m j t`h{h

g`b th{hd`hc{ft k`hz j t`h{h y#S d`cdf p S¹S kfzh m|t# grt# df'

rr`hc{ht }xh th om`bmrfc bç}x`kft hc ht{h _mgf yfr l`c kh

K`z#!S£ khb mcf yrôu`gf ymtmkf p rhtxb{mrfc mtx lm|fr hcbm

Mkg`c`t{rmd`ôc kh ht{mt _#*/S Dmumt omt{m hb d`{mkf {`hgyf

dfgf dfrrhtyfck`hc{ht mbft Khyôt`{ft T`ax`hc{ht: 49?5 y'*

< rr#S ?8 =( grt# m bm Bmcdom myrhtmkm kh k#¹ Mc{fc`f Mrr`m'am ;; yS ? =&S grt# m hb `gy#!S kh xc charf dfrrhtyfck`hc{h m

Gmr`mcf @tlrmc 19 y#S ; rr#S m bft hlhd{ft tmb|mkft khb Cm'

|`f bm Dfcdhyd`ôc }xh cmxlrmaf hc bm @tbm khb lxhaf : 45 y#S

1 rr#S mb K#// K#/ Jxmc [ofgmt Bôyhz kh \hbmzdf: =4 y#/ 8

rr#S ?8 {? mb K`lxc{f k#!! Mbfctf Ymt{fr : 4<5 y#S m hb |mbfr

kh kft Charft yhr{hchd`hc{ht m K"¹ Yhkrf Jftthl Kxhbf

=9 y#S m bft myrhohctfrht khb Tfbkmkf Gm{e`mt Mbfctf:

=;0? y#S < rr#S m K#¹ Yhkrf Omt{`m{: 54 y#S m bft Khrhdoft

kh {rfymt kh Gxçmt p Dmrrh{mt: =?=? y#S 1 rr#S =1 {R g`*t#

dfrrhtyfck`hc{ht mb dmxkmb hu`t{hc{h hc ht{h _mgf m k`t'

yft`d`ôc khb Af|#/// ymrm |hchl`d`f kh bmt formt yxob`dmt

dxpft hc{hrft yrfdhkhc kh gxb{mt p f{rft hlhd{ft: 180<

y#S ? rr#S =1 grt# mbmt khxkmt dfc{rmo`kmt hc ht{m Yrf|#*

yfr bft `ck`|`kxft khb _ha`g#*¹ kh Gmbbfrdm : =4<? y#/ 4 rr#S

m bmt khb Om{mbbôc gfkhrcf kh `clmc{hrçm: =015 y#S = rr#!

mbmt kh bft \fbxc{mr`ft kh Dm{ombxým: ;999 y#S m k`tyft`'

d`ôc kàbft Thýfrht Af|#¹!! p Fo`tyf kh ht{m K`ôdht`t ymrmhgybhmrbft hc bft l`cht }xh {xo`hrhc yfr dfgohc`hc{ht dfc

mrrhabf mbf }xh T# G# bht {`hch dfgxc`dmkf: 554< y#S tx'

yb`kft yfr bft _hb`a`ftft Ghrdhkmr`ft khb dmxkmb yhr{hch'

d`hc{h mbm _hkhgyd`fc kh Dmx{`|ft ymrm fdxrr`r dfc hbbft

m bmt xrahcd`mt khb thr|`d`f }xh k`tyxt`hrh ht{h Af|`hrcf:

<0= y#S = rr#S yhr{hchd`hc{ht m bm myrhehct`ôc kh xcm Zx'



' ?00 '

gmdm yfr{xaxhtm cfgormkm Cxht{rm Thýfrm khb Oxhc l`c

p Tmc{m Bxd`m : ;;5 y& = rr#* b`}x`kf kh |mbfr kh }xm{rf ch'

arft rhgm{mkft hc Mbgfchkm p myrhehck`kft yfr hb Dfrtm'

r`f Jftthl Amgofm hc xcm Dmcfm: ?f y#S dfrrhtyfck`hc{ht

mb Mahc{h L`tdmb kh bm _#S Mxk`hcd`m khb K`t{r`{f khtdfc'

{mkft hc |`r{xk kh H#*S Yrf#£S kh 1 kh K`z&/ kh 1= j ?1 kh

Maft{f kh 14 m bft Af|hrc mkfrht khb Ymrmaxmp p Ybmzm kh

Gfc{h|`khf ;55 y#S 1 rr#S =1 grt# dfrrhtyfck`hc{ht m ht{h

_mgf hchb

`gyfr{h kh ;?94y#*

< =;rr#S

m}xh muhck`f hbSmbfr kh bm Phr|m p [momdf }xh hu`t{`m hc Tmc{m lhh p rh'

gm{f K#¹ Jftthl Axrrxdemam 05 y#S ; rr#S }xh th rhdmxkmrfc

hc ht{mt Dmumt p hc bm kh Gfc{h|`khf yhr{hchd`hc{ht mb Kh'

rhdef kh M|hr`mt p emc hc{rmkf hc ht{h lfckf yfr em|hrth

hu{`cax`kf m}xhb _mcaf: ;=? y#S rhg`{`kft kh Gfc{h|#/

ymrm rh`c{harmr ht{h _mgf kh àxmb dmc{`kmk }xh mbb` th

txyb`ô kh hb kh|`hckf txlr`r hb kh _#! Emz`hckm 41=4 y#!

< rr& ?8 'çj grt# yhr{hchd`hc{ht mbft hlhd{ft khdfg`tmkft m

K#!* Mc{fc`f Ax`tyhr{ yfr |hc`r m dfctàcmd`ôc kh hu{rmc'ahrf e#S bm kh{hrg`cmd`ôc khb _hp: ?5< y& 8 rr#S b`}#S/ kàbf

hgomramkf mxc hu{rmcahrf cfgormkf Gmc#S kh bft Tmc{ft

kh cmd`ôc Yfr{xaxhtm }#£ gxr`ô hc hb Efty`{mb: 4?< y#/ 1

rr#S ?0 SS grt# }xh }xhkmc bç}x`kft khb |mbfr kh |mr`ft hlhd'

{ft myrhehck`kft hc hb _`f a#/*S hc xcm Zxgmdm Yfr{xaxhtm

cfgormkm Tmc Mc{fc`f p bmt Mc`gmt : =909 y#S = rr#! rhg`'

{`kft kh Yf{ftç m k`tyft`d`ôc kh ht{h Af|`hrcf yfr |`m kh

hgomraf kh bft txhbkft kh K#¹ Lhrg`c kh Mf`t" Mbaxmd`bgmpfr kh m}xhbbmt _#SS Dmumt dfgf ymrhzh khb {mc{hf |hr`l`'

dmkf hc k`m kàbm lem# m}xh cft rhg`{`gft p bf l`rgmgft#

411=1 – 99 – 8 [S'

Ghkrmcf ‛ Mb{fbma`{`rrh#

S!Mb gmrahc: Dmraf kh ;= y#S dfrr#*** hc{rha#/S yfr hb Dmy#/

k#/ Mblfctf Tf{fdm Tmrahc{f g#//S `c{hr`cf kh ht{m Ybmzmyrfdhk`kft kh gxb{mt }xh kh frkhc kh ht{h Af|#!!/ huà`ô m

|mr`ft `ck`|`kxft" gmckmckf th myb`}xhc m |hchl`d`f Yx'

ob`df#/

Hc yr`ghrf kh lhorhrf kh g`b th{ht#/! th{hc{m p th`t" hc

|`r{xk kh fl`d`f }xh cft em ymtmkf hb Dmy`{íc k#// Mblfctf



‛ 499 ‛

Tf{fdm Tmrahc{f g#!/ `c{hr`cf kh ht{m Ybmzm tx lem# khb g`t'

gf k`m cft emdhgft dmraf kh }xmrhc{m p xc y#S dfrr`hc{ht

hc{hrmkft yfr kef# Dmy`{íc dfgf yrfdhk`kft kh gxb{mt

}xh kh frkhc khb Thýfr [b`#S kh Hhp Af|#/// `c{hr`cf hb Df'

rfchb K"// K`haf kh Tmbmt huà`ô hc ht{m lfrgm m Lrmcd`tdf

[efbhkf ?8 y#S yfr hcdxor`kfr kh Dfc{rmomck`t{mt" m Jxmckh bft Tmc{ft =9 y#S yfr àxmb gf{òf p m Jxmc Yàrhz < y#S

yfr |hckhr Kxrmtcft ohrkht yrh|`c`hckf kh frkhc kh kef#

T#/// [eh#¹ kh _hp th myb`dmth ht{m dmc{`kmk m ohchl`d`f yx'ob`df dfc bm }xmb p =?=? y#S 1 r#S 1 `( m|t# grt# }xh hc =< kh

K`zorh# khb mlçf yrôu`gf ymtmkf hu`t{çmc hc ht{h _mgf m

k`tyft`d`ôc kh ht{h Af|#// dfc kht{`cf m |hchl`d`f Yxob`df

emdhc bm dmc{`kmk kh =?84 y#S 1 rr#S =1 '`S m|t# grt# dfgfymrhzh kh kef# fl`d`f p hc{hrf m }xh cft rhg`{`gft p l`r'

gmgft#!

9;= / 99!*!

99 /


!SMb gmrahc: Dmraf kh 59 y#S dfrr#*!!S m ht{h _mgf kh _#!

Emz#*SS yfr hb kht}#*¹ ehdef mb Af|#/// khb Ymrmaxmp k#!! Maxt'

{çc Lhrcmckf kh Y`chkf mb rhty#*¹ kh 59 y#S mccxmbht ymrm

hb Mahc{h L`tdmb kh bm _#S Mxk`hcd`m khb K`t{r`{f thaúc

Yrf|`t`fcht#/

Hc k`hz kh lhorhrf kh g`b th{ht#¹S th{hc{m p th`t" cft em'

dhgft dmraf kh fdehc{m y#S dfrr`hc{ht ymtmkft m ht{h _mgfkh bft kh _#! Emz#!S!! yfr hb khtdxhc{f ehdef mb Af|hrcmkfr

khb Ymrmaxmp k#¹ Maxt{çc lhgmckf kh Y`chkf hc xc mýf

}xh `cdbxph hb mjxt{h kh tx em|hr khtkh yr`ghrf kh Jxb`f

kh =11; e#// l`c kh Jxc`f kh =118 mb rhtyhd{f kh 59 y#S mccxm'

bht }xh th bh khohc rhomjmr ymrm bm kf{mt#/!! khb Mahc{h L`t'

dmb kh bm _#S Mxk#S kh bm Ybm{m thaúc bf yrh|hc`kf hc _#£S

Yrf|`t`fcht kh 1 kh K`zorh kh =11= p ?1 kh Maft{f kh =114Dfgf ymrhzh khb dfgyrf|mc{h kh bm Ymr{`km kh km{m hc _#!

Emz#SS C#¹ ?5 m }xh cft rhg`{`gft p l`rgmgft#

959 / 99 / 99 /




‛ 49= ‛

S/!M@ gmrahc: Dmraf kh 4<4 y#! 4 rr& =4 {\ grt# dfrr&*S ym'

tmkft m ht{h _mgf dfgf b`}#/*¹ }xh rhtxb{m mlm|fr khb K`'

lxc{f k#/ Mbfctf kh Mrzh kh bft ?4<5 y#S ? rr#* }xh }xhkmrfc

kh bft ?899 y"S hc{hrmkft y& K#** Gmcxhb _fkrçaxhz kh bm

\ham yfr `gy#*S khb rhgm{h }#S th yrmd{`df kh bm dmtm kh kof#

Mrzh/#

Hc k`hz p th`t kh lhorhrf kh g`b th{ht#/S th{hc{m p th`t#

Yfr mx{f }xh yrf|he`gft hc =; khb g`tgf cft emdhgftdmraf kh {rhtd`hc{ft th{hc{m p {rht y#S {rht rr#S {rhzh d`cdf

kfzh m|t# grt# dfrr`hc{ht ymtmkft m ht{h rmgf dfgf dfrrht'

yfck`hc{ht mb K`lxc{f K#/S Mbfctf Mrzh bft g`tgft }#£ th'

aúc bm b`}x`kmd`ôc }xh th b`m lfrgmkf rhtxb{mc m tx lm|fr

yfr tformc{ht kh bft ?485 y#S ? rr#S }xh }xhkmrfc bç}x`kft

kh bft ?899 y& hc{hrmkft yfr K#¹ Gmcxhb _fkrçaxhz kh bm

\ham yfr `gjçfr{h khb rhgm{h }#S th |hr`l`df kh bm dmtm hg'

omramkm m kof# Mrzh khkxd`kft =194 y#S ? rr#S ?; `\ grt#

}xh th ymtmrfc dfc ht{m lom# mb _mgf kh hu{rmofrk`cmr`ft

p ?0= y#S 4 rr#S 49 `( grt# mb kh rhyrhtmb`m kh @cabhtht dxpf

tformc{h }xhkm marhamkf m ht{h kh Khyôt`{ft yfr t` mdmtf

hc bf txodht`|f bh rhtxb{mrh mbaúc f{rf dmraf# Dfgf ymrhzh

khb kfdxghc{f }xh t`r|h kh dfgyrf|mc{h mbm Ymr{`km kh

dmraf C#¹ 8 kh hu{rmofrk`cmr`ft m }xh cft rhg`{`gft p bf

l`rgmgft# 4<4 ! 4 / =4 {(


% Khtkh m}x` dfrrhc bft dmraft khb T#//S Dfc{#*/S k#/ Mbhumc'

krf kh Mr`zm#

/Mb gmrahc: Dmraf kh =? y#* ; rr#S dfrr#*£S ymtmkft m ht{h

_mgf khb kh T`{xmkft yfr hb khtdxhc{f kh 5 grt# hc yhtf

|hr`l`dmkf mb [oh#S Dfrfchb kh @cahc`hrft k#!! Jfm}xçc khb

Y`cf k`af kh tx txhbkf |hcd`kf hc < ghtht úb{`gft khb mýfkh 18 yfr bf }#S kh|h dfc{r`ox`r m bm Kf{mt#!! khb Mahc{h L`t'

dmb kh bm _hmb Mxk`hcd`m khb K`t{r`{f#/

Hc th`t kh Gmrzf kh g`b th{ht#/S th{hc{m p th`t# Cft em'

dhgft dmraf kh kfzh y#S }xm{rf rr#S dfrr#*SS ymtt#¹S m ht{h



‛ 49? '

Nmgf khb kh t`{xmkft yfr hb Khtdxhc{f }xh hc |rk# kh N#S

Yrf|#S kh 1 kh K`z&S kh =11= ‛ ?1 kh Maft{f kh 14 j ?8 khHchrf kh 18 ‛ th bh em |hr`l`dmkf mb [e#S Dfr#S k#// Jfm}x`ckhb Y`cf khb txhbkf kh =999 y& }#S bh dfrrhtyfck`hrfc hc bft

< úb{`gft ghtht kh kef# mýf kh 18 mb rhty&¹ kh ? ]j y& }xhafzm|m mccxmbht dfgf Af|#¹!/ `c{hr`cf kh bm Ybmzm kh Gfc'{h|#¹ dxpm dmc{`kmk ht bm g`tgm dfc }#£ th bh kh|h dfc{ròx`r

hc hb d`{mkf {`hgyf ymrm bm kf{mt#/// khb Mahc{h L`tdmb kh bm

N#S

Mxk#*khb K`t{r`{f

mrmzôc

kh ?8y#S

mb mýf }xh hc yrf'rrm{hf bh ht{íc mtàcmkft m m}xhb Af|#¹¹ dfgf ymrhzh khb

Kfdx#*¹ }xh t`r|h kh dfgyrf|mc{h m bm Ymr{`km kh Km{m kh

T`{xmkft C#¹ 85 m }#/ cft rhg`{`gft p bf l`rgmgft"

9=? / 9; / 99


/Mb gmrahc: Dmraf kh 599 y& dfrr#*S ymtmkft m ht{h Nmgfkh bft kh H#! Emz&S yfr hb khtdxhc{f }xh th |hr`l`df kh bft

txhbkft khb T#/// Af|#/!/ p Dmy#// Ahc#S kh ht{m Yrf|#S hc |rk#

kh _#SS Yrf|`t`fcht ymrm bm kf{md`ôc khb Mahc{h L`tdmb kh

bm -~w Mxk`hcd`m khb K`t{r`{f#/

Hc th`t kh Gmrzf kh g`b th{ht#¹S th{hc{m p th`t: Hc |rk#

kh fl`d`f khb T#/// Af|#*//

pDmy#// Ahc#S

tx lhdem hc Gfc{h|`'khf m ?9 kh Thy#//S kh =118 cft emdhgft dmraf kh fdefd`hc'

{ft y#S dfrr`hc{ht ymtmkft m ht{h _mgf kh bft kh _#! Emz#*S*

yfr hb khtdxhc{f }xh S bh |hr`l`df kh txt txhbkft dfrrhtyfc'

k`hc{ht m }xm{rf mcft kht#£ =#¹ kh Hchrf kh =11? e#** m l`c kh

K`z# kh 18 mb rhtyhd{f kh ?99 y#S mccxmbht }xh th kh|`f dfc'

{ròx`r m bm Kf{md`ôc khb Mahc{h L`tdmb kh bm _#S Mxk`hcd`m

khb K`t{r`{f thaúc _#SS Yrf|#/! kh 1 kh K`z#'/£ kh =11= ‛ ?1

kh Maf#*¹ kh 14 p ?8 kh Hchrf kh 18 : Dfgf ymrhzh kh kef#

fl`d`f }xh hc dfy`m dhr{`l`dmkm th embbm marhamkf mb Kfdx'ghc{f kh Km{m kh _#! Emz#SS C#¹ 48 m }xh cft rhg`{`gft pl`rgmgft# S

599 / 99 / 99




‛ 494 ‛

S!Mb gmrahc: Dmraf kh =9 y#S dfrr`hc{ht hc{hrmkft yfr hb

Tmrahc{f g#¹!! `c{hr`cf kh ht{m Ybmzm k#¹ Mblfctf Tf{fdm kh

fg# khb T#/// [eh#* kh _hp Af|#*/S `c{hr`cf yrfdhk`kft kh

gxb{mt `gyxht{mt m Jye# Mc{fc`f Dflrh p m Yhkrf Yàrhz

mb =#¹ kh < y& p mb ?#¹ kh ; y#/ yfr bmt rmzfcht }xh th k`ríc/#

Hc yr`g#/ kh Mor`b kh g`b th{ht#/S th{hc{m p th`t hc |rk#

kh fl`d`f khb Tmrahc{f g#/// @c{hr`cf kh ht{m Ybmzm K#!! Mb'

lfctf Tf{fdm cft emdhgft dmraf kh k`hz y#S dfrr#*£S hc{hrm'

kft yfr hb g`tgf kh frc# khb Thýfr [ehc`hc{h kh _hp Af|#/!

`c{hr`cf yrfdhk`kft kh gxb{mt @gyxht{mt yfr kef# T#!/! [e#S

kh _hp m Jftthl Mc{fc`f Dflrh p m Yhkrf Yàrhz mb =#¹ kh

< y#S yfr em|hr rfgy`kf xc Tmxdh kh bm Mbmghkm p mb ?#¹

kh ; y#S yfr em|hr |hck`kf hc bm _mcdehrçm m bmt G`b`d`mt

}xh ymtmrfc mbm f{rm |mckm" xcm |mrm p }xmr{m kh t`c{m kh

pbhrm hc xc ghk`f rr#S dmc{#* }xh th gmckf myb`dmr ymrm

amt{ft kh Formt Yxob`dmt p dfc =?84 y#S 1 rr& =1 pS grt# }#£

hc =#!! kh lhorhrf kh ht{h mýf hu`t{çmc hc ht{h _mgf m k`t'

yft`d`ôc khb T#*// Af|#/// dfc kht{`cf m ohchl`d`f Yxob`df

thaúc dfct{m kh bm Ymr{`km Cxghrf = }xhkmc hc bm g`tgmdfclfrg`kmk =?<4 y"S 1 rr#S =1 M grt# dfgf ymrhdh khb d`{m'

kf fl`d`f p hc{hrf m }xh cft rhg`{`gft p bf l`rgmgft#

9=9 / 99 / 99 !'


/SMb gmrahc: Dmraf kh =95; y#S ; ( rr#S dfrr#**!S hc{hrmkft

yfr hb T`{xmk`t{m k#!! Gàxhb Mckràt kh Mrrfpf hc =984 y#S

dfc hb yrhg`f kh 4 ( dfgf b`}#¹S kh =959 y#S lxhr{ht }xh bh

emc hc{rhamkf bft Fll#*S _#*S kh Yf{ft` ymrm tx dfckxd`fc

m ht{mt" m k`tyft`d`ôc khb T#*// Af|#/// dfgf Tha#S!! rhghtm

yfr |çm kh hgomraf kh bft txhbkft kh Kfc Lhrg`c kh Mf`t"

mbaxmd`b g#/! kh m}#S [ròxcmb ymrm tm{`tlmdd`ôc kh gmpfrdmc{#** }#* kh|h mtx Gmkrh K#S [efgmtm Bmrrmzmomb/#


Yfr mx{f }xh yrf|he`gft ht{h k`m cft emzhgft dmraf kh xcg`b fdehc{m p }xm{rf y#S }xm{rf p ghk`f rr#SS dfrr#£S hc{h'

rmkft yfr hb T`{xmk`t{m k#¹ Gà#S Mckràt kh Mrrfpf hc =984



‛ 49; '

y#*/ kfobht bç}x`kft }xh }xhkmrfc kh =959 y& lxhr{ht %kh'

kxd`kft ?1 y#S kàbm yrfy`m gfchkm }xh thbh tm{`tlmd`hrfc

yfr tx lbh{h p dfckxd`fc mb rhtyh{f kh ? =; y& () }xh hc

|`r{xk kh Khtymdef bòrmkf yfr bft Thýfrht Af|#/// p Fý#/S

_#SS kh Yf{ft` tx lem# ?1 kh K`z`hgorh khb mýf yrôu`gf

ymtmkf kh =118 rhdò`ô hc m}xhbbmt dmjmt ymrm tx rhghtm m

ht{mt yfr p`m kh hgomraf kàbft Txhbkft kh K#// lhrg`c kh

Mf`t mbaxmd`b gm`fr kh m}xhb [ròxcmb yfr thaxckf {hrd`f

m k`tyft`d`ôc khb T#/// Af|#/// hc ht{m Ybmzm ymrm tm{`tlmdd`ôc

kh =?15; y"S }xh hb d`{mkf K#!! Lhrgçc ht khxkfr mtx Gmkrhk#S Gmrçm kàf [efgmtm kh Bmrrmzm|mb }xh dfc =909 y#S

= rr#! dfrr&SS }xh th embbmc hc ht{h rmgf m bm g`tgm k`tyf'

t`d`ôc kh ht{h Af|#¹¹ yfr yr`ghr {hrd`f rhg`{`kf m ht{h hlhd{f

thaúc dfct{m kàbm Ymr{`km kh dmraf C#¹ 1 dfc lem# ?0 kh

Ma#*¹ kh =118 hc{hr#¹S yfr K#/ Gmcxhb kh bm ]x`c{mcm emdhc

bm dmc{& kh ?=1; y#S 8 pS rr#S dfgf ymrhzh kh kef# mx{f }xh

yfr cf em|hrth rhzç|`kf dfcfd`g`hc{f mbaxcf t`r|h kh dfg'

yrf|mc{h m ht{m Ymr{`km dfc bm Cf{m }xh }xhkmr thc{mkml`rgmkm kh kef# T`{xmk`t{m p kh }#S dfc ht{m lem th bh em

kmkf dhr{`l`dmd`ôc m}xh cft rhg`{`gft p bf l`rgmgft"

=95; – ;"" =1


/!Mb gmrahc: Dmraf kh 404 y#S 4 =; `!`!'S dfrr"*SS hc{#¹S yfr

hb T`{xmk`t{m k#!! Gàxhb Mckràt kh Mrrfpf dfgf bç}x`kft

kh 408 y#S ? rr#/ kàbm g`tgm gfchkm }xh bh hc{rhaf hb

[ehc`hc{h [ehtfrhrf kàbm D`xkmk kh Dfrkf|m yfr yhr{h'

chd`hc{ht m bft ehrhkhrft hc Htymým khb l`cmkf K#¹ Lrmcd`t'

df \`m#/

Hc k`hz p fdef kh Mor`b kh g`b th{hd`hc{ft th{hc{m p th`t

Cft emdhgft dmraf kh [rhtd`hc{ft cf|hc{m p {rht yhtft{rht p }xmr{`bbf rr#!!S dfrr`hc{ht hc{hrmkft yfr hb T`{xmk`t{m

k#// Gàxhb Mckràt kh Mrrfpf dfgf b`}#¹S kh 408 y#S ? rr#S

kàbm yrfy`m gfchkm }xh thaúc dfct{m khb dfcfd`g`hc{f }xh

f{fraf hc bm D`xkmk kh Dfrkf|m hc ?1 kh lhorhrf kh ht{h

mcf th fobàf m dfckxd`r m ht{mt _#£S Dmjmt p bh hc{rhaf hb

[ehc#!S [e#/S/ kh m}xhbbm K#/ Jxmc Gmr`m Amd`f dfcdh}xhc{h



' 498 '

mbf yrh|hc`kf yfr hb Jxhz g#¹! kh |`hcht kh K`lxc{ft }xhrhd`kh hcbm D`x& kàbm Ybm{m yfr tx khtymdef bòrmkf hchbbm m 0 kh K`z#* kh =118 yfr yhr{hcht&** j kh dxhc{m kàbft

ehrhk#/S hc Htymým khb k`lxc{f k#/ Lrmc#/S/ kh \`m khkxd`kf

= y#*/ 1 ( rr& }xh th bh tm{`tl`tf m kb`f# t`{xmk`t{m yfr tx

lbh{h p dfckxd`fc m ghk`f yfr d`hc{f dxpm dmc{`kmk ht bm

g`tgm }#* mdrhk`{m bm dhr{`l`dmd#¹¹ kmkm hc kb`m# D`xkmk kh

Dfrkf|m hc ?1 khb d`{mkf ght kh lhorhrf y& hb htd#// kh _#!

Emz"S/ kh hbbm Bfrhczf Afczíbhz hc |rk# kh Khdrh{f khb rhl&/

[ehc#S rhtxb{f kh b`}#!!¹ rht`kxf mlm|fr kàbft huyrhtmkft

ehrhkhrft khtyxàt kh rh|mjmkft ymrm bm dformczm kh ;59 y&kh yr`cd`ymb 5; y#S < rr"S bft 44 y#S 8 rr#* kh amt{ft dmxtmkft

{c m}xhb Jxzamkf p bft 8= y#S = rr& rht{mc{ht frà`cmkft kh

dft{mt hc hb ghcd`fcmkf kh |`hcht kh K`lxc{ft dfc mrrhabf

m bft mx{ft kh bm gm{hr`m# Dfgf ymrhzh kàbm d`{mkm dhr{`'

l`dmz#¹/ dmr{m kh kb`f# [hc`hc{h kh ?0 kh lhorhrf kh ht{h mcf"

dfcfd`g`hc{f p hc{hrf kh}xh thbh k`f mb t`{xmk`t{m dhr{`l`'

dmd`ôc dfc ht{m lem# m}xh cft rhg`{`gft p l`rgmgft#404 – 4 – 5 [*S


/Mb gmrahc: Dmraf kh 509 y#S = @&? rr#S dfrr`hc{ht hc{#¹/

y"! hb T`{xmk`t{m k#¹ Gàxhb Mckràt kh Mrrfpf hc 5<; y#S

? S rr#S bç}x`kft kh 514 y#S = rr#! kàbm g`tgm htyhd`h }#/

rhz`|`f hb [eh#* [eht#¹ kàbm _#! Dmjm kh Tmb{m ymrm tx dfc'

kxz`fc m ht{mt yfr yhr{hchd#*£* mbft ehrhk#/S khb l`cmkf k#¹

\mbhr`mcf Dmtf Frkf`8hz/#

Hc k`hz p fdef kh Mor`b kh g`b th{ht#/S th{hc{m p th`t cft

emdhgft dmraf kh fdefd`hc{ft cf|hc{m y#S xcf p ghk`f rr#*S

dfrr`hc{ht hc{hrmkft yfr hb T`{xmk`t{m k#¹ Gà#! Mckràt kh

Mrrfpf hc 5<; y#S ? p =; rr#S k#*S bç}x`kft }xh }xhkmrfc%khkxd`kft 5 y#/ 8 ( rr#S kàbm g`tgm htyhd`h }xh th bh tm'

{`tlmd`hrfc yfr tx lbh{h p dfckxt#¹¹ m xcf yfr d`hc{f) kh

514 y#* = rr#! lxhr{ht }#£ thaúc dfct{m khb dfcfd`g`hc{f }#!

f{fraf hc bm D`xk#*S kh Tmb{m hc ?9 kh Hchrf kh ht{h mýf th

fobàf m dfckxd`r m ht{mt Dmjmt p bh hc{rhaf k#/ Tmc{`maf

Yxdeh{m [eh#* [e#/S/ kh m}xhbbm frkhc khb Jxhz g#//S kh \`hcht

YxOB# tod# gt[# ?9



‛ 49< '

kh K`lxc{ft }xh rhd`kh hc bm D`x#!* kàbm Ybm{m k#/ JôtthlBôyhz B`tjjhraxhr dfgf yhr{hcht#*SS m bft ehrhkhrft khb l`'

cmkf K# \mbhr`mcf Dmtf Frkfýhz kht{`cmkft ymrm rhg`t`ôc

m Htymým m dfctàcmd#¹¹ khb thýfr Yrht&£ p Fpkfrht kh bm

_& Mxk#S p dmtm kh dfc{rm{md`ôc kh @ck`mt hc Dík`z Dfgfymrhzh kh Dmr{m kh kef# [b`h#*SS kh ?< kh Hchrf kh ht{h mýf"

d`{mkf dfcfd`g`hc{f p cf{m kh hc{hrf }#£ l`rgf dfc cftf{rft

hb ghcd`fcmkf t`{xmk`t{m m}#S th`h k`f dhr{`l`dmd`ôc dfc ht{m

lb`m# m}xh cft rhg`{`gft p bf l`rgmgft#

509 – = – =1


# S!Mb gmrahc: Dmraf kh ?9= y#S 1 rr#S dfrr#SSS hc{#/S yfr hb

T`{xmk`t{m k#!! Gàxhb Mckràt kh Mrrfpf hc =0< y#S k& dfchb yrhg`f kh 4 ( dfgf b`}x`kf kh ?99 y#S lxhr{ht }#S bh

hc{rhamrfc bft f,JS _#*S kh Yf{ft` ymrm tx dfckxt`fc m ht{mt

Dmjmt dfc kht{`cf m tx k`rhdd`ôc mb 5#¹!/ Yrht#*£ kàbm dfc{rm'

{mt#¹¹ kh Dík`z yfr yhr{hchd`hc{ht m bm gxb{m @gyxht{m kh

frc# khb _#! Dfcthjf kh @ck`mt m k#¹ Obmt Amtdôc" Fll& _#*

kh Frxrf#/

Hc k`hz p fdef kh Mor`b kh g`b th{ht#/S th{#S p th`t: cft

emdhgft dmraf kh kftd`hc{ft xc y#S t`h{h rr#S dfrr#*£S m}xhmtdhck`hrfc dfc hb yrhg`f kh 4 ( =0< y#S k#S }xh em hc{h'

rmkf hc ht{mt _#S Dmjmt hb T`{xmk`t{m k#¹ Gà"! Mckràt kh

`\rrfpf b`}#!SS kh ?99 y#S lxhr{ht }xh thaúc dfct{m khb dfcfd`'

g`hc{f }xh f{fraf hc bm \`bbm kh Yf{ft` hc ?4 kh K`z&S kh

=118 hc{rh hb Htt#¹¹ kh _#! Emz#SS Gmcxhb kh Max`rrh th

fobàf m dfckxd`r m ht{mt rhlhr`kmt Dmjmt p bh hc{rhamrfc

bft Fçl&S _#SS kh m}xhbbmt ymrm }'£ hc hb yr`ghr Cm|`f kh

\mckhrm Htymýfbm bft k`r`jmgft mb T#/// Yrht`khc{h kàbmDfc{rm{mt# !/! kh Dík`z dfgf yhr{hcht#*SS m bm gxb{m `gy#**

kh frc# khb _#! Dfcthjf kh @ck`mt m k#/ Obmt Amtdôc Fl`z#*

_#! kh Frxrf }xhkmckf kef# T`{xmk`t{m tm{`tlhdef kh tx lbh{h

p dfckxd`fc mb rhtyhd{f kh ? yfr d`hc{f dfc bft ; y#S lxhr{ht

khkxd`kft kh bft huyrhtmkft ?99 y#S kh bm g`tgm htyhd`h#

Dfgf `)mrhzh khb dfcfd`g`hc{f d`{mkf p hc{hrf }xh l`rgf



' 491 '

dfc cftf{rft kh }xh th bh em kmkf dhr{`l`dmt#/ dfc ht{m lem#

m}xh cft rhg`{`gft { bf l`rgmgft# ?9= – 1 " 99


!!Mb gmrahc: Dmraf kh ?8 y#S dfrr#**S hc{hr#¹S yfr hb mpxk#*!

kh ht{m Ybmzm k#¹ Lrmcd`tdf Hfkr`axhz bft g`tgft }xh th bhb`mc tmdmkf kh gxb{m m xc Yxbyhrf bbmgmkf Jxmc Jye@tlrmc yfr em|hrbh hcdfc{rmkf hb dm|f kh Ym{rxbbm kh |hd`'

cft Gmr{`c Mb|mrhz jxamckf jxhaft yrfe`|`kft m bmt {rht

kh bm gmýmcm#/

Hc fczh kh Sbmpf kh g`b th{ht#/S th{hc{m p th`t hc |rk#

kh frc# khb Thýfr [ehc`hc{h kh Hhp Af|hrcmkfr @c{hr`cf

K#¹ K`haf kh Tmbmt cft emdhgft dmraf kh |h`c{h p d`cdf

yhtft dfrr`hc{ht }xh em hc{rhamkf hc Dmjmt _hmbht hb mpx'

kmc{h kh ht{m Ybmzm k#// Lrmcd`tdf _fkr`axhz bft g`tgft}xh th emc tmdmkf kh gxb{m mb Yxbyhrf Jxmc Jye# @tlrmc

yfr em|hrbh hcdfc{rmkf hb dmof kh Ym{rxbbm kh |hz`cft Gmr'

{`c Mb|mrhz jxamckf jxhaft yrfe`|`kft hc tx Yxbyhrçm m

bmt {rht kh bm gmýmcm p kh kem# frkhc th marham ht{m dmc'

{`kmk mb lfckf kh |hchl`d`f yxob`df }xh dfc =?=5 y#S 1 rr#*

=1 ç\ x`rt# }xh em|`m hu`t{hc{ht ymrm ht{h l`c hc ?; kh Mor`b

kh ht{h mýf thaúc dfct{m kàbm Ymr{`km cxghrf ; kh km{m hcht{h _mgf dfgyfchc bm dmc{`kmk kh =?;4 y#S 1 rr#!

=1 'lS grt# dfgf ymrhzh kh htdr`{f kh hc{rham p cf{m kh

hc{hrf m}xh cft rhg`{`gft p l`rgmgft# 9?8 – 99 – 99 –


/Mb gmrahc: Dmraf kh 004 y#S 1 `S rr#S dfrr#SS hc{rhamkfty#// hb T`{xmk`t{m k#¹ Yhkrf kh Hdem|mrr`m hc 0<8 y#S kt# bç'

}x`kft kh 05; y#* 8 `&f rr#S kh bm g`tgm htyhd`h rhomjmkft

=0 y#S 8 \# rr#! kh =? y# ( kh dfckxd`fc p lxhrfc rhg`{`kft

yfr bft Fl`z#SS _hmbht kh Yf{ft` ymrm {hchr m k`tyft`d`ôc

khb Thýfr Af|hrcmkfr yfr |`m hgomraf kàbft txhbkft kh

k#¹ Lhrg`c kh Mf`t khb [hrd`f dxgyb`kf hc 4= kh K`zorh#

kh =118#/



' 495 ‛

Hc {rh`c{m p xcf kh Gmpf kh g`b th{hd`hc{ft th{hc{m pth`t# Cft emdhgft dmraf kh cxhohd`hc{ft cfohc{m p {rht

yhtft t`h{h p ghk`f rr#S dfrr`hc{ht m}xh mtdhck`hrfc dfc hb

yrhg`f kh 4 y#( 0<8 y#¹S kt" }xh em hc{hrmkf hb t`{xmk`t{m

K#¹ Yhkrf kh Hdem|mrr`m dfgf b`}x`kft kh 05; y#S 8 =&? rr#!

kàbm yrfy`m gfchkm rhomjmkft =0 y& 8 !^&f rr#S kh bm g`tgm%bxh th bh tm{`tlmd`hrfc yfr hb ? y# ( khtx dfckxd`fc dxpm

dmc{#*S rhg`{`hrfc bft Fl{!#£S _"£S kh Yf{ft` ymrm {hchr m k`t'

yft`d`ôc khb T#/// Af|#/// yfr |`m kh hgomraf p xb{`gm rh'

ghtm kàbft txhbkft kh k#!! Lhrgçc Mf`t Mbaxmd`b g#/!/ kh

m}xhbbmt Dmjmt yhr{hchd`hc{h m {fkf hb mýf kh =118 ymrm bm

tm{`tlmdd`ôc kh =?15; y#S }xh kef# Mf`t ht khxkfr m tx Gm'krh K#// [efgmtm kh Bmrrmzm|mb thaúc dfct{m kàbm Htdr`{xrm

kh lbh{mghc{f }xh f{fraf hc kem# \`bbm hc =? kh lhorhrf

kh ht{h mýf mc{h hb Htdròmcf kh H#! Emz#S!! Gmcxhb kh

Max`rrh }xh dfc ?=1; y#S 8 SM rr"S dfrr`hc{ht }xh th embbmc

hc ht{h _mgf dfc hb g`tgf l`c p emc hc{hrmkf bft T`{xm'

k`t{mt k#// Gmcxhb kàbm ]x`c{mcm p k#¹ Gàxhb Mckràt kh

Mrrfpf hb =#¹ ' =909 y& = rr#! hc ?0 kh Maft{f kh =118

thaúc Ymr{`km kh dmraf hc kef# mýf mb cxghrf 1 p hb ?#¹

=95; y#S ; Pf rr#S hc =5 kh Mor`b khb dfrr`hc{h }xh mdrhk`{m

bm cxghrf 1 kh dmraf hc ht{h _mgf emdhc bm dmc{`kmk kh

4=<5 y#S 8 rr#S dfrr`hc{ht }xhkíckfbh khtdfc{mkft hc m}xh'

bbm Dmjm kh {fkf hb txhbkf kh k`def mýf 08 y#S ? =&9 rr#S

ymrm dxor`r hb Gfc{h Y`ô }xh ht{m|m kh|`hckf : Dfgf `)mrhzh

kh dmr{m kh bft huyrhtmkft fll#S _#SS tx lem# =< kh lhorhrfkh 1< d`{mkm htdr`{xrm p hc{hrf kh }xh th bh k`f dhr{`l`dmz"¹/

mb ghcd`fcmkf T`{xmk`t{m dfc ht{m lem# m}xh cft rhg`{`gft

4S bf l`rgmgft# 004 – 1 – =1


SSMb gmrahc: Dmraf kh <#=59 y##S dfrr#*S hc{hrmkft yfr hb

T`{xmk`t{m k#// Gàxhb Mckràt kh Mrrfpf hc 0 j y#S k#* dfc

hb yrhg`f kh 4 ( bft g`tgft }xh dfckxjf kh bmt Yrf|`cd`mt

kh Mrr`|m ymrm hc{rhamr m K#* [efgmtm kh Bmrrmzm|mb

\`xkm kh K#/S Ymobf Mf`t p yfr Khdrh{f khb Af|`hrcf th

gmckmrfc hc Khyft`{f#/



‛ 490 '

Hc t`h{h kh Jxc`f kh g`b th{ht#/S th{hc{m p th`t" cft emdhgft dmraf kh th`t g`b" d`hc{f p fdehc{m y& dfrr`hc{ht m }xh

mtdhck`hrfc dfc hb yrhg`f kh 4 y ( > < kfobht }xh em hc{h'

rmkf k#¹ Gàxhb Mckràt kh Mrrfpf bft g`tgft }xh dfckxjf

kh bmt Yrf|#*! kh Mrr`|m ymrm hc{rhamr m k& [efgmtm kh

Bmrrmzm|mb \`xkm kh K#¹ Ymobf Mf`t p yfr Khdrh{f khb Af'

|`hrcf kh ?; kh Gmpf yrôu`gf ymtmkf th gmckmrfc yfchr

hc ht{h _mgf kh Khyôt`{ft m tfb`d`{xk kh K#¹ [efgmt kh

Mf`t e`jf kh kem# K#/ [fgmtm tforh }#S th rhgf|`hth hb }xh

th em|`m gmckmkf jqr hb g`tgf Af|`hrcf hc yfkhr khb hu'

yrhtmkf Mrrfpf dfgf ymrhzh kh dhr{`l`dmt#// khb htdròmcf

kh AfP#// k#/ Jfthll Zhczmcf tx lem# ?; kh kef# ght kh Gmpfp hc{hrf m }xh cft rhg`{`gft p l`rg#S

<=59 – 99 – 99 –

Ghkrmcf ‛ Mb{fbmax`rrh ‛ Mrç3%1#

S!Mb gmrahc: Dmraf kh =94 y#S dfrr#*S! hc{rha#/! y& kfc G`'

axhb Mckràt kh Mrrfpf hc =99 y#S k& bft g`tgft }xh bh hc'

{rhamrfc bft fll#S _#S kh Yf{ft` ymrm tx dfckxz#// m ht{mt

Dmjmt dfc hb l`c kh }xh th rhg`{mc m Htymým m hc{rhamr mb

Thýfr Yrht`khc{h kh bm dfc{rm{mt#// kh Dík`z ymrm }#* bh

huhdx{h m K#S Gmr`m Jyem# \`bbmlmýh#/

Hc fdef kh Jxc`f kh g`b th{hd`hc{ft th{hc{m p th`t# Cftemdhgft dmraf kh d`hc{f {rht y#S dfrr`hc{ht hc{rhamkft yfrhb T`{xmk`t{m k#/ Gàxhb Mckràt kh Mrrfpf hc d`hc yhtft

kt# dfc hb yrhg`f kh 4 ( bft g`tgft }xh thaúc dfct{m khdmr{m kh bft Fll#SS _#* kh Yf{ft` tx lem# =< kh K`z`hgorhkh 18 bh hc{rhamrfc ht{ft ymrm tx dfckxz`fc m ht{mt Dmjmt

p _hghtm m Htymým m hc{rhamr mb Thýfr Yrht`khc{h kh bm

dfc{rm{md`ôc kh Dík`z p ht{f bf huhdx{h m K#!! Gmr`m Jfthlm

kh \`bbmlmýh" |hd`cm kh mbb` m }x`hc th bft rhg`{h yfr \`mkh Tfdfrrf tx gmr`kf k#¹ Kfg`caf Bôyhz [hgyrmkf rhd`'

khc{h hc m}xhbbm \`bbm hc lxhrzm kh _#! Fg# kh =; kh K`z'

orh# kh =119# Dfgf ymrhzh kh bm d`{mkm dmr{m p hc{hrf m }xhcft rhg`{`gft p l`rgmgft# 494 – 99 – 99 –




' 4=9 ‛

SSMb gmrahc: Dmraf kh =99 y#S dfrr&S!! ymtmkft m ht{h rmgfkh bft kh Hhmb Emz#S!! yfr hb khtdxhc{f |hr`l`dmkf kh bft txhb'

kft khb T#/!! Af|#¹!! p Dmy# Armb# ymrm bm kf{md`ôc khb Mahc{h

L`tdmb kh bm _#! Mxk`hcd`m khb K`t{r`{f#!!

Hc fdef kh Jxb`f kh g`b th{hd`hc{ft th{hc{m j th`t# Cftemdhgft dmraf kh d`hc yhtft dfrr`hc{ht ymtmkft m ht{h _m'

gf kàbft kh _#S Emd`hckm yfr hb khtdxhc{f }xh hc |`r{xk

kh _#/S Yrf|`t`fcht kh =1 kh K`zorh# kh 1= ‛ ?1 kh Ma#!¹ kh

14 p ?8 kh Hchrf kh 18 th em |hr`l`dmkf mb 5¹/S Af|#//S pDmy#// A%g#! kh ht{m Yrf|#/ k#!! Jxmc Jftthl kh Phr{`z khb

txhbkf kh ;899 y#S }xh bh dfrrhtyfck`ô hc bft < ghtht khb

dfrr`hc{h mýf dxpm dmc{`kmk ht bm g`tgm dfc }xh khoh dfc'

{ròx`r hc hb d`{mkf {yf# ymrm bm Kf{md`ôc khb Mahc{h L`tdmb

kh bm _#! Mxk`hcd`m khb K`t{r`{f mb rhtyhd{f kh ?99 y#S mc'

cxmbht }xh hc yrfrrm{hf `cdhr{f hc bmt g`tgmt _#SS Yrf|`'

t`fcht bh ht{íc mtàcmkft m ht{h Af|`hrcf# Dfgf ymrhzh khb

kfdxghc{f }xh t`r|h kh dfgyrf|mc{h m bm Ymr{`km kh Km{mkh _#! Em6#*SS Cxghrf =94 m }xh cft rhg`{`gft p l`rgmgft#

=99 / 99 / 99 /

Ghkrmcf ‛ Mb{fbmax`rrh ‛ M``zm#

SSMb gmrahc: Dmraf kh =? y#S ; rr#S dfrr`hc{ht ymtmkft mb

_mgf kh Khyôt`{ft khb kh T`{xmkft dfgf khtdfc{mkft mb

Af|hrcmkfr `c{hr`cf kh Gfc{h|#/ k#// Jfm}x`c khb Y`cf kh

txt txhbkft |hcd`kft hc bft < yr`ghrft ghtht kh ht{h mýf

yfr bf }xh kh|h dfc{ròx`r mb Mahc{h L`tdmb kh bm _#! Mx'

k`hcd`m khb K`t{r`{f thaúc _#£S Yrf|`t`fcht#!!

Hc fdef kh Jxb`f kh g`b th{hd`hc{ft th{hc{m p th`t cft

emdhgft dmraf kh kfzh yhtft }xm{rf rr#S dfrr`hc{ht ymtmkft

m ht{h _mgf kh hb kh T`{xmkft jpf| hb khtdxhc{f }xh hc |rk#

kh _hmbht Yrf|`t`fcht kh =1 kh K`zorh kh 1= ‛ ?1 kh Ma#*¹

kh 14 p ?8 kh Hchrf kh 18 th bh em |hr`l`dmkf mb [ehc`hc{h

Dfrfchb kh @cahc`hrft k#// Jfm}x`c khb Y`cf kh tx txhbkf

kh = y#S }xh bh dfrrhtyfck`hrfc hc bft < yr`ghrft ghtht

kh ht{h mcf mb rhtyhd{f kh ? 4 y#S mccxmbht }xh afzm dfgf

Af|#/// @c{hr`cf kh bm Ybmzm kh Gfc{h|#¹ dxpm dmc{`kmk ht bm



' 4== '

g`tgm d`g }#S kh|h dfc{r`ox`r hc hb d`{mkf {`hgyf ymrm bm

kf{md`ôc khb Mahc{h L`tdmb kh _#S Mxk`hcd`m khb K`t{r`{f

mb rhtyhd{f kh ?8 y#S mb mýf }xh hc yrfrrm{m bh ht{íc mt`acm'

kft m m}xhb Af|`hrcf> dfgf ymrhzh khb Kfdxg&¹ }xh t`r|h

kh dfgyrf|mc{h m bm Ymr{`km kh Km{m kh T`{xmkft cxghrf=5= m }xh cft rhg`{`gft j bf l`rgmgft# 9=? / ; / 99


/Mb gmrahc: Dmraf kh 89 y"S dfrr`hc{ht hc{hr#¹S yfr hb

Mpxkmc{h kh ht{m Ybmzm k#¹ lrmc&¹ _fkrçaxhz bft g`tgft

}xh th tmdmrfc kh gxb{m m bft Yxbyhrft K`haf Lbfrht pArhafr`f Mrmct yfr dfc{rm|hc`r mb omckf kh oxhc Af'

|`hrcf#/

Hc {rhzh kh Ma#*¹ kh g`b th{hd`hc{ft th{hc{m p th`t# Cftemdhgft dmraf kh d`c}xhc{m y#¹S dfrr`hc{ht }xh kh Frc#

khb T#/ Af|#/! hc{rhaf hc Dmjmt _#SS hb Mpxk#*S Gmpfr kh bm

Mtmgobhm kh @cl k#// Lrmc#!S/ _fkrçaxhz bft g`tgft }xh th

emc tmdmkf kh gxb{mt m bft Yxbyhrft K`haf Lbfrht p Arh'

afr`f Mrmct yfr dfc{rmohc`r mb omckf kh \xhc Afo`hrcf p}x`h{xk kh bm D`xk#!S dxpm dmc{#* th marham m kem# Frc# mb

lfckf kh ohchl`d`f yxob`df }xh dfc =?;4 y#S 1 rr#S =1 'lS grt#}xh em|`m hu`t{hc{h ymrm ht{h l`c hc == kh Gmpf kh ht{h mýf

thaúc dfct{m kh bm Ymr{`km kh dmraf C#¹ == hc ht{h _mgfemdhc bm dmc{`kmk kh =?04 y#S 1 rr#S =1 u\ grt# dfgf ymrhzh

kh htdr`{f kh hc{rham p cf{m kh }xhkmr thc{mkm ht{m Ymr'

{`km mS}xh cft rhg`{`gft p l`rgmgft" 989 "# 99 – 99 –


' *!Mb gmrahc: Dmraf kh ;9 y#S dfrr#**!! ymtmkft m ht{h _mgfkh bft kh _hmb Emz#!!* yfr hb Khtdxhc{f ehdef mb Af|#/!S khb

Ymrmaxmp K#¹ Maxt{çc Lhrcmckf kh Y`chkf mb rhtyhd{f kh

59 y#* mccxmbht ymrm hb Mahc{h L`tdmb kh bm _hmb Mxk`hcd`m#/



' 4=? '

Hc |h`c{h kh Thyorh kh g`b th{ht#¹S th{hc{m p th`t# Cftemdhgft dmraf kh }xmrhc{m y& dfrr&**S ymtmkft m ht{h _mgfkh bft kh H#! Emz#!!* yfr hb Khtdxhc{f ehdef mb Af|hrcmkfr

khb Ymrmaxmp K#/ Maxt{çc Lhrcmckf kh Y`chkf hc < ghtht

}xh `cdbxph hb mjxt{h kh tx em|hr khtkh =#¹ kh Jxb`f m l`c kh

K`z`hgorh kh 18 mb rhtyhd{f kh 59 y#S mccxmbht }xh th bh

kh|hc rhomjmr ymrm bm Kf{md`ôc khb Mahc{h L`tdmb kh bm _#!

Mxk#* khb K`t{r`{f hc |rk# kh _#S Yrf|#SS kh 1 kh K`zorh kh

1= p ?1 kh Ma"*S/ kh 14# Dfgf ymrhzh khb dfgyrf|mc{h kh

Km{m kh _#! Emz#!S!! C#¹ =8; m }xh cft rhg`{`gft p l`rgmgft#

9;9 / 99 / 99 /


!SMb gmrahc: Dmraf kh ?=9? y#S ? rr#* ?= l\ grt# dfrr#*S*ymtmkft m ht{h _mgf kh Khyôt`{ft e#* bmt rhtxb{mt kh T# G#

dfgf b`}#¹S }#S }xhkmrfc khb yrfkxd{f kh bft hlhd{ft }#S th

rhdfa`hrfc kàbm Zxgmdm Yfr{xaxhtm Crm# Trm# kh bm Y`h'

kmk cmxlrmamkm hc _`f Armckh#/

Hc |h`c{h p cxhoh kh Fd{xorh kh g`b th{hd`hc{ft th{hc{m

p th`t: Yfr mx{f }xh yrf|he`gft ht{h k`m cft emdhgft

dmraf kh kft g`b d`hc{f kft yhtft kft rr#S |h`c{h p xcf {rht

kfzh m|ft grt# dfrr`hc{ht bft g`tgft }"£ thaúc b`}#¹!! lfr'

gmkm y#/S ht{m dfc{mkxrçm }xhkmrfc m lmofr kh bm ZxgmdmYfr{xaxhtm khb dmraf kh tx Dmy`{íc K#¹ Bfrhczf kh T`b|m

cfgormkm Crm# Trm# kh bm Y`hkmk }#S cmxlrmaf hc _`f a#S/

kh Tmc Yhkrf dfgf b`}x`kf khb yrfkxd{f kh bft hlhd{ft }xh

yhr{hcht#*/!! m hbbm th emc rhdfa`kf dxpf {f{mb mtdhck`ô m

?18< y#S < rr#S ?4 {x# grt# hc ht{m lfrgm: bft =484 y#S ? rr#*

?= l`ç grt# }xh `gyfr{mrfc bmt }xh th |hck`hrfc hc yy#/

Mbgfchkm j rhgm{f K#¹ Ohrcmrkf Arhafr`f kh bmt Ehrmtthaúc dfct{m khb rhgm{h |hr`l`dmkf hc 8 kh K`z#//S kh 18 m{#S

45 oxhb{m kh bft Mx{ft kh bm gm{hr`m hc{rham rhd`|f p hc'

{hrf }xh e`zf }xh dfrrh kh lfjmt 40 o#*S* e#!! bm ;4 oxhb{m

=;94 yhtft tmdmkft kh bft _mgft kh _#* Emz#S** bft =499 |mbfr

kh bm {mtmd`ôc kh =99 Omrr#S kh dmdemzm }xh th hc{rhamrfc

hc _#/ Mbgmdhcht thaúc rhz`|f m l#S 44 o#// mb rhty#*¹ kh =4 y#/



s 4=5 '

dmkm xcf }xh yfr ht{mr yrfe`|`km tx |hc{m th emc kht{`cmkfymrm bmt @tbmt Gmb|`cmt p bft =94 y#* ; rr& rht{mc{ht yfr

hb kh bm [mtmd`ôc kh 0 [mdeft kh dforh dfc =45 m %3 rr& dmkm

xcm }xh hc qk# kh frc# khb T#/*/ Dmy#/ Ahchrmb kh 5 kh Gmpfkh 18 }xh th embbm m l#S 4< kh bft Mx{ft kh bm Zxc`mdí Crm#

Trm# kh bm Dfcdhyd`ôc p T#¹ Lrmc#!S!! kh Ymxbm cmxlrmamkm

hc hb g`tgf kht{`cf }xhkhc hc Gfc{h|#¹ ymrm hb Thr|`d`f kh

bm Dfg`km kh bft @ck`ft p G`b`d`mcft }xh ebomc m m}xhbbm

Ybmzmp

dfct{m àxmbghc{h hc ht{ft Mx{ft khb rhtaxmrkf kh

l#/!! 4= kmkf y& hb Fll#! _#! kh hbbm kh dxpf {f{mb khkxd`kft

<8; y& ; rr#* bft ;<9 }xh th ymtmrfc mb _mgf kh hu{rmfrk`'

cmr`ft p dfct{mc hc Ymr{`kmt kh Dmraf C#¹ ?< dfc ht{m lem#

yfr f{rft {mc{ft }xh kh frc# khb T#/// Dmy#/ Ahc#! tm{`tl`zf

hb Fll#! H#! kh Gfc{h|#¹ k#¹ Jftà Lrmc#*7¹ kh \ft{fm hc m}xh'

bbm dmjm kh bft _mgft kh _#! Emz#*SS yfr lbh{ht kh dmrrft kh

Ymr{`dxbmrht p f{rft amt{ft dmxtmkft hc bm dfckxt#¹¹ kht#*

hb _`f a#!!S p tx hgomr}xh m ht{m D`xkmk kh bft hlhd{ft yhr'

{hxhz`hc{ht m ht{m Zxgmdm }xh mdrhk`{m bm dfy`m dhr{`l`dmkm

khb dfgyrf|mc{h kh Km{m kh keft# _mgft }xh th embbm kh

l#**S ;< e#** ;0 p kh|hc rh`c{harírthbh =?0 y#S = rr#! }xh `g'

yfr{mrfc bmt dft{mt frà`cmkmt hc ht{ft mx{ft thaúc bm

{mtmd`ôc m l#SS 88 o#*S p bft <8 y#S 4 rr#S rht{mc{ht m }xh mtdhc'

k`hrfc bft amt{ft dmxtmkft hc jfrcmbht kh Yhfcht lbh{ht kh

Dmrrh{mt }xh th fdxymrfc hc bm khtdmram p dfckxt#¹/ kh bft

huyrhtmkft hlhd{ft khtkh hb Gxhbbh kh bmt Omrrmdmt e#*S* bft

_#£* Mbgmzhcht kh ht{m Lfr{mbhzm thaúc bm dxhc{mkh

l#/! 81

}xhkmrfc bç}x`kft yfr yhr{hcht#**! m kem# Zxgmdm bft rhlh'

r`kft ?=9? y#! ? rr#S ?= {( grt# }xh hc{rmrfc hc ht{h _mgfkh Khyôt`{ft e#!S bmt rhtxb{mt kh T# G# Dfgf ymrhzh Mx{ft"

hb yrf|he`kf hc ?0 kh Jxb`f kh 18 f{rf kh ht{h [ròxcmb kh

=< kh Fd{xorh kh 1< B`}x`kmt#// hb d`{mkf kh ?0 kh Fd{xorh

p cf{m }xh hc {ht{`gfc`f t`r|hc kh dfgyrf|mc{h m ht{m Ymr'

{`km m }xh cft rhg#¹S p bf l`rg#S ?#=9? – ? – ?= {S


!!Mb gmrahc: Dm`!af kh ?90 y#* = \? `!`!'! dfrr`hc{ht ymttmkft

m ht{h rmgf kh Khyôt`{ft e#** bm kh{hrg`cmt#// kh T# G# dfgfb`}#¹* }xh }xhkmrfc khb yrfkxd{f kh bft hlhd{ft kh bm Zxgm'



' 4=; '

dm Yfr{xaxhtm Crm# Trm# kh bm Dfcdhyd`ôc p T#// Lrmc#!!!S khYmxbm cmxlrmamkm hc hb _`f a#!S£/

Hc |h`c{h j cxhoh kh Fd{xorh kh g`b th{hd`hc{ft th{hc{m

p th`t Yfr mx{f }xh yrf|hb``gft ht{h k`m cft emdhgft dmraf

kh kftd`hc{ft cxhoh y#/¹ xcf p ghk`f rr#! dfrr`hc{ht bft

g`tgft }#£ thaúc b`}"!/! lfrgmkm yfr ht{m dfc{mkxrçm rhtxb'

{mrfc mlmofr kh bm Zxc`mdí Yfr{xaxhtm khb dmraf kh tx

Dmy#/ k#¹ Jftà Mc{fc`f Lhrcmckhz cfgormkm çtrm# Trm# kàbmDfcdhyd`ôc p T#/ Lrmc#!!¹ kh Ymxbm }xh cmxlrmaf hc hb H`f

a&£ kh T"¹ Yhkrf dfgf b`}&¹ khb yrfkxd{f kh {fkft bft

al{ft }Sa yhr{hchz&£S m hbbm th emc rhdfa`kf dxpf {f{mb mt'

dhck`ô m 114 y#S ; \f rr#S m Tm|hr : 498 y& ; `&S rr#! `gy&S kh

bft }xh rhgm{f hc yy#*/* Mbgfchkm k#¹ Ohrcmrkf Arhafr`f

kh bmt Ehrmt }xh dfct{m kh rhgm{h |hr`l`dmkf hc 8 kh K`zorh#

kh 18 ml#!!S 4= kh ht{ft Mx{ft hc{rham rhz#¹ p hc{hrf }#£ e`zf

}xh dfrrh kht#£ l#!!S 4? ew/ bm 48 p bft ;<5 y#S rht{mc{ht }xh

th tmdmrfc kàbft rmgft kh _#! Emz#!S!! yfr hb |mbfr kh bm

{mtmd`ôc kh 4< Omrr"S kh Ma&£ dmdemzm mb rhty#*¹ kh =4 y&dmkm xcf }xh yfr ht{mr yrfeò`km tx |hc{m th gmckmrfchc{rhamr hc _#S Mbgmdhcht dfc kht{`cf m bmt @tbmt Gmb|`cmt

p dfct{m khb rhz#/ kh l#/*S ?8 kh dxpf {f{mb khkxd`kft 8<; y#S

4 rr#S bft ;=5 y& ? rr#S ymtmkft mb rmgf kh hu{rmfrk`cmr`ft

dfc lem# kh ht{h k`m hc Ymr{`km kh dmraf C#/ ?1 yfr àxmb

dmc{`kmk }xh kh frc# khb T#/// Dmy#¹ Ahc& txyb`ô hb Fçl#! _#!

kh Gfc{h|#¹k#/

Jftàlrmc#!S/

kh Tf{fm hc m}xhbbm Dmjm khb_mgf kh _#/ Emz#*SS ymrm ymaft kh lbh{ht kh Dmrrft kh Ymr'

{`dxbmrht p f{rft amt{ft dmxtmkft hc bm dfckxd`fc kht#£ _`f

a#S£ p hgomr}xh m ht{m d`xkmk kh bft huyrhtmkft hlhd{ft

}xh mdrhk`{m bm dfy`m dhr{`l`dmkm khb dfgyrf|mc{h kh Km{m

kh _#! Emz#S*/ kh bm rhlhr`km Dmjm p fl`d`f kh rhg`t`ôc kht#£

lfj#!!!/ 45 m ;9 p kh|hc rh`c{harírthbh ==9 y#! 4 rr#S kh dft{mt

dmxtmkft hc keft# Mx{ft thaúc {mtmd`ôc m l#!!!! ;; p bft 48 y#*

< rr#£S rht{mc{ht kh amt{ft frà`cmkft hc jfrcmbht kh Yhfcht

p lbh{ht kh Dmrrh{mt }xh th fdxymrfc hc bm khtdmram p dfc'

kxt`fc kh keft# hlhd{ft kht#£ hb Gxhbbh kh bmt Omrrmdmt e#*/

bft _#£! Mbgmdhcht kh ht{m Lfr{mbhzm thaúc bm dxhc{m kh

l#¹S ;8 }xhkmrfc b`}#¹S W)hr{hchd`hc{ht mb cmxlrma`f kh Kem#

Zxgmdm bft ghcd`fcmkft ?90 y#/ = `&f rr#! }xh hc{rmrfc hc

bht{h _mgf kh Khyôt`{ft e#'!! bm kh{hrg`cmt#// kh T# G# dfgf

ymrhzh kh bft g`tgft Mx{ft hb yrf|he`kf hc ? kh Ma#*¹ kh



' 4=8 ‛

18 f{rf kh =< kh Fd{xorh kh 1< B`}#¹!! hb d`{mkf kh ?0 khFd{&£ p cf{m }xh hx{ht{`g#/ t`r|hc kh dfgyrf|&* m ht{m

Ymr{`km m}xh cft rhg#¹S | l`rg#!#

?90 – ="" =1


/Mb gmrahc: Dmraf kh 585 y#S ; rr#S 5 {( grt# dfrr`hc{ht

ymtmkft m ht{h Nmgf b`& bm kh{hrg`cmt#¹¹ kh T# G# dfgf b`}#**/

}#S rhtxb{f khb yrfkxd{f kh bft hl#/S rhdfa`kft hc bm Zxc`mdí

Yfr{xaxhtm cfgormkm Crm# Trm# kh Ofcmczm }xh cmxlrmaf

hchb _`f a&S/#

Hc |h`c{h p cxhoh kh Fd{xorh kh g`b th{ht#¹S th{hc{m p

th`t# Yfr mx{f }xh yrf|hb``gft ht{h k`m Cft emdhgft dmrafkh fdefd`hc{ft d`c}xhc{m p fdef y#S }xm{rf rr#S th`t kfzh

grt# dfrr#*SS bft g`tgft }#S thaúc bm b`}x`kmd`ôc lfrgmkm

yfr ht{m Dfc{#S rhtxb{mrfc mlm|fr kh bm Zxgmdm Yfr{xaxhtm

khb dmraf kh tx Dmy#¹ k#¹ Lbfrhcd`f Mbomrhz Cfaxhrm cfg'

@jj"km Sj#S Thýfrm kh Ofcmczm T#// Mc{fc`f p mc`gmt }xh

cmxlrmaf hc hb _`f a#S* kh Tmc Yhkrf dfgf b`}#S¹ khb yrf'

kxd{f kh {fkft bft hl#/S }xh yhr{hchz#**S m hbbm th emc rh'

dfa`kf dxpf {f{mb mtdhck`ô m =?4? y#S ? rr#S 5 {( grt#

m tm|hr 1<0 y#¹* 5 &| grt# `gy#*S kh bft }xh rhgm{f hc yy#!S!!

Mbgfchkm K#¹ Ohrcmrkf Arhafr`f kh bmt Ehrmt }xh dfct{m

kh rhgm{h |hr`l`dmkf hc 8 kh K`z#!/S kh 18 ml#!!S 4; p 48 kàbft

Mx{ft kh bm gm{hr`m hc{rham rhz#¹ p hc{hrf }xh e`zf kht#S

l#*S 4< o#!!S kàbm gm{hr`m e#S bm ;= o#*S ;<4 y#S ? rr#S }xh th

tmdmrfc kh bft rmgft kh _#S Emz#S* bft ;94 y#S yfr hb |mbfr

kh bm {mtmd`ôc kh 4= Omrr#S kh Ma#*£ dmdemzm mb rhty#*¹ kh

=4 y#S dmkm xcf }xh yfr ht{mr yrfe`o`km tx |hc{m th gmc'

kmrfc hc{rhamr p hc{rmrfc hc _#SS Mbgmdhcht dfc kht{`cfmbmt @tbmt Gmb|`cmt thaúc dfct{m kh rhz#¹ kh l#S 49 p bft

l)9 y#S ? rr#*S rht{mc{ht yfr `gy#*£ kh bm {mtmd`ôc kh 44 dmr{x'

dehrmt ?< d`c{xrfcht dfc |m`cmt kh ompfch{mt ?0 ompfch{mt

< Omrr#S/ kh Mzhp{h kh Ombbhcm p =5 mrft kh dhkmzf }xhth

hc{rhamrfc hc _#SS Mbgmdhcht ymrm hb Thr|`d`f kàbm [rfym

p _#* Formt }xh mdrhk`{m hb g`tgf rhz#¹ kh l#SS 49 kh dxpf



' 4=< ‛

yrmb# khkxd`kft 414 y#/ bft =50 }xhth ymtmrfc mb rmgf khhu{rmfrk#¹S dfc lem# kh ht{h k`m hc Ymr{#!S* kh dmraf çç#¹ ?5

y& rh`c{harmr mbm @\ Emz#SS kh bm Dmjm kh Gfc{h|#¹ kh à#!

dmc{`kmk }xh hb Fl{!#! @\ kh hbbm K#¹ Jftà lrmc#!7¹ kh Tft{fm

txyb`ô kh frc# khb T#¹! Dmy#¹ Ahc#* ymrm amt{ft kh lbh{ht kh

Dmrrft kh Ymr{`dxbmrht p f{rft amt{ft dmxtmkft hc dfc'

kxt#¹¹ kht#£ hb H`f a#SS p hgomr}xh m ht{m D`x#!* kh bft hu'

yrhtmkft hlhd{ft }xh dfct{m kh bm dfy`m dhr{`l`dmkm khb

dfgyrf|#**kh Km{m

kh _#! Emz#!** kh bm rhlhr`km Dmjm kht#£

lmt S? e#m ;8: 8= y& < rr#S }xh th frà`cmrfc kh amt{ft hc

jfrcmbht kh Yhfcht p lbh{ht kh Dmrrh{mt }xh th fdxymrfc

hc bm khtdmram p dfckxt#// kàbft hl#// khtkh bmt Omrrmdmt m

ht{m Lfr{mbhzm thaúc bm }#S!! kh lfjmt ;5 p bft =44 y#S kh

dft{mt yrfdhtmbht thaúc {mtmd`ôc kh dft{mt kàf l#**S ;0 }xh'

kmrfc b`}#¹S yfr yhr{hchz#*£S mb cmxlrma`f kh kem# Zxgmdmbft ghcd`fcmkft 585 y#S ; rr#* 5 {( grt# }xh hc{rmrfc hc ht{h

_mgf kh Khyôt`{ft b`#*S bm kh{hrg`cmt#// kh T# G# dfgf

ymrhzh kh bft g`tgft Mx{ft hb yrf|he`kf kh ?0 kh Jxb`f kh18 f{rf kh ht{h [rò#! kh =< kh Fd{xorh kh 1< B`}#//S hb

d`{mkf kh ?0 kh Fd{xorh p cf{m }xh hc {ht{`gfc`f t`r|hc kh

dfgyrf|mc{h m ht{m Ymr{`km m}xh cft rhg#S p bf l`rgmgft#

585 – ; – 5 `?


S!Mb gmrahc: Dmraf kh 8185 y#S 4 rr# dfrr#*S£S bft 814= y#!

4 rr#S b`}#¹S kh 1454 y#¹! ? `&f rr#S }xh th tmdmrfc kh bft _mgftkh _#* Emz#/*/ y#/S `gyfr{h kàbm [mtmd`ôc kh bft hlhd{ft dmtdf

kh bm Zxgmdm Yfr{xaxhtm Crm# Trm khb Dmrghc p xc Of{h

myrhtmkft hc hb _`f a#*S£ p bft ?1 y#S rht{mc{ht yhr{hchz#*£!

m xc gmr`chrf kh kem# Zxgmdm#/

Hc {rh`c{m kh Fd{xorh kh g`b th{hd`hc{ft th{hc{m p th`t#

Yfr mx{f }xh yrf|hb``gft ht{h k`m Cft emdhgft dmraf kh

d`cdf g`b th{hd`hc{ft d`c}xhc{m p fdef y#S {rht rr#£S dfrr`hc'

{ht ymtmkft m ht{h _mgf e#*/ bm kh{hrg`cmt#// kh T# jC@# bft

814= y#! 4 rr#S dfgf b`}#¹! kh 1454 y#! ? =&? rrt# }xh hc lem# th

tmdmrfc kàbft rmgft kh _#* Emz#**/ thaúc dfct{m kàbm Ymr'



' 4=1 ‛

{`km kh Km{m cxghrf =1; yfr ````y&£ m}xh mtdhck`ô bm {mtm'

d`ôc kh kft Charft p khgít hlhd{ft dfc{hc`kft hc bm Zxgm'dm Yfr{xaxhtm Crm# Trm khb Dmrghc T#¹ Mc{fc`f p mc`gmt

tx Dmy#/ k#/ Jxmc _`dmrkf Yhrhprm myrhtmkm hchb _`f a#SS

dfc xc Of{h }xh tmb`ô kh bm Yxc{m kh T#¹ Yhkrf dfgf{mgo`àc bm kh bft Dmtdft p mymrhjft kh mgoft Ox}xht p bft

?1 yhtft rht{mc{ht yhr{hchd`hc{ht mb k`lxc{f Gmr`chrf kh

kem# Zxgmdm Ohrcmrkf kh Mdft{m hc ?= y& dfrr#*S* p 0 gf'

chkmt yfr{xaxhtmt kh ybm{m }#£ h}xòmbhc m < y"S kh dxpf

{f{mb |mbfr rhomjmkft =<8= y& 1 S rr#S m tm|hr: ?91 y#S

; rr#! kh dft{mt yrfdhtmbht thaúc {mtmd`ôc kh l#/* =;= p =;? –

;9 y#S }xh th rhaxbmrfc kh Fcfrmr`f mb mthtfr cfgo#S¹ K&K#¹ Jye# Ymobf Dfc{` yfr hb T#/// [ehc`hc{h Armb# Mxk`{fr

kh arrm# k#¹ Jxmc Gmc& kh Bmomrkhc mlmt# =4< o&* ?9 y#/*

}xh th rhaxbmrfc yfr ht{h [ròxcmb mb [mtmkfr kh Dft{mt

k#¹ Gm{e`mt kh _ff yfr hb {rmomjf }#S `gyhck`ô hc hb df{hjf

yrmd{`dmkf kh bft hlhd{ft hc{rhamkft p k`t{ròx`kft }xh

dfct{mc kht#S l#S 01 o#!! =99 =415 y& 4 =&? rr#! ymtt#! mb rmgfkh hu{rmfrk`cmr`ft dfc ht{m lem# hc Ymr{`km kh dmraf C#¹

?0 bft =94; y#S ? 4; SS'S }``< `gyfr{mrfc 4990 rmd`fcht kh

Gmr }xh yfr dxhc{m kh bm _#! Emz#**S thbh txog`c`t{rmrfc mbm

[r`yxbmt`fc p Ymtmjhrft kàbm Zxgmdm p m bm [r`yxbmt#/ paxmrc`d`ôc khb Of{h }xh mdrhk`{m bm dhr{`l`dmt#*// kh l#SS 5;

kmkm yfr hb Grh# kh Jmrd`m kàbm _#* Emz#!*!! kàf MrgmkmK#!! @Gàxhb _fzf bmt }xh th rhaxbmrfc hc m}xhb kht{`cf m

S\` rr#S dmkm xcm p bft 4;; y#S

(kh rr#! yfr =814 rmd`fcht

kh |ç|hrht }xh àxmbghc{h thbht txg`c`t{rmrfc m bft g`tgftkh bft Mbgmdhcht khb Dxmr{hb khb _`f a#**S p dfct{m kh rh'

bmt#¹¹ kh l#S 54 rhaxbmkm dmkm xcm m = (|{#! p bft < y&rht{mc{ht }xh th frà`cmrfc kh amt{ft hc bm dfckxd`fc phc{rham hc _#S Mbgmdhcht kh bft hlhd{ft }xh th rhgm{mrfchc yy#!S Mbgfchkm hc 4 kh Thyorh# kh =11; yhr{hcht#**S m

kem# Zxgmdm }xhkmrfc bç}x`kft bft huyrhtmkft 814= y#/

4 rr#! }xh marhamkft m ?9= y#S 1 rr#S ?0 SS grt# }xh thaúc

dfct{m kàbm Ymr{`km kh Km{m C#¹ 4 hc ht{h _mgf dfc lem#kh ?5 kh lhorhrf kh 1< hu`t{hc dfgf rht{f khb yrfkxd{f kh

keft# hlhd{ft |hck`kf hc Mbgfchkm emdhc bm dmc{#S kh 8044y#S ? rr#S ?0 {( grt# mlmofr kh ht{m yrhtm p dfc bft ?1 y#*

}xh dfrrhtyfckhc mb Gmr`chrf bm kh 80<9 y#* ? rr#S ?0 {SS

grt# : Dfgf ymrhzh kh Mx{ft hb k`l`c`{`|f kh 4 kh Cf|orh#

kh 1; hb yrf|he`kf hc ; kh Thyorh# kh 1<# B`}x`kmt#// hb d`'



‛ 4=5" ‛

{mkf kh 49 kh Fd{xorh p cf{m }xh hc {ht{`gfc`f t`rohc khdfgyrf|mc{h m ht{m Ymr{`km m}xh cft rhg`{`gft p l`rg"S

8185 – 4 – 99

Ghkrmcô ‛ Mb{fbmax`rrh ‛ Mrnm#

!!Mb gmrahc: Dmraf kh ;4=4 y& 8 `S rr#* dfrr&SS ymtmkft

m ht{h Nmgf kh bft kh _#! Emz#!!!!! dfgf b`}#/S kh 8?4= }xhkhhbbft th tmdmrfc yfr `gy&S kàbm [mtmd`ôc kàbm Zxgmdm hb

T& khb Oxhc l`c p Tmc{m Bxd`m/#

Hc t`h{h kh K`zorh# kh g`b th{hd`hc{ft th{hc{m p th`t : Yfr

mx{f }xh yrf|he`gft ht{h k`m cft emzhgft dmraf kh }xm{rf

g`b {rhtd`hc{ft {rhzh y#/ d`cdf p ghk`f rr#£S dfrr`#*£S }xh

}xhkmrfc bç}x`kft kh 8?4= y#S }xh hc ht{m lem# th tmdmrfc

kh bft _mgft kh _#! Emz#SS yfr `gy#*£ kàbm [mtmd`ôc }xh th

yrmd{`df hc =< kh Gmpf kh =11? yfr bft Grft# gmpfrht kh

Dmry`c{& kh _`ohrm Lrmc#!7¹ Fb`khc p Mc{fc`f kh Dem|mrr`m

khb Ohramc{`c Yfr{xaxàt cfgormkf hb T#/// khb Oxhcl`c pT&S Bxd`m myrhehck`kf yfr hb Dfrtmr`f Gmcxhb [r`af bm }xh

kh|h yrh|mbhdhr dfc mrrhabf m hb Mdxhrkf dhbhormkf hc 4

kh Cf|orh# kh ht{h mýf rhomjmkft 0=1 y#S ? `&S rr& bft 1<1

dfc ? pS `[#S m}xh mtdhck`hrfc bmt dft{mt yrfdhtmbht p bft

=89 yhtft rht{mc{ht }xh th rhaxbmrfc kh Efcfrmr`f mb Mth'

tfr hb K& K#/ Jftthl Ymobf Dfc{` cfgormkf ymrm bm khlhctmkhb Dmy#// kh kb`f# Ohramc{`c k#!S Gmcxhb D`yr`mcf" dxpm

dmc{`kmk th yxtf hc ht{h _mgf e#*S bm kh{hrg`cmd`ôc kh

T# G# }xh marhamkm m <0= y#S = rr#! }xh hu`t{hc hc hb dfgfrht{f khb yrfkxd{f kàbft khgít hlhd{ft }xh yhr{hcht&SS m

ht{h Dfg`tf th |hck`hrfc hc yy#*SS Mbgfchkm thaúc dfct{m

kh bm Ymr{`km kh Km{m C#¹ =; dfc lem# kh 4 kh K`zorh# kh

14 emdhc hb {f{mb kh 899; y#S < \f rr#£ dfgf ymrhzh kh Mx{fd`{mkf Mdxhrkf hb yrf|hb``kf p cf{m }#S hc {ht{`g#/ t`r|h kh

dfgyrf|mc{h mbm Ymr{#/SS kh Km{m kh _#S Emz#!!* C#¹ =5; m}xhcft rhg#S p l`rg#S ;4=4 – 8– =1 7

<?49; – ; – 8 `{




‛ 4=0

Dmraf kh bft Yhtft dfrr#!®S kh m 5 }xh hc{rmc hc ht{m _#! Dmum yfr

DXHC[M khb HmGF KH AXH__M KHT#* ? KH H#¹ E#/ L@C KH KbZ&£ KH

=11A#

/Mb gmrahc: Dmraf kh =05A4 y#! = rr#! =1 {R m|& grt# df'

rr`hc{ht }xh bç}x`kft rhtxb{mrfc m lm|fr kh ht{h Hmgf hc

l`c kh K`z`hgorh kh =118#/

Hc kft kh Hchrf kh g`b th{hd`hc{ft th{hc{m p th`t# Tfc

dmraf dfc{rm g` hb [b`htfrhrf K#¹ Yhkrf Ghkrmcf kh k`hz pcxh|h g`b fdefd`hc{ft ththc{m p {rht yhtft xc rhmb k`hz pt`h{h }xm{rf kfzh m|#S gmrm|hkçt dfrr`hc{ht }xh bç}x`kft

rhtxb{mrfc m lm|fr kh ht{h _mgf hc ýx kh K`z`hgorh kh =118

hc bm Mkg`c`t{rmt#// kh ht{mt _#!!S Dmumt p hu`t{çmc hc hbbmt

dfgf dfrrhtyfck`hc{ht m hb hc {rh`c{m kh K`z`hgorh khb

g`tgf thaúc dfct{m kh [mc{hf kh dmxkmbht lfrgmkf hb k`m

kh bm lb`m# m }xh gh rhg`{f p bf l`rgmgft#

=05<4 / = / =1 [S


!!Mb gmrahc: Dmraf kh =1=y#*

= rr#S dfrr`hc{ht hc{hr#/S y&k#¹ Jxmc Gmcxhb kh Bmgmt `gy#!* }xh myhrdò`ô kh |mr`ft

`ck`|`kxft }#* dfc B`dhcd`mt kh ht{h [ròxcmb `c{hrcmrfc

Yh{mdmt kh hlhd{ft kh Dmt{`bbm p l`hrrf m bmt Yrf|#SS kh mrr`'

om hc {fkf hb mýf kh 18#/

Hc }xm{rf kh Hchrf kh g`b th{t#¹* th{hc{m p th`t# Cft em'

dhgft dmraf kh d`hc{f th{hc{m p xc y#¹S }xm{rf rr#S dfrr#*//

hc{hrmkft hc ht{mt H#SS Dmjmt yfr |mr`ft @ck`|#¹S }xh dfc

B`dhcd`mt kh ht{h Af|#// p Ymth khb [ròxcmb `c{hrcmrfc mbmt Yrf|#S/* kh Mrr`|m Yh{mdmt kh hlhd{ft kh Dmt{`bbm p l`hrrf

hc {fkf hb mýf kh th{hc{m p d`cdf }xh mkhxkmc hb krf# kh

arrm# hb }xh th dform m rmzôc kh ; rr#! yfr dmkm Yh{mdm kh

hlhd{ft p kft rr#* yfr dmkm }x`c{mb dfgf ymrhzh kh rhçmt#//

l`rgmkm dfc mrrhabf mb Bòrf kh Jxt{`l`dmt# ¹¹!! p cf{m kh



' 4?9'

}``hkmr thc{mkm ht{m Ymr{`km m }xh cft rhg`{`gftp

l`r'

gmgft# =1= / ; /

Ghkrmcf ‛ Mb{fbmac`rrd#

/Mb gmrahc: Dmraf kh 88< y#/ ? rr#S dfrr&SS hc{hrmkft

yfr |mr`ft @ck`|#¹S }xh dfc khtymdeft kh ht{h [ròxcmb `c'

{hrcmrfc Yh{mdmt kh hlhd{ft kh Dmt{`bbm p kh bm [`hrrm mbmt Yrf|#S! kh mrròm kht#* ?? kh K`z#//! kh =11; b`#!S l`c kh K`z'

orh kh =118#/

Hc }xm{rf kh Hchrf kh g`b th{ht#¹S th{hc{m j th`t: Cftemdhgft dmraf kh }x`c`hc{ft d`c}xhc{m p th`t y#¹S kft rr#*

dfrr#*SS hc{hrmkft yfr |mr`ft @ck`|#/S }xh dfc khtymdeft kh

ht{h [ròxcmb `c{hrcmrfc Yh{mdmt kh hlhd{ft kh Dmt{`bbm pkh bm [`hrrm m bmt Yrf|#*** kh mrròm kht#£ ?? kh K`z#/SS kh =11;

e#!! l`c kh K`z#!/S kh 18 dxpf khrhdef th dform mb rhtyhd{f kh

; rrS yfr dmkm Yh{mdm rhaxbmkm hc }x`c`hc{ft y#¹S p ? rr#S

yfr dmkm }}#! kh e`hrrf : Dfgf ymrhzh kh rhbmd`ôc lfrgmkm

dfc mrrhabf mb Bòrf kh Jxt{`l`d#SS p cf{m kh }xhkmr thc{mkm

ht{m Ymr{`km m }xh cft rhg`{`gft p bf l`rgmgft#

88< / ? / 99


/Mb gmrahc: Dmraf kh =?=1 y"¹S ; rr#S dfrr#*SS hc{hr#¹S y#//

K#!! Jxmc Gmcxhb kh Bmgmt yfr hb Krf# kh Axhrrm }xh

mkhxkmrfc ;519 dxhrft }xh kh dxhc{m kh Ymr{`dxbmrht th

b`m hgomrdmkf hc bm lrmam{m Dfrrhf bm K`mcm#/

Hc fczh kh Hchrf kh g`b th{ht#¹* th{hc{m p th`t: Yfr mx{f

}xh yrf|he`gft ht{h k`m cft emdhgft dmraf kh g`b kft'd`hc{ft k`hz p t`h{h y#¹S }xm{rf rr#S dfrr`hc{ht hc{hrmkft yfr

K#¹ ®Jxmc Gmcxhb kh b`mgmt Dfg`t`fcmkf y#// ht{h [ròxcmb

ymrm bm rhdmxkmd`ôc khb Khrhdef kh Axhrrm }xh mkhxkmrfc

bft Dxhrft }xh th hgomrdmrfc hc bft Ym}xhof{t Dfrrhft pdfrrhtyfckhc ;519 }xh kh dxhc{m kh Ymr{`dxbmrht th hg'



‛ 5?= ‛

omrdmrfc hc bm lrma:m{m Dfrrhf bm K`mcm m Tm|hr: =9 khK#¹ \hc{xrm Qfrhc{h 899 kh K#// Jxmc Mckràt _ft =?89

kh K#¹ G`axhb Tmhcz =499 kh Gmcxhb khb Dhrrf Tmhcz ?99

kh K#¹ Jm|`hr Tm{xrc`cf Zmrmzm 899 kh K#¹ Jxmc kh Bhh`dm

p bft ??9 rht{mc{ht kh K#!! Gmcxhb Dbmxthb }xh m ? rr#S dmkm

xcf `gyfr{mc bm rhlhr`km dmc{`kmk# Dfgf ymrhzh kh Yhk`'

ghc{f kh fobmd`ôc d`{mkf mx{f j cf{m kh }xhkmr thc{mkm

ht{m Ymr{`km m }xh cft rhg`{`gft j l`rgmgft#

=?=1 / ; / 99


/Mb gmrahc: Dmraf kh 4;5 y#¹S A rr#S dfrr`hc{ht hc{hrmkft

yfr K#!* Jxmc Gmc"! kh Bmgmt yfr hb Krf# kh Arrm# }xh mkhx'

kmrfc bft =408 dxhrft }xh th hgomrdmrfc hc hb Cm|`f kh

rhu`t{rf T#*¹ [efgmt kh \`bbmcxhom#/

Hc k`hz j t`S{h kh Hchrf kh g`b th{ht#/S th{hc{m p th`t# Yfrmx{f }xh yrf|hc`gft ht{h k`m Cft emdhgft dmraf kh {rht'

d`hc{ft }xmrhc{m p fdef y& th`t rr#S dfrr`hc{ht hc{hrmkft

yfr K#¹ Jxmc Gmcxhb kh Bmgmt" dfg`t`fcmkf yfr ht{h [r`'

oxcmb ymrm bm rhdmxkmd`ôc khb Khrhdef kh arrm# }xh mkhx'

kmc bft dxhrft }xh khtkh ht{m D`xk#*S p tx Jxr`tk`dd`ôc th

hgomrdmc ymrm Htymým p dfrrhtyfckhc m =408 }xh kh }xhc'

{m kh K#¹ Ohrcmrkf Tmcdef Bmgmt th emc hgomrdmkf hc hb

Cm|`f kh rhu`t{rf cfgormkf Tmc{f [efgmt kh \`bbmcxhom

mb rhty#*¹ kh ? rr#S dmkm xcf: Dfgf ymrhzh kh Yhk`g#*¹ kh

fobmd`ôc d`{mkf mx{f p cf{m kh }xhkmr thc{mkm ht{m Ymr'

{`km m }xh cft rhg#S p l`rgmgft# 4;5 / < / 99 /


/Mb gmrahc: Dmraf kh =810 y#S dfrr#*SS hc{hrmkft y#*/ k#¹

Jxmc Gmcxhb Bmgmt yfr hb Khrhdef kh Axhrrm kh <4=Adxhrft }xh kh ht{m D`xkmk p tx Jxr`tk`d#¹¹ th hgomrdmrfchc bm Lrmam{m mxrdmkm kh T# G# T#** Mgmb`m m ? rr#! dmkmxcf#/

YXOB# ThD# E`T[# ?=



‛ 4?? ‛

Hc k`hz p t`h{h kh Hchrf kh g`b th{ht#¹S th{hc{m p th`t# Yfrmx{f }xh yrf|he`gft ht{h kçm cft emdhgft dmraf kh g`b

}x`c`hc{ft th{hc{m p cxhoh y#S dfrr`hc{ht hc{hr& yfr K#//

Jxmc Gmcxhb kh Bmgmt yfr hb Krf# kh arrm# }xh mkhxkm'

rfc <4=< dxhrft }#* khtkh ht{m D`xk#* p tx jxr`tk`dd`ôc th

hgomrdmrfc dfc Ax`m kh ht{h [ròxcmb hc bm Lrmam{m Mxr'

dmkm kh T# G# bm T&!! Mgmb`m hc ht{m lfrgm ?=< kh K#// Jm`'

gh Mbd`cm <99 kh k#¹ Jxmc Bhpt`dm ==89 kh K#¹ Gàxhb

Tmhcz p kh K#// Gmcxhb khb Dhrrf Tmhcz ;999 kh K#!! Ohc'

{xrm Bbôrhc{h p bft 489 rht{mc{ht kh k#!! C`dfbít kh Mdem mb

rhtyhd{f kh ? rr#S dmkm xcf p mxc}xh hc kef# Ox}xh th hg'

omrdmrmc m gmt khb rhlhr`kf cxghrf ?<?= ht{ft yfr thr

dfcdhk`kft ymrm mlfrrft kh tx ofkham cf mkhxkmrfc khrh'

def dfgf ymrhzh kh yhk`g#*¹ kh fobmd`ôc d`{mkf mx{f p cf{m

kh }xhkmr thc{mkm ht{m Ymr{`km m }xh cft rhg`{`gft p l`r'

gmgft# =810 /99 /99/


! Mb gmrahc: Dmraf kh <5< y#/S dfrr#*SS hc{hr#¹S yfr K#¹

Jxmc Gmc#! kh Bmgmt yfr hb Khrhdef kh Axhrrm kh ?1;;

dxhrft }xh kh }#*/ kh Ymr{`dxbmrht th hgomrdmrfc hc hb Cm'

|`f bm \`d{fr`m %mb`mt hb Yfr{xaxàt)#/

Hc k`hz p cxhoh kh Hchrf kh g`b th{hd`hc{ft th{hc{m pth`t# Yfr mx{f }xh yrf|he`gft ht{h k`m Cft emdhgft dmraf

kh th`td`hc{ft fdehc{m p th`t y#¹S dfrr#*SS hc{hrmkft yfr K#/

Jxmc Gmcxhb kh Bmgmt dfg`t`fcmkf yfr ht{h [ròxcmb ymrm

bm rhdmxkmt#!! khb Khrhdef kh axhrrm }xh mkhxkmrfc bft

Dxhrft }xh th hgomrdmrfc ymrm Htymým p dfrrhtyfckhc m

?1;; hgomrdmkft hc hb Cm|`f hb Yfr{xaxàt mb rhty#*¹ kh ?

rr#/ dmkm xcf %t`c `cdbx`r 4 ] }xh th dfcdhk`hrfc ymrm

mlfrrft kh bm Ofkham kh kef# Ox}xh bòrht kh Krf#)

hc ht{m lfrgm =91< kh K#¹ Tm{xrc`cf Jye# Mbomrhz p bft

=<<5 kh K#¹ Maxt{çc Dmt`g`rf kh Max`rrh: Dfgf ymrhzh

kh Yhk`g#*S¹ kh fobmd`ôc d`{mkf mx{f p cf{m kh }xhkmr thc'

{mkm ht{m Ymr{`km m }xh cft rhg`{`gft p bf l`rgmgft#

<5< / 99 ! 99




' 4?4 '

% Khtkh m}x` dfrrhc bft dmraft khb T#/*/ Dfc{#// k#¹ Mbhumc'krf kh Mr`zm }xh {fgf yftht`ôc kh kef# hgybhf hc =¹ kh

Gmrzf kh =11<)

/M6 gmrahc: Dmraf kh ;51< y& dfrr&SS hc{hrmkft yfr K#¹

Lrmc#*7¹ @acmd`f òamr{h Gmht{rh khb Cm|`f kh rhu`t{rf cfg'

ormkf C{rm# T&* khb \xhc Txdhtf yfr `gy#*!! khb Krf# kh

arrm# }#S mkhxk#¹ =0891 dxhrft kh ymuf }xh kh ht{m D`xkmk

p tx jxr`tk`d#// th hgomrdmrfc hc kef# Ox}xh m ? rr#S dmkm

xcf#/

Hc k`hz kh Mor`b kh g`b th{hd`hc{ft th{hc{m p th`t# Yfr

mx{f }xh yrf|he`gft ht{h k`m Cft emdhgft dmraf kh }xm{rf

g`b fdefd`hc{ft th{hc{m p th`t y#S th`t rr#S dfrr`hc{ht hc'

{hr#¹S yfr K#/ Lrmc#*S¹ @acmd`f bàmr{h Gmht{rh khb Cm|`f kh

Hha`t{rf cfgormkf Cxht{rm Thýfrm khb \xhc Txdhtf

%mb`mt) hb Mzhp{hrf y& `gy#*£ kh Krf# kh axhrrm }#S mkhx'

k#*/* =0491 dxhrft }xh kh ht{m D`xkmk p tx jxr`tk#/!! themc hgomrdmkf hc kef# Ox}xh mb rhtyhd{f kh ? rr#S yfr dmkm

dxhrf m tm|hr: =8;0? kh }#S!! kh kef# Gmht{rf ? 4 kh bm kh

K#¹ Jxb`íc Arhafr`f Hty`cftm p bft ?9=8 rht{mc{ht kh bm

kh K#¹ Maxt{`c Mrrho`bbmam p mxc}xh m gmt kh kef# cx'

ghrf th hgomrdmrfc àxmbghc{h f{rft 4 4 ht{ft th bh dfcd`'

khrmrfc bòrht kh Krft# yfr thr ymrm mlfrrf kh bm Ofkhamkh kef# Cm|`f# Dfgf ymrhzh kh bmt rhtyhd{òmt Ax`mt kh ht{h

[ròxcmb marhamkmt m tx rha`t{rf yhk`g#*/ kh fobmd`ôc d`'

{mkf Mx{f p cf{m kh }xhkmr thc{mkm ht{m Ymr{`km m }xh cft

rhg`{`gft p l`rgmgft# ;51< / 99 / 99 /


!*#=Z gmrahc: Dmraf kh 555 y#¹S dfrr#!*S hc{hr#/S yfr K#¹

Jxmc Gmc#S kh Bmgmt yfr `gy#*S khb Krf# kh axhrrm }xh

mkhxkmrfc 488? dxhrft }xh kh }#** kh Ymr{`dxbmrht th hg'

omrdmrfc hc bm Lrmam{m Dfrrhf bm @clmc{m m ? rr#S dmkm xcf#/



fdefd`hc{ft fdehc{m p fdef y#*S dfrr`hc{ht hc{hrmkft yfr



‛ 4?; ‛

K#¹ Jxmc Gmcxhb kh Bmgmt dfg`t`fcmkf yfr ht{h [ròxcmby&*/ bm rhdmxkmd`ôc khb Khrhdef kh Axhrrm }xh mkhxkmrfc

bft dxhrft }xh dfc ax`mt kh kef# [ròxcmb th hgomrdmrfc

hc bmt Lrmam{mt Dfrrhft yfr `gy&S khb }xh emc yrfkxd`kf

488? dxhrft }xh kh ht{m D`xkmk p tx jxr`tk`dd`ôc th [rmct'

ofrkf m bm cfgormkm bm @clmc{m m tm|hr 499 kh K#¹ Ghb'

defr Mbo`c 899 kh k#/S Jye# \mbbht 599 kh K#!S Gàxhb Tmhcz

48? kh k#¹ Gmcxhb khb Dhrrf Tmhcz 599 kh k#!! Ohc{xrm Bbô'

rhc{h p bft 599 rht{mc{ht kh K#// Jftthl Obmt Am`czm }xh m

? rr#S dmkm xcf `gyfr{mc bm rhlhr`km dmc{`kmk# Dfgf ymrhzh

kh bmt rhtyhd{òmt Ax`mt marhamkmt m tx rhu`t{rf Yhk`ghc{f

k{h fobmd`ôc d`{mkf mx{f p cf{m kh }xhkmr thc{mkm ht{m

Ymr{`km m }xh cft rhg`{`gft p l`rgmgft# 555 / 99 / 99 /

Ghkrmcf ‛ Mb{fbmax`rrh ‛ Mrnm#

/Mb gmrd`hc: Dmraf kh 099 y#S dfrr`hc{ht hc{hr#¹S yfr K#¹

Jxmc Gmc#S Bmgmt yfr `gy#*S khb Krf# kh arrm# }xh mkhx'

kmrfc 4<99 dxhrft }xh kh }#*!! kh Ymr{`dxbmrht th hgomr'

dmrfc hc bm Lrma#*!! Dfrrhf bm K`bàhcd`m m ? rr#S dmkm xcf#/

Hc |h`c{h kh Mor`b kh g`b th{hd`hc{ft th{hc{m p th`t# Yfr

mx{f }xh yrf|he`gft hc ht{h k`m cft emdhgft dmraf kh

cxhohd`hc{ft y#¹S dfrr`hc{ht hc{hrmkft yfr K#// Jxmc Gmcxhb

kh Bmgmt dfg`t`fcmkf ymrm bm rhdmxkmd`ôc khb Khrhdef kh

Axhrrm }xh mkhxkmrfc bft Dxhrft }xh dfc ax`mt kh ht{h

[ròxcmb th hgomrdmrfc hc bmt Lrma#SS Dfrrhft yfr `gy#*£

khb }xh emc yrfkxd`kf 4<99 Dxhrft }xh kh ht{m jxr`tk`dd`ôc

th [rmctofrkmrfc m bm cfgormkm K`bàhcd`m mb rhty#!S¹ kh

? rr#S dmkm xcf m tm|hr : ?99 kh K#¹ Jye# Hrmxt}x`c 599 kh

K#¹ Ohc{xrm Bbôrhc{h <99 kh k#¹ Jxmc Mckràt Hft 499 kh

Jfthl Drxh{ <99 kh k#/S Gàxhb Tmhcz <99 kh k#/S Gmcxhb khb

Dhrrf Tmhczp

bft899

rht{mc{htkh

K#¹

Jxmc khBh`d`dm#

Dfgf ymrhzh kh bmt rhtyhd{`|mt Ax`mt marhamkmt m tx rh'

u`t{rf Yhk`g#*¹ kh fobmd`ôc d`{mkf mx{f p cf{m kh }xhkmr

thc{mkm ht{m Ymr{`km m }xh cft rhg`{`gft p l`rg#/

099 / 99 / 99




' 4?8 ‛

SSMb gmrahc: Dmraf kh 91 y& ; rr#S dfrr`hc{ht hx{hr#/S yfrK#/ Jxmc kh Bmgmt yfr hb Krf# dfrrhty#S mb rmgf kh axhrrm

}xh mkhxkmrfc ?19 dxhrft }xh kh }#!* kh k#¹ C`dfbít Mdem

th hgomrdmrfc hc bm Bmcdem kh K`haf Gxýfz ymrm tx dfc'

kxt#¹¹ m Gfc{h|#¹/

Hc fczh kh Jxc`f kh g`b th{hd`hc{ft th{hc{m p th`t : Yfr

mx{f }xh yrf|ho`gft ht{h k`m Cft emdhgft dmraf kh ththc{m

p t`h{h y#¹S }xm{rf rr#S dfrr`hc{ht hc{hr#¹S yfr K#!! JxmcGmcxhb kh Bmgmt dfg`t`fcmkf ymrm bm rhdmxkmd`ôc khb

Khrhdef kh Axhrrm }xh mkhxkmrfc bft Dxhrft }xh dfc ax`mt

kh ht{h [ròxcmb th hgomrdmrfc ymrm Htymým hc bft Ym}xh'

of{t Dfrrhft yfr `gy&S m }xh mtdhck`ô hb kh ?19 Dxhrft

}xh kh dxhc{m kh K#¹ C`dfbít kh Mdem th emc hgomrdmkf

hc bm Bmcdem kh K`haf Gxýfz ymrm tx dfckxt#¹¹ m Gfc{h|#/

Dfgf ymrhzh kh Yhk`ghc{f kh fobmd`ôc kef# mx{f p cf{m

kh }xhkmr thc{mkm ht{m Ymr{`km m}xh cft rhg`{`gft p l`r'

gmgft# <1 – ; – 99 ""

Jlhkrmcf ‛ Mb{fbmax`rrh ‛ Mr`zm#

/Mb gmrahc: Dmraf kh ??40 y#S ; rr#S dfrr#**S hc{®r#¹S yfr

K#/ Jxmc Gmc& kh Bmgmt dfg`t`fcmkf ymrm bm rhdmxkmt#//

khb Krf# kh Axhrrm }xh mkhxkmrfc bft Dxhrft }xh dfc

ax`mt kh ht{h [ròxcmb th hgomrdmrfc hc bft Cm|`ft kh_hu`t{rf yfr `gy#*S m}xh mtdhck`hrfc 5085 Dxhrft kh ymafm ? rr#£ dmkm xcf hgomrdmkft hc hb Cm|`f kh _hu#*ℯ hb

[fzdmcf#/

Hc }x`czh kh Jxc`f kh g`b th{ht#¹S th{hc{m p th`t Yfrmx{f }xh yrf|he`gft ht{h K`m Cft emdhgft dmraf kh kft

g`b kftd`hc{ft {rh`c{m p cxhoh y#¹S }xm{rf rr#S dfrr#*SS hc'

{hrmkft yfr k#¹ Jxmc Gmc#! khBmgmt

dfg`t`fcmkfymrm

bm

rhdmxkz#¹¹ khb Khrhdef kh Arrm# }xh mkhxkmrfc bft Dxhrft

}xh dfc ax`mt kh ht{h [ròxcmb th hgomrdmrfc hc bft Cm|`ftkh rhu`t{rf" dxpm dmc{`kmk dfrrhty"!*£ m 5085 }xh kh }xhc{mkh |mr`ft ymr{`dxbmrht th emc hgomrdmkf hc hb cfgormkfhb [fzdmcf mb rhty#*¹ kh ? rr#/ dmkm xcf m tm|hr =?10 kh K#¹

_f}xh Tícdehz ?1;9 kh k#¹ Mc{fc`f Am`czm Bôyhz ?184 kh



‛ 4?< '

K#/ Jxb`íc Arhafr`f Hty`cftm 4;; kh k#// @t`krf Ombol`t{rfp =58? kh k#// @t`krf kh Bm Yhým p mxc}xh mgmt khb huyrh'

tmkf C#¹ th {rmctofrkmrfc m kef# Ox}xh 44<9 bft ?599 lxh'

rfc dfcdhk`kft ymrm mlfrrft kh tx Ofkham p bft 89< rht{mc'

{ht yhr{hchdhc m bm Jxr`tk`dd`ôc kh Gfc{h|#/ }xh mgomt

Ymr{`kmt }xhkmc bòrht kh ht{h Krf# Dfgf ymrhzh kh tx

rhu`t{rf Yhk`ghc{f d`{mkf mx{f p cf{m kh }xhkmr thc{mkm


??40 – ; – 99 –


SSMb gmrahc: Dmraf kh 401 y#¹S ; rr#S dfrr&SS hc{hr#¹S yfr

K#¹ Jxmc kh Bmgmt dfg`t`fcmkf yfr ht{h [ròxcmb ymrm bm

rhdmxkmd`ôc khb Khrhdef kh Axhrrm yfr hb }xh mkhxkmrfc

=809 dxhrft }xh kh ht{m D`x& p tx jxr`tk`d`fc th hgomrdmrfc

hc bm Lrmam{m Dfrrhf hb [xdxgmc m ? rr#S dmkm xcf#/

Hc |h`c{h p cxhoh kh Jxb`f kh g`b th{hd`hc{ft th{hc{m pth`t# Yfr mx{f }xh yrf|he`gft ht{h k`m Cft emdhgft dmraf

kh {rhtd`hc{ft cf|hc{m p t`h{h y#¹S }xm{rf rr#S dfrr#*** hc{h'

rmkft yfr K#!! Jxmc Gmc#S kh Bmgmt dfg`t`fcmkf yfr ht{h

[ròxcmb ymrm bm rhdmxkmd`ôc khb Krf# kh Arrm# }xh mkhx'

kmc bft dxhrft }xh dfc ax`mt khb g`tgf [ròxcmb th hg'omrdmrfc ymrm Htymým hc bft Ym}xh{ht Dfrrhft p dfrrht'

yfckhc m =809 }xh kh ht{m D`xkmk p tx jxr`tk`dd`ôc th

hgomrdmrfc hc bm lrmum{m Dfrrhf hb [xdxgmc mb rhtyhd{f

kh ? rr#S dmkm xcf yfr yhr{hcht#*£S mbft @ck`|#¹S tàx`hc{ht:

M tm|hr ?99 m k#¹ Gàxhb Tmhcz 89 kh k#¹ Gmcxhb khb Dhrrf

Tmhcz <09 kh k#!! Ghbdefr Mbo`c 499 kh k#/S Jftà _`hrm p489 kh k#¹ Lrmcd`tdf Mc{fc`f kh Htdmbmkm Dfgf ymrhzh kh

tx rhu`t{rf Yhk`ghc{f kh fobmdd`fc d`{mkf Mx{f p cf{m kh

}xhkmr thc{mkm ht{m Ymr{`km m}xh cft rhg`{`gft p l`Sg#S

?01"" ;– 99 –




' 4?1 '

/Mb gmrahc: Dmraf kh 0;? y#¹S dfrr`hc{ht hc{hrmkft yfrk#/* Jxmc Gmc#! kh Bmgmt yfr hb Khrhdef kh arrm# kh 41<5

dxhrft }xh th hgomrdmrfc hc bmt Tmh{çmt T"// Jftà p bm

G`thr`dfrk`m#/

Hc cxh|h kh Maft{f kh g`b th{hd`hc{ft th{hc{m p th`t#

Yfr mx{f }xh yrf|hb``gft ht{h k`m cft emdhgft dmraf kh

cxh|hd`hc{ft }xmrhc{m p kft y#¹S dfrr#**S hc{hrmkft yfr k#¹

Jxmc Gmc#! kh Bmgmt dfg`t`fcmkf ymrm bm rhdmxkmd`ôc khb

Khrhdef kh axhrrm }xh mkhxkmc bft dxhrft }xh dfc ax`mt kh

ht{h [r`oxcmb th hgomrdmrfc ymrm htymým p dfrrhtyfckhc

m 41<5 }xh kh ht{m D`xkmk p tx Jxr`tk`dd`ôc th emc hgomr'

dmkf yfr dxhc{m kh k#/ Jxb`íc Arhafr`f Hty`cftm hc bmt

Tmh{çmt kh T# G# T#/ Jftà p bm G`thr`dfrk`m mb rhtyhd{f kh

? rr#S dmkm dxhrf# Dfgf ymrhzh khtx Hha`t{rf Yhk`g#*/ kh

fobmdd`fc d`{mkf mx{f p cf{m kh }xhkmr thc{mkm ht{m Ymr'

{`km m}xh cft rhg#S p bf l`rg#S 0;? – 99 – 99"


/Mb gmrahc: Dmraf kh =??5 y#¹S < rr#* dfrr#*S*S hc{hrmkft y#!S

k#!! Jxmc Gmc#! kh Bmgmt y#// hb Krf# kh arrm# kh ;;0=8 Dxh'

rft }xh kh ht{m D`x#!! p tx jxr`tk`dd`ôc th hgomrdmrfc hc

hb Cm|`f Ymr{`dxbmr T#¹ Jftà#/

Hc kfzh kh Maft{f kh g`b th{hd`hc{ft th{hc{m p th`t Yfrmx{f }#£ yrf|he`gft ht{h k`m cft emdhgft dmraf kh g`b

kftd`hc{ft |h`c{h p fdef y#¹* th`t rr#* dfrr`hc{ht hc{hrmkft

yfr K#// Jxmc Gmcxhb kh Bmgmt dfg`t`fcmkf ymrm bm rh'

dmxkmd`ôc khb Khrhdef kh axhrrm }xh mkhxkmc bft dxhrft

}xh dfc ax`mt kh ht{h [r`oxcmb th hgomrdmc ymrm Htymým

p dfrrhtyfckhc m ;0=8 }xh kh ht{m D`xk#* p tx jxr`tk`dd`ôc

th emc hgomrdmkf hc hb Cm|`f Ymr{`dxbmr cfgo#// T#// Jftthl

mb rhty#*¹ kh ? rr#! dmkm xcf bft =0<= kh k#// Maxt{çc Mrr`'

|`bbmam p bft ?08; rht{mc{ht kh k#/ Jftthl kh T"// YhkrfBbôrhc{h dfgf ymrhzh khtx rhu`t{rf Yhk`g#*¹ kh fobmd`ôc

d`{mkf mx{f p cf{m kh }xhkmr thc{mkm ht{m Ymr{`km m}xhcft rhg`{`gft p l`rgmgft# =??5 – < – 99 –




‛ 4?5 ‛

SSMb gmrahc: Dmraf kh =401 y#¹S < rr#S dfrr#*SS hc{hrmkftyfr K#¹ Jxmc Gmc#S kh Bmgmt yfr hb Khrhdef kh Arrm# }xh

mkhxkmrfc 880= Dxhrft hgomrdmkft hc bm Lrma#** dfrrhf

bm dmc{mor`m kh dxhc{m kh |mr`ft ymr{`dxbmrht#/

Hc |h`c{h kh Thy{`hgorh kh g`b th{hd`hc{ft th{hc{m pth`t : Yfr mx{f }xh yrf|hc`gft ht{h k`m cft emdhgft dmraf

kh =401 kh xc g`b {rhtd`hc{ft cf|hc{m p t`h{h y#/*/ th`t rr#S

]]J#J"{ht hc{hrmkft yfr K#¹ Jxmc Gmc#S kh Bmgmt dfg`t`f'

cmkf ymrm bm rhdmxkmd`ôc khb Khrhdef kh axhrrm }xh mkhx'

kmc bft dxhrft }xh kh dxhc{m kh Ymr{`dxbmrht th hgomr'

dmc hc bmt lrmum{mt Dfrrhft p dfrrhtyfckhc m 880= }xh

dfc ax`mt kh ht{h [r`oxcmb th hgomrdmrfc hc bm cfgormkmbm cxh|m Dmc{mor`m mb rhty&¹ kh ? rr#S dmkm xcf m tm|hr:

?99 kh k#¹ Jftà Obmt Am`czm <59 kh k#¹ Jxmc kh Bhpd`dm

?=05 kh K#!S Ohc{xrm Bbôrhc{h Efghrf =99 kh k#!! Jftà Ombbt

p ??99 kh k#!! Jm|`hr Tm{xrc`cf Zmrmzm# Dfgf ymrhzh kh

Yhk`ghc{f d`{mkf Mx{f p cf{m kh }xhkmr thc{mkm ht{m Ymr'{`km m }#/ cft rhg#¹! p lbrg#/ =401 / < / 99 /


!SMb gmrahc: Dmraf kh =409 y#S 8 rr#S dfrr#*SS hc{hrmkft

yfr k#// Jfrah Froh mrrhckm{mr`f }xh lxh khb H#! Krf# kh

dmrrh{mt kh ht{m D`xkmk yfr xb{`gf rht{f kh <084 y#S hc}xh bf rhgm{f yfr {hrg`cf kh 8 mýft#/

Hc |h`c{h p fdef kh Fd{xorh kh g`b th{ht#¹S th{hc{m pth`t# Yfr mx{f }xh yrf|he`gft ht{h k`m cft emdhgft dmraf

kh g`b {rhtd`hc{ft cfohc{m y#S d`cdf rr#S dfrr#*£S hc{hr#¹S yfr

k#/ Jfrah Froh Mrrhckm{mr`f khb _#! Khrhdef kh Dmrrh{mt

kh ht{m D`xkmk dfgf dfrrhtyfck`hc{ht mb 8#¹ p xb{`gf mýf

hc}xh bh rhgm{f hc dmc{#S kh <084 y#S p dxgyb`ô hc =#¹ kh

Ma#S¹ khb yrhthc{h }xhkíckfbh demcthbmkm bm l`mczm }xh {h'

c`m f{framkm yfr hb rhlhr`kf {f{mb: Dfgf ymrhzh kh Yh'

k`ghc{f kh fobmd`ôc d`{mkf Mx{f Cf{m kh }xhkmr thc{mkm

ht{m Ymr{`km p bm kh demcthbmt#¹ m}xh cft rhg`{`gft p l`r'

gmgft# =409 – 8 – 99 –




‛ 4?0 '

!!Mb gmrahc: Dmraf kh =49 y& dfrr&*! hc{hr#/! yfr K#/! Jxmckh Bmgmt yfr hb Krf# kh Axhrrm kh 8?9 Dxhrft }xh kh }#S

kh Ymr{`dxbmrht th hgomrdmrfc hc bm lrmum{m dfrrhf bm

K`mcm#/

Hc cxhoh kh Ufp&S kh g`b th{ht`hc{ft th{hc{m j th`t# Yfr

mx{f }#S yrf|hb``gft ht{h k`m cft emdhgft dmraf kh d`hc{f

{rh`c{m y#/ dfrr#*S! hc{hrmkft yfr k#/* Jxmc kh Bmgmt dfgf

dfrrhtyfck`hc{ht mb Krf# kh axhrrm kh 8?9 dxhrft m ? rr#!

dmkm xcf }xh kh ht{m D`x#*S p tx jxr`tk`d`fc th emc hgomr'dmkf hc bm lrmu#*S Dfrrhf bm K`mcm bft ??9 kh k#¹ Jm|`hr

Tm{xrc`cf Zmrmzm p bft 499 rht{mc{ht kh k#!! Gmcxhb khb

Dhrrf Tmhcz dfgf ymrhzh kh tx rha`t{rf Yhk`g#*¹ kh fobmt#//

d`{mkf mx{f p cf{m kh }xhkmr thc{mkm ht{m Ymr{`km m }xh cft

rhg#\l`rg#S =49 –" 99 – 99 ""


!!Mb gmrahc: Dmraf kh 8 y#/S dfrr#*SS hc{hrmkft yfr k#¹

Gmr{`c Jftà kh Mb{fbmax`rrh Lmd{fr p K#¹ Jxmc Mckràt kh

Mrrfpf [ehtfrhrf @c{hr`cf }xh lxh kh ht{mt Dmjmt dfgf

b`}#*S/ dmraf khkxd`kf hc bm Dfc{mk#S G#/// kh Dxhc{mt m bm

khb Nmgf kh arrm# dfgyrhehct`om kht#S =#¹ kh Hc#¹ e#* l`c

kh K`zorh# kh 14#/

Hc |h`c{h p kft kh Cf|#!!S kh g`b th{ht#¹S th{#*S p th`t hc

|rk# kh fl`d`f mb T#/ Dfc{mkfr g#¹!/ kh Dxhc{mt kh ht{mt

Yrf|#S k#/ Dmck`kf _mgft tx lem# ? kh Fd{xorh cft emdh'

gft dmraf kh d`cdf y#¹S dfrr#*SS hc{hrmkft yfr g` hb md{xmb

Lmd{fr k#¹ Gmr{`c Jftà kh Mb{fbmax`rrh p hb [ehtfrhrf `c{h'

r`cf }xh lxh kh ht{mt Dmjmt k#// Jxmc Mckràt kh Mrrfpf df'

gf b`}#S¹ }xh hc bm Dfc{mk#* g#/*/ kh hbbmt th khkxjf m bm khb

_mgf kh arrm# }xh th mkg`c`t{rm hc ht{mt Dmjmt dfgyrh'

ehct`om kht#/ =#/ kh Hc#¹ kh =1<0 e#* l`c kh K`z#''/ kh 14#

Dfgf ymrhzh kh kef# fl`d`f p hc{hrf m }xh cft rhg`{`gft pl`rgmgft# 8 / 99 / 99

45 558/ ;/=1{R




‛ 449 ‛

Dmraf kh bft Yhtft dfrr#S£S kh m 5 }xh hc{rmc hc ht{m _#! Dmum y&

DXHC[M KHB HmGF KH @gOMB@KFT KHTK#® ? KH Hc#/ E#! L@C KH KbZ@HG'

O_H KH =11<#

SSMb gmrahc: Dmraf kh 51= y#S = rr#! ?5 SS grt# dfrr`hc{ht

}xh bç}x`kft rhtxb{mrfc mlm|fr kh ht{h _mgf hc l`c kh

K`z`hgorh kh =118#/

Hc kft kh Hchrf kh g`b th{hd`hc{ft th{hc{m p th`t# Tfcdmraf dfc{rm g` hb [ehtfrhrf Kfc Yhkrf Ghkrmcf kh fdef'

d`hc{ft th{hc{m p xc yht#¹S xc rr#! kft cxhoh kfz m|#S gmrm'

|hkçt dfrr`hc{ht }xh bç}x`kft rhtxb{mrfc mlm|fr kh ht{h

Nmgf hcl`c kh K`z`hgorh kh =118 hc bm Mkg`c`t{rmd`ôc kh

ht{mt _hmbht Dmjmt j hu`t{çmc hc hbbmt dfgf yhr{hchd`hc{ht

m hb hc 49 kh K`z`hgorh khb g`tgf" thaúc dfct{m kh [mc{hf

lfrgmkfhb k`m

khbm lhdem

mmxh gh rhg`{f pbf

l`rgmgft#51="" b–?`SS


/Mb gmrahc: Dmraf kh =8 yhtft 5 ( grt# dfrr`hc{ht

ymtt#¹S m ht{h _mgf kh bft kh _#! Emz#*SS yfr hb khtdxhc{f

ehdef hc 5 grt# hc yhtf }xh th bh |hr`l`df m K#¹ Maxt{çcLhrc#/S/ kh Y`chkf Af|#/// khb Ymrmaxmp trh# 8== y#! 49 \tgrt# }xh bh dfrrhtyfck`hrfc khtkh =8 kh Gmpf `cdbxt`oh kh

18 e#* l`c kh Jxc`f kh kef# dxpf khtdxhc{f th |hr`l`dm hc

\rk# kh _#! Frc# kh =; kh Hchrf khb g`tgf dfrr`hc{h mcfkh 18#/

Hc k`hz kh Lho#/ kh g`b th{hd`hc{ft th{hc{m p th`t# Cftemdhgft dmraf kh }x`czh y#¹S fdef p {rht }#*¹S grt# dfrr#*S/

ymtmkft m ht{h _mgf kh bft kh _#! Emz#S* yfr hb kht}#*¹ |hr`'

l`dmkf mb Af|#/// p Dmy#// Ahc#S kh bm Yrf|#S khb Ymrmaxmp K#/*

Maxt{çc Lhrcmckf kh Y`chkf kh 5 grt# hc yhtf tforh 8==y#¹S 49 ( grt# }xh mb rhty#S¹ kh ; ] y#S }xh mccmbg#** afzm

kh txhbkf yfr _#! Dàkxbm kh ?4 kh Hchrf kh 1; bh dfrrht'

yfck`hrfc hc = ght p =< k`mt khtk#S =8 `cdbxt`oh kh Gmpf



‛ 44= '

e#* l`c kh Jxc`f kh 18 }xh th bh emzh ht{h khtdxhc{f hc \rk#kh _#! Frkhc kh =; kh Hchrf khb g`tgf mýf# Dfgf ymrhzh

khb Kfdxg#S¹ }xh t`r|h kh dfgyrf|mc{h mbm Ymr{`km kh Km{m

hc _& Emz#SS C#¹ ?5 m}xh cft rhg&!S p l`rg#¹S

=8"# 9– 5 4;


%Khtkh m}x` dfrrhc bft dmraft khb Dfc{#// k#// Mbhumckrf

kh Mr`zm }#£ hc{rf hc =#¹ kh Gmrzf kh =11<#

SSMb gmrahc: Dmraf kh ?0 y#/£ 4 rr#S =9 grt# ymtt#¹S m ht{h

_mgf khb kh T`{xmkft yfr àb kht}#*¹ kh 5 grt# hc yhtf }xh

th bh |hr`l`df mb [ehc`hc{h Dfr#S k#¹ Jfm}#/S khb Y`cf Af|#/

`c{hr`cf kàbm Ybmzm kh Gfc{h|#/!!#

Hc th`t kh Gmrzf kh g`b th{hd`hc{ft th{hc{m p th`t# Cftemdhgft dmraf kh |h`c{h p cxh|h y#¹S {rht rr#S k`hz grt#

dfrr#*/ ymtmkft m ht{h _mgf khb kh T`{xmkft yfr hb kht}#*¹

kh 5 grt hc yhtf |hr`l`dmkf mb [ehc#** Dfrfchb kh @ca#¹S K#/

Jfm}xçc khb Y`cf Af|#/// `c{hr`cf kh bm Ybmzm kh Gfc{h|#/

hc |`r{xk kh _#! Frc# kh =; kh Hchrf kh =118 }xh yrh|`hch

ht{h kht}#*¹ p th bh e`zf khb txhbkf kh = ] y#S }xh dfrrhty#/!!

hc < ghtht kht#£ =#¹ kh Jxb`f kh kef# mýf kh 18 e#* l`c kh

K`z#/S khb g`tgf mb rhty#*¹ kh ? # y#S }#S afzm mcxmbghc{hdfgf {mb Af|#/// `c{hr`cf# Thaúc ymrhzh khb Kfdxg#*¹ kh

Km{m kh T`{xmkft C#¹ 85 m}#¹ cft rhg#S p l`rgmgft#

?0 – 4 "" =9


/Mb gmrahc: Dmraf kh =<< y#¹S = rr#! =; grt# dfrr#*SS ymttm'

kft m ht{h _mgf khb kh _#! Emz#S* yfr hb kht}#*¹ kh 5 grt#

hc yhtf |hr`l`dmkf mb 5#¹/S Af|#//S p Dmy#¹ Armb# kh ht{m Yrf|#S

K#/ Jxmc Jftà kh Phr{`z bft 44 y#¹* < rr#S ?9 grt# khb txhbkf

}xh bh dfrrhtyfck`ô kht#S =8 `cdbxt`oh kh Gmpf kh 18 e#*

l`c kh Jxc`f khb g`tgf p bft =4? y#S ? rr#S ?5 grt# rht{mc{ht



' 44? ‛

khb }xh bh dfrrhtyfck`ô hc bft th`t úb{`gft ghtht kh kef#mýf kh 18#/

Hc th`t kh Gmrzf kh g`b th{hd`hc{ft th{hc{m p th`t Cft

emdhgft dmraf kh d`hc{f ththc{m p th`t y#¹S xc rr#! dm{frzh

grt# dfrr#*SS ymttm&/S khb Nmgf kh N#! Emz#*SS p ymtmkft m

ht{h yfr hb kht}xhc{f kh 5 grt# hc yhtf |hr`l`dmkf mb T#/!

Af|#¹!! p Dmy#¹ Armb# kh ht{mt Yrf|#!S k#*/ Jxmc Jftà kh \hr{`z

hc dfclfrg`kmk kh H#! Frc# kh =; kh Hchrf kh =118 }#£

yrh|`hch ht{h khtdxhc{f p yrmd{`df hc bm lfrgm t`a#*SS 44

yhtft < rr#S ?9 grt# tforh ==89 y#S }xh `gy#*S!! hb em|hr }xh

dfrrhtyfck`ô m T# T#!! kht#S =8 `cdbxt`oh kh Gmpf kh 18

}xh afzm y#// _#! Dàkxbm kh =9 kh Gmrzf kh =11= p bft

e#!! l`c kh Jxc`f khb g`tgf mb rhty#*¹ kh 0 9j y#S mccxmbht

=4? y#S ? rr#** ?5 grt# rht{mc{ht tforh ;899 y#S }xh th bh

mdrhk`{mrfc hc hb mjxt{h }xh th bh em lfrgmkf yfr tx txhbkf

|hcd`kf hc bft < úb{`gft ghtht kh kef# mlçf kh 18 mb rhty#*¹

kh bft huyrhtmkft 0 T)j y#* mccxmbht# Dfgf ymrhzh khbKfdxghc{f }xh t`r|h kh dfgyrf|mc{h m bm Ymr{`km kh Km{mkh _#! Emz#!SS C#¹ 48 m}#£ cft rhg`{`gft p l`rgmgft#

=<< – ="" =;


SSMb gmrahc: Dmraf kh 1 y"S 1 rr#S =5 grt# dfrr#**S ymttm'kft m ht{h _mgf khb kh T`{xmkft yfr hb kht}xhc{f |hr`l`dmkf

mb u;#pxk#*£ gmpfr kh bmt G`b`d`mt kh bm Yrf|#!! khb YmrmaxmpK#/ Gmcxhb Amrdçm Omrmzm|mb kh txt txhbkft |hcd`kft hc

bft < úb{`gft ghtht khb mcf ymtt#*S/ kh =118#/

Hc |h`c{h p fdef kh Gmrzf kh g`b th{hd`hc{ft th{hc{m pth`t : Cft emdhgft dmraf kh t`h{h yhtft t`h{h rr#S k`hz p fdef

grt# dfrr#S£S ymtmkft m ht{h _mgf khb kh T`{xmkft yfr hb

kht}#** kh 5 grt# hc yhtf |hr`l`dmkf mb Mpxk#*S g#*// kh bmt

G`b`d`mt kh bm Yrf|#* khb Ymrmaxmp k#¹ Gmcxhb Amrdçm

Omrmzm|mb hc \rk# kh _#! Frc# kh =; kh Hchrf kh =118

}xh yrh|`hch ht{h khtdxhc{f p th bh e`zf kh ?19 y#/ }xh bh

dfrrhtyfck`hrfc kh txhbkft hc bft < úb{`gft ghtht kh kef#

mlçf kh 18 mb rhty#*¹ kh ;8 y#S ghctxmbht }xh afzm hc dfclfr'



‛ 444 ‛

g`kmk kh _#! Khtymdef kh =5 kh Gmrzf kh =11; Dfgf ym'rhdh khb Kfdxg#*¹ kh km{m kh T`{xmkft dfc ht{m lhdem C#¹ 5=

m}#* cft rhg& p l`rg#S 1 "" 1 – =5


/Mb gmrahc: Dmraf kh <1 y#S ? rr#S =8 M m|#S c`rt# df`{#***S

ymtt#¹! m ht{h _mgf khb kh T`{xmkft yfr hb kht}#*¹ kh 5 grt#

hcyhtf |hr`l`dmkf mb Dmy#// kh Lrma&S kh bm _#S Mrgm&!! k#¹

lrmc&¹ A`b p Bhgxt Af|#/// kh bmt @tbmt Gmbx`cmt!!#

Hc }x`czh kh Mor`b kh g`b th{hd`hc{ft th{#* p th`t# Cft

emdhgft dmraf kh ththc{m p t`h{h y#¹S kft rr#*! }x`czh fdef

kfz m|#S grt# dfrr#**!S ymtmkft m ht{h _mgf khb kh T`{xmkft

yfr hb kht}#*¹ kh 5 grt# hc yhtf |hr`l`dmkf mb Dmy#// kh Lrm'

am{m kh bm _#! Mrgmkm K#// Lrmcd`tdf A`b p Bhgxt Af|#*/Skh bmt @tbmt Gmbxpcmt hc |rk# kh _#! Frc# kh =; kh Hchrf

kh =118 }xh yrh|`hch ht{h khtdxhc{m) p th bh e`zf tforh

??55 y#S 1 rr#S ?9 S grt# }xh `gy#/// bft txhbkft }xh k`tlrx{f

hc t`h{h ghtht k`hz p th`t kçmt dfc{mkft kht"* =8 `cdbxt`oh

kh Gmpf kh kef" mýf kh 18 e#* l`c kh K`zorh# khb g`tgf mb

rhty#*¹ kh ; 9# y#S mxc#* }xh afzm kh dfclfrg`kmk kh _#S

Khtymdef kh ? kh K`zorh# kh =11? dfgf ymrhzh khb Kfdxg#S¹

kh Km{m kh t`{xmkft C#¹ 08 m}#* cft rhg#S p l`rg#S

<1 – ? – =8 [(

Ghkrmcf ‛ Mb{fbmax`rrh ‛ Mrçzm#

/Mb gmrahc: Dmraf kh ?8 y#¹S < rr#S ?1 grt# dfrr#*SS tmdm'

kft khb _mgf kh T`{xmkft p ymtmkft m ht{h yfr hb kht}xhc'

{f kh 5 grt# hc yhtf |hr`l`dmkf mb Dfr#! k#/S Jftà kh Gfb`cm

[e#** Dfr#! khb _ha`g#*¹ kh @cl#S kh ht{m Yrf|#* kh bm yhct`ôc

}xh bh dfrrhtyfk`f kht#£ =8 `cdbxt`oh kh Gmpf kh =118 e#/

l`c kh K`zorh# khb g`tgf/#

Hc k`hz p cxhoh kh Mo#! kh g`b th{ht#¹S th{hc{m p th`t#

Cft emdhgft dmraf kh |h`c{h p d`cdf yhtft th`t rr#S |h`c{h



‛ 44; ‛

p t`h{h grt# dfrr`hc{ht ymtmkft m ht{h _mgf khb kh T`{xm'kft yfr hb khtdxhc{f kh 5 grt# hcyhtf |hr`l`dmkf mb Dfr"!

K#¹ Jftà kh Gfb`cm [ehc#S Dfrfchb khb _ha`g&¹ kh @cl#*

kh ht{m Yrf|#* hc \rk# kh _#! Frkhc kh =; kh Hchrf kh =118

}xh yrh|`hch ht{h khtdxhc{f p th bh e`zf trh# 515 y& 1 rr#/

}#S `gy#¹¹ bf }xh bh dfrrhtyfck`ô kh yhct`ôc hc 1 ghtht =<

k`mt dfc{mkft kht#S =8 `cdbxt`obh kh Gmpf kh kef" mcf kh 18

b`#!! ýc kh K`z#/ khb g`tgf mb rhty#*¹ kh =;99 y#S }xh afzm

dfcth}#SS m _#! Frc# kh ; kh lhorhrf kh =11; : Dfgf ymrhzh

khb Kfdxghc{f }xh t`r|h kh dfgyrf|mc{h m bm Ymr{`km kh

Km{m kh T`{xmkft @tç#¹ =9= m}xh cft rhg`{`gft p lbrg#!#

?8 – < – ?1


!!Mb gmrahc: Dmraf kh 8 y#¹S ? rr#! =? grt# dfrr#*£S ymtt#!!//

m ht{h _mgf khb kh T`{xmkft yfr hb kht}#*¹ kh 5 grt# hcyhtf

|hr`l`dmkf m k#// Gmc#S Amrd`m Omrmzm|mb mpxk#*£ g#/// kàbmt

G`b`d`mt khb Ymrmaxmp trh# =59 y#S }xh bh dfrrhtyfck`hrfc

kh txhbkf hc bft ghtht kh Hchrf lhorhrf Gmrzf p Mor`b kh

ht{h mcf/#

Hc |h`c{h kh Gmpf kh g`b th{ht#/S th{hc{m p th`t: Cft

emdhgft dmraf kh d`cdf y#¹S kft rr#S kfzh grt# dfrr`hc{htymtmkft m ht{h _mgf khb kh T`{xmkft yfr hb kht}#*S¹ kh 5

grt# hcyhtf |hr`l`dmkf m k#// Gmc#! Amrd`m Omrmzm|mb mpxk#*!

g#/// kh bmt G`b`d`mt khb Ymrmaxmp trh# bm dmc{`kmk kh =59 y#*

}xh bh dfrrhtyfck`hrfc kh txhbkf hc bft ghtht kh Hchrflhorhrf" Gmrzf p Mo#! kh ht{h mýf mb rhty#*¹ kh ;8 y#S ghc'

txmbht }xh afzm hc |rk# kh _#! Khtymdef kh =5 kh Gmrzfkh =11; dxpf khtdxhc{f th yrmd{`dm dfcth}#SS m _#! Frc# kh

=; kh Hchrf kh =118# Dfgf ymrhzh khb Kfdxghc{f }xh t`r|h

kh dfgyrf|mc{h mbm Ymr{`km kh Km{m kh T`{xmkft C#¹ =??

m}#S cft rhg#S p l`rg#/*# @ 8 – ? – =?




‛ 448 ‛

!SMb gmrahc: Dmraf kh =4? y#¹S ? rr& ?5 grt# ymtt#¹* m ht{hNmgf kh bft kh _#S Emz&* yfr hb khtdxhc{f |hr`l`dmkf kh

5 grt# hc yhtf trh# ;#899 y#S }xh dfrrhtyfck`hrfc kh txhbkf

mb T#/ Af|#*// p Dmy#¹ Ahc#! hc bft < yr`ghrft ghtht kh =11<#!!

Hc fdef kh Jxb`f kh g`b th{hd`hc{ft th{hc{m p th`t# Cft

emdhgft dmraf kh d`hc{f {rh`c{m p kft yhtft kft rr#S |h`c{h

p fdef grt# dfrr`hc{ht ymtt#/S m ht{h _mgf kh bft kh _#S

Emz#S// yfr hb kht#*¹ kh 5 gr6# hc yhtf |hr`l`dmkf mb T#/

Af|#/// p Dmy#*/ Ahc#! kh ht{mt Yrf|#*S K#// Jxmc Jftà kh \hr'

{`z trh# ;899 y#S }xh bh dfrrhtyfck`hrfc kh txhbkf hc bft

{ç yr`g#S ghtht kh ht{h mýf mb rhtyhd{f kh 0 J y#¹S mccxmbht

}xh afzm yfr _#! Dàkxbm kh =9 kh Gmrzf kh =11= dxpf

kht}#S¹ th emzh hc |rk# kh _#! Frc# kh =; kh Hchrf kh =118#

Dfgf ymrhzh khb Kfdxghc{f }xh t`r|h kh dfgyrf|mc{h m

bm Ymr{`km kh Km{m kh _#! Emz#!!* C#¹ =94 m }xh cft rhg#S pl`rg#S =4? / ? / ?5


/Mb gmrahc: Dmraf kh ?0 y#S 4 rr#S =9 grt# dfrr#*S! ymtt#¹S

m ht{h _mgf khb kh T`{xmkft yfr hb khtdxhc{f kh 5 grt# hc

yhtf }xh th bh |hr`l`df mb [ehc#SS Dfr#! kh @cahc`hrft k#¹

Jfm}#// khb Y`cf Af|#/// `c{hr`cf kh bm Ybmzm kh Gfc{h|#¹/

Hc fdef kh Jxb`f kh g`b th{hd`hc{ft th{hc{m p th`t# Cft

b`mdhgft dmraf kh |h`c{h p cxh|h y#¹S {rht rr#S k`hz grt#

S]Yj"{ht ymtmkft m ht{h _mgf khb kh T`{xmkft yfr hb kht}#*/

kh 5 grt# hc yhtf |hr`l`dmkf mb [ehc#!S Dfrfchb kh @cahc`h'

rft k#¹ Jfm}xçc khb Y`cf Af|#/// `c{hr`cf kh bm Ybmzm kh

Gfc{h|#/ hc |rk# kh _#! Frc# kh =; kh hc#¹ kh =118 }xh yrh'

|`hch ht{h kht}#*¹ p th bh e`zf khb txhbkf kh = J y#S }xh bh

dfrrhty#*// hc <ghtht

kht"* =#¹ khHchrf m

l`c

kh Jxc`fkh

ht{h mýf hb rhtyhd{f kh kft g`b y#S mccxmbht }xh afzm dfgf{mb Af|#// `c{hr`cf# Dfgf ymrhzh khb Kfdxg#*/ }xh t`r|h kh

dfgyrf|mc{h m bm Ymr{`km kh Km{m kh T`{xmkft C#¹ =5= m

}xh cft rhg#¹S p l`rg#S ?0 / 4 / =9




‛ 44< ‛

SSMb gmrahc: Dmraf kh ?5 y#¹! 4 rr#! =9 grt# dfrr&SS ymtt#/!!

m ht{h _mgf khb kh T`{xmkft y& hb kht}#*¹ kh 5 grt# hc yhtf

}#S th bh |hr`l`df mb [xa#¹ frk`cmr`f K#¹ Gàxhb Jxírhz#/

Hc fdef kh Jxb`f kh g`b th{ht#¹! th{hc{m p th`t# Cft emdh'

gft dmraf kh |h`c{h j cxh|h y#¹S {rht rr"S k`hz grt# dfrr#**S

ymtmkft m ht{h Hmgf khb kh T`{xmkft yfr hb khtdxhc{f kh

5 grt# hc yhtf |hr`ýdmkf mb @cahc`hrf frk`cmr`f K#¹ Gàxhb

Jxírhz hc |`r{xk kh _#! Frc# kh =; kh Hchrf kh =118 }xh

yrh|`hch ht{h khtdxhc{f p th bh e`zf khb txhbkf kh = 4# y#¹S

}xh bh dfrrhtyfck`hrfc hc xc mýf kht#£ =#/ kh Jxb`f kh =118

e#** l`c kh Jxc`f kh =11< : Dfgf ymrhdh khb Kfdxghc{f }xh

t`r|h kh dfgyrf|mc{h m bm Ymr{`km kh Km{m kh T`{xmkft

C#¹ =5? m }#S cft rhg#! p l`rg#S ?0 / 4 / =9


!!Mb gmrahc: Dmraf kh === y#¹! = rr#S == {( grt# dfrr#*£S ym'

tmkft m ht{h _mgf khb kh T`{xmkft yfr hb kht}#*¹ kh 5 grt#

hc yhtf |hr`l`dmkf m ;40 khthr{frht }xh |`c`hrfc kh Htymýmdfc hb _ha`g#*¹ kh Amb`d`m#/

Hc |h`c{h kh Jxb`f kh g`b th{hd`hc{ft th{hc{m p th`t# Cftemdhgft dmraf kh d`hc{f fczh y#S xc rr#! fczh p fdef kfzh

m|#S grt# dfrr#*£S ymtmkft m ht{h _mgf khb kh T`{xmkft yfrhb khtdxhc{f kh 5 grt# hc yhtf |hr`l`dmkf hc ;40 khthr{frht

kh |mr`ft dxhryft G`b`{mrht }£ |`c`hrfc kh Htymým dfc hb

_ha`g#*¹ kh @clmc{#!! kh Amb`d`m hc hb mjxt{h khb kh gmr }xh bh

lfrgf ht{m Dfc{mkxrçm dfgyrhehctòf kht#£ =? hudbxtòf

kh Ma#*¹ kh 1; }xh }xhkmrfc ymamkft hc Hxrfym y#/ bft k`mt

=?" =4 p ?5 hudbxtòht kh Cf|`hgorh khb g`tgf mýf }xh

bbhamrfc m ht{m Yrf|#!! tforh bm dmc{#*S 0;";0? rr#S ?? Pz grt#

kh \hbbôc m }xh mtdhck`ô hb {f{mb W`m|hr kh kef# Mjxt{h

dfct`khrmkft txt txhbkft omjf khb y`h kh Hxrfym p rhaxbmkf

dmkm ?9 rr#S kh \hbbôc yfr xc yhtf kh Mghr`dm thaúc frkh'

cmczm# Dfgf ymrhzh khb Mjxt{mg#*S/ }xh t`r|h kh dfgyrf'

|mc{h m bm Ymr{`km kh Km{m kh 4484 y#S ? rr#S 4 M grt# hc

T`{xmkft C#/ =09 m }xh cft rhg#! p lbrg#/ === / = / == {(




‛ 441 ‛

S!Mb gmrahc: DmrjSf kh 49? y#* ? rr#S 4? grt# dfrr#*** ymtm'kft m ht{h _mgf khb kh T`{xmkft yfr hb khtdxhc{f kh 5 grt#

hc yhtf |hr`l`dmkft m bft @ck`|#/S kh Ybmcm Gmpfr#'!

Hc |h`c{h j cxh|h kh Jxb`f kh g`b th{hd`hc{ft th{hc{m pth`t: Cft emdhgft dmraf kh {rhtd`hc{ft kft y#¹* kft rr#S

{rh`c{m j kft grt# dfrr`hc{ht ymtmkft m ht{h _mgf khb kh

T`{xmkft yfr hb kht}#*¹ kh 5 grt# hc yhtf |hr`l`dmkf m bft

Fll#*S kh Ybmcm g#/// kh bft Txhbkft }xh {`hchc |hcd`kft hc

xc mýf kht#S =#¹ kh Jxb`f kh =118 e#S l`c kh Jxc`f kh 1< dfc'

th}#** m bm _#! Frkhc kh =; kh Hchrf kh kef# mcf kh 18 }xh

yrh|`hch ht{h kht}#*¹ m tm|hr : 55 y#S = rr#S 49 grt# mb [ehc#*S

kh _hp hb Afr#! K#¹ K`haf kh Tmbmt trh# 4 ?) Y'S }xh bh dfrrht'

yfckhc mb mcf# Mb Dfr#£! K#/ Gmrdft Jftà kh Bmrrmzm|mb

<9 y#S tforh ?9;9 y#¹S çkhg ?4 y#S < rr#/ ?9 grt# mb [eh#£ Df'

rfchb K#¹ C`dfbít Hbfrkxp trh# 5=9 y#S `khg 48 y#S ? rr"S =?

grt# mb Tmra#*/ g#// K#¹ Jxmc Lrmc#*// kh bm _`om Ehrrhrm

trh# =?99 `khg =8y#S

1 rr#* ? grt# mb Mpxk#*£ gmpfr K#¹Ymt}xmb @omlçhz trh# 8;9 y#S `khg =8 y#S 1 rr#S ? grt# m f{rf

K#!! Mblfctf Tf{fdm trh# 8;9 y#S }xh bh dfrrhtyfckhc mcxmb'

g#*£ ?0 y#S 4 rr#S =9 grt# mb @cahc`hrf K#// Jxmc Omr{efbfgh

Fohb trh# = {¶) y#S ?4 y#S ; rr#S 5 grt# m f{rf K#/ OhrcmrkfBhdf} trh# 599 y#S mb mýf = y#¹ 4 rr#S 49 grt# mb Dmy#¹ Arm'

kxmkf K#¹ Obmt kh Dmt{rf tforh 89 y#S ; =; rr#S }xh bh df'

rrhtjjfck`hrfc yfr tx emR/hr hc 4 ghtht p xc k`m e#S ? kh

Fd{xorh kh 18 }xh lmbbhd`ô mb rhty#*¹ kh ?99 y#S mb mýf 5 y#/

< rr#S ?9 grt# mb Txo{ehc`hc{h K#// _xkhd`ckf Tmhcz trh#

499 y#S }xh afzm# Dfgf ymrhdh kh mjxt{mg#*¹ }xh th embbm

yfr dfgyrf|mc{h kh Km{m kh =?;9; y#S ; =; rr#S hc hb _mgfkh T`{xmkft C#¹ =0< m }xh cft rhg`{`gft p l`rgmgft#

49? / ? / 4?


S!Mb gmrahc: Dmraf kh 85 y#S < rr#S ?9 grt# dfrr#*£S ymtm'

kft m ht{h _mgf kh bft kh _#! Emz#*SS yfr hb khtdxhc{f ehdefmb Af|#*/ khb Ymrmaxmp K#¹ Maxt{çc Lhrcmckf kh Y`chkftrh# ? y#S }xh bh dfrrhtyfck`hrfc kh txhbkf hc bft < úb{`'

gft ghtht kh 18#/

YfOB# thd# E=5[# ??



‛ 445 ‛

Hc ?9 kh Thy&£ kh g`b th{hd`hc{ft th{hc{m p th`t# Cftemdhgft dmraf kh d`c}xhc{m p fdef y#S th`t rr#S |h`c{h grt#

S]j#j#{ht ymtmkft m ht{h _mgf kh bft kh _& Emz#SS yfr hb kht'

dxhc{f kh 5 grt# hc yhtf |hr`l`dmkf mb Af|#!/! khb Ymrmaxmp

K#!! Maxt{çc Lhrcmckf kh Y`chkf tforh ? ` y#¹S }xh bh df'

rrhtyfck`hrfc kh txhbkf hc < ghtht kht#S =#¹ kh Jxb`f kh 18

e#*/ l`c kh K`z#!SS khb g`tgf mb rhty#*¹ kh ; J y#S mccxmbht

}xh afzm kh _#! Dàkxbm kh ?4 kh Hchrf kh 1;# Dfgf ymrhzh

khb Kfdxg#*¹ }xh t`r|h kh dfgyrf|#*£ kh Km{m kh _#! Emz#S*

C#¹ =8; m }xh cft rhg`{`gft p l`rgmgft# 85 / < / ?9


/Mb gmrahc: Dmraf kh 0 y#S 1 rr#S 8 grt# dfrr#SSS ymtmkft

m ht{h _mgf kh hb kh T`{xmkft yfr hb khtdxhc{f kh 5 grt#

hc yhtf trh# 44< y#S 8 rr#S ==S;

grt# }xh hc ht{h k`m bh df'rrhtyfck`hrfc m K#¹ Jxmc Lrmc#S¹ kh bm _òm Ehrrhrm yfr

tx txhbkf |hcd`kf#/

Hc {rhzh kh K`z`hgorh kh g`b th{ht#¹S th{hc{m p th`t# Cftemdhgft dmraf kh cxh|h y#¹S t`h{h rr#S d`cdf grt# dfrr#*S

ymtmkft m ht{h _mgf kh hb kh T`{xmkft yfr hb khtdxhc{f kh

5 grt# hc yhtf |hr`l`dmkf mb [ehc#*S Dfr#S K#¹ Jxmc lrmc#// kh

bm _òm Ehrrhrm trh# 44< y#S 8 rr#S == E grt# }xh dfrrhtyfc'

k`hrfc m ht{h Fl`d`mb yfr txt Txhbkft |hcd`kft hc 4 ghtht== k`mt hc dmb`kmk kh Tmra#*¹ g#/// }xh lxh kh ht{m Ybmzm

khtS l`c kh Jxc`f kh ht{h mýf }xh ht{m tm{`tlhdef e#S =? hu'

dbxtòbh kh Fd{xorh khb g`tgf }xh dhtf hc hb rhlhr`kf hg'

ybhf mb rhty#*S/ kh =?99 y#S mccxmbht dxpf khtdxhc{f th emdh

hc |rk# kh _#! Frc# kh =; kh Hchrf kh 18 dfgxc`dmkm m ht{h

Af|`hrcf dfgf ymrhzh khb Kfdxg#*S¹ }xh t`r|h kh dfgyrf'

|mc{h m bm Ymr{`km kh Km{m kh T`{xmkft C#¹ 4?? m }xh cft

rhg`{`gft p bf l`rgmgft# 0 / 1 / 8

=5<= / ; / ?9 `l




‛ 440

Dmraf kh bft Yhtft df__#{*® kh m 5 }xh hc{rmc hc! ht{m _#S Dmum yfr

]#** KHB _mgf kh Gfc{h Yçf G`b`{mr kht#£ ? kh Hc#¹ e3 l`c kh

K`z&*! kh =11<#

!SMb gmrahc: Dmraf kh <80 y#¹! ? rr#S =8 {( grt# dfrr`hc{ht

}xh bç}x`kft rhtxb{mrfc mlm|fr kh ht{h Nmgf hcl`c kh K`'

z`hgorh kh =118#/

#Hc kft kh hchrf kh g`b th{hd`hc{ft th{hc{m p th`t# Tfc

dmraf dfc{rm g` hb [ehtfrhrf K#!! Yhkrf kh Ghkrmcf th`t'

d`hc{ft d`c}xhc{m p cxh|h y#¹S kft rr#S }x`czh xcf kfz m|t#

grt# dfrr`hc{ht }xh bç}x`kft rhtxb{mrfc mlm|fr kh ht{h

Nmgf hcl`c kh K`z`hgorh kh =118 hcbm Mkg`c`t{rmt#/ kh

ht{mt _#£S Dmumt p hu`t{çmc hc hbbmt dfgf yhr{hchd`hc{ht m hb

hc 49 kh K`z`hgorh khb g`tgf thaúc dfct{m kh [mc{hflfrgmkf hb kçm kh bm lhdem m}xh gh rhg`{f p bf l`rgmgft#

S<80 – ? – =8 =S


/Mb gmrahc: Dmraf kh ==1 y#S = rr#S ?= M grt# dfrr#**S

ymtmkft m ht{h _mgf kh bft kh _#S Emz#!!* yfr hb khtdxhc{f

kh 5 grt# hc yhtf |hr`l`dmkf mb Af|#/! p Dmy#!! Armb# kh bm

Yrf|#* khb Ymrmaxmp k#/ Maxt{çc Y`chkf#/

Hc k`hz kh Lhorhrf kh g`b th{hd`hc{ft th{hc{m p th`t# Cftemdhgft dmraf kh d`hc{f k`hz p t`h{h y#¹S xc rr#S |h`c{h p xcf

p cxh|h kfz m|t# grt# dfrr#*SS ymtmkft m ht{h rmgf kàbft

kh _#! Emz#!!* yhr#** mb kht}#*/ kh 5 grt# hc yhtf |hr`l`dmkfmb Af|#!S!/ p Dmy#¹ Armb# kh bm Yrf|`cd`m khb Ymrmaxmp hb

Dfr#! K#¹ Maxt{çc Lhrcmckf kh Y`chkf trh# 405; y#¹S 1 rr#!

?8 =&; `crt# hc}xh }xhkm bç}#S¹ tx txhbkf |hcd`kf hc mcf kht#/

=#¹ kh Jxb`f kh =11; e#* l`c kh Jxc`f kh =118 mb rhty#!¹ kh

; J y#¹* mccxmbht khtyxàt kh rhomjmkft =8 y#S 5 ( grt# }xhth bh khtdfy{mrfc ymrm @gombçkft# Dfgf ymrhzh khb Kf'



4;9 '

dxg&/ }xh t`r|h kh dfgyrf|mc{h kh Km{m hc _#! Emz"***

C#¹ ?5 m}xh cft rhg#S p l`rgmgft#

==1 – = – ?= =(


%Khtkh m}x` dfrrhc bft dmraft khb T#/!! Dfc{#/// k#¹ Mbhumc'krf Mr`zm }xh {fgf yfthd`fc kh ht{h hgybhf hc =#¹ kh

Gmrzf kh =11<)#

SSMb gmrahc: Dmraf kh ??;; y#¹! ?? grt# dfrr#*S! ymtmkft

m ht{h _mgf kh bft kh _#S Emz&!! yfr hb khtdxhc{f kh 5 grt#

hc yhtf dfc}xh kh|`f dfc{ròx`r hb T#/// Af|#/// p Dmy`{íc

Ahchrmb mb Gfc{h Y`ô G`b`{mr kht#S l`c kh Fd{xorh kh <5

}xh }xhkf ymamkf hc Htymým b`#!! l`c kh Jxc`f kh 18 }xh

ht{m tm{`tlef# hc ht{m Yrf|#* p kht#S =#¹ kh Jxb`f ml`c khK`z#!/!! kh kef# mýf }xh th bh mjxt{m#/ !

Hc th`t kh Gmrzf kh g`b th{ht#¹S th{hc{m p th`t# Cft em'

dhgft dmraf kh kft g`b kftd`hc{ft }xmrhc{m p }xm{rf y#¹S

|h`c{h p kft grt# dfrr#*SS ymtmkft m ht{h _mgf khb kh _#!

cmz#*SS yfr hb khtdxhc{f |hr`l`dmkf mb 5#¹// Af|#*// p Dmy#/

Armb# kh ht{mt Yrf|`cd`mt khb _`f kh bm Ybm{m K#// JxmcJftà kh \hr{`z kh bft txhbkft }xh bh dfrrhtyfck`hrfc khtkh

l`c kh Fd{xorh kh =1<5 }xh }xhkf ymamkf hc Htymým e#!! l`c

kh Jxc`f kh =118 }xh ht{m tm{`tlef# hc ht{m Yrf|`cd`m pkhtkh =#¹ kh Jxb`f kh kef# mýf kh 18 e#* l`c kh K`zorh# khb

g`tgf }xh th bh mjxt{f hc ht{m lfrgm =? y#S 1 rr#S =5 grt#

yfr hb lùf khtdxhc{f kh 5 grt hc yhtf kh ;;9 }xh th bh

m|fcmrfc hc ht{mt Dmjmt yfr tx em|hr kh Oràmk`hr hc ?

ghtht < k`mt dfc{mkft kht#S =#¹ kh Cf|orh# kh =1<5 e#S 1

hudbxtòh kh Hchrf kh =1<0 }xh bbhaf m ht{m D`x#S mb rhty#*¹

kh ?99 y#S mb ght" ?0= y#S = rr#! =; grt# yfr bm k`lhrhcd`mb`}#SS hc xc ght khb txhbkf kh ?99 y#S ghctxmbht }xh afzm|m

dfgf Oràmk`hr hgybhmkf mb kh < ] y#S }xh ymtf m k`tlrx{mr

dfgf @ctyhd{fr Ahchrmb kh ht{m Yrf|#S ?0? y#¹S 8 rr#S < grt#

yfr hb lùf khtdxhc{f kh 5 grt# hc yhtf kh 0089 }xh `gy#*¹

hb em|hr }xh bh dfrrhtyfck`ô dfgf @ctyhd{fr Armb# hc =0

ghtht ?1 k# kht#S 1 kh Hchrf kh <0 e#/ ; hudbxtòh kh Thyorh#



‛ Ohb'

kà =119 }xh {fgf yfthd`fc khb hgybhf kh Af|#/!S ?;? y#/

8 rr#/ < grt# yfr bm k`lhrhcd`m b`}&* hc f{rf ght khb txhbkf

kh < -9` y#S }xh afzm|m dfgf [cçtyhd{fr Ahc#! mb kh 0 #9j y#/

}xh k`tlrx{m dfgf Af|#¹! =?;4 y#/ 4 rr#! ? grt# yfr hb lùf

khtdxhc{f kh 5 grt# hc yhtf kh ;??18 }xh `gyfr{f hb em|hr

}xh bh dfrrhtyfck`ô dfgf Af|#¹! p Dmy#!! Armb# kh ht{mt

Yrf|#*S khtkh ; `cdbxtòh kh Thyorh kh =119 e#* =8 hudbxtòh

%kh Hchrf) kùf kh Gmpf kh =118 rhty#*¹ m}xh khtkh ht{m

lb`m kh|hc yrmd{`dmrth bft khtdxhc{ft khb Gfc{h Y`ô khb

Txhbkf b`}#S¹ }xh rhtxb{mth khtyxàt kh rhomjmkf bf dfrrhty#*/

m @gomb`kft 4? y#S < rr#S ?= grt# yfr àxmb khtdxhc{f kh

5 grt# hcyhtf trh# ===< y#S = rr#S =; grt# }xh }xhkmrfc

b`}#¹S kh ==89 y#S }xh bh yhr{hchd`hrfc khtkh hb rhlhr`kf k`m

=8 `cdbxtòh kh Gmpf kh 18 e#!! l`c kh Jxc`f khb g`tgf rh'

omjmkft 44 y#S ? rr#S ?9 grt# khb khtdxhc{f kh @gomb`kft p

bft =?5 y#S 4 rr#S ?4 grt# rht{mc{ht yfr hb g`tgf khtdxhc{f

kh 5 grt# hc yhtf tforh ;4<1 y#S 8 rr#S < grt# hc}xh }xhkmrfc

bç}x`kft bft ;899 }xh thbh mdrhk`{mrfc yfr bft < úb{`gftghtht kh =118 rhomjmkft =4? y#¹S ? rr#S ?5 grt# ymrm @g'

omb`kft: Dfgf ymrhzh khb Kfdxg#*¹ }xh t`r|h kh dfgyrf'

|mc{h kh Km{m kh _#S Emz#*** C#¹ 48 m }xh cft rhg`{`gft pl`rgmgft# ??;; – 99"" ??


!S!Mb gmrahc: Dmraf kh 1 y#S 8 rr#S ?? grt# dfrr#*SS ymtmkft

m ht{h _mgf khb kh T`{xmkft yfr hb khtdxhc{f kh 5 grt# hc

yhtf |hr`l`dmkf mb Mpxk#** g#/// kh bmt G`b`d`mt kh bm Yrf|#*

khb Ymrmaxmp K#// Gmcxhb Amrd`m Omrmzm|mb trh# ?<? y#S

=< grt# hc }xh }xhkf rhkxd`kf tx em|hr kh bft < úb{`gft

ghtht khb mýf ymtmkf kh 18 rhomjmkft @gomb`kft/#

Hc |h`c{h p fdef kh Gmrzf kh g`b th{hd`hc{ft th{hc{m pth`t Cft emdhgft dmraf kh t`h{h y#*S d`cdf rr#S |h`c{h p kft

p ghk`f grt# dfrr#*SS ymtmkft m ht{h _mgf khb kh T`{xmkft

yfr hb kht}#S¹ kh 5 grt# hc yhtf |hr`l`dmkf mb Mpxk#*S gmpfrkh bmt G`b`d`mt kàbm Yrf|#* khb Ymrmaxmp K#// Gmcxhb Amr'

d`m Omrmzm|mb trh# ?<? y#/ =< grt# hc }xh }xhkmrfc bç}x`kft

?19 y#S }xh bh dfrrhtyfc#¹¹ kh txhbkf hc < úb{`gft ghtht khb



‛ 4;? ‛

mýf ymtt&¹ kh =118 mb rhty#*¹ kh ;8 y& ghctxmbht }xh afzmhc \rk# kh N#S Khtymdef kh =5 kh Gmrzf kh =11; khtyxàt

kh rhomjmkft 1 y#S 1 rr#S =5 grt# }xh th bh khtdfc{mrfc ymrm

@gomb`kft# Dfgf ymrhzh khb Kfdxghc{f kh Km{m kh T`{xm'

kft dfc ht{m lem# mb C#¹ 5= m}xh cft rhg& p l`rgmgft#

1 8 ?*S \f


/Mb gmrahc: Dmraf kh ;01 y#S ? rr#S ?9 grt# dfrr#*S*

ymtt#*S/S m ht{h Nmgf khb kh T`{xmkft yfr hb khtdxhc{f kh

5 grt# hc yhtf |hr`l`dmkf mb Dmy#/ kh Lrmam{m kh bm _#S Mr'

gmkm k#¹ lrmc#*// A`b p Bhgxt kh bmt @tbmt Gmbxpcmt#!!

Hc }x`czh kh Mor`b kh g`b th{ht#¹S th{hc{m p th`t: Cft

emdhgft dmraf kh }xm{rfd`hc{ft cf|hc{m p t`h{hy#S

kft rr#S|h`c{h grt# dfrr#*£S ymtt#¹S m ht{h _mgf khb kh T`{xmkft yfr

hb kht}#*¹ kh 5 grt# hc yhtf |hr`l`dmkf mb Dmy#// kh Lrmam{m

kh bm _#S Mrgmkm K#/ lrmc#!!¹ A`b p Bhgxt Af|#// kh bmt

@tbmt Gmb|pcmt kh bft txhbkft }xh bh dfrrhtyfck`hrfc hc

?4 ghtht ?< k`mt kht#S 8 `cdbxtòh kh Hchrf kh =11; dfgfyfthd`fc kh kef# Af|#!*/ e#*S/ l`c kh K`zorh kh 18 }xh th bh

mjxt{f hc bm lfrgm tà#*£ ?<8 y#S ? rr#S =? grt# yfr k`lhrhcd`m

b`}#SS hc xc ght kh txhbkf kh <9 y#S }xh afzm|m dfgf Dmy#*/ kh

Lrmam{m hb kh ; y#S }xh ymtf m k`tlrx{mr dfgf Af|#///

kh kemt# @tbmt hc |rk# kh _#S Khtymdef kh ? kh K`zorh# kh

=11? p bft ?4? y#S 5 grt# rht{mc{ht yfr hb lùf kht}#*¹ kh

5 grt# hc yhtf trh# bm dmc{#S kh 1555 y#S ? rr#S SM grt# }xh bh

}xhkmrfc b`}#*/S khtx em|hr hc hb huyrhtmkf {`hgyf rhomjmkft

<1 y#S ? rr#S =8 \t grt# yfr hb kht}#*¹ kh @gomb`kft# Dfgfymrhzh khb Kfdxghc{f kh Km{m kh kef# rmgf kh T`{xmkft

C#¹ =8 m}xh cft rhg#S p l`rg#S ;01 – ? – ?9


/Mb gmrahc: Dmraf kh ;=4 y#S = rr#* =4 \f grt# dfrr#**/

ymtt#¹S m ht{h _mgf khb kh T`{xmkft yfr hb kht}#*¹ kh 5 grt#



‛ 4;4 '

hc yhtf |hr`l`dmkf mb Dfrfchb K#/* Jftà kh Gfb`cm kàbm

Yhcd`fc }xh yhrd`|`f khtkh ? kh K`z&£ kh =1<8 e#* l`c kh

K`z#/S kh =114 p kh bm }ch bh dfrrhtyfck`ô hc bft kft mýft

kh 1; p 18 rhomjmkft @gomb`kft#/

Hc k`hz p cxhoh kh Mor`b kh g`b th{hd`hc{ft th{hc{m pth`t# Cft emdhgft dmraf kh }xm{rfd`hc{ft {rhzh y#¹S xc rr&

{rhzh p ghk`f grt# dfrr&£S ymtmkft m ht{h _mgf khb kh T`'

{xmkft yfr hb khtdxhc{f kh 5 grt# hc yhtf |hr`l`dmkf mb Df'

rfchb K#/ Jftà kh Gfb`cm [ehc#*£ Dfr#S khb _ha`g#*/ kh

@clmc{#!! kh ht{m Yrf|#// p dfgmck#!* kh _`f a#S£ hc ht{m lfrgm5= y#S ; rr#S ?8 grt# trh ?11; y#¹S = rr#! 1 grt# hc }xh }xhkmrhkxd`kf tx em|hr |hcd`kf hc kft mcft kht#£ =#¹ kh Hchrf kh

1; e#!! l`c kh K`z#//£ kh 18 mb rhty#** kh =;99 y#¹S mccxmbht }xhafzm kh yhct`ôc yfr _#! Frc kh ; kh lhorhrf kh =11; kht'

yxàt kh rhomjmkft ?8 y#S < rr#S ?1 grt# yfr rmzôc kh [g'

omb`kft p bft 44= y#S ; rr#/ ?? @&? grt# rht{mc{ht trh# ==?14 y#*

< =&S rr#* }xh em yhrd`o`kf kh kem# yhct`ôc mb g`tgf rht'

yhd{f kh =;99 y#/ mb mýf kht#S£ =? kh K`zorh# kh =1<8 e#S l`c

kh K`z#!!£ kh =114 hc |rk# kh _#! Dàkxbm kh ?5 kh Jxc`f khkef# mcf kh <8 dfgf ymrhzh khb Kfdxghc{f kh Km{m khT`{xmkft C#!! =9= m}#£ cft rhg#S p l`rg#S

;=4 – = – =4 'e


/Mb gmrahc: Dmraf kh 8 y#/S = rr#! 4 grt# dfrr#*£S ymtt#¹7 mht{h _mgf khb kh T`{xmkft yfr hb khtdxhc{f kh 5 grt# hcyhtf |hr`l`dmkf m K#*/ Gmc#S Amrd`m kh Omrmzm|mb Mpxk#*£g#/// kh bmt G`b`d`mt khb Ymrmac`mp trh# =1; y#S 8 rr#S ?? grt#

hc}xh }xhkf b`#}¹ tx em|hr kh ; ghtht khtyxàt kh rhomjmkft@gomb`kft#/

Hc |h`c{h kh Gmpf kh g`b th{hd`hc{ft th{hc{m p th`t : Cftemdhgft dmraf kh 8 y#! = rr#! 4 grt# dfrr#*£! ymttmkft m ht{h

_mgf hc hb kh T`{xmkft yfr hb kht}#*¹ kh 5 grt# hcyhtf |h'

r`l`dmkf mb Mpxk#*£ g#// kh bmt G`b`d`mt khb Ymrmaxmp k#¹

Gmcxhb Amrd`m Omrmzm|mb trh# bm dmc{#!! kh =1; y#S 8 rr#!

?? grt# }xh }xhkmrfc bç}x`kft kh =59 }xh bh dfrrhtyfck`h'



‛ 4;; ‛

rfc kh txhbkf hc bft ghtht kh Ehchrf lhorhrf Gmrzf p Mor`b

kh ht{h mýf mb rhty&¹ kh ;8 y#¹S ghctxmbht }xh T# G# bh

{`hch mt`acmkft hc _#S Khtymdef kh =5 kh Gmrzf kh =11;

khtyxàt kh rhomjmkft 8 y#S =? grt# }xh th bh khtdfc{mrfc

ymrm @gomb`kft dfcth}&* m bf yrh|hc`kf hc _#S Frc# kh =;

kh Hchrf kh =118# Dfgf ymrhzh khb Kfdxghc{f }xh t`r|h kh

dfgyrf|mc{h m bm Ymr{`km kh Km{m kh T`{xmkft C#¹ =??

m}#¹ cft rhg#¹S p l`rg& 8 – = – 4

Mlhkrmcf ‛ Mb{fbmax`rrh ‛ Mr`zm#

!!Mb gmrahc: Dmraf kh =?5 y#¹S 4 rr#S ?4 grt# dfrr`hc{ht

ymtt#¹S m ht{ft _mgft kh bft kh _#S Emz#SS yfr hb khtdxhc{f

kh 5 grt# hcyhtf |hr`l`dmkf mb T#!// Af|#/// p Dmy#// Ahchrmb kh

ht{mt Yrf|#!!S trh# hb txhbkf }xh bh dfrrhtyfck`ô b`}x`kf hc

bft < yr`g#S ghtht kh 1<#/

Hc fdef kh Jxb`f kh g`b th{ht#¹S th{hc{m p th`t# Cft em'

dhgft dmraf kh d`hc{f |h`c{h p fdef y#S {rht rr#S |h`c{h p {rht

grt# dfrr`hc{ht ymtmkft m ht{ft _mgft kh bft kh _#S Emz"!!*

yfr hb khtdxhc{f |hr`l`dmkf mb T#!/! Af|#*// p Dmy#¹ Armb" kh

ht{mt Yrf|#*S K#!! Jxmc Jftà kh \hr{`z kh 5 grt# hc yhtf

tforh bm dmc{`kmk kh ;4<1 y#S 8 rr#S < grt# }#* }xhkmrfc

b`}#¹S kh ;899 y#S }xh bh dfrrhtyfck`hrfc yfr tx txhbkf |hc'

d`kf kht#S = kh Hchrf ml`c kh Jxc`f khb dfrr#*£ mcf mb rhty#*¹

kh 0 ]! y#S }xh afzm yfr _#S Dàkxbm kh =9 kh Gmrzf kh

=11= khtyxàt kh rhomjmkft =4? y#** ? rr#S ?5 grt# ymrm

@gomb`kft dfcth}#*£ m bf yrh|hc`kf hc _#S Frkhc kh =; kh

Hchrf kh =118 dfgf ymrhzh khb Kfdxg#*/ }xh t`r|h kh dfg'

yrf|#*S m bm Ymr{`km kh Km{m kh _#S Emz&* C#¹ =94 m }xh cft

rhg`{`gft p l`rgmgft# =?5 – 4 "# ?4


/Mb gmrahc: Dmraf kh ?;? y#S ?; M grt# dfrr#*SS ymtt#/

m ht{h _mgf khb kh T`{xmkft yfr hb khtdxhc{f kh 5 grt'

|hr`l`dmkf hc yhtf kh bft txhbkft }xh bht dfrrhtyfck`hrfc

hc xc mýf m bft Fll#SS kh Ybmcm Gmpfr#/



' 4;8 '

Hc |h`c{h p cxhoh kh Jxb`f kh g`b th{ht#¹! th{hc{m p th`t#

Cft emdhgft dmraf kh kftd`hc{ft }xmrhc{m p kft yhtft

|h`c{h p }xm{rf th`t kfz m|t# grt# dfrr`hc{ht ymtmkft m ht{h

_mgf khb kh T`{xmkft yfr hb khtdxhc{f kh 5 grt# hcyhtf

|hr`l`dmkf m bft @ck`|`#/! kh Ybmcm g#// tforh bft txhbkft }xh

bht dfrrhtyfck`hrfc hc xc mýf khtkh =#/ kh Jxb`f kh 18 e#*

l`c kh Jxc`f kh 1< m tm|hr Mb [ehc`hc{h kh _hp hb Dfrfchb

K#¹ K`haf kh Tmbmt 58 y#S 8 rr#S ; grt# trh ?0== y#S < rr#S

; grt# }xh }xhkmrfc b`}#¹S yfr tx em|hr hc hb huyrhtmkf

mýf khtyxàt kh rhomjmkft 55 y#S = rr#S 49 grt# ymrm @gom'

b`kft# Mb Dfrfchb k#// Gmrdft Jftà kh Bmrrmzmomb 85 yS

= rr#S 49 grt# trh# =059 y#S b`}#¹/ kh ?9;9 y#/ rhomjmkft <9 y#/S

@gomb`kft: Mb [ehc#SS Dfr#S k#// C`dfbít kh Hbfrkxp ?4 y#/

44 ( grt# trh# 15< y#! = rr#S =; grt# bç}x`kft kh 5=9 y#S rh'

omjmkft ?4 y#S < rr#S?9 grt# yS* @gomb`kft: mb tmra#S¹ g#/!

k#/ Jxmc lrmc#*7¹ kh bm _`|m Ehrrhrm 4; y#¹S ? rr#S = =; grt#

trh# ==<; y#S 8 rr#S ?? grt# bç}x`kft kh =?99 y#S rhomjmkft

48 y#! ? rr#S =? grt# ymrm @gomb`kft: mb Mpxk#*S g#/// k#¹Ymt}xmb @omchz =8 y#S 4 rr#S == grt# trh# 8?; y#S 4? grt#

b`}#¹S kh 8;9 rhomjmkft =8 y#S 1 rr#/ ? grt# ymrm @gomb`kft"

M f{rf k#// Mblfctf Tf{fdm =8 y#S 4 rr#S == grt# tforh `axmb

txhbkf }xh afzm rhomjmkft =8 y#S 1 rr#S ? grt# ymrm @gomb`'

kft m k#/ Obmt kh Dmt{rf Dmy#/ Armkxmkf = y#S¹ 4 rr#S =5

grt# trh# ;0 y#S =? `&ô grt# b`}#¹S kh 89 y#S ; =; SS'S }xh bh

dfrrhtyfck`hrfc hc {rht ghtht p = kçm mb rhtyhd{f kh ?99 y#//

mccxmbht rhomjmkft = yhtf 4 rr#S 49 grt# ymrm @gomb`kft

m k#¹ _xkhd`ckf Tmhcz 5 y#S ; rr#S =1 `&f grt# trh# ?0= y#*

= rr#S =; grt# b`}#*S kh 499 rhomjmkft 5 y#¹S < rr#S ?9 grt#

ymrm @gomb`kft ]xh jxc{mt ht{mt Ymr{`kmt dfgyfchc hb

{f{mb kh ht{h dmraf: Dfgf ymrhzh kh mjxt{mg#S¹ }xh t`r|h

kh dfgyrf|mc{h kh Km{m kh T`{xmkft cxghrf =0< m }xh cft

rhg#S p l`rg#S ?;? – F – ?; {(


/Mb gmrahc: Dmraf kh 81 y#S ?8 grt# dfrr#*SS ymtt#¹S m ht{h

_mgf kh bft kh _#! Emz#!S* yfr hb khtdxhc{f |hr`l`dmkf mb

Af|#/! khb Ymrmaxmp K#!! Maxt{çc Lhrc#S¹ kh Y`chkf kh 5

grt# hc yhtf#/



‛ 4;< ‛

Hc |h`c{h kh Thyorh# kh g`b th{hd`hc{ft th{hc{m j th`t#

Cft emdhgft dmraf kh d`c}xhc{m p t`h{h yhtft |h`c{h p d`c'

df grt# dfrr&SS ymtt#¹S m ht{h Nmgf kh bft kh H#! Emz#*S* yfr

hb kht}&¹ kh 5 grt# hc yhtf |hr`l`dmkf mb Af|#¹!! khb Ymrm'

axmp K#¹ Maxt{`c Lhrcmckf kh Y`chkf trh# =0;= y#S = rr#!

=; grt# hc }ch }xhkf b`}x`kf tx em|hr |hcd`kf hc < ghtht

kht#£ =#¹ kh Jxb`f m l`c kh K`zorh# kh 18 mb rhty#*¹ kh ; T)' y#!!

mccxmbht khtyxàt kh rhomjmkft 81 y#¹S < rr#S ?9 grt# }xh th

bh khtdfc{mrfc ymrm @gomb`kft kh bft ? # V y#S }xh bh dfrrht'

yfck`hrfc hc hb d`{mkf {yf# Dfgf ymrhzh khb Kfdxghc{f}xh t`r|h kh dfgyrf|mc{h kh Km{m kh H#! Emz#SS cxghrf =8;

m }xh cft rhg#S p l`rg#S 81 / F / ?8


!SMb gmrahc: Dmraf kh 0 y#S ; rr#S 49 grt# dfrr#*£S ymtmkftm ht{h Hmgf kh hb kh T`{xmkft yfr hb khtdxhc{f hdef mb

[ehc#** Dfrfchb K#¹ Jxmc Lrmc#!!¹ kh bm Hòm Ehrrhrm#

Hc {rhzh kh K`z#!!!S£ kh g`b th{hd`hc{ft th{hc{m p th`t# Cftemdhgft dmraf kh cxh|h yhtft }xm{rf rr#S {rh`c{m grt#

dfrr#*!!S ymtmkft m ht{h Hmgf kh hb kh T`{xmkft yfr hb kht'

dxhc{f |hr`l`dmkf kh 5 grt# hc yhtf mb [ehc#*£ Dfr#S k#// Jxmclrmc#// kh bm Hòm Ehrrhrm trh# 4?< y#S < rr#S < E grt hc }xh

}xhkf b`}x`kf hb em|hr }xh bh dfrrhtyfck`ô yfr tx txhbkf

|hcd`kf hc dmb`kmk kh tmrahc{f gmpfr kh ht{m Ybmzm hc 4

ghtht == k#S kht#£ l`c kh Jxc`f kh ht{h mýf }xh ht{mom ym'

amkf emt{m =? hudbxtòh kh Fd{xorh khb g`tgf }xh dhtf hc

hb rhlhr`kf hgybhf mb rhty#*¹ kh =?99 y#S mccxmbht khtyxàt

kh rhomjmkft 0 y#S 1 rr#S 8 grt# }xh àxmbghc{h th bh kht'

dfc{mrfc ymrm @gomb`kft dfgf ymrhdh khb Dfgyrfomc{h kh

Km{m kh T`{xmkft C#/ 4?? m }xh cft rhg#S p rxor`dmgft#

0 / ; / 49 /

;45= / = / =< S




‛ 4;1

Dmraf kh bft Yhtft dfrr#*SS kh m 5 }xh hc{rmc hc ht{m _h#S Dmum yfr

DXHC[M KHB _mGF KHB GFC[H YbF KH @CAHC@H_FT KHT#® ? KH Hc#/ E#*

L@C KH K`Z&h KH =11<#

S!Mb gmrahc: Dmraf kh 1<9 y#S ? rr#S 1 {'` grt# dfrr`hc{ht

}xh b`}#/S rhtxb{mrfc m lm|fr kh ht{h Hmgf hc l`c kh K`'

z`hgorh kh =118#/

Hc kft kh Hchrf kh g`b th{hd`hc{ft th{hc{m j th`t# Tfc

dmraf dfc{rm g` hb [ehtfrhrf K#¹ Yhkrf Ghkrmcf kh th{h'

d`hc{ft ththc{m y#S kft rr#S t`h{h cxh|h kfzh m|t# grt# df'

rr`hc{ht }xh bç}x`kft rhtxb{mrfc m lm|fr kh ht{h Hmgf hc

l`c kh K`z`hgorh kh =118 hc bm Mkg`c`t{rmt#// kh ht{mt _#SS

Dmjmt j hu`t{çmc hc hbbmt dfgf dfrrhtyfck`hc{ht m hb hc 49

kh K`z`hgorh khb g`tgf : Dfgf dfct{m khb [mc{hf kh Dmx'

kmbht lfrgmkf hchb

k`m khbm lem#

m }xh gh rhg`{f pbf l`r'

gmgft# 1<9 / ? / 1 [(


%Khtkh m}x` dfrrhc bft dmrmft khb T#/// Dfc{mkfr k#// Mbh'

umckrf Mr`zm }xh {fgf yfthd`fc kh kef# hgybhf hc =#¹ kh

Gmrzf kh =11<)#

S!Mb gmrahc: Dmraf kh ?5 y#/S ; rr#S =? {( grt# dfrr#*SS ym'

tmkft m ht{h _mgf khb kh T`{xmkft yfr hb Khtdxhc{f kh 5

grt# hc yhtf |hr`l`dmkf mb [eh#*£ Dfrfchb kh @cahc`hrf£ k#//

Jfm}xçc khb Y`cf trh# 019 y#S ;# rr#S ?; grt# hc }xh }xhkm rh'

kxd`kf tx em|hr kh < ghtht khtyxàt kh rhomjmkft @gom'

b`kft#/

Hc th`t kh Gmrzf kh g`b th{hd`hc{ft th{hc{m j th`t# -Cft

emdhgft dmraf kh |h`c{h p fdef y#S }xm{rf rr#S kfzh th`t kfz#

m|t# grt# dfrr`hc{ht ymtmkft m ht{h _mgf khb kh T`{xmkft

yfr hb khtdxhc{f kh 5 grt# hc yhtf |hr`l`dmkf mb [ehc#S Df'

rfchb kh @cahc`hrft k#// Jfm}xçc khb Y`cf Af|#/// `c{hr`cf

kh bm Ybmzm kh Gfc{h|#/ trh# 019 y#S ; rr#S ?; grt# hc }xh



‛ 4;5 '

}xhkmrfc b`}#¹S = ¤)# y& }xh bh dfrrhtyfck`hrfc kh tx txhbkfhc < ghtht kht#* =#¹ kh Jxb`f kh =118 e#S l`c kh K`z`hgorh

khb g`tgf mb rhtyhd{f kh ? ]> y#// mccxmbht }xh afzm khty#/

kh rhomjmkft ?0 y#/! 4 rr#S =9 grt# ymrm @gomb`kft hc |rk#

kh _#! Frc# kh =; kh Hchrf kh kef# mcf# Dfgf ymrhzh khb

Kfdxghc{f }xh t`roh kh dfgyrf|mc{h m bm Ymr{`km kh Km{mkh T`{xmkft cxghrf 85 m }xh cft rhg`{`gft p bf Mrgmgft#

?5 / ; / =? M


!SMb rcmrahc: Dmraf kh ?5 y#S ; rr#S =? 'e c``!t# dfrr`hc{ht

ymtmkft m ht{h _mgf kh hb kh T`{xmkft yfr hb khtdxhc{f kh 5

grt# hc yhtf |hr`l`dmkf mb [e#wS Dfrfchb kh @cahc#¹S k#!* Jfm'

}xçc khb Y`cf trh# 019 y#S ; rr#S ?; grt# hc }xh }xhkf b`}x`kf

tx txhbkf kh < ghtht rhomjmkft @gomb`kft#/

Hc fdef kh Jxb`f kh g`b th{ht#¹S th{hc{m p th`t# Cft emdh'

gft dmraf kh |h`c{h p fdef y#S }xm{rf rr#S th`t kfz# m|#S gm'

rm|hkçt dfrr#**S ymtmkft m ht{h _mgf kh hb kh T`{xmkft yfr

hb khtdxhc{f kh 5 grt# hc yhtf |hr`l`dmkf mb [ehc`hc{h Df'

rfchb kh @cahc`hrft K#!! Jfm}xçc khb Y`cf Af|#/// @c{hr`cf

kh bm Ybmzm kh Gfc{h|#/ trh# 019 y#S ; rr#* ?; grt# hc }xh

}xhkmrfc bç}x`kft g`b y#¹S }xh bh dfrrhtyfck`hrfc kh txhbkf

hc bft < yr`ghrft ghtht kh ht{h mýf mb rhty#*¹ kh kft g`b y#¹S

mccxmbht }#* afzm khtyxàt kh rhomjmkft ?0 y#¹S 4 rr#S =9 grt#

ymrm @gomb`kft dfcth}xhc{h m bf yrh|hc`kf hc _#! Frc# kh

=; kh Hchrf kh =118# Dfgf ymrhzh khb Kfdxg#*¹ }xh t`roh

kh dfgyrfomc{h kh Km{m kh T`{xmkft C#/ =5= m }xh cft rh'

g`{`gft p l`rgmgft# ?5 / ; / =? 'l'j


!!Mb gmrahc: Dmraf kh ?5 y#S ; rr#S =? `R grt# dfrr#**S ymtm'

kft m ht{h _mgf khb kh T`{xmkft yfr hb khtdxhc{f kh 5 grt#

hc yhtf |hr`l`dmkf mb @cahc`hrf Frk`c#¹ K#¹ G`axhb Jxírhz#/



' 4;0 '

Hc fdef kh Jxb`f kh g`b th{ht#¹S th{hc{m p th`t : Cft em'

dhgft dmraf kh \h`c{h j fdef y#/! }xm{rf rr"S kfzh th`t kfzh

grt# dfrr`hc{ht ymtmkft m ht{h Nmgf khb kh T`{xmkft yfr

hb khtdxhc{f kh 5 grt hc yhtf |hr`l`dmkf mb @cahc`hrf frk`

cmr`f K#¹ G`axhb Jxírhz trh# 019 y#*/S ; rr#S ?; grt# hc }xh

}xhkmrfc b`}#¹S xc g`b y#¹S }xh bh dfrrhtyfck`hrfc kh txhb'

kf hc xc mcf kht& =#¹ kh Jxb`f kh 18 e&S l`c kh Jxc`f kh 19

khty#S kh rhomjmkft ?0 y#S 4 rr& =9 grt# ymrm @gomb`kft

dfcth}xhc{h m bf yrh|hc`kf hc _#! Frc# kh =;kh

Hchrf kh

18# Dfgf ymrhzh khb Kfdxghc{f }xh t`r|h kh dfgyrf|mc{h

m bm Ymr{`km kh Km{m kh T`{xmkft C#¹ =5? m }xh cft rhg`'

{`gft p l`rgmgft# ?5 / ; / =? 'Sj


/Mb gmrahc: Dmraf kh 8= y#S 4 rr#S ? =; c`rt# dfrr`hc{htymtmkft m ht{h Hmgf kh hb kh T`{xmkft y#*/ hb khtdxhc{f ehdef

m bft @cahc#¹S Omr{efbfgh Ef|rhb p k/ Ohrcmrkf Bhdfd}#!!

Hc |h`c{h p cxhoh kh Jxb`f kh g`b th{hd`hc{ft th{hc{m

p th`t# Cft emdhgft dmraf kh d`c}xhc{m p xc y#¹S {rht rr#S

kft p }xmr{f grt# dfrr`hc{ht ymtmkft m ht{h _mgf khb kh

T`{xmkft yfr hb khtdxhc{f kh 5 grt# hc yhtf |hr`l`dmkf m

bft @cahc`hrft k#¹ Jxmc Omr{e#//S Ef|rhb p k#¹ Ohrcmrkf

Bhdfd} kh bft txhbkft }xh bht dfrrhtyfck`hrfc hc xc mcfkht* =#¹ kh Jxb`f kh 18 e#S l`c kh Jxc`f kh 1< m tmohr : ?5 y#¹S

; rr#S =? S&f grt# mb =#¹ tforh 019 y#S ; rr#S ?; grt# hc }#*

}xhkmrfc bç}x`kft = @ y#S kh tx mjxt{h hc hb huyrhtmkf

[`hgyf khty#S kh rhomjmkft ?0 y#S 4 rr#* =9 grt# }xh th bh

khtdfc{mrfc y#S @gomb`kft p bft ?? y#S < rr#S ?4 ( grt# mb

tha#S¹ tforh 11< y#S ?< grt# hc }xh }xhkmrfc b`}#¹S 599 y#S kh

tx em|hr rhomjmkft ?4 y#! ; rr#! 5 grt# ymrm @gomb`kft:

Dfgf ymrhzh khb Mjxt{mg#*** }xh t`roh kh dfgyrf|mc{h khKm{m hc T`{xmkft C#¹ =0< m }#S cft rhg#S p l`rg#/

8=/4/ ?4(

501 / ? / =4 M




' 489

Dmraf kh bft Yhtft dfor#**S kh m 5 }xh hc{rmc hc ht{m N#S Dmum khb

Hmgf khb Gfc{h Yçf kh G`c`t{rft kht#£ ? kh Hchrf m l`c kh K`z#®

kh =11<#

SSMb gmrahc: Dmraf kh =08< y#S 8 rr#S ?1 S grt# dfrr`hc{ht

}xh bç}x`kft rhtxb{mrfc m lm|fr kh ht{h _mgf hc l`c kh K`'

z`hgorh kh =118#/

Hc kft kh Hchrf kh g`b th{hd`hc{ft th{hc{m p th`t# Tfcdmraf dfc{rm g` hb [ehtfrhrf K#!! Yhkrf kh Ghkrmcf g`b

cxh|hd`hc{ft d`c}xhc{m p th`t y#S d`cdf rr#S |h`c{h p t`h{h

t`h{h kfzh m|#S gmrm|hkçt dfrr`hc{ht }xh bç}x`kft rhtxb{mrfc

m lm|fr kh ht{h _mgf hc l`c kh K`z`hgorh kh =118 hc bm

Mkg`c`t{rmt#/ kh ht{mt _#S Dmumt p hu`t{çmc hc hbbm dfgfdfrrhtyfck`hc{ht m hb hc 49 kh K`z`hgorh khb g`tgf: Th'

aúc dfct{m khb [mc{hf kh Dmxkmbht lfrgmkf hc hb k`m kh

bm lhdem m }xh gh rhg`{f p bf l`rgmgft# =080 / 8 / ?1 S?


/Mb gmrahc: Dmraf kh 0; y#S ; rr#S 4= gr# dfrr#*£!! ymtm'

kft m ht{h _mgf kh bft kh _#! Emz#*SS yfr hb khtdxhc{f kh 5

grt# hc yhtf kh 4?=< y#¹S 1 rr#S }xh `gyfr{mrfc bft txhbkft

kh|hcamkft yfr k#/ Jftthl kh _`omkm|`m Mbaxmd`b g#/// kh

ht{mt _#/S Dmumt hc 49 ghtht kht#£ =#¹ kh Jxb`f kh 14

e#S l`c kh Kç{#S kh 18 mb rhty#*¹ kh =?5< y#/ < rr#S mccxmbht>

Dfgf ymrhzh khb Kfdxghc{f kh Km{m kh _#! Emz#SS C#¹ 4

m }xh cft rhg#S p l`rg#S 0; / ; / 4=


/Mb gmrahc: Dmraf kh =; y#¹S 8 rr#S ?? grt# dfrr#*£! ymtmkft

m ht{h _mgf kh bft kh _#* Emz#!!S yfr hb kht}#*¹ kh 5 grt# hc

yhtf |hr`l`dmkf trh# 899 y#*/ kh txhbkf }xh dfrrhtyfck`hrfc

m k#!! Jxmc Gmcxhb kh Bm|mrkhc [ehc#** Armb# Mxk`{fr kh

Arrm# kh bft < úb{`gft ghtht khb mýf ymtmkf kh 18#/



' 48= '

Hc cxh|h kh Hchrf kh g`b th{hd`hc{ft th{hc{m p th`t# Cftemdhgft dmraf kh dm{frzh y#**S d`cdf rr#* |h`c{h p kft grt#

dfrr`hc{ht ymtmkft m ht{h _mgf kh bft kh _#S Emz#SS yfr hb

kht}#*¹ ehdef kh 5 grt# hc yhtf |hr`l`dmkf mb [ehc#S* Armb#

Mxk`{fr kh arrm# k#¹ Jxmc Gmcxhb kh Bm|mrkhc trh# hb txhb'

kf kh 899 y#S }xh bh dfrrhtyfck`hrfc hc bft < úb{`gft ghtht

khb mcf yrfu#// ymtt#S¹ kh 18 mb rhty#S¹ kh =` @ y#¹S mccxmbht

}#£ T# G# bh {`hch mtàcmkft yfr kef# hgybhf# Dfgf ymrhzh kh

Yhk`g#*¹ Mx{f p dmr{m kh ymaf }xh f{fraf }xh t`r|h kh

dfgyrf|mc{h mbm Ymr{`km kh Km{m kh _#S Emz#SS C#¹ ; m}xhcft rhg#S p bf l`rg#! bí – 8 – ??


/Mb gmrahc: Dm`!af kh ?0; y#S 4? grt# ymtt#**/S m ht{h

_mgf kh bft kh _#! Emz#S* yfr hb kht}#**/ kh 5 grt# hc yhtf

|hr`l`dmkf mb T#! Dfc{mkfr g#*// kh ]xhc{mt K#!! Dmck`kf _m'

gft trh# =9 9= y#* }xh bh dfrrhtyfck`hrfc y#*/ txt txhbkft |hc'

d`kft hc 49 ghtht kht#S @#// kh Jxb`f kh 14 e#S l`c kh K`z#/S kh

18 mb rhty#*¹ kh ; 4b y#¹S mccxmbht#/

Hc cxhoh kh Hchrf kh g`b th{hd`hc{ft th{hc{m p th`t# Cftemdhgft dmraf kh kftd`hc{ft cfohc{m p }xm{rf y#¹S {rh`c{m

p kft grt# dfrr#**S ymtmkft m ht{h _mgf kh hb kh _#! Emz#S/

yfr hb khtdxhc{f kh T grt# hc yhtf |hr`l`dmckf mb T#/*/ Dfc{#///g#/! kh Dxhc{mt k#¹ _mgft kùf K#!! Dmck`kf _mgft trh#

=9 T)j y#¹S }xh bh dfrrhtyfck`hrfc yfr tx txhbkf |hcd`kf hc

49 ghtht kht#* = kh Jxb`f kh =114 e#* l`c kh K`z`hgorh kh=118 mb rhty&¹ kh ; 9- yhtft mccxmbht }#* T# G# bh {`hch

mtàcmkft yfr _#* [`{xbf kh ?; kh Hchrf kh =1<5 dfgfymrhzh khb Kfdxghc{f kh Km{m kh _#! Emz#!!* cxghrf 8 m}xhcft rhg`{`gft p bf l`rgmgft# ?0; – 99 – 4?


/Mb gmrahc: Dmraf kh 85 y#/! < rr#S ?9 grt# dfrr#**! ymtm'

kft m ht{h _mgf kàbft kh _hmb Emz#S* yfr hb khtdxhc{f kh



‛ 48? '

5 grt# hc yhtf ehdef trh# ? j y#S }xh `gyfr{mrfc bft txhb'

kft kh [ehtfrhrf j Lmd{fr kh ht{mt _#*! Dmjmt hc bft < úb'

{`gft ghtht kh =118#/

Hc |h`c{h j }xm{rf kh Hchrf kh g`b th{hd`hc{ft th{hc{m pth`t: Cft emdhgft dmraf kh d`cdxhc{m p fdef y#¹S th`t

rhmbht |h`c{h gmrm|hkçt hfrr&SS ymtmkft m ht{h _mgf kh bft

kh _#S Emz&S yfr hb khtdxhc{f |hr`l`dmkf kh 5 grt# hc yhtf

kh ? y#¹S }xh `gyfr{mrfc bft txhbkft }xh ehgft kh|hcam'

kf cftf{rft hb [ehtfrhrf K#// Yhkrf Ghkrmcf p Lmd{fr K#¹

Gmr{`c Jftthl kh Mb{fbmax`rrh hc bft < úb{`gft ghtht khb

mcf ymtmkf kh =118 mb rhty#*¹ kh ? T)j y#¹S mccxmbht dmkm

xcf hc |rk# kh _#! Dàkxbm kh =8 kh Maft{f kh =11;# Dfgfj)mrhzh khb Kfdxghc{f }xh t`r|h kh dfgyrf|mc{h mbm Ymr'

{`km kh Km{m kh _hmb Emz#S!! cxghrf =0 m}xh cft rhg`{`gft

p bf l`rgmgft# 85 – < – ?9


%Khtkh m}x` dfrrhc bft dmraft khb T#/!! Dfc{#¹!/ K"// Mbhumc'

krf Mr`zm }#S {fgf yftht`ôc hc =#¹ kh Gmrzf kh =11<)#

!!Mb gmrahc: Dmraf kh =8= yhtft 1 rr#S ?4 'e c`rt# df'

rr`hc{ht ymtt#¹S m ht{h _mgf kàbft kh _#S Emz#*SS yfr hb Kht'

dxhc{f |hr`l`dmkf mb B`dhcz`mkf k#¹ Lbfrhcd`f Mc{fc`f Gf'rhprmt [ehc`hc{h Armb# p Mxk`{fr kh axhrrm }xh lxh kh ht{m

Yrf|`cd`m kh 5 grt# hc jjhtf trh# bft txhbkft }xh em kh'

|hcamkf#/

Hc {rh`c{m kh Mor`b kh g`b th{hd`hc{ft th{hc{m p th`t:

Cft emdhgft dmraf kh d`hc{f d`cdxhc{m p xc y#¹! t`h{h rr#*

|h`c{h p {rht }xm{rf kfzh m|#S grt# dfrr#*£* ymtt#¹S m ht{h

_mgf kh _#S Emz#*SS yfr hb khtdxhc{f kh 5 grt# hc yhtf |h'

r`l`dmkf mb B`dhcd`mkf K#¹ Lbfrhcd`f Mc{fc`f Gfrhprmt[ehc#*S armb# p Mxk`{fr kh arrm# }xh lxh kh ht{m Yrf|#* hc

ht{m lfrgm: 49 y#S ? rr#£ ?? grt# yfr bm ghk`m ymam b`}#*S*

kh xc ght kh txhbkf }xh afzm|m kh 189 y#S mccxmbht p bft

=?= y#/£ 8 rr#S = 'e c`rt# yfr hb khtdxhc{f kh 5 grt# hc `)htf

tforh ;=48 y#¹S 4 rr#S =9 grt# }xh `gyfr{mrfc bft txhbkft



‛ 484 ‛

}xh em k`tlrx{mkf hc 8 mýft < ghtht 8 k`mt dfc{mkft khtkh=#¹ kh Gmrzf kh =1<= e#S < kh Cf|`hgorh kh << }xh lmbbhd`ô

mb g`tgf rhtyhd{f kh 189 y#/ mb mýf# Dfgf ymrhzh khb Kf'

dxghc{f }xh t`r|h kh dfgyrf|mc{h m bm Ymr{#/ C#¹ 8; kh

Km{m kh _#S Emz#S* m}xh cft rhg`{`gft j l`rg#!#

=8= – 1 – ?4 SGhkrmcm ‛ Mb{fbmax`rrh ‛ Mr`zm#

!!Mb gmrahc: Dmraf kh =; y#*S 8 rr#! ?? grt# dfrr#*SS ymtmkft

m ht{h _mgf kh bft kh _#S Emz&* yfr hb kht}#*¹ kh 5 grt# hc

yhtf |hr`l`dmkf trh# 899 y#S kh txhbkft }xh dfrrhtyfck`hrfc

hc bft < yr`ghrft ghtht kh ht{h mýf m k#/* Jxmc Gmcxhb kh

Bmomrkhc [ehc`hx{h Armb# Mxk`{fr kh axhrrm#'!

Hc th`t kh Jxb`f kh g`b th{ht#/S th{hc{m j th`t# Cft em'dhgft dmraf kh dm{frzh y#¹S d`cdf rrhmbht |h`c{h p kft grt#

dfrr`hc{ht ymtmkft m ht{h _mgf kh bft kh _hmb Emz#*S* yfr hb

khtdxhc{f kh 5 grt# hc yhtf |hr`l`dmkf mb [ehc#*£ ahchrmb

Mxk`{fr kh axhrrm K#¹ Jxmc Gmcxhb kh Bm|mrkhc trh# hb

txhbkf kh 899 y#¹S }xh bh dfrrhtyfck`hrfc hc bft < yr`g#**S

ghtht kh ht{h mýf mb rhty#*¹ kh = y#¹S }xh T# G# bh {`hch

mt`acmkft yfr hb d`{mkf hgybhf# Dfgf ymrhzh kh Yhk`ghc{f

Mx{f p dmr{m kh ymaf }xh f{fraf }xh t`r|h kh dfgyrf|mc{h

mbm Ymr{#** C#/ =99 kh Km{m kh _#! Emz#*S* m}xh cft rhg`{`'

gft p bf l`rgmgft# =; – 8 – ??


/Mb gmrahc: Dmraf kh 8? y#/* = rr#! =1 grt# dfrr#*£S ymtt#/!

kh ht{h _mgf kh bft kh _#S Emz#S* yfr hb khtdxhc{f |hr`l`dm'

kf m k#/* Jxmc Mckràt kh Mrrfpf Fll#! _! kh bm Dmjm kh

Tmc{m lh tforh hb txhbkf kh bft yr`ghrft < ghtht kh ht{h

mýf#/

Hc {rhzh kh Jxb`f kh g`b th{hd`hc{ft th{hc{m p th`t# Cftemdhgft dmraf kh d`c}xhc{m p kft yhtft xc rhmb k`hz p t`h{h

YòOB# TnD# E@T[# ?4



‛ 48; ‛

grt# dfrr`hc{ht ymtmkft m ht{h _mgf kh bft kh _#S Emz#S*yfr hb kht}#*¹ |hr`l`dmkf m ò#/ Jxmc Mckràt kh Mrrfpf Fll#!

_#S kh bm Dmjm kh Tmc{m Lh hc ht{m lfrgm 4; y#¹S ; rr&

== grt# yfr bm k`lhrhcd`m b`}&S hc xc ght kh txhbkf kh

189 y& }xh afzm|m mb mcf dfgf dfg`t`fcmkf hc bm Dfc{mkx'

rçm g#*// kh dxhc{mt kh ht{mt Yrf|#*S ymrm bm {fgm abfzm jlhchd`g`hc{ft kh bmt mc{`axmt yhr{hcht&£S m ht{mt Dmjmt

mb kh =?99 y#S }xh ymtf m k`tlrx{mr hc |rk# kh _#! Frkhckh ?8 kh Thy&£ kh 18 dfgf {mb Fll#! _#! kh bm huyrhtmkm

dmjm kh T#*S lh p bft =1 y#S 8 rr#S < grt# rht{mc{ht yfr hb

khtdxhc{f kh 5 grt# hc yhtf trh# <99 }xh th bh mdrhk`{mrfc

kh txhbkf hc bft < ghtht yr`g#S kh ht{h mlçf dfgf ymrhzh

khb Kfdxg#*¹ kh Km{m kh _#! Emz#SS C#¹ ==? m}xh cft rhg#/*

p l`rrc#S 8? – = – =1

?<;9 – < – ?; EGhkrmcm ‛ Mb{fbmax`rrh ‛ Mr`zm#

Dmraf kh bft Yhtft dfrr`hc{ht kh m 5 }xh hc{rmc hc ht{m N#S DmUç\

EM dxhc{m khb _mgf kh Tmc{m Drxzmkm kht#£ ? kh Hc#¹ e#S l`c kh

K`z#® kh =11<#

SSMb gmrahc: Dmraf kh ;#499 y#S ; rr#S

u\m|#S grt# dfrr#*£*

}xh bç}x`kft rhtxb{mrfc m lmofr kh ht{h _mgf hc l`c kh K`'

z`hgorh kh =118#/


dmraf dfc{rm g` hb [ehtfrhrf T#/S K#// Yhkrf Ghkrmcf }xm'

{rf g`b {rhtd`hc{ft yhtft }xm{rf rr#S xc kfzh m|ft gmrm|h'

kçt dfrr`hc{ht }xh bç}x`kft rhtxb{mrfc m lm|fr kh ht{h _m'

gf hc l`c kh K`z`hgorh kh =118 hc bm Mkg`c`t{rmd`ôc kh

ht{mt _#S Dmumt p hu`t{çmc hc hbbmt dfgf W3hr{hchd`hc{ht mhb hc 49 kh K`z`hgorh khb g`tgf thaúc dfct{m kh [mc{hf

kh Dmxkmbht lfrgmkf hc hb k`m k`h bm lhdem m }xh gh rhg`{f

p bf l`rgmgft# ;499 / 99 '! 99!*




‛ 488 '

/M& gmrahc: Dmraf kh 184 y#¹S < `&f rr#S! dfrr&SS hc{hrmkf¾y& k#¹ Jftthl kh H`|mkm|`m [ehtfrhrf K`fdhtmcf kh Tmc{m

Drxzmkm yfr mbdmcdh }xh rhtxb{f dfc{rm hb hc bm }chc{m

}xh b`m yrhthc{mkf m bm Mkg`c`t{rmd`ôc p k`t{ròxt#¹¹ kh

bmt Oxbmt }xh th bh hc{rhamrfc hc ht{mt _#*S Dmjmt ymrm bft

|`hc`ft kh =11? p =114#/

ççc cxhoh kh Hchrf kh g`b th{ht#/S th{hc{m p th`t# Yfr

mx{f }xh yrf|he`gft hc 5 khb g`tgf cft emdhgft dmraf

kh th{hd`hc{ft d`c}xhc{m p {rht y#¹S th`t p ghk`f rr#S }xh

hc{hrf hc ht{mt Hhmbht Dmjmt K#¹ Jftthl kh _òmkm|`m [eh'

tfrhrf K`fdhtmcf cfgormkf yfr hb Hugf# Thýfr \`rrhp kh

ht{ft _hpcft ymrm }xh mkg`c`t{rh k`t{ròxphckf p dformc'

kf dfc mrrhabf m bm @ct{rxdd`ôc lfrgmkm yfr hb g`tgfHugf# Thýfr \`rrhp" bmt Oxbmt }xh yfr k`tyft`#/ khb Dfg`tmr`f kh Drxzmkm th bh hc{rhamrfc hc ht{mt _#SS Dmjmt dxpm

dmc{#** ht hb b`}x`kf mbdmczh }xh rhtxb{f dfc{rm kef# [eh'

tfrhrf hc bm dxhc{m }xh em yrhthc{mkf kh bm k`t{ròxt#/!! kh?5<80 dfrrhtyfck`hc{ht m bm Khd`gm }xmr{m yrhk`dmt#/

kh bm Khd`gm }x`c{m dfcdht`ôc ymrm bft |`hc`ft kh =11?

p =114 hc bm }xmb th huy`k`hrfc bmt kh bmt Dbmtht t`'

ax`hc{ht: ?4; kh \òft kh m ? y#S ?4=9 `khg kh m 5 rr#S

=5499 `k#// kh m ? rr#S ;48 kh dfgyft`d`ôc kh m =? rr#S 19;

kh K`lxc{ft kh m ; rr#/ ?00= `k#!/ kh m ? rr#S = kh Bm{`d`'

c`ft kh < y#¹S ; rr#S 4 kemt# kh m ? y#S p ?< `khg kh m ? rr#*/

}xh dfc 4<<4 }xh em khoxhb{f bmt ?<< kh |`|ft kh m ? y#¹S

?=09 `k#// kh 5 rr#S <8 kh dfgyft`d`ôc kh m =? rr#S ?;< khK`lxc{ft kh m ; rr#S =4; kh Bm{`d`c`fS kh m 5 rr#S 4 kemt# kh

m ? y#S p 180 kh K`lxc{ft kh m ? rr#S `gyfr{mc dmc{`k#S kh

=?#455 y#S ; rr#S kh }xh th bh emdh dmraf dfc gmt kh 5? y#S

< =; rr#S }xh yhrd`|`f yfr ; b`dhcd`mt kh frm{fr`f p kft kh

dmy`bbm }xh dfct{mc kh rmzôc }xh mdfgymým m kem# dxhc{m

kmkm yfr hb Uf{mr`f g#¹!/ k#!* Mc{fc`f Ehrrhrm p ? rr#* }xh bh

hc{rhaf hb e`jf khb K`lxc{f Bfpfbm yfr gmckm lfrzftm }xh

jxc{mt ht{mt dmc{`kmkht mb `gyfr{h kh bmt Oxbmt mtd`hckhcm =?#;1= y#S ; p? rr#S p {hc`hckf hc{hrmkf hc rr#S Dmjmt

==14 y#¹/ < =&? rr#® hc 49 kh Thyorh# kh =11? thaúc Ymr{`km

kh dmraf hc ht{h _mgf mb cxghrf ? ‛ =5?< y#S = S rr#! hc

== kh Gmpf kh 14 }xh mdrhk`{m bm ymr{`km kh dmraf C#/ ? !S

?1 y#* m|fcmkft m bm D`xkmk kh Gfc{h|#/ yfr bft amt{ft kh

kem# Yxob`dmt#/ p dfct{m kh bm dxhc{m kh m}xhb [ehtfrhrf



‛ 48< ‛

}xh mdfgymým ?9 yhtft }xh hc{rhaf hc 8 kh Gmrzf kh 1;m k#/ Ymobf Ohrx{` Htd#¹¹ kh _#! Emz#!S!! yfr bòrmg&¹ kh ht{h

[ròxcmb bft g`tgft }xh bh ht{íc thýmbmkft yfr Khdrh{f

kh ht{h Af|`hrcf kh ?1 kh Gmrzf kh =1<9 yfr bm md{xmd`ôc

kh bmt K`bàhcd`mt p ymyhb thbbmkf hc dmkm yxob`dmd`ôc ;9y#¹S }xh km kh amt{ft bm D`x#** kh Tmc{m lh hc kem# yxob`dm'

d`ôc thaúc dfct{m kh dxhc{m kh m}xhb [ehtfrhrf =0; yhtft

? rr#S }xh `gyfr{m bm dxhc{m rhg`{`km khb Dm|`bkf kh Df'

rr`hc{ht hc 414 |mrmt kh B`hczf kh Mbafkôc b`}x`kmt }xh

th hc{rhamrfc hc ht{mt Dmjmt hc bmt }xh th embbmc `cdbxtft

bft amt{ft kh yxob`dmd`ôc 8=<; y#¹S hc{hrmkft hc 1 kh

Kzorh# kh 1; thaúc Ymr{`km kh dmraf C#/ = ‛ 4?1? y#¹S

? rr#S }xh `gyfr{mrfc bmt Oxbmt }xh em kh|xhb{f j bft 184

y#S 8 =&? rr#S kh ht{m ymr{`km emdhc hb dfgybh{f kh bft huyrh'

tmkft =?#;1= y#S ; ( rr#S kh tx {f{mb `gyfr{h> Dfgf ym'

rhzh kh bm d`{mkm dxhc{m p Kfdxghc{ft" Yhk`ghc{f rhlh'

r`kf mx{f p cf{m kh }xhkmr thc{mkm ht{m Ymr{`km m }xh cft

rhg`{`gft p bf l`rgmgft# 184 / < / =1


!!Mb gmrahc: Dmraf 41=5 y#S 4 =; rr#S dfrr`hc{ht hc{hrmkft

yfr K#¹ Jye# _`|mkm|`m [ehtfrhrf K`fdhtmcf kh T#** Drx'

zmkm m oxhcm }#S khb yrfkxd{f kh Oxbmt kh bm yxob`dmt#/

}xh dfrr`ô yfr bft mýft kh 1; p 18#!!

Hc k`hz kh Hchrf kh g`b th{ht#¹S th{hc{m p th`t# Yfr mx{f

}xh yrf|he`gft ht{h kçm cft emdhgft dmraf kh 41=5 y#S 4 =;

rr#!! dfrr#*SS hc{hrmkft y#// k#/ Jye# kh _òmkm|`m [ehtfrhrf

K`fdhtmcf kh Tmc{m Drxzmkm kh ht{m Yrf|`cd`m yfr yhr{h'

chd`hc{ht p m }#*S khb yrfkxd{f kh bmt Oxbmt }xh th bh hc'

{rhamrfc hc ht{mt _#£S Dmjmt ymrm bm yxob`dmd`ôc kh bft mýft

kh =11; p =118# Dfgf ymrhzh kh Yhk`ghc{f kh fobmd`ôcd`{mkf mx{f p cf{m kh }xhkmr thc{mkm ht{m Ymr{`km m }xh

cft rhg`{`gft p l`rg#/ 41=5 /4 / =1




s 481 ‛

%Khtkh m}x` dfrrhc bft dmraft khb T#*/S Dfc{mkfr k#¹ Mbh'

umckrf kh Mr`zm }xh {fgf yftht`ôc kh kef# hgybhf hc =#/

kh Gmrzf kh ht{h yrhthc{h mýf kh =11< )

/Mb gmrahc: Dmraf kh ;;0 y#S = grk`# dfrr#*SS }xh dfrrht'

yfck`hrfc m ht{h Hmgf hc bm k`t{ròxt#!! kh 15?4 y#S = (grt# `gyfr{h kh bm Phr|m p [momdf }xh rhg`{`ô m ht{mt

dmjmt hb [ehc`hc{h Fl`z`mb _#! kh bm khb Ymrmaxmp#/

Hc kft kh Fd{xorh kh g`b th{hd`hc{ft th{hc{m p th`t# Yfrmx{f }xh yrf|he`gft ht{h k`m cft emdhgft dmraf kh }xm'

{rfd`hc{ft }xmrhc{m p cxhoh y#¹S xc gmrm|hk` dfrr`hc{ht

}xh dfrrhtyfck`hrfc m ht{h _mgf hc bm k`t{ròxd`ôc kh

15?4 y#S = ( rr#S m }xh mtdhck`hrfc |hck`kmt hc yxob`dm Mb'

gfchkm 4<8= mrr#S 4 {#S ch{mt kh Phrom mb rhty#*/ kh 0 rr#/

mrr#S p hb mxghc{f kh 89 y#S kh ghjfrm rhgm{mkm y#// k#/

Jftthl kh Hdem|mrr`m p ?<<8 I ?; {t# ch{mt kh [momdf df'

bfrmkf m == rr#S

I}xh rhgm{f k#/ Lrmcd`tdf Dmrc`b`m dxpmt

emd`hckmt rhtxb{mrfc b`}x`kmt kh ;994 mrrfomt ; bòrmt kh

Phr|m p 4#==; mrr#S =0 bòrmt kh [momdf hc orx{f }xh rhg`'

{`ô m ht{mt Dmjmt hb [e#*S Fl#* _#! kh bm khb Ymrmaxmp dfc

K#/ Lrmcd`tdf Omb`ýmt thaúc dfct{m kh 4 dfcfd`g`hc{ft

}xh f{fraf hc m}xhbbm D`xkmk hc ?5 kh Jxb`f kh =114 kh bmt

}xmbht yhr{hchd`hrfc m ht{h _mgf 44? mrr#S ch{mt kh [momdf

b`}x`kmt mb 4<; rhomjmkm bm {mrm kh ? {t# yfr mrr#S p ? `"S @{t#

yfr dmkm yzm# yfr bf }xh yhtmom hb {frzmb }xh hb rhlhr`kf

yrhd`f `gyfr{mrfc ;8< y#S 1 rr#S 0 grt# p khkxd`kft kh ht{mt1 y#S 1 rr#S 5 grt# }xh hc yrfrrm{hf bh {fdmrfc hc bft =48 y#S

4 =; SS'S SSS yxtf kh dft{mt }xhkmrfc b`}#¹S bft huyrhtmkft

;;0 y#S = grk# Dfgf ymrhzh kh mx{ft kh rhgm{h K`t{ròxt#¹S

p cf{m }xh frà`cmbht t`rohc kh dfgyrf|mc{h m bm Ymr{`km

kh Dmraf @t[#/ = khb _mgf kh \mdmc{ht m }xh cft rhg`{`gft

p bf l`rgmgft# ;;0 / F / 9=

0??= /</ =SGhkrmcf ‛ Mb{fbmax`rrh ‛ Mr`zm"



485

Dmraf kh bft Yhtft dfrr`hc{ht kh m 5 }xh hc{rmc hc ht{m H#! Dmum

YF_ dxhc{m khb Hmgf kh Hhyrhtmb`m kh @cabhtht kht#/! ? kh Hc#¹

E#*! L@C KH K`z#/S kh =11<#

SSMb gmrahc: Dmraf kh ;104 y#/S 8 rr#S ?0 grt# dfrr`hc{ht

}xh bç}x`kft rhtxb{mrfc mlm|fr kh ht{h _mgf hcl`c kh K`'

z`hgorh kh =118#/

Hc kft kh Hchrf kh g`b th{hd`hc{ft th{hc{m p th`t# Tfc

Dmraf dfc{rm g` hb [b`htfrhrf K#!! Yhkrf Ghkrmcf }xm{rf

g`b th{hd`hc{ft cfohc{m p {rht y#S d`cdf rr#S |h`c{h p cxh|h

gmrm|hkçt dfrr`hc{ht }xh bç}x`kft rhtxb{mrfc mlm|fr kh

ht{h _mgf hc l`c kh K`z`hgorh kh =118 hc bm Mkg`c`t{rmt#//*

kh ht{mt _#S// Dmjmt p hu`t{çmc hc hbbmt dfgf yhr{hchd`hc{ht

m hb hc 49 kh K`zorh# khb g`tgf thaúc dfct{m khb {mc{hf kh

Dmxkmbht lfrgmkf hc hb k`m kh bm lem# m}#S gh rhg`{f p bf

l`rgmgft# ;104 – 8– ?0

Ghkrmcf ‛ Mb{fbmax`rrd#

/Mb gmrahc: Dmraf kh ?0= y#S 4 rr# 49 ~n grt# dfrr#*!!S

rht{f kh 41< y#S < =; rr#S }xh hb K`lxc{f k#// Mbfctf kh Mrzh

ht khxkfr m bm _#S Emz#S* yfr `gy#*£ kh bm [mtmd`ôc kh |mr`ftgxhobht }xh th embbmrfc kh lmbbm hc bft |`hcht yhr{hcht#*£S

m bm _hyrhtmb`m kh @cabhtht#/

Hc k`hz p th`t kh Lhorhrf kh g`b th{hd`hc{ft th{hc{m pth`t# Yfr mx{f }xh yrf|he`gft hc =; khb g`tgf# Cft emdh'

gft dmraf kh kftd`hc{ft cfohc{m p xc y#¹S {rht rr#S {rh`c{m

th`t kfzh m|#S gmrm|hkçt dfrr`hc{ht rht{f kh 41< y#S < =; rr#/

}xh hb k`lxc{f k#¹ Mbfctf kh Mrdh kh|`f tm{`tlmdhr m ht{h

_mgf yfr bm }xmr{m ymr{h khb `gy#S£ kh bm [mtmd`ôc kh

|mr`ft gxhobht }xh th embbmrfc kh lmbbm hc bft |`hcht _h'

yrhtmb`mkft m bft @cabhtht dxpm dmc{#*S th tmdm kh bft <8; `)#S

1 rr#S 0 ò grt# }xh thaúc dfct{m kàbm Ymr{`km kh Dmraf cx'

ghrf 8 hc hb rmgf kh Hu{rmfrk`cmr`ft rhtxb{mc mlmofr khb

rhlhr`kf Mrdh hc bft ?485 y#S ? rr#S }xh }xhkmrfc bç}x`kft kh



' 4<0 '

bft ?899 }xh hc{hrf K#/ Gmcxhb _fkrçaxhz kh bm \ham yfr hbrhgm{h }xh hc yxob`dm Mbgfchkm th yrmd{`df kh bm dmtm hg'

omramkm mb Ghcd`fcmkf Mrzh }xh dfc 58 y#¹! ? rr& =? grt#

}xh hc ?1 kh Thyrh# kh =11; th ymtmrfc m ht{h _mgf tSxcdfct{m kh Ymr{`km kh dmraf hc kef# mlçf dfc hb cxghrf ?

dfgybh{mc hb {f{mb kh bft 41< y#¹! < `&; rr#S kh }xh }xhkm m

dxo`hr{f bm _#! Emz#/!! rhtxb{mckf mlm|fr kh kef# Mrdh ymrm

marhamr mb rmgf kh Khyôt`{ft yfr t` hc bf txodhtòf bh tm'

b`hrh mbaúc dmraf 4<4 y#S 4 rr#S =4 'e grt# : Dfgf ymrhzh khb

Kfdxg#*¹ }#* t`r|h kh dfgyrf|mc{h m bm Ymr{`km kh dmrafhc hu{rmfrk`cmr`ft C#¹ 8 m}xh cft rhg`{`gft p l`rgmgft#

?0= – 4– 49 SGhkrmcf ‛ Mb{fbmax`rrh#

%Khtkh m}x` dfrrhc bft dmraft khb thýfr Dfc{mkfr K#¹

Mbhumckrf Mr`zm }xh {fgf yfthd`fc kh k`def hgybhf hc

=¹ kh Gmrzf kh ht{h yrhthc{h mýf kh =11<)#

S!Mb gmrahc: Dmraf kh ?8 y#S dfrr#*SS hc{hrmkft y#!/ K#¹

Gàxhb Gmpkmc yfr `gy#*£ khb [hrrhcf }xh em|`m dfgyrmkf

k#// Der`t{fomb Omrr`hc{ft yhr{hcht#!SS m bm rhyrhtmb`m/#

Hc d`cdf kh K`zorh kh g`b th{hd`hc{ft th{hc{m p th`t : Cft

emdhgft dmraf kh |h`c{h p d`cdf y#S dfrr`hc{ht }xh hc |rk#kh mx{f kh ht{h [ròxcmb kh ?4 kh Hchrf kh 14 em hc{hrmkf

hc dmjmt k#/ Gàxhb Gmpkmc yfr `gy#** kh xc Tfbmr kh [`h'

rrm }xh dfgyrf m K#¹ Der`t{fomb Omrr`hc{ft p yfthh hc bm

{rmtm kh ht{m D`xkmk p omrr`f }xh bbmgmc _hd`f yfr htdr`'

{xrm yy#/* dxpf {hrrhcf th dfgyfch kh ; }xmr{ft thýmbmkft

dfc hb C#¹ =1 hb }xh th khdbmrf yhr{hchdhr mbm _hyrhtmb`m

kh @cabhtht# Dfgf ymrhzh kh Mx{f Yhk`g#*¹ hb yrf|he`kf phc{hrf m}#£ cft rhg`{`gft | bf l`rgmgft#

9–?8–99–99–

8==9 – = – ?8 MGhkrmcf ‛ Mb{fbmax`rrh ‛ Mr`zm#



4<9 ‛

Dmraf kh bft Yhtft dfrr`hc{ht kh m 5 }xh hçç{rmc hc ht{m N"/ Díum

YF_ dxhc{m khb Hmgf kh T`{xmkft kht#!! ? kh Hc#¹ e#/ l`c kh K`z#®

KH =11<#

/Mb gmrahc: Dmraf kh ?9;<4 y#S 1 rr#S ?? u\ m|#S grt#

dfrr`hc{ht }xh bç}x`kft rhtxb{mrfc m lm|fr kh ht{h Hmgfhc l`c kh K`z`hgorh kh =118#/

Hc kft kh Hchrf kh g`b th{hd`hc{ft th{hc{m p th`t" tfc

dmraf dfc{rm g` hb [ehtfrhrf K#!! Yhkrf Ghkrmcf kh |h`c{h

g`b }xm{rfd`hc{ft ththc{m p {rht y#S t`h{h rr#S |h`c{h p kft"

th`t kfz m|t# grt# dfrr`hc{ht }xh bç}x`kft rhtxb{mrfc mlm|fr

kh ht{h Hmgf hc l`c kh K`z`hgorh kh =118 hc bm Mkg`c`t'

{rmt#¹¹ kh ht{mt _hmbht Dmjmt p hu`t{çmc hc hbbmt dfgf yhr'

{hchd`hc{ht m hb hc 49 kh K`z#S!£ khb g`tgf: thaúc dfct{m

kh [mc{hf kh Dmxkmbht lfrgmkf hc hb kçm kh bm lb`m# m}xh

gh rhg`{f p bf l`rgmgft#

?9;<4 – 1 – ?? j(


!!Mb gmrahc: Dmraf kh =<99y#S

hc{hr#**S yfr Gmcxhb Thrcmhcdmramkf yfr ht{h [ròxcmb ymrm bm |hc{m kh yfrd`ôc kh

[ràf yhr{hchd`hc{h m T# G# th embbm Mbgmdhcmkf hc bmt

Dmtmt kh bm Hht`khcdçm moxhcm }#*S kh bmt lmchamt }xh kh

ht{m htyhd`h {`hch |hck`kmt/#

Hc yr`ghrf kh lhorhrf kh g`b th{hz#¹S th{hc{m p th`t# Yfr

Khdrh{f }xh huyhk`gft ht{h kçm cft emdhgft dmraf kh g`b

th`td`hc{ft y#/S dfrr`hc{ht hc{rhamkft yfr Gmcxhb kh bm

Thrcm dfg`t`fcmkf yfr ht{h [ròxcmb hc |rk# kh Mdxhrkftdhbhormkf hc ; kh K`z`hgorh khb mýf yrfu#¹ ymtt#*S/ ymrm bm

|hc{m ?1?? lmchamt j ( kh [ràf }xh yhr{hchd`hc{ht m

T# G# th embbmc Mbgmdhcmkmt hc bmt Dmttmt kh bm Hht`khcdçm

kh ht{m D`xkmk m oxhcm dxhc{m khb }xh {`hch |hcd`kf dxpmdxhc{m `ct{rx`km kh|h yrhthc{mr m tx {`hgyf : Dfgf ymrhzh



'' 4<= '

kh Yhk`g&¹ íh fobmd`ôc d`{mkf Khdrh{f p cf{m kh }xhkmrthc{mkm ht{m Ymr{`km }xh cft rhg`{`gft p bf l`rgmgft#

=<99 – 99 – 99


!!Mb lcmrahc: Dmraf kh =99 9V y#S dfrr`hc{ht tmdmkft kh

bft Hmgft kh H#S Emz#!SS p marhamkft m ht{h yfr tx md{xmb

`ckàhcd`m ymrm fdxrr`r dfc hbbft mb ymaf kh bft em|hrht

kh bm {rfym p khgít m{hcd`fcht m }#* ht{m mlhd{f#/

Hc |h`c{h p cxhoh kh Lhorhrf kh g`b th{ht#¹S th{#* p th`t

hc |`r{xk kh mx{f yrf|he`kf yfr ht{h [ròxcmb khb g`tgfk`m cft emdhgft dmraf kh d`hc g`b yhtft dfrr`hc{ht tmdmkft

kh bft _mgft kh _#S Emz#/S* h `cdfryfrmkft m ht{h kh T`{xm'

kft yfr tx md{xmb `ckàhcd`m ml`c kh fdxrr`r dfc hbbft m hbymaf kh bft em|hrht kh bm {rfym kht{`cmkm hc ht{m Yrf|#S pkhgít m{hcd`fcht m }xh ht{m mlhd{f kef# _mgf> Dfgf ym'

rhzh khb d`{mkf Mx{f }xh frà`cmb t`r|h kh dfgyrf|mc{h m bm

Ymr{`km kh Km{m hc _#* Emz#*** C#¹ 4; p hc dfy`m dhr{`l`dmkm

m ht{m m }xh cft rhg`{`gft p bf l`rgmgft#

=99#999 – 99 – 99 –

Ghkrmcm ‛ MXfbmax`rrh#

%Khtkh m}x` dfrrhc bft dmraft khb T#/// Dfc{mkfr k#¹ Mbh'

umckrf kh Mr`zm }xh {fgf yfthd`fc kh kef# hgybhf hc =#/

kh Gmrzf kh ht{h mýf kh =11<)#

!!Mb gmrahc: Dmraf kh ?4=189 y#S dfrr#!SS hc{hr#/S yfr hb

T`{xmk`t{m Kc# Gàxhb Mckràt kh Mrrfpf hc ??8 4j yhtft

kfobht dfc hb yrhg`f kh 4 y#¹ khb t`{xmkf kh ht{h Yrht`k`f

hc hb yrhthc{h mcf#/

Hc k`hz p fdef kh Mor`b kh g`b th{hd`hc{ft th{hc{m p th`t

Cft emdhgft dmraf kh kftd`hc{ft {rh`c{m p xc g`b th{hd`hc'

{ft d`c}xhc{m y#S dfrr#*SS hc{hr#¹S yfr hb T`{xmk`t{m Kc# G`'



‛ 4<? ‛

axhb Mckràt kh Mrrfpf hc ??8 j yhtft kfobht dfc tx yrh'g`f kh 4 y#¹ bft g`tgft }xh thaúc kh Hu&* kh lbh{mg&/ }xh

f{fraf hc bm \`bbm kh Yf{ftç mc{h hb Htdr#// kh _& Emz&!

Gmcxhb kh Max`rrh hc ?0 kh Cf|orh# kh =118 th fob`af m dfc'

kxd`r m ht{mt _#S£ Dmjmt p bh hc{rha#/// bft fll #S _#*S kh m}xh'

bbmt yfr yr`ghrm rhghtm dfrrhty#*S m ht{h yrhthc{h mýf p m

dfcth}#S kh bmt xb{`gmt frct# khb Hugf# Thýfr \`rrhp kh

ht{ft _hpcft dfc ymrhdhr khb _#S Mdxhrkf kh B`gm kh =4

kh lhorhrf kh kb`f# mýf kh 18 hc }xh th mgybçmc bmt rhghtmt

kh dmxkmbht m ht{mt dmjmt ymrm fdxrr`r m bft ymaft kh bm

[rfym p khgít m{hcd`fcht kh bm Dfrfcm hc ht{m Yrf|#S emt{m

hc dmc{& kh 099 Ij y#S }xh txyfchc kh lfckft m m}xhbbmt

Dmjmt bmt kh Dfdom|mgom" dex}x`zmdm" Frxrf" Dexdx`{f pbm Ymz" dfc bft dmxkmbht kh bmt Dmjmt kh bmt Yrf|#SS khb [x'

dxgmc Ymrmaxmp p ht{m D`xkmk }xh khkxd`kft =99 ?) Y'!S

}xh th dfgyx{mc m ht{m p txt txlrmaíchmt dfrrhty#*£ m {fkmt

bmt khgít hc hc{hrf kh 599 ] yhtft mccxmbht p rhomjmkft

bft??8 j

y#S

kh ht{m Ymr{`km rht{mc }xh |hc`r 818 4y#S

ymrm hb dfgybh{f }xhkmckf tm{`tlhdef kef# T`{xmk`t{m khb

? S y#¹ kh tx lbh{h p dfckxz#¹¹ dfc 8<?8 y#S lxhr{ht }xh

ymrm ht{h hlhd{f bh hc{rhamrfc bft huyrhtmkft Fll#SS _#*S

rhtyhd{f em|hr bbhamkf mc{ht khb ybmzf thýmbmkf# Dfgf ym'

rhzh kh Dmr{m kh ht{ft tx lem# =< kh K`zorh# kh 18 d`{mkm

Htd&* p hc{hrf kh }xh th bh em kmkf mb ghcd`fcmkf T`{xm'

k`t{m dhr{`l`dmt& dfc lhdem kh ht{h k`m m }xh cft rhg`{`gft

p bf l`rgmgft# ?4=189"" 99"" 9–


/Mb gmrahc: Dmraf kh ?019 y#¹S dfrr&SS hc{hrmkft y#// k#/

G`axhb Mckràt kh Mrrfpf dfckxd{fr khb T`{xmkf b`}#¹S }xh

rhtxb{mrfc kh 4 T)# y#S }xh bh hc{rhaf hb [eh&£ kh bm Dmjm kh

Tmb{m kh frc# kh bft Fll#£S _#£S kh bmt kh Jxjxp dfc kht{`cf

m bmt xrahcd`mt kh ht{m Yrf|#* khkxd`kft 49 y#S y#// hb xcfyfr d`hc{f kh tx dfckxd`fc#/

Hc k`hz p fdb`f kh Mor`b kh g`b th{hd`hc{ft th{hc{m p th`t

Cft emdhgft dmraf kh kft g`b cxhohd`hc{ft p th{hc{m y#**S

dfrr`hc{ht bç}x`kft kh {rht g`b y#¹* kh bm g`tgm gfchkm



' 4<4 ‛

khkxd`kft 49 y#/S khb xcf yfr d`hc{f kh lbh{h p dfckxd`fchc{hrmkft hc ht{mt Dmjmt yfr hb T`{xmk`t{m k#¹ Gàxhb Mc'

kràt kh Mrrfpf }x`hc bft rhd`|`f khb [ehc`hc{h [ehtfrhrf

kh bm _#! Dmjm kh bm D`x& kh Tmb{m k#¹ Tmc{`maf Yxdeh{m hc

|rk# kh Dmr{m frc# p Bòrmg#*/ kh bft Fll#*S _#*S kh Jxjxp

dfc kht{`cf m bmt xrahcd`mt khb _#S Thr|`d`f hc ht{m Yrf|#*

dfcth}xhc{h m bf rhtxhb{f yfr hb Hugf" Thýfr \`rrhp kh

ht{ft _hpcft dfc ymrhzhr khb _#! Mdxhrkf kh B`gm hc =4

kh lhorhrf kh! 18 dfgf yr`g&* rhghtm dfrrhtyfckm* m ht{h

yrhthc{h mýf hc }xhc{m kh bft 599 y& }& {`hchc }xh hc{h'

rmr bmt Dmjmt kh Yf{ft`" Dfdemomgom" dex}x`tmdm" Frxrf"

bm Ymz p bmt kh bm Yrf|#// khb [xdxgmc kh bft 099 4' yhtft

}xh th mtàcmrfc mb mýf" `cdbxtf =99 y#¹S dfgyx{mkft m

ht{m Gm{r`z p txlrmaíchmt }xh rhkxd`kft m gfchkm kfobh

emdhc bm dmc{& kh ?554 y#S ; rr#S kh bm g`tgm htyhd`h p rhom'

jmkft kh bft 818 4j y#S }xh hc ht{h k`m th rht{momc khkxd`kft

bft ??8 j y& }xh dfckxjf kef# T`{xmk`t{m kh bm \`bbm kh

Yf{ft`" thaúc dfct{m kh bm Ymr{`km -C#¹ 4 hc ht{h _mgf lmb'{mc mb {f{mb 81?"==< y#S ; rr#S kt# }xhkmckf kef# t`{xmk`t{m

tm{`tlhdef khb lbh{h p dfckxd`fc dfc bft huyrhtmkft 49 y#S mb

rhtyhd{f kh xc `)htf: Dfgf ymrhzh kh dmr{m khb rhlhr`kf

[ehc`hc{h kh ?< kh Hchrf kh ht{h mýf dfcfd`g`hc{f f{fr'

amkf yfr hb g`tgf K#!! Gàxhb Mckràt hc ?9 khb d`{mkf ghtkh Hchrf p hc{hrf kh }xh th bh k`f dhr{`ýdmt#//* dfc ht{m

lem# m }xh cft rhg& p bf ýrg#S ?019 – 99 – 99 ""

Ghkrmcf ‛ Mb{fbmax`rrh ‛ M`!`tm#

/Mb gmrahc: Dmraf kh =?411 y#¹S ; rr#S dfrr&SS hc{rha#!* yfr

hb T`{xmk`t{m Kc# Gàxhb Mckràt kh Mrrfpf b`}#¹S kh =?;40y#¹S 8 S rr& thcd`bbft }xh rhz#¹ hc bm D`x& kh Dfrkf|m kh k#¹

Jxmc Gmr`m Amd`f p \íz}xhz" [ehc`hc{h [ehtfrhrf kh

m}#/* _#! Dmjm ehdef hb khtdxhc{f kh <= y& = @&? rr#! yfr hb

ghk`f yfr d`hc{f kh lbh{h p dfckxd`fc m ht{mt Dmjmt kh

dxhc{m kh T# G# dfc kht{`cf m bmt xrahcd`mt khb _#! Thr|`d`f#/


Cft emdhgft dmraf kh kfzh g`b {rhtd`hc{ft th{hc{m p t`h{h

y#¹S }xm{rf rr#S dfrr`hc{ht hc{rhamkft yfr hb T`{xmk`t{m k#/



‛ 4<; ‛

Gàxhb Mckràt kh Mrrfpf dfgf bç}x`kft kh =?;40 y#S 8 `&ô

rr#S thcd`bbft }xh thaúc dfct{m khb dfcfd`g`hc{f }xh em f{fr'

amkf hc bm D`xkmk kh Dfrkf|m hc ?1 kh lhorhrf kh ht{h mýf

th fobàf m `c{rfkxd`rbft hc ht{mt N#SS Dmjmt j bh hc{rhaf hb

[eh&¹ Fll #! N#! kh m}xhbbm K#¹ Jxmx Gmr`m Amd`f dfcth}xhc'

{h m bmt Frct# khb Hugf# Thýfr \`rrhp kh ht{ft Hhpcft kht'

{`cmkft m bmt xrahcd`mt khb N#! Thr|`d`f kh ht{m Ybmzm pYmam kh [rfymt }xh bm axmrchdhc yfr dxhc{m kh bft 599 T)b

y#S mccxmbht }xh khohc hco`mrth kh bmt Dmjmt 'kh Yf{ftç" df

demomgom" dex}xçtmdm" Frxrf" dexdxp{f" bm Ymz p bmt kh bm

Yrf|`cd`m khb [xdxgmc ymrm dfgybh{mr bft 099 ?) }xh dfc

bft =99 ! dfgyx{mkft m ht{m Gm{r`z th mtàcmrfc yfr Mdxhr'

kf dhbhormkf hc B`gm hc =4 kh lhorhrf kh 18 p rhkxd`km ht{m

dmc{`k#*S gfc#SS kfobh emzhc =?9=< y#¹S 1 rr#S kh bm g`tgm ht'

yhd`h }xh rhomjmkm kh bft 81?"==< y#S í rr#S }xh thaúc dfct{m

kh bm Ymr{`km C#¹ ; hc ht{h Hmgf dfc lhdem kh ht{h k`m th

}xhkmomc rht{mckf lmb{mc mb dfgybh{f kh bft rhlhr`kft 599 4`

y#¹S }x`c`hc{ft p th{hc{m g`b cf|hc{m p cxh|h y#¹S d`cdf rr#Srhtxb{mckf hc bm Ybm{m thcd`bbm }xh em hc{hrmkf khtdfc'

{mkft <? y#S = Pf rr#! kh tx lbh{h p dfckxdd`ôc mb rhty&¹ kh

ghk`f yfr d`hc{f kh }xh }xhkf tm{`tlef# Dfgf ymrhzh kh

Dmr{m kh kef# [ehc`hc{h [ehtfrhrf tx lhdem < kh Gmrzfxb{`gf p hc{hrf kh }xh th bh k`f m kef# T`{xmk`t{m dhr{`'

l`dmt#!/! dfc lem# kh ht{h k`m m }xh cft rhg#/* | bf l`rgmgft#

=?#411 – ; – 99 –

Ghkrmcf ‛ Mb{fbmax`rrh ‛Mr`zm#

!!Mb gmrahc: Dmraf kh 4?41 y#¹S ; rr#S dfrr"*£S hc{rha#¹* y#//

hb T`{xmk`t{m k#!! Gàxhb Mckràt kh Mrrfpf dfgf b`}#/S kh

4?19 y"S = P? `Sr#! thcd`bbft }xh rhdò`ô kh bft fl`z#SS H#S kh

Jxjxp dfc kht{`cf m bmt xrahcd`mt khb H#! Thr|`d`f kh ht{m

Ybmzm khtdfc{mkft 4? y#S = `&ô !SSS dfc tx lbh{h p dfckxz#¹¹ m

= y#¹/


Cft emdhgft dmraf kh [rht g`b" kftd`hc{ft {rh`c{m p t`h{h

y#!!S }xm{rf rr#S dfrr`hc{ht hc{hrmkft yfr hb T`{xmk`t{m k#/

Gàxhb Mckràt kh Mrrfpf dfgf bç}x`kft kh 4?19 y#! = `&S



‛ 4<8 ‛

rr#! thcd`bbft }xh thaúc dfct{m kh @ct{rxghc{f }xh f{frafhc bm D`xk#** kh Jxjxp hc =1 kh Hchrf kh ht{h mýf rhz`|`f kh

bft fll&S _hmbht kh m}xhbbm Dmjm p bh hc{rhamrfc hc \rk#

kh Frkhcht dfc }xh th embbmc khb Hugf# 5#¹/S \`rrhp" kh

ht{ft _hpcft dfc ymrhdhr kh _#S Mdxhrkf tx lem# hc B`gm=4 kh lhorhrf kh =118 ymrm }#S th rhg`{m m ht{mt {fkf hb yrf'

kxd{f b`}x`kf kh m}xhbbmt dfc kht{`cf m bmt xrahcd`mt kh

ht{m Dmy`{mc`m Ahchrmb p Ymam kh bmt [rfymt }xh axmrch'

dhc ht{m Yrf|`cd`m hc dxhc{m kh 599

] Y'/*

}xh {`hchc }xh

hgo`mrth kh bmt Dmjmt kh Yf{ft`" Dfdemomgom" dex}x`tmdm"

Frxrf" dexdx`{f" bm Ymz p bmt kh bm Yrf|`cd`m khb [xdxgmcymrm dfgybh{mr bft 099 ] yhtft mtàcmkft m ht{h> l`c dfc bft

=99 V y#S dfcd`khrmkft m ht{m p txlrmaíchmt }xh rhkxd`km

ht{m dmc{`#S kh ht{m Ymr{`km m gfchkm kfobh 4=;4 y#**S = \mrr#/ lxhr{ht p rhomjmkft kh 8<9#900 y#S 8 rr#* }xh hc ht{h k`m

mdrhk`{m bm Ymr{`km kh Dmraf C#¹ 8 hc ht{h _mgf }xhkmrth

rht{mckf lmb{mc }xh |hc`r 88<#08< y#S 4 @&? rr#S rhtxb{mckf

hc bft 4?41 y#¹S ; rr#S dfrr#**S }xh em hc{hrmkf hb T`{xmk`t{mkhkxd`kft 4? y#S = `S rr#! kh tx lbh{h p dfckxd`fc }xh th bh

tm{`tlmd`hrfc mb rhty#*¹ kh xc y#¹ Dfgf ymrhzh kh dmr{m khkeft# Fll#/ _#** kh ?; kh Hchrf kh ht{h mcf" dfcfd`g#*/ phc{hrf kh }xh dfc ht{m lem# th bh k`f dhr{`l`dmz#/!! m }xh cftrhg`{`gft p bf l`rgmgft# 4?41 – 99 – 99 –


S!Mb gmrahc: Dmraf kh ;08 y#*S dfrr#*/! hc{hr#S yfr Kc#Gàxhb Mckràt kh Mrrfpf" dfckxd{fr khb T`{xmkf dfgfb`}#*S/ kh 899 y#/ thcd`bbft }xh rhz#¹ khb [ehc#!S Fll#! _#! kh bm

Dmum kh Tmc Gàxhb kh [xdxgmc Kc# Jftà kh [emght yfrFrkhc kh bft Fl`l#S! _#/! kh m}xhbbm Yrf|#* ymrm bmt xrahcd`mtkhb _#! Thr|`d`f hc ht{m khkxd`kft 8 y#S khb = y#¹ kh tx lbh{h

p dfckxd`fc#/

Hc k`hz p fdef kh Mor`b kh th{hd`hc{ft th{hc{m p th`t#

Cft emdhgft dmraf kh }xm{rfd`hc{ft cf|hc{m p d`cdf y"/!

dfrr#*s hc{hrmkft y#! k#¹ Gàxhb Mckràt kh Mrrfpf T`{xm'k`t{m dfgf bç}x`kft kh 899 y#¹* kh bm yrfy`m gfchkm }xhthaúc dfct{m khb dfcfd`g`hc{f }xh f{fraf hc bm D`xkmk kh



' 4<< ‛

Tmc Gàxhb khb [xdx`cmc hc =#¹ kh lhorhrf kh ht{h mýf" rhz`'

|`f hc m}xhbbm dmjm p bh hc{rhaf Kc# Jftà [emght [b`hc`hc{h

[ehtfrhrf kh hbbm hc |rk# kh Frkhc kh bft Fll#SS _#£S kh m}xh'

bbm Yrf|#* dfcth}xhc{h m bmt }xh {`hchc khb Hugf# T#/ \`'

rrhp kh ht{ft _hpcft `)mrm }xh th rhg`{mc m ht{mt dmjmt

{fkft bft yrfkxd{ft kh bmt kh kb`m# Yrf|#S dfc kht{`cf m bmt

xrahcd`mt khb _#S Thr|`d`f hc ht{m Dmy#/!* Ahchrmb yfr dxhc'

{mt kh bft 599 Y'S }xh kh|hc rhg`{`rth kh bmt Dmjmt kh Yf'

{ft`" Dfdemomgom" Dex}x`tmdm" Frxrf" Dexdxp{f" bm Ymz

p bmt kh bm Yrf|`cd`m kh [xdxgmc ymrm dfgybh{mr bft

099 j y#/S mtàcmkft yfr Mx{f khb _#! Mdxhrkf kh B`gmhc =4 kh lhorhrf kh 18 `cdbxtft =99 #- y& dfcd`khrmkft m

bft lfckft kh _& Emz&S kh ht{m Gm{r`z p txt txlrmaíchmt

}xh rhkxd`km bm dmc{`kmk kh ht{m Ymr{`km m gfchkm th emdhc

;59 y#S ; =&? rr& p rhomj#¹S kh 88<#08< yhtft 4 =&? rr#/ }xh hc

ht{h k`m th }xhkmrfc rht{mckf thaúc bm Ymr{`km kh dmraf

C#¹ < kh ht{h _mgf lmb{mc }xh ohc`r 88<#;18 y#£ < rr#S ?5 {(

m|#S grt# rhtxb{mckf hc bm ybm{m thcd`bbm khkxd`kft 8 y#S }xhth bh tm{`tlmd`hrfc kh dmr{m kh kb`f# [ehc`hc{h kh =#¹ kh lhorh'

rf kh ht{h mýf# Dfcfd`g`hc{f p hc{hrf kh }xh dfc ht{m lem#

th bh em kmkf dhr{`l`dmd`ôc m }xh cft rhg`{`gft p bf l`r'

gmgft# ;08 – 99 – 99 –


!!Mb gmrahc: Dmraf kh ;08 y#¹S dfrr#*S£S hc{rha#/S yfr hb T`'

{xmk`t{m k#/ Gàxhb Mckràt kh Mrrfpf dfgf b`}#¹S kh

899 y#S thcd`bbft }xh bh hc{rhaf hb [ehc`hc{h kh bm Dmjm kh

Tmc{`maf khb Ht{hrf yfr frc# kh bft fçl#S _#SS kh m}#/!! Yrf'

|`cd`m ymrm bmt xrahcd`mt khb _#S Thr|`d`f hc ht{m khkxd`kft

8 y#S kh tx lbh{h p dfckxt#¹¹ m = y#¹/


Cft emdhgft dmraf kh }xm{rfd`hc{ft cf|hc{m p d`cdf y#¹*

dfrr`hc{ht hc{rha#/S yfr hb T`{xmk`t{m k#!! Gàxhb Mckràt

kh Mrrfpf dfgf b`}#¹S kh 899 y#S kh bm yrfy`m gfchkm }xh

thaúc dfct{m khb dfcfd`g`hc{f }xh f{fraf hc bm D`x#S kh

Tmc{`maf khb Ht{hrf hc < kh lhorhrf kh ht{h mýf th fobàf

m dfckxd`r m ht{mt Dmjmt p bh hc{rhaf hb [ehc`hc{h [ehtf'



‛ 4<1 ‛

rhrf kh m}xhbbm hc |rk# kh Frkhc bft Fll#** _#*S kh bm Yrf|#!khb [xdxgmc dfcth}xhc{h m bmt }xh {`hchc khb Hugf# Thýfr

\`rrhp kh ht{ft _hp cft ymrm }xh rhg`{mc m ht{mt {fkf hb

yrfkxd{f kh bmt kh kem# Yrf|`cd`m ymrm bmt xrahcd`mt khb

_& Thr|`d`f p ymam kh {rfymt }xh axmrchdhc ht{m yfr } ** kh

599 9j y#S %lxhr{ht) }xh khohc hgo`mrth m bmt Dmjmt kh

Yf{ft`" dfdemomgom" dex}x`tmdm" Frxrf" Dexdxp{f" bm Ymz

p bmt kh kem# Yrf|#/ khb [xdxgmc ymrm dfgybh{mr bft

099 S2 y#S kt# mtàcmkft yfr hb g`tgf Hudgf# T#*// \`rrhp

dfgymrhdhr khb _#! Mdxhrkf kh B`gm kh =4 kh Lhorhrf khb

mýf ymtmkf kh =118 dfc bft =99 ç)V y#S }xh th dfct`khrmc m

ht{m Dmjm p txt txlrmamc{ht }xh rhkxd`km bm Dmc{#** kh ht{m

Ymr{`km m gfchkm k#* emdh bm kh ;59 y#S ; `S rr#S p rhomjmkft

kh bft 88<#;18 y#S < rr#S ?5 {( m|#S grt# }xh rhtxb{mc rht{mckf

thaúc g`c`t{rm bm Ymr{`km kh dmraf hc ht{h rmgf kh C#¹ 1

lm#!!!! }#S ohc`r 888#008 y#S ? rr#S == SS grt# p hc bm ybm{m thc'

d`bbm }xhkm khkxd`kft 8 y#S }xh yfr rmzôc kh lbh{h p dfc'

kxz#// th bh tm{`tlmd`hrfc m hb huyrhtmkf T`{xmk`t{m: Dfgfymrhzh kh dmr{m kh kef# [ehc`hc{h kh 1 kh Lhorhrf kh ht{h

mýf dfcfd`g`hc{f p hc{hrf kh }xh th bh em kmkf dhr{`ýdmd`fc

dfc ht{m lem# m }xh cft rhg#S p bf l`rg#S ;08 – 99 – 99 –


*!Mb gmrahc: Dmraf kh ?9< y#¹S dfrr#*£S hc{hrmkft yfrhb T`{xmk`t{m Kc# Yhkrf kh Hdehomrr`m hc ?99 y#¹S kt#

rhg`{`kft kh Yf{ft` yfr |`m kh Tfdfrrf hu{rmfrk`cmr`f ymrm

bmt m{hcd`fcht kh ht{m Yrf|`cd`m hc \rk# kh _#! Fg# kh =?

kh Maft{f kh =118 ymrm }xh th {hcamc m k`tyft`d`ôc khb T#*//

Arf|#/!S p Dmy#!! Ahchrmb#/

Hc {rh`c{m p xcf kh Gmpf kh g`b th{hd`hc{ft th{hc{m pth`t# Cft emdhgft dmraf kh kftd`hc{ft th`t g`b y#¹S dfrr`hc'

{ht hc{rha#/! yfr hb T`{xmk`t{m Kc# Yhkrf kh Hdeh|mrrçm hc

?99 ?) Y'¹S kt# dfc hb yrhg`f kh 4 y#/ bft g`tgft }xh thaúc

dfct{m hc bm Htdr`{xrm kh lbh{mghc{f }xh f{fraf hc bm \`bbm

kh Yf{ft` hc ?8 kh Hchrf kh ht{h mýf mc{h hb Htdròmcf kh

_#! Emz#S* SGmcxhb kh Mrrhax` kàf Max`rrh th fobàf m

dfckxd`r m ht{mt Dmjmt p bh hc{rhamrfc bft Fl`z#S _#SS kh



‛ 4<5 ‛

m}xhbbmt yfr |`m kh Tfdfrrf hu{rmfrk`cmr`f ymrm bmt m{hc'd`fcht khb N#S Thr|`d`f hc ht{m Yrf|#* dfcth}xhc{h m bf gmc'

kmkf yfr T# G# hc _#! Frc# kh =? kh Maft{f kh =118 ymrm

}xh th {hcamc m k`tyft`d`ôc khb T#/// Af|"/// p Dmy#// Ahc"! t`c

}xh th dfcdhy{úhc dfgf ymr{h kàbft T`{xmkft Frk`cmr`ft"

c` m dxhc{m kh }xmb}x`hr f{rf tfdfrrf }xh ymrm ht{m Ybmzm

yxhkm bòrmr hb Hugf# Thýfr \`rrhp : Dfgf ymrhzh kh Dmr{m

kh kef# Fll`z#SS O##S tx lem# =< kh Lhorhrf kh ht{h mcf d`{mkm

htdr`y{xrm p hc{hrf kh }xh dfc ht{m lem# th bh em kmkf dhr'

{`l`dmd`ôc mb g`tgf T`{xmk`t{m m }xh cft rhg`{`gft p bf

l`rgmgft# ?9<#999"" 99 – 99 –

Ghkrmc f ‛ Mb{fbmax`rrh ‛ Mr``tm#

S!Mb gmrahc: Dmraf kh =8;#899 y#S dfrr#S!!S hc{hrmkft y#// bft

T`{xmk`t{mt Kc# Yhkrf Mrmafchthtp

k#/* Lrmc#*/* @amrzm|mb

hc =89 Tj y#S kt# dfc hb yrhg`f kh 4 y#¹ yfr dxhc{m khb T`'

{xmkf kh ht{h yrhthc{h mcf#/

Hc th`t kh Ma#*¹ kh g`b th{hd`hc{ft th{hc{m p th`t: Cftemdhgft dmraf kh d`hc{f p d`c}xhc{m g`b p }x`c`hc{ft yhtft

dfrr#*£S hc{hrmkft yfr bft T`{xmk`t{mt K#!! Yhkrf uRrmafchtht

p k#// Lrmc#// kh @amrzm|mb hc =89 ! y#S kt# dfc hb yrhg`f kh

4 y#¹ bft g`tgft }xh thaúc dfct{m kh bm htdr`{xrm kh lbh'

{mg#*¹ }xh f{framrfc hc bm \`bbm kh Yf{ftç mc{h hb Httd#//kh _#! Emz#/!S Gmcxhb kh Max`rrh hc ?9 kh Mor`b kh 1< th

fobàmrfc m dfckxd`r m ht{mt Dmjmt p bh hc{rhamrfc bft

Fll#SS _#S kh m}#/SS dfc kht{`cf m bmt xrahcd`mt khb _#! Thr'

|`d`f hc ht{m Yrf|#S dfcth}#*S m bf rhtxhb{f y#!/ hb Hugf# T#//

\`rrhp kh ht{ft _hpcft p yfr tha#S* rhghtm dfrrhtyfck#**

m ht{h yrhtt#*£ mýf hc }#** kh bft 599 T)j y#S }xh {`hchc }xh

hc{hrmr m}xhbbmt Dmjmt bmt kh dfdemomgom" Db`x}x`tmdm"

Frxrf" dexdx`{f" bm Ymz p bmt kh bm Yrf|#/ khb [xdxgmckh bft 099 j }xh th mtàcmrfc mb mcf `cdbxtft bft =99 !

y#S }#£ th dfgyx{mrfc m ht{mt Dmjmt p txt txlrmaíchmt p rh'

omjmkft kh bft 888#008 y#S ? rr#S == {R grt# }xh }xhkmrfc

rht{mckf thaúc dfct{m kh bm Ymr{`km kh Dmraf kh ht{h _mgfC#¹ 5 dfc lem# kh =5 kh Mo#! kh 1< lmb{mc ymrm hb dfgybh{f

kh bft huyrhtmkft 599 S y#! ;98#008 y#/ ? rr#S == S grt#



‛ 4<0 ‛

}xhkmckf tm{`tlhdeft keft# T`{xmk`t{mt khb kft p ghk`f y#/

kh tx lbh{h j hfckxd`fc kh 4189 y#! kt# }xh ymrm ht{h hlhd{f

bht hc{rhamrfc hc bmt rhlhr`kmt Dmjmt bft fl`d`mbht _hmbht kh

hbbmt rhtyhd{f kh b`m|hr bbhamkf mc{ht khb Ybmzf ht{`yxbmkf

dfgf ymrhzh kh dmr{m kh ht{ft tx lem# =4 kh Gmpf kh 1<

d`{mkm htdr`{xrm p hc{hrf kh }xh dfc bm lem# kh ht{h dmraf

th bh k`f dhr{`l`dmt#// mb ghcd`fcmkf T`{xmk`t{m m }xh cft

rhg`{`gft p l`rg#!! =8;#899 – 99 – 99 –

Ghkrmcm ‛ Mb{fbma```rrh ‛ M r`zm#

/Mb gmrahc: Dmraf kh ?9< y#S dfrr#**S hc{hrmkft y#// bft

T`{xmk`t{mt k#¹ Mbfctf Omrôc p k#// Kfg#¹ bm Dmbzmkm hc

?99 T)V y#S kt# dfc hb yrhg`f kh 4 y#¹ dxhc{m mb T`{xmkf kh

ht{h yrhthc{h mýf#/

Hc {rhzh kh Thyorh# kh g`b th{hd`hc{ft th{hc{m p th`t" cft

emdhgft dmraf kh kftd`hc{ft th`t g`b y#¹S dfrr`hc{ht hc{hrm'

kft yfr bft T`{xmk`t{mt k#¹ Mbfctf Omrôc p K#¹ Kfg`cafkh bm Dmbzmkm hc kftd`hc{ft g`b y#/S kt# dfc hb yrhg`f kh

4 y#¹ bft g`tgft }xh thaúc dfct{m kh bm htdr`y{xrm kh lbh{m'

ghc{f }xh f{framrfc hc bm \`bbm kh Yf{ft` hc =1 kh Gmpfkh =11< mc{h hb Htt#¹¹ kh _#S Emz#S* Gmcxhb kh Max`rrh th

fobàmrfc m dfckxd`r m ht{mt _#£S Dmjmt p bht hc{rhamrfc bft

Fll#*S _#SS kh m}xhbbmt dfc kht{`cf mb Tfdfrrf kàbm [rfymkh ht{h Yrht`k`f p khgít xrahcd`mt khb _#S Thr|`d`f hc ht{m

Yrf[#S dfgf 4#** rhghtm hc }#!* kh bft 599 J y#S }xh {`hchc

}xh hc{hrmr m}xhbbmt Dmjmt hc ht{h yrhthc{h mýf bmt kh

Dfdemomgom" dex}x`zmdm Frxrf" dexdxp{f bm Ymz p bm kh bm

Yrf|`cd`m khb [xdxgmc kh bft 099 j y#S }xh th mtàcmrfc

mb mýf `cdbxtft bft =99 j y#S }xh th dfct`khrmc m ht{mt

Dmjmt p txt txlrmamc{ht yfr hb Hugf# \`rrhp kh Ht{ft _hp'cft p rhomjmkft kh bft ;98"008 y#S ? rr#! {R m|t# grt# }xh}xhkmrfc rht{mckf thaúc dfct{m kh bm Ymr{`km kh dmraf cx'

ghrf =9 hc ht{h rmgf dfc lem# kh < kh Ma#*/ kh 1< lmb{mc }xh|hc`r ymrm bmm g`tgmt m{hcd`fcht ?98#008 y#S ? rr# == `Sgrt# }xhkmckf keft# t`{xmk`t{mt tm{`tleft# khb ? =&? Y'¹ khtx lbh{h p dfckxdd`ôc dfc bft lxhr{ht }xh àxmbghc{hbht hc{rhamrfc hc bmt rhlhr`kmt dmjmt ymrm ht{h hlhd{f bft

YòOB# ToD# E@5[# ?;



' 419 '

Fçç& H#S kh hbbmt rhtyhd{f m em|hr bbhamkf mc{ht khb Ybmzf}xh th bht thýmbf# Dfgf ymrhzh kh dmr{m kh ht{mt tx lem# =<

kh Jxb`f kh 1< d`{mkm htdr`{xrm p hc{hrf kh }xh dfc ht{m

lem# th bht k`f dhr{`l`dmz#/!! m keft# T`{xmk`t{mt m }xh cft rh'

g`{`gft p l`rgmgft# ?9<#999 – 99 " 99 –


/Mb gmrahc: Dmraf kh ;=? 9" yS dfrr#*S! hc{rhamkft yfr

bft t`{xmk`t{mt k#// Jxmc Mc{#¹ Hckhpzm p K#¹ Yhkrf lrmc#*/*

khb \mbbh hc ;99 J y#S dfc hb yrhg`f kh 4 y¹ /

Hc fczh kh K`z#//£ kh g`b th{hd`hc{ft th{hc{m p th`t# Cftemdhgft dmraf kh dxm{rfd`hc{ft kfzh g`b yhtft dfrr`hc{ht m

}xh mtdhck`hrfc dfc hb mxghc{f kh 4 y#¹ kh yrhg`f ;99 J y#*

kfobht }xh emc hc{hrmkf bft T`{xmk`t{mt K#/ Jxmc Mc{fc`fHckh`zm p k#!! Yhkrf lrmc#/!! khb \mbbh bft g`tgft }xh thaúc

dfct{m kh kft Htt#//SS kh lbh{mg#*¹ }xh f{framrfc hc bm \`bbm

@gyhr`mb kh Yf{ft` hc 4 p =1 kh Ma#*¹ kh ht{h mýf mc{h hb

Htd#¹¹ kh _#! Emz#/!! Gmcxhb kh Max`rrh th fobàmrfc m dfc'

kxd`r m ht{mt _#£S Dmjmt p bht hc{rhamrfc bft Fç¨#S _#S kh

m}xhbbmt hc ht{m lfrgm bft ?89 T)J y#* yfr yhr{hchz#*SS mb t`'

{xmkf frk`cmr`f kh bm [rfym kh ht{h Yrht`k`f dfc dxpm dmc'

{#** p bm kh ??8 9- y#S }xh hc =5 kh Mor`b hc{hrf K#¹ Gàxhb

Mckràt kh Mrrfpf =89 J y#S k#/* Yhkrf Mrmafchzht p K#¹lrmc#*!¹ @amrzm|mb hc < kh Maft{f p ?99 y#S k#¹ Mbfctf Om'

rôc p K#¹ Kfg`caf kh bm Dmbzmkm hc =4 kh Thyorh# }xh

mdrhk`{mc bmt Ymr{`kmt kh Dmraf C#¹ 4 / =9 / == / emdhc bm

txgm kh 5?8 T)# y#/! lxhr{ht m }xh marhamkft ?;189 y#¹S yfr

hb yrhg`f kh 4 y#¹ hc bm ybm{m k#S }xh ht m bf }xh m}x` th

|hchl`d`m dfgyfchc bm kh 5;0#189 y#S dfrr`hc{ht p dfc

=0#818 y#S kh bm g`tgm htyhd`h hc{hrmkft yfr hb huyrhtmkf

Mrrfpf hc hb d`{mkf k`m =5 kh Mor`b dfgf rhg`{`kft kh bmt

dmjmt kh bm Yrf|#S khb [xdxgmc bft ?019 kh bm kh Tmb{m

=?#411 y#S ; rr#® kh bm kh Dfrkf|m 4?41 y#! ; rr#S kh bm kh

Jxjxp ;08 y#S kh bm kh T#// Gàxhb khb [xdxgmc p f{rft ;08

kh bm kh Tmc{`maf khb Ht{hrf }xh dfct{mc kh bmt Ymr{`kmt

kh dmraf C#¹/ ;" 8" <" 1 p 5 hb {f{mb kh 5<04?8 y#S thcd`bbft

p t`hckf bm dmc{#/* kh{hrg`cmkm mccxmbg#*£ thaúc bmt xb{`'



‛ 41= ‛

gmt Frct# khb Hugf# T#*// \`rrhp dfgymrhdhr khb H#! Mdxhr'kf kh B`gm kh =4 kh lhorhrf kh 18 bm kh 099 ?) Y'! bft 599 T)J

dfrrhtyfck`hc{ht m bmt Dmjmt kh Yf{ft`" dfdemomgom" dex'

d```{f" dex}```tmdm" Frxrf" bm ymz p bmt kàbm Yrf|# khb [xdx'

gmc p bft =99 £ rht{mc{ht dfct`khrmkft m bmt kh ht{m Dmy#!

}xhkmc tformc{ht y#* hb mýf yrfu#/// |hc`khrf kh 11 ‛<04?8 y#S dfrr`hc{ht p bft =89 ] y#S kt# rht{mc{ht yfr |`m kh

tfdfrrf hu{rmfrk`cmr`f m }xhc{m kh bft 899 y#* }xh hc

|`r{xk kh _#! Frc# kh 5 kh Mor`b kh ht{h mýf th gmckmrfcb`ormr m k`tyft`d`ôc khb 5#¹!! Af|#/// p Dmy#/ Ahc#! dfc bf }xh

th rht{mc 489 4 y#* }xhkmckf keft# t`{xmk`t{mt tm{`tlhdeft

khb ? =; Y'¹ SS SS lbh{h p dfckxd`fc yfr em|hr bbhamkf mc{ht

khb ybmzf mt`acmkf dfc bft =9 ] y#! lxhr{ht }xh ymrm ht{h

hlhd{f th bht hc{rhamrfc hc m}#/*£ dmjmt> Dfgf ymrhzh kh

dmr{m kh keft# Fll#S _#S kh =8 kh Thyorh# xb{`gf d`{mkmt ht'

dr`{xrmt p hc{hrf kh }xh dfc ht{m lem# th bht k`f dhr{`l`dmt#/

m bft huyrhtmkft t`{xmk`t{mt m }xh cft rhg#S p l`rgmgft#

;=?"999!

99 / 99/

=48=555/ 1 /?? =S8


Dmraf kh bft Yhtft dfrr#SS kh m 5 }xh hc{rmc hc ht{m _#S Dmum yfr

DXHC[M khb _mgf kh GhkbSt Mccm{mt kht#® ? kh H#¹ e#* l`c kh

[3RzJS KH =11<#

/Dmraf kh ;891 y#S < rr#/ ?1 S grt# dfrr`hc{ht }xh b`}#¹S

rhtxb{mrfc mlm|fr kh ht{h _mgf hcl`c kh K`z`hgorh kh =118#/

Hckft kh Hchrf kh g`b th{hd`hc{ft th{hc{m

pth`t#

Tfcdmraf dfc{rm g` hb [ehtfrhrf K#/ Yhkrf Ghkrmcf ]xm{rfg`b }x`c`hc{ft t`h{h yhtft th`t rr#S |h`c{h p t`h{h d`cdf kfz

m|t# grt# dfrr#*£S }xh bç}x`kft rhtxb{mrfc mlm|fr kh ht{h _m'gf hc l`c kh K`z`hgorh kh =118 hc bm Mkg`c`t{rmd`ôc khht{mt _#SS Dmumt p hu`t{çmc hc hbbmt dfgf dfrrhtyfck`hc{ht

m hb hc 49 kh K`z`hgorh khb g`tgf : Thaúc dfct{m khb [mc'



‛ 41?

{hf kh Dmxkmbht lfrgmkf hc hb kçm kh bm lhdem m}xh ghrhg`{f p bf l`rgmgft# ;891 – < – ?1 `Sx


/Mb gmrahc: Dmraf kh 8; y#S 4 rr#S ?1 grt# dfrr#SS hc{hrm'

kft yfr k#// Mc{fc`f Yhlçmbohr m crh# kh k#/ Jye Mc{fc`fOhramrm k#¹ Jxmc Ht{homc Gmr{çchz m crh# kh k#!! Làb`u kh

T`bom k#// Jye# Jxt{f Amrdçm kh Zxlççam m cfgorh kh k#// Bx`t

kh Mdft{m p k#¹ Tmc{`maf Afczíbhz yfr tç p yfr hb Khrhdef

kh Ghk`m mcm{m kh bft fýzçft kh Nhaçkfr Mbdmbkh Yrf|#!

Hu#¹ yy#!7¹ p khb cxghrf p hb kh Dm|`bkf kàbm Dçx#S kh Df'

rr`hc{ht p hb =5 y#¹ kh tx dfckxd`fc m Htymým/#

Hc |h`c{h p t`h{h kh Hchrf kh g`b th{hd`hc{ft th{hc{m p

th`t: Cft emdhgft dmraf kh d`c}xhc{m p }xm{rf y#S {rht

rr#S [h`c{h p t`h{h grt# dfrr#S£S hc{hrmkft y#// k#!! Mc{fc`f

Yhlçmbohr k#!! Jxmc Ht{homc Gmr{çchz" k#!! Jftthl Jxt{f Amr'

dçm kh Zxýçam p k#!! Tmc{`maf Afczíbhz" hb yr`g#¹ m cfgorh

p dfgf myfkhrmkf kh k#!! Jftthl Mc{fc`f \hramrm ; y#**

; rr#/ =0 {( grt# yfr hb khrhdef kh ghkçm Mccm{m m 8 y#/ ptx dfckxd`fc m =5 trh# bm dmc{`kmk kh 4=9 y#S hc}xh rhgm{f

xcf kh bft fl`d`ft kh rha`kfr kh bm d`xk# kh Dfrr`hc{ht m

ymamr hc gfchkm kh m}#! Ymçt : hb ?#¹ y#// k#¹ Yehb`t kh T`bom

; y#S 5 rr#S =0 grt# yfr f{rf fl`d`f kh _ha`kfr kh kem# D`x'

kmk }xh rhgm{f hc 49? y#/ hc bft g`tgft {àrg`cft }xh hb

mc{hdhkhc{h: hb 4#/ yfr k#!! Bx`t kh Mdft{m 4< y#S < rr#S

?5 ['? grt# yfr hb kh Mbh#!! g#/! Yrf|#S kh bm d`{mkm D`xkmk }xh

rhgm{f hc ?=;9 y#S mymamr hc f{rmt {mc{mt |mrmt kh B`hczf

kh Mbafkôc p hb ;#¹ yfr tç 5 y#/ ; rr#S ?5 grt# yfr bft kft

Fl`z#¹S kh Htdr`omcf yy#!7¹ khb cxghrf p kh Dm|`bkf kh kem#

D`xkmk }xh rhgm{f hc 899 y#/ mymamr m 8 y#¹ = yhtf == 'e

grt# yfr bm {hrd`m ymr{h kh myrf|hdemg#**! bçd`{ft kh bm g`'{mk khb `gyfr{h kh ht{h Khrhdef p xc yhtf ? rr#S =< S grt#

yfr hb =5 y#¹ kh dfckxd`fc m Htymým trh# ht{mkft dmc{`kmkht

dfgf ymrhzh kh Mx{ft kh rhgm{h" [ht{`gfc`f kh ht{h Mjxt'

{mg`hc{f p hc{hrf m}xh cft rhg#S p l`rg#/ 8; – 4 – ?1




‛ 414 ‛

!!Mb gmrahc: Dmraf kh Xy#/ ? rr#* dfc'&/! hc{hrmkft yfr

k#¹ Jxmc @acmd`f Hb`mt yfr `gyfr{h khb Khrhdef kh ghk`m

Mccm{m p tx dfckxt#¹¹ m Htymým dfgf rhgm{mkfr kh bmt

{`hrrmt kh Axmbhaxmpdex hc dmc{#/S kh 189 y#! !

Hc |h`c{h p cxh|h kh Hchrf kh g`b th{hd`hc{ft th{hc{m

p th`t# Cft emdhgft dmraf kh }xmrhc{m p }xm{rf yhtft ? rr#/

dfrr`hc{ht hc{hrmkft yfr Kc# Jxmc @acmd`f Hb`mt rhgm{mkfr

kh bmt [`hrrmt }xh th embbmc hc hb ymrmah cfgormkf Axmbh'

axmpdex dft{m khb Xrxaxmp hc dmc{`kmk kh th{hd`hc{ft

d`c}xhc{m y#¹! bft 41 y#S ; rr#S yfr `gyfr{h khb Khrhdef kh

Ghk`m Mccm{m m 8 y#¹ trh# kef# yr`cd`ymb p bft < y& < rr#S

yfr hb =5 y#¹ kh dfckxd`fc m Htymým trh# hb huyrhtmkf Khrh'

def: Dfgf ymrhzh kh rhgm{h mjxt{mg#*/ p hc{hrf m}#S cft

rhg`{`gft p l`rgmgft#

9;; ? ‛

Jbhkrmcf ‛ Mb{fbmax`rrh#

!!Mb gmrahc: Dmraf kh < y#!S 1 rr#S < grt# dfrr`hc{ht hc{h'

rmkft yfr K# Ohc`{f Aôghz kh bm lxhc{h dfgf myfkhrmkf

kh Kc# Jxmc Ht{homc Gmr{çchz yfr `gy#*£ khb Khrhdef kh

Ghk`m Mccm{m {hrd`m ymr{h kh myrf|hdemg#*/! bçd`{ft p hb

=5 y#¹ kh dfckxt#/// m Htymým kh bmt kft ymr{`kmt khb fl`z`fkhb Mbaxmd`b g#*// kh bm D`xkmk kh Dfrr`hc{ht }xh rhgm{f

ymrm hb kef# Gmr{çchz hc dmc{`kmk kh ;9= yhtft m ymamr

hc gfchkm kh m}#S ym`t/#

Hc t`h{h kh Lhorhrf kh g`b th{hd`hc{ft th{hc{m p th`t cft

emdhgft dmraf kh th`t y#S t`h{h rr#S th`t grt# dfrr`hc{ht

hc{hrmkft y#! k#!* Ohc`{f Afczíbhz kh bm Lxhc{h dfgf Myf'

khrmkf kh k#/ Jxmc Ht{homc 4çmr{`chz yfr hb Khrhdef kh

Ghk`m Mccm{m" {hrd`m ymr{h kh myrf|hdemg`hc{ft bçd`{ft phb =5 y#** kh tx dfckxd`fc m Htymým kh bmt kft ymr{`kmt khb

fl`d`f kh Mbaxmd`b g"/// kh bm D`xkmk kh Dfrr`hc{ht }xh emrhgm{mkf hc yxob`dm Mbgfchkm ymrm hb htyrhtmkf Gmr{çchzhc dmc{#*S kh }xm{rfd`hc{ft xc y#*¹ hc gfchkm xtxmb kh m}#!

ym`t" m ymamr hc bm g`tgm# Dfgf ymrhzh kh mx{ft [ht{`gf'



‛ 41; '

c`f khb rhgm{h Mjxt{mg`hc{f p hc{hrf m}xh cft rhg`{`gftp bf l`rgmgft# < – 1 – <


%Khtkh m}x` dfrrhc bft dmraft khb Thýfr Dfc{mkfr Kc"

Mbhumckrf Mr`zm }xh {fgf yftht`ôc kh kef# hgybhf hc yr`'

ghrf kh Gmrzf kh ht{h yrhthc{h mcf kh =11< )

S!SMb gmrahc: Dmraf kh = y&¹ 4 rr& ?1 grt# dfrr&S! hc{hrm'

kft yfr hb Gmht{rf k#/ Jftthl Mc{fc`f Mdft{m Yrht|`{hrf

m cfgorh kh k#*/ Bhôc Gmr{`chz kh @omrrm |hd`cf kh Df'

rr`hc{ht yfr hb Khrhdef kh Ghk`m Mccm{m j =5 y#¹ khtx

dfckxd`fc trh# ?8 y#S `gy#*£ kh xcmt [`hrrmt }xh dfgyrfm T# G# hc bm jxr`tk`dd`ôc kh m}#! |hd`ckmr`f#/

Hc t`h{h kh Gmrzf kh g`b th{hd`hc{ft th{hc{m p th`t# Cftemdhgft dmraf kh xc yhtf {rht rr#S |h`c{h p t`h{h gmrm|hkçt

dfrr`hc{ht hc{hrmkft yfr{hb Gmht{rf K#¹ Jftthye Mc{fc`f

kh Mdft{m" Yrht|`{hrf dfgf Myfkhrmkf kh Kc# Bhôc Gmr'

{`chz kh @omrrm |hd`cf kh bm D`xkmk kh Dfrr`hc{ht yfr hb

Krf# kh Ghk`m Mccm{m trh# bm dmc{#*S kh ?8 yhtft m 8 y#¹

pgy#*£ kh xcmt [`hrrmt }xh em dfgyrmkf m T# G# hc bm

jxr`tk`dd`ôc kh m}xhb \hd`ckmr`f hc hb Ymrmah cfgormkfPmd{mdxm p hb =5 y#¹ khtx dfckxd`fc trh# hb huyrhtmkf krf#

dfgf ymrhzh kh bm B`}x`kmd`ôc }xh th embbm marhamkm mb

Kfdxghc{f kh dmraf hc hu{rmfrk`cmr`ft cxghrf < m}xh cft

rhg`{`gft p l`rgmgft# 99= – 4 – ?1


/!Mb gmrahc: Dmraf kh 49 y#¹S ; rr#S dfrr`hc{ht hc{hrmkft

y#// k#SGmcxhb Omr}xçc yfr hb Khrhdef kh Ghk`m Mccm{m

p 45 y#¹ trh# tx dfckxt#!! tforh 8=0 y#! |mbfr kh bmt [`hrrmt

}xh dfgyrf m T# G#/



‛ 418 ‛

Hc |h`c{h j {rht kh Gmrzf kh g`b th{hd`hc{ft th{hc{m pth`t cft emdhgft dmraf kh {rh`c{m y#¹S }xm{rf rr#S dfrr`hc{ht

hc{hrmkft yfr Kc#Gmcxhb Omr}x`c bft ?< y#¹S yfr hb _#!

Khrhdef kh Ghk`m Mccm{m trh# 8=0 yhtft }xh `gyfr{mrfc

bmt {`hrrmt }xh dfgyrf m T# G# hc bm f{rm |mckm kh ht{h

_`f hc{rh Axmbhaxmp p Mrrfpf kh Bxdmt mb rhty#*/ kh 8 y#/

p bft ; y#S ; rr#S rht{mc{ht yfr hb =5 y#¹ kh tx dfckxt#!! m Ht'

ymým tforh hb huyrhtmkf Khrhdef: Dfgf ymrhzh kh bm b`'

}x`kmd`ôc }xh th embbm marhamkm mb Kfdxghc{f kh dmraf

hc Hu{rmfrk`cmr`ft C#¹ 5 m}xh cft rhg`{`gft p l`rgmgft#49 – ;– 99


/Mb gmrahc: Dmraf kh < y#S ; rr#S 49 grt# dfrr`hc{ht hc'

{hrmkft yfr K#¹ lrmc#*!¹ Mc{fc`f Gx{`t hc cfgorh p dfgfMyfkhrmkf kh bft |hd`cft p yfobmkfrht khb Yxhr{f kh bmt

Dfcdemt yfr `gy#** kh bm ghk`m Mccm{m p =5 y#¹ kh tx dfc'

kxt#¹ trh# ==? y#S |mbfr kh bmt [`hrrmt }xh emc dfgyrmkf hc

m}xhb Ymr{`kf#/

Hc {rht kh Jxc`f kh g`b th{ht#*!* th{#** p th`t# Cft emdhgftdmraf kh th`t y#¹S }xm{rf rr#£S {rh`c{m grt# dfrr`hc{ht hc{h'

rmkft yfr k#¹ Lrmcd`tdf Mc{fc`f Gx{`t hc cfgorh p dfgfmyfkhrmkf kh bft \hz`cft p Yfobmkfrht khb Yxhr{f kh bmt

Dfcdemt yfr hb Krf# kh Ghk`m Mccm{m tforh bm dmc{#** kh

==? y#¹S m 8 y#S `gy#*£ kh bmt [`hrrmt }xh em dfgyrmkf m

T# G# hc m}xhb Ymr{`kf %p hb =5 y#¹ kh dfckxd`fc) k`af

thaúc {mtmd`ôc }xh kh hbbmt th em yrmd{`dmkf p hb =5 y#¹ khdfckxd`fc tforh hb huyrhtmkf Khrhdef" Ymrhzh khb Kfdx'ghc{f }xh t`roh kh dfgyrf|mc{h m bm Ymr{`km kh DmrafC#¹ =1 hc hu{rmfrk`c#S m}xh cft rhg`{`gft p bf l`rgmgft#




‛ 41< '

!!Mb gmrahc: Dmraf kh =1 yhtft 4rr#/

5 grt#dfrr`hc{ht

hc{hr#/! yfr Kfc Lmdxckf kh Yr`h{f p Yxb`kf hc crh# kh

Bfrhczf Tmc{xdeft yfr hb Krf# kh Ghk`mt Mccm{mt p tx

dfckxz#*/! m =5 y#¹ trh# ?08 yhtft }xh `gyfr{mrfc bmt [`hrrmt

}xh dfgyrf m T# G#/

Hc th`t kh Cf|orh# kh g`b th{ht#¹! th{hc{m p th`t# Cft

emdhgft dmraf kh k`hz p t`h{h yhtft {rht rr#! fdef grt#

dfrr#*S! }xh hc \rk# kh mx{f kh =? kh Jxc`f yrf|he`kf yfr hb

Jxhz Txokhbhamkf ymrm bm |hc{m p dfgyft`d`ôc kh [`hrrmtrhmbhcamt p \mbk`ft Kc# Gmc#S kh Omtmo`bomtf hc{hrf Kc#

Lmdxckf kh Yr`h{f p Yxb`kf hc crh# kh Bfrhczf Tmc{xdeft

bft =; y#S < rr#S yfr hb Krf# kh Ghk`m Mccm{m m 8 y#¹ trh#

?08 y#S }xh `gyfr{mrfc bmt [`hrrmt }xh ht{h dfgyrf m T# G#

d`{mt hc{rh bft Mrrfpft kh T#¹ Jxmc p Ymc{mcf kh Bftm hc

bm f{rm |mckm kh ht{h H`f p bft ? y#S 8 rr#S 5 grt# rht{mc{ht

yfr hb =5 y#¹ kh dfckxt#¹¹ m Htymým tforh hb huyrhtmkf Krf#

Dfgf ymrhzh kh Mx{ft p hb dfgyrf|mc{h kh dmraf C#¹ 4?

khb Hmgf kh Ht{rme frk`cmr`ft m}xh cft rhg#S p l`rg#S

=1 "" 4 – 95


!!Mb gmrahc: Dmraf kh ? y#!

(rr#S dfrr#** hc{hrmkft y#!

kc# Yehb`yh Lhrcmckhz kh _`ompf y#! krf# kh Ghk`m Mccm{m

p tx dfckxz#¹/ trh# 48 y#S }xh `gyfr{mrfc bmt {`hrrmt }xh

dfgyrf m T# G#/

Hc |h`c{h p xcf kh Cf|orh# kh g`b th{ht#¹S th{hc{m p th`t

Cft emdhgft dmraf kh kft y#S ghk`f rr#S dfrr`hc{ht hc |rk#

kh mx{f yrf|he`kf hc ?9 khb g`tgf yfr hb Jxhz Txokhbhamkf

ymrm bm |hc{m p dfgyft`d`ôc kh [`hrrmt rhmbhcamt p \mbk`ft

k#SGmcxhb kh Omtmo`bomtf m hc{hrmkf Kc# Yehb`yh Lhrcmc'khz kh _`ompf bft =; rr#S yfr hb Khrhdef kh Ghk`m Mccm{mm 8 y#¹ trh# 48 y#S }xh `gyfr{mrfc bmt }#£ rhgm{f p th |hc'

k`hrfc yhr{hchd`hc{ht m T" G# hc hb Mrrfpf kh bmt \mdmt

kàbm f{rm |mckm kh ht{h _`f p bft ? =&0 rr#S rht{mc{ht yfr hb

=5 y#¹ kh tx dfckxd`fc m Htymým tforh hb huyrhtmkf Krf#



' 411 '

dfgf ymrhzh kh Mx{ft p hb hfgyrf|mc{h kh dmraf C#¹ 41 hchu{rmfrk#/! m}xh cft rhg`{`gft p l`rg#/!#

? – F – =1


/Mb gmrahc: Dmraf kh ; y#/! ; rr& 4 grt# dfrr#*SS hc{hrmkft

yfr Kc# Maxt{çc \ràe{ yfr `gyfr{h kh bm Ghk`m Mccm{mp tx dfckxz#¹ trh# 1< y#S ; rr#S `gy&¹ kh bmt [`hrrmt }xh dfg'

yrf m T# G#/

Hc kfzh kh K`d`hgorh kh g`b th{hd`hc{ft th{hc{m p th`t#

Cft emdhgft dmraf kh }xm{rf yhtft }xm{rf rr#! {rht grt#

dfrr`hc{ht }xh hc |rk# kh Mx{f kh 8 kh Cf|orh# yrf|he`kfy#// hb Jxhz kh [`hrrmt Kc# Gmcxhb kh Omtmo`bomtf hc{hrf

Kc# Maxt{`c \ràe{ m cfgorh kh tx ymkrh Kc# Dmrbft:

bft4 y#S < rr#S ?9 grt# yfr hb khrhdef kh Ghk`m Mccm{m m 8 y#/

trh# 1< y#S ; rr#S }xh `gyfr{mrfc bm {mtmd`ôc kh bmt }xh yf'

the`m p dfgyrf m T# G# hc bm jxr`tk`dd`ôc kh Tmc{m lh hc hb

Ymrmjh }xh bbmgmc hb O`dxp p bft 8 S rr#S rht{mc{ht yfr hb

=5 y#¹ kh dfckxt#¹¹ m Htymým trh# hb huyrhtmkf Krf : Dfgfymrhzh kh Mx{ft p hb hfgyrf|mc{h kh dmraf C#/ ;? hc hu'

{rmfrk`cmr`ft m}xh cft rhg#¹S p l`rg#S ;: – ; – 4 –

Ghkrmcf

‛Mb{fbmax`rrh

‛Mr`tm#

/Mb gmrahc: Dmraf kh 1 y#S 4 rr#S dfrr#*SS hc{hrmkft yfr

Kc# Maxt{`c \ràe{ yfr krf# kh Ghk`m Mccm{m p tx dfc'

kxd`fc trh# =?8 y#S }xh `gyfr{mrfc bmt [`hrrmt }xh dfgyrfm T# G# hc bm jxr`tk`dd`ôc kh Tmc{m Lh#/

Hc kfzh kh K`d`hgorh kh g`b th{ht#¹£ th{hc{m p th`t# Cftemdhgft dmraf kh t`h{h y#S 4 rr#S dfrr#*SS hc{hr#/* y#! K#¹

Maxt{`c \ràe{" bft < y#! ? rr#S yfr hb Krf# kh ghk`m Mccm'{m m 8 y#¹ trh# =?8 y#S }xh `gyfr{#¹¹ bmt [`hrrmt }xh rhgm{fhc yy#!!* Mbgfchkm yhr{hcht#*/ m T# G# hc bm jxr`tk`dd`ôc khTmc{m Lh p Ymrmah }xh bbmgmc hb Axmbhaxmp p bft 0 rr#*



' 415 ‛

rht{mc{ht yfr hb =5 y#¹ khtx dfckxd`fc m Htymým tforh hb

huyrhtmkf Krf# Dfgf ymrhzh kh mx{f p hb dfgyrf|#*S kh

dmraf kh hu{rmfrk`cmr`ft C#/ ;4 m}#* cft rhg#S p lbrg#S

991 – 4 – ‛

;<54 / 4 / 0 MGhkrmcf ‛ Mb{fbmax`rrh ‛ Mr`zm#

Dmraft kh bft yhtft dfrr`hc{ht kh m 5 }xh hc{rmc hc ht{m _#! Dmjm

YF_ dxhc{m khb Hmgf kh \mdmc{ht kht#® 5 kh Hc#¹ m l`c kh K`z#®

kh =P1<#

/Mb gmrahc: Dmraf kh ?=48 y#S ? rr#S =8 {SS grt# dfrr`hc'

{ht }xh bç}x`kft hu`t{hc m lmofr kh ht{h Hmgf hc l`c kh

k`z#® kh =118#/

Hc kft kh Hchrf kh g`b th{hd`hc{ft th{&S p th`t# Tfc dmr'

af dfc{rm g` hb [ehtfrhrf K#!! Yhkrf Ghkrmcf kft g`b

d`hc{f {rh`c{m p d`cdf yh#S kft rr#S }x`czh th`t kfz# m|t# grt#

dfrr`hc{ht }xh bç}x`kft rhtxb{mc m lmofr kh ht{h _mgf hc

bm Mkg`c`t{rmt#// kh ht{mt _#£S Dmjmt hc l`c kh K`z`hgorh

kh =118 p hu`t{hc hc hbbmt dfgf dfrrhtyfck`hc{ht m hb hc

49 kh K`z`hgorh khb g`tgf# Thaúc dfct{m kh [mc{hf kh

Dmxkmbht lfrgmkf hc hb k`m kh bm lem# m }xh gh rhg`{f pbf l`rgmgft# ?=48 / ? /=8 ¶


%Khtkh m}x` dfrrhc bft dmraft khb T#*/S Dfc{#*/S k#// Mbhumc'

krf Mr`zm)#

/Mb gmrahc: Dmraf kh <10< y#¹S ? rr#! ?? 'S gmrt# dfrr#*S/

}#* dfrrhtyfc#¹¹ m ht{h _mgf bft <154 y#S ? rr#S ?? {( grt# hc

bm k`t{r`oxt#¹¹ kh 15?4 y#¹S = ( rr#! |mbfr kh 4<8= %S 4 b`t#

kh Phrom p ?<<8 mrr#/ ?; ==#! kh [momdf rhg`{`kmt m ht{mt

Dmjmt yfr hb [ohc`hc{h Fl`z#! _#! khb Ymrmaxmp#!!



‛ 410 ‛

Hc kft kh Fd{xorh kh g`b th{hd`hc{ft th{hc{m j th`t# Yfrmx{f }xh yrf|he`gft Cft k`jf ht{h k`m Cft emdhgft dmraf

kh th`t g`b th{hd`hc{ft cfohc{m p th`t y#¹S kft rr#S |h`c{h pkft th`t kfzh m|ft grt# dfrr`hc{ht bft <514 y#S ? rr#S ?? St

grt# kh hbbft }xh dfrrhtyfck`hrfc m ht{h _mgf hc bm k`t'

{ròxd`ôc }#* lfrgf ht{m Dfc{mkxrçm kh 15?4 y#* = ( rr#!

m }xh mtdhck`hrfc |hck`kmt hc yxob`dm Mbgfchkm 4<8=

mrr#S 4 @t# ch{mt kh Phr|m mb rhtyhd{f kh 0 rrt# mrrf|m p hb

mxghc{f kh 89 y#S kh yxjm rhgm{mkm y& k#// Jye# kh Hdem'

|mrr`m p ?<<8 mrr#S ?; {t# ch{mt kh [momdf Dfbfrmkf m == rr#!

I rhgm{mkf y& k#/ lrmc#!7¹ Dmrc`b`m dxpmt emd`hckmt tfc bmt

}xh rhtxb{mrfc b`}x`kmt kh ;994 I ; {t# kh Phr|m p 4==;

I =0 {t# kh [momdf hc Orx{f }xh rhg`{`ô m ht{mt Dmjmt h`

[ehc`hc{S Fll#! _#! kh bm khb Ymrmaxmp dfgf yhr{hchd`hc{ht

m ht{h _mgf kh \mdmc{ht" mb kh Cf|hcft p mb kh Drxzmkm

M tm|hr: m ht{h kh \mdmc{ht 4?;; I 4 {t# ch{mt kh Phr|mb`}#SSS kh 4;8= I ; {t# orx{f rhomjmkm bm {mrm kh = \f bòrm

yfr mrrf|m p ?444 I =< S{t# kh [momdf b`}x`kmt kh ?888

mrr#* ? @t# orx{f rhomjmkm kh {mrm ? b`t# yfr mrrf|m p ? `&S

{t# hc dmkm y`hzm yfr bf }xh yhtm|m hb {f{mb }xh m bft rhlh'

r`kft yrhd`ft dfc gmt ;; y#* 4 =&; rr#S }xh hc yrfrrm{hf bh

dfrrhtyfck`hrfc kh mxghc{f hc bft 89 y#S kh ghjfrm m bm

Phr|m emdhc bm dmc{`kmk kh <09? y#S < rr#S =< S grt# kh }xhkhkxd`kft ==0 y#S 4 rr#S ?5 grt# }xh àxmbg#*S bh {fdmrfc

yfr yrfrrm{hf hc bft =48 y#S 4 `&S rr#S }xh th dmxtmrfc kh

dft{mt }xhkmc bç}x`kft bft huyrhtmkft <154 y#S ? rr#S ?? Sgrt# p bft =4 y#S rht{mc{ht mb dfgybh{f kh ht{h dmraf hc{h'

rmkft y#*S k#¹ Gmr`mcf Zmrdf yrfkxd`kft kh bm \hc{m kh fdef

{hrd`ft kh Phr|m }xh tmb`hrfc m|hr`mkft bft }xmbht {rmth'

amkft dfc{xo`hrfc ?< mrr#S ch{mt m ; rr#S p th myb`dmrfc m

ht{h _mgf yfr}xh yhr{hchd`hckf m hb g#*// ymr{h kh ht{h ah'

chrf lxh yrhtxgòbh dfrrhtyfckhçbh : Dfgf ymrhdh kh Mx'{ft kh _hgm{h k`t{ròxt#¹¹ p cf{m }xh frà`cmbht t`rohc

kh dfgyrf|mc{ht m }xh cft rhg`{`gft p bf l`rgmgft#

<10</

?/

?? \Q

504= / 8 / 9;

Ghkrmcf ‛ Mb{fbma```rrh ‛ Mr`zm#



459 ‛

Dmraf kh Yhtft dfrr#**S kh m 5 }xh hc{rmc hc ht{m N#S Dmum yfr

DXHC[M khb HmGF KH YhCMT KH DmGM_M KHT #® ? KH Hc#¾ E#S L@C KH

KbZ#h KH =11<#

!SMb gmrahc: Dmraf kh <0; y#£ 8 rr& =1 grt# dfrr#*S }xh

bç}x`kft rhtxb{mrfc m lm|fr kh ht{h Hmgf hc l`c kh K`z`hg'

orh kh =118#/


dmraf dfc{rm g` hb [b`htfrhrf K#// Yhkrf kh Ghkrmcf kh

th`td`hc{ft cf|hc{m p }xm{rf y#S d`cdf rr#S k`hz p t`h{h gm'

rm|hkçt dfrr`hc{ht }xh bç}x`kft rhtxb{mrfc m lm|fr kh ht{h

_mgf hc l`c kh K`z`hgorh kh g`b th{hd`hc{ft th{hc{m p d`c'

df hc bm Mkg`c`t{rmd`ôc hc ht{mt _#S* Dmjmt p hu`t{çmc hc

hbbmt dfgf dfrrhtyfck`hc{ht m hb hc 49 kh K`z`hgorh khb

g`tgf: Thaúc dfct{m khb [mc{hf kh Dmxkmbht lfrgmkf hchb kçm kh bm lem# m }xh gh rhg`{f p bf l`rgmgft

<0; / 8 / =1


/Mb gmrahc: Dmraf kh =99 y#S dfrr#*SS hc{hrmkft yfr k#¹

Mc{fc`f Mbkmf y#// gxb{m }xh th bh `gyxtf hc _#! Yrf|`'t`ôc kh bm Mxk`hcd`m khb K`t{r`{f kh == kh Fd{xorh kh

=118#/

Hc d`cdf kh Hchrf kh g`b th{hd`hc{ft th{hc{m p th`t : Cftemdhgft dmraf kh d`hc yhtft dfrr`hc{ht }xh hc \rk# kh _#!

Yrf|`t`ôc p Mx{f kh ?8 kh Thy{`hgorh kh 18 hc hbbm `cthr{f

hc{hrf hc ht{mt dmjmt hb K#!/ K#¹ Mc{fc`f Mbkmf bft g`tgfthc }xh th bh gxb{f yfr bft thýfrht Yrht`khc{h p Fpkfrht

kh bm _#! Mxk`hcd`m khb K`t{r`{f yfr bm Mtthtfr`m p k`d{m'

ghc }xh k`f dfc{rm krf# p [àrg`cft bhambht hc bm dmxtm

thax`km dfc{rm hb B`dhcd`mkf k#// Lrmcd`tdf Mohbbmchkm

dxpm dmc{#*S th gmckm rhg`{`r m Yfkhr khb _hdhy{fr kh Yh'

cmt kh Dígmrm kh kem# _#! Mxk#* k#¹ Lrmc#*!¹ Mc{fc`f Fr{çz

Dfgf ymrhzh kh kem# _#! Yrf|`t`ôc fl`d`f kh _hg`t`ôc mx{f



' 45= '

kh fohkhd`g`hc{f cf{`l`dmz#¹¹ j hc{hrf }xh hc {ht{`gfc`ft`r|h kh dfgyrf|mc{h m ht{m Ymr{`km m }xh cft rhg`{`gft

p l`rgmgft# =99 / F / F

Ghkrmcf ‛ Mb{fbmax`rrh

%Khtkh m}x` dfrrhc bft dmrtjft khb T#/// Dfc{mkfr k#// Mbh'

umckrf Mr`zm }xh {fgf yftht`ôc kh kef# hgybhf hc =#¹ kh

Gmrzf kh ht{h yrht#** mýf kh =11<)#

SSMb gmrahc: Dmraf kh 89 y#S dfrr`hc{ht hc{hrmkft yfr

K"/ Gmr{`c kh Ofdem Htdr`|mcf yy#S/ kh ht{m D`xk#S yfr

gxb{m }xh ht{h Af|`hrcf `gyxtf kh =99 y#S m k#// Tmc{`maf

Dmt{`bbm bft 89 y#S myb`dmkft ymrm bm Dígmrm kh T# G# p bft

89 ymrm amt{ft khJxt{`d`m yfr b`m|hr hdemkf rmpmt m hb

obmcdf kh xc huyhk#**

Hc |h`c{h p kft kh Mor`b kh g`b th{hd`hc{ft th{hc{m p th`t

Hc |rk# kh mx{f yrf|he`kf yfr hb Thýfr Jxhz Txokhbhamkf

kh Yhcmt kh Dígmrm K#!! Jmd`c{f kh bm [frr`hc{h hc hb

g`tgf k`m > Cft emdhgft dmraf kh d`c}xhc{m y#¹S dfrr`hc{ht

}xh em hc{hrmkf dfcth}&* m kef# Mx{f k#// Gmr{`c kh _fdem

htdròmcf yxob`df kh ht{m D`xkmk g`{mk kh =99 y#S hc }xh

lxh gxb{mkf yfr Khd#S¹ kh ht{h Af|`hrcf kh ?5 kh Gmrzfkhb dfrr#*S mýf k#¹ Tmc{#¹ Dmt{`bbm bft 89 y#S myb`dmkft m bm

Dígmrm kh T# G# p bft f{rft 89 y#S ymrm amt{ft kh Jxt{`d`m

yfr em|hr ehdemkf rmpmt m hb obmcdf }xh }xhkf hc xcmk`bàhcd`m kh mdhy{md`ôc ymrm }xh cf yxk`hth lfrgmbùmrdh

dfc bmt l`rgmt kh Mthtfr p Htdr`|mcf hc bm dmxtm }xh ht{mom

tàx`hckf hc hb Jxtamkf kh ?#¹ |f{f dfc k#// Lmxt{`cf Fr{`z

tforh xcm yfrd`ôc kh Gmkhrmt" Dfgf ymrhzh kh dhr{`l`dmd`ôc

kmkm yfr hb Htdr`|mcf Lrmcd`tdf Jm|`hr Dfcah{ tx lem#

?9 kh Mor`b kh 1< d`{mkf mx{f p hc{hrf m}xh cft rhg`{`gft

p l`rgmgft# 89 – 99 – 99 –

Ghkrmcf ‛ Mb{fbmax`rrh ‛ M1!`zm#



‛ 45? ‛

!!Mb gmrahc: Dmraf kh =18 y#S dfrr&£S hc{hrmkft y& hb

@Wtd#¹¹ kh Af|#/¹ Kc# Jftà Zhczmcf yrfdhk`kft kh bm gxb{mkh 89 y#S }xh hb T#!/! Af|#/// p Dmy#/ Ahc#S gmckf hu`a`r m

|mr`ft @ck`|#¹S kh ht{h Dm|#S¹ yfr cf em|hrth rhg`{`kf hb

[ht{`gfc`f }xh bht y`k`ô#/

Hc {rht kh Jxb`f kh g`b th{ht#/S th{hc{m p th`t# Cft emdh'

gft dmraf kh d`hc{f th{hc{m p d`cdf y#¹S dfrr#*S* hc{hrmkft

yfr hb Htdr`|mcf kh Af|`hrcf k#¹ Jye# Dhczmcf yrfdhk`kft

kh bm gxb{m kh 89 y#S }xh hb T#*// Af|#// p Dmy#/ Ahc#S yfr

Khdrh{f kh ? kh Gmpf khb dfrr#*£ mýf gmckf th bh hu`a`hth

m k#/ Gmcxhb Mc{fc`f Qmrcht" k#¹ lrmc#!!¹ Thaxrôbm" k#/

Gmcxhb kh Omtmo`bomtf k#/ Ohrcmrkf Khambkf k#/ Ghbdefr

Tícdehz Momckhrf" k#/ Hxtho`f kh D`rht p k#¹ Lrmc#*!¹ Mc'

{fc`f Omtmo`bomtf" {fkft @ck`|`kxft kh ht{h Dm|`bkf myb`'

dmkm bm g`{mk ymrm yhcmt kh Dígmrm p bm f{rm g`{mk mbm

txot`t{hcd`m kh bm dmtm kh rhdfa`kmt yfr bm rht`t{hcz`m }xh

e`z`hrfc hc Mdxhrkf kh ? kh K`zorh kh 18 hc rhg`{`r m kef#Thýfr Af|#/ xc [ht{`gfc`f }xh bht em|`m frkhcmkf yfr

yrf|`khcd`m kh ?9 kh Cf|`hgorh mc{hr`fr: Dfgf ymrhzh

kh dhr{`l`dmd`ôc khb g`tgf Htd#/¹ kh Af|#¹¹ dfc lem# kh kef#

k`m 4 kh Jxb`f p hc{hrf m }xh cft rhg`{`gft p bf l`rgmgft#

=18"" 99 – 99 –

=9=0 – 8 – =1


%Tn`



çck`dh mblmoà{`df

@# @UK@DH MBLMOÀ[@DF AHCH_MB

% Dfc omt{mrk`bbm" bft cfgorht ahfaríl`dft p cfgorht kh ox}xht

Mo`yfcht %`ck`ft)" ?5?#

Mkxmcm kh Oxhcft M`rht" tx ht{mobh'

d`g`hc{f : 80#

Mkxmcm kh Bm Ymz" bfdmb: ?8'?<#

Mahc{h L`tdmb kh bm _# Mxk`hcd`m kh

Oxhcft M`rht" khtdxhc{ft kh d`hr{fttxhbkft ymrm tx kf{md`ôc : =08" bFl`"

?99# ?9=" ?;8# ?1<" ?00" 499" 49="

49?# 4=9" 4==" 4=?#

Maxmrk`hc{h dmdemzm" khdfg`tft pyrfe`o`d`ôc kh |hc{m : ?58" ?51" ?55"

4=?# 4=4" 4=;" 4=8#

Mtrxmrk`hc{ht" `gyxht{ft : =;T# =;0"

=8?# =84#

Mbafkôc" b`hczf kh" yrfkxd{f kh G`t`f'

cht : =<5" ?98# ?9<" ?<?" 48<" 41?#

Mbdmombm" khrhdef kh: 0" =9" ?8" ?<";=';4# 51" 50# 09# 0=# =91'=90# ==?'

==4# ==0# =81" =<9" =<=" =<?# =<4"=<;# =<<'=1<" ?9<#

Mbgmdhcht ymrm axmrkmr mrgmghc{ft"h{d#" hc Mtxcd`ôc khb Ymrmaxmp" tx

dfct{rxdd`ôc: ?%<'?9;#

Mbgmdhcht _hmbht" ymaf kh amt{ft kh

lbh{ht kh dmrrh{mt p jfrcmbht kh yhf'

cht : ?=Ç1#

Mbg`rmc{mzaf# _mgf kh" hc{rmkmt : 09"

=<;# =<8#

Mbgfjmr`lmzaf" khrhdef kh : ?0# 09" =81"

=<9# =<=" =<?# =<4" =<;" ?4;" ?58"?5<#

Mb}x`bhrht kh dfdehrm ymrm xc dxyà=1;#

Mcdbmjh" khrhdef kh : ;9';=#

Mrddf: =<?# =19#

M|rhd`lht: =<1#

Mrrhckmg`hc{ft l`ca`kft kh o`hcht rmç'

dht : ;=';4" 0=#

Mrrfpf kh Bxdmt: =?4# 418#

Mrrfbbf kh Tmc Jxmc: =;9# 41<#

Mrrfpf kh bmt \mdmt: =;4" 41<#

Mtxcd`ôc khb Ymrmaxmp : ?94'?9;#

Mxk`hcd`m kh Oxhcft M`rht : 459#

Mxk`hcd`m kh Demrdmt: 49" 44" 45" ;9"

89" 88" 0='04" ?04" 49<#

Mxk`hcd`m kh =, Ybm{m:

|àmth Mxk`hc'd`m kh Demrdmt#

M|hrçmt" khrhdef kh : ?<" ?00#

Mzfaxh" mzfaxhrft# Omcdf kh Mzfaxh'rft : 4?" 55#

Omrmkhrf: =<1#

Omrdm Armckh" yxhr{f : =<=#

Omrrmdmt" gxhbbh : 4=4" 4=;#

Om{mbbôc Gfkhrcf kh @clmc{hrçm" khx'kmt: ?05#

Om{mbbôc \fbxc{mr`ft kh Dm{mbxým" khx'kmt : ?05#

O`dxp: =;8" =;<" =<?" 411#O`hcht kh k`lxc{ft: 49'4?" 09" =89"

=1<" ?09" 498" 49<# 4=1#

O`hcht rmçdht" `gyxht{f tforh bm |hc{m :

0" =9" ?05# \àmth {mgo`àc Mbdmombm#

O`hcht rmçdht" rhabmghc{md`ôc kh tx|hc{m ymrm h|`{mr lrmxkht m bmt _hc'{mt _hmbht: ;=';4" 0=#

O`hcht rmçdht" |hc{m kh : =<<'=<1" 480#\àmth {mgo`àc [`hrrmt rhmbhcamt#

O`hcht rhyrhtmb`mkft m bft `cabhtht

|àmth _hyrhtmb`m kh @cabhtht#

Oxhcft M`rht" Dmjmt _hmbht kh : 4" 40"

<1" 1=" 1?" 1<" ==8'45?#Oxhcft M`rht" Fl`d`mbht _hmbht kh : 4"

;;# 81" 1<" h{d#

Oxbmt kh Tmc{m Drxzmkm" |hc{mt kh488'48<#

Ox}xh yfr{xaxàt myrhtmkf : =45" ?50'

?09" ?00" 4=<'4=5#

Ox}xht yfr{xaxhtht cíxlrmaft : =0'??"

=48" =45" ?51'?09" ?00" 4=?'4=5#

YxOB# Thf# E`t{# 58



45; '

Dmo`bkf kh Oxhcft M`rht: 49'41" ;9"T8" 59" 45?#

Dmjmt _hmbht : |àmth Oxhcft M`rht" Dm'

rmem`jm" Dmrmcamt" Dfrr`dc`dt" Dfdem'

omgom" Dôrkfom" De`bh" De``dx`{f" Jx'

jxp" B`gm" Ghckfzm" G`t}xh" Gfc{h'|`khf" Frxrf" Ymrmaxmp" Ymz %Bm)"

Ybm{m %Bm)" Yf{ftç" Tmb{m" Tmc{m Lh"

Tmc{`maf khb Ht{hrf" [``dxgíc" \`'

bbmr`dm#

Dmbmgxde `{m : ?91#

Dmgyf khb Obf}xhf: @AF" ?=?#

Dmckhbmr`m %G`t`fcht) : =04" =0;#

Dmýmkm kh bm Drxz: =<<" =19#Dmy`bbm khb _ftmr`f: ?08#

Dmrmompm" Dmjmt _hmbht kh : 40" <1" <5"

1;" 18#

Dmrmcamt: 08#

Dmrmcamt" Dmjmt _hmbht kh : 40" 91" <5"

1;" 18#

Dmry`c{hrft kh r`ohrm : =51'=55" ?0<"

4=5#

Dmrrh{mt" lbh{h : ==1"' ?01#

Dmrrh{mt ymrm dfckxdd`ôc kh dmxkmbht:

1=" 1?#

Dmrrh{mt" `gyxht{f m bmt : ?05" 4?5#

Dmtm kh Dfc{rm{md`ôc kh Dík`z:

494"499#

Dmtm kh Gfchkm kh Yf{ftç : 4?" 44" 48"

4<#

Dm{hkrmb" líor`dm kh bm : ;<#

Dmxkmbht p mbemjmt" tx dfckxdd`ôc hc

bft ox}xht kh xb{rmgmr : |àmth [rmct'

yfr{h kh dmxkmbht#

Dmx{`|ft" lfckft ymrm tx rhkhcd`ôc

?05#

Dmpmt{m: |íhth Dfcdhyd`ôc kh Dm'

pmt{m#

Dàkxbmt _hmbht : 0" ?8" ;=" ;<" 8<#

Dhrhgfc`mt kh jxrmghc{f kh fohk`hcd`mm xcm Dàkxbm _hmb : 04'0<#

Dforf" hgomraf p |hc{m kh o`hcht m

Maxt{çc Amrl`mt p txt l`mkfrht yfr

xcm khxkm m bmt Dmjmt _hmbht dfgfmrrhckm{mr`f khb _# Khrhdef kh Mb'

dmombm : =<<'=<1" =<5'=<0" =1?'=1;"

=18'=1<#

Dforf m bft l`mkfrht kh xc yràt{mgfdfcdhk`kf m Dftgh Mboíchz ymrm {rm'

omjft hc g`cmt kh frf kh bm jxr`t'

k`dd`ôc kh Gfc{h|`khf : =#89" =#8;" ?8="

?0='?0?#

Dfdemomc`bg"Dmjmt _hmbht kh

:

40" <1"95" 1;" 18" 4<?" 4<4" 4<;" 4<8" 4<<"

4<1" 4<5" 4<0# 41=#

Dfbha`f kh bft Jhtxç{mt hc Bm Ymz" kht'

{`cmkf m mkxmcm : ?8'?<#

Dfbfc`m khb Tmdrmghc{f: =0'??" =40"

=<?" =<8" ??9" ??=# ?<1" ?95#

Dfg`t`fcmkf ymrm framc`zmr bmt Dmjmt_hmbht kh Tmc{m Lh" Dfrr`hc{ht p \`'

Xmr`dm : =05'=00#

Dfcdhyd`ôc %G`t`fcht):

?=1" ?;8" ?;<"?<?" ?5=#

Dfcdhyd`ôc %Bm)" cm|`f: ?05#

Dfcdhyd`ôc kh Dmpmt{m" yxhobf kh `c'

k`ft gfdf|çht : ?=9" ?54#

Dfcdemt %Bmt)" yxhobf p yxhr{f: =="

=?" ==1" =?0" ?5=" ?5?" ?58" 418#

Dfckxdd`ôc kh dmxkmbht kh k`lhrhc{ht

ymr{ht khb |`rrh`cm{f m bmt _hmbhtDmjmt kh Oxhcft M`rht" dfc{rm{f<4'59#

Dfckxdd`ôc kh xc yrhtf m Ghckfzm?5<#

Dfc{mo`b`kmk khbmt

_hmbht_hc{mt

khbmt Yrf|`cd`mt khb _çf kh bm Ybm{m"

tx {rmtbmkf khb [r`oxcmb kh Dxhc{mtkh B`gm" mb kh Oxhcft M`rht : 45'40#

Dfc{rmomckf: =1" =5" 89' 88" =80=<8#

??=# ?58# ?5<" ?0?" 499#

Dôrkfom: ??8" ?<1#

Dôrkfom" Dmjmt _hmbht kh : 1=" 1?" 49;"

498" 4<4" 4<;" 419#

Dfrrhft" amt{ft kh yfr{h kh dfrrhtyfc'

khcd`m fl`d`mb" h{d# : ?09'?0=" ?04'?0;"

?09'?01#

Dfrrhtyfckhcd`m hc{rh bft lxcd`fcmr`ft

dfbfc`mbhtp

bm thdrh{mrçm khb Khtym'def Xc`|hrtmb kh @ck`mt" `ct{rxdd`f'

cht : =90'==?#

Dfrr`hc{ht: =??" =10" =58" =5<" ?4="

48<" 41?" 414" 41;#

Dfrr`hc{ht" Dmjmt _hmbht kh : =05'=00#

Drxzmkm: |àmth Tmc{m Drxzmkm#

Dxhrft" khdfg`tf : =99#

Dxhrft" khrhdef kh huyfr{md`ôc : 4?9'

4?0#

Dxrmaxmrm: 0<#

Dxrmt kh yxhobft kh `ck`ft axmrmcçht"

yh{`d`ôc kh ymaf rhaxbmr kh txt txhb'

kft: 00#

Dxpf" yrf|`cd`m : =;5" =;0" =8?" =84#

Demcdhbmd`ôc kh xcm l`mczm : ?14" ?1;#

Dempmc{m: 0=" 04#

De`bh" Dmjmt _hmbht kh: ?01#

Dexdx`{f" Dmjmt _hmbht kh : 40" <1" <5"

1;" 18" 4<?" 4<;" 4<8" 4<<" 4<1" 4<5"

4<0" 41=#

Khdfg`tft : =81'=<8# ?=?" ?4;# ?5;'?09"

?0?" ?0<" ?05# ?00" 4=?'4=5#

Khlrmxkmd`ôc m bmt _hmbht _hc{mt hc

bmt |hc{mtkh o`hcht rmçdht : ;=';?" 0=#

Khyôt`{ft hu`t{hc{ht hc bmt Dmjmt _hm'

bht" 4= kh K`d`hgorh =118: ?05'?00#

Khyôt`{ft# _mgf kh : 50" 09" =18" ?T13

?55" ?09" ?0<" ?05'4=5" 480#

Khthr{frht : 44<#

Khtôrkhcht hc Bm Ymz : =91'=90#

Kht{`hrrf m Gmb|`cmt" yhcm kh : 58" 59#

Kht{rxdd`ôc kh bft mt{`bbhrft yfr{xaxh'

tht hc bmt `tbmt khb Ymrmcí : ??9" ??=#



' 458

K`mcm %Bm) lrmam{m kh dfrrff : =;9"?{)1" 4?=" 4?0#

K`hzgft : ;<';0" ?95'?=9#

K`bàhcd`m %Bm)" lrmam{m kh dfrrhf:=?9#

Kfobôc %gfch{bm)" tx |mbfr: ;;#

Kfcmd`fcht kh txhbkft m{rmtmkft m bft

dfc|hc{ft kh bm Ghrdhk p Tmc{f Kf'g`caf : =09'=01" ?1?#

Kf{h kh xcm gfcjm : =0='=0?#

Kxrmzcft |hrkht" yrfeò`d`ôc kh bm |hc'

{m : 499#

Hgomraf kh txhbkft : ?00" 494'49;" 491"

TFT#

Hcl`{hxt`t# ;?" 0=#

Hcdfg`hckmt" yhct`fcht kh : 50#

Hctmph" khrhdef kh : =9?#

Htdbm|ft" dfgyrm'|hc{m : =;8#

Htdbm|ft khdfg`tmkft" rhgm{h kh=81'=80" ?00#

Htdbm|ft" khrhdef kh `gyfr{md`ôc : =40#

Htdbm|ft {fgmkft m bft yfr{xaxhtht?05" ?00" 4=1#

Htdròmcçm kh bm _hmb Emd`hckm" bf'

dmb : ?4#'

Htdròmcçmt yúob`dmt hc Dfrr`hc{ht" rh'

gm{h kh kft : 41?#

ôtdxmkrm kh Kfc Jftà Y`zmrrf" tx

m|`mghc{f : =0=#

Ht{mkf kh bmt Dmjmt _hmbht kh Ghc'kfzm" Tmb{m %Jxjxp) p Gfc{h|`khfhc =115 p kh bmt kh Ghckfzm hc=154: 51'09#

Ht{mcdf kh [momdft | Cm`yht : 5;" Tô'

5<" 55" 00'=91" =90'==?#

Hufchrmd`ôc khb |`rrhp hc dxmclf mb

ymaf kh bm ghk`m mcm{m : 5?'54#

Hu{rmfrk`cmr`ft" _mgf kh" hc{rmkmt mbmt Dmjmt _hmbht yfr ht{h dfcdhy{f"

h{d# : 50" 09# ==5'=;1" ?9<" ?50" 4=4"4=;" 485" 480#

L`mczmt kh lxcd`fcmr`ft : 8<" =?0'=49"

?14'?1;#

Lbh{h kh dmxkmbht m Gfc{h|`khf" ymaf?;0#

Lbh{ht p f{rft amt{ft kh dfckxdd`ôc kh

hlhd{ft khdfg`tmkft m ox}xht yfr'

{xaxhtht: =48'=45" 4=4" 4=;# 4=<#

Lbh{ht amcmkft yfr bmt bmcdemt khb

_hp: ==5#

Lbh{ht kh xcm ymr{`km kh phrom" {mom'

df p b`hczf kh Dfrr`hc{ht" ymaf : ?98'

Lfckft m k`tyft`d`ôc khb Afohrcmkfrp Fo`tyf: ?05#

Lfr{mbhzm %_hmb) kh Oxhcft M`rht"

formt kh bm : ?;0#

Lfr{mbhzm %_hmb) kh Oxhcft M`rht"

fl`d`cmt mbbç `ct{mbmkmt : =<#

Lfr{`l`dmd`fcht hc bm yrf|`cd`m kh Ym'rmcí : 4#

Lxhrft g`b`{mrht : 89'88#

Amomrrôc" dfct{rxdd`ôc kh xc : =51#

Amt{ft kh mkg`c`t{rmd`ôc kh bmt Dmjmt_hmbht kh Ghckfzm# Tmb{m %Jxjxp)p Gfc{h|`khf: 51" 55" 50" 09#

Amt{ft kh dfckxdd`ô`S kh dmxkmbht khbmt _hmbht Dmjmt kh Yf{ftç m bmt khOxhcft M`rht dxm{rf |hdht mb mýf1='1?#

Amt{ft kh htdr`{fr`f p f{rft kh bm

Dfc{mkxrçm Gm|fr kh Dxhc{mt : =10'

=59# =0;" ?94" ?8;" ?1?" ?5;#

Arm{`l`dmd`ôc hu{`!mfrk`cmr`m m xc dm'

y`{íc: ?<0'?19#

Axmbhagp: =?1" =;<" =<?" 418" 411#

Axmbhaxm`jdeú: =?4" 414#

Axmrmcçht %`ck`ft) : |àmth Yxhobft kh@ck`ft Axmrmcçht#

Axhrrm dfc bm Armc Orh{mým : =99'=9=#

Axhrrm dfc Yfr{xamb" ymaf m xc yrf'

|hhkfr: ?<1'?<5#

Axhrrm" _mgf kh %/khrhdef kh axh'

rrm/) : 4=0'4?0#

Axhrrm" _mgf kh" tmbkf kh dmjm" 4=kh K`d`hgorh" =118 : 4=0"

Emomcm %Bm) : ;<#

Efcfrmr`ft kh xc dfy`t{m : ??;#

Efty`{mb kh Oh{bhg`{mt : =;5" =;0" =8?"

=84" =88#

@gyfr{md`ôc kh htdbm|ft" khrhdef kh=40#

@gyxht{f f t`tm" _mgf kh : 50" =;1'

=8<" ?89" ?8<" ?0=#

@gyxht{ft : |àmth Maxmrk`hc{ht" Mbdm'embm" Mbgfjmr`lmzaf" Mcdbmjh" M|h'rçmt" O`hcht rmçdht# Dmrrh{mt" Dxh'rft" K`hzgft" Hctmph" Axhrrm" @g'yfr{md`ôc kh htdbm|ft# @ckxb{f paxmrkmdft{mt" Ghk`m mcm{m# Ghtm'kmt hdbht`ít{`dmt# Gxçmt" Uf|hcft"Ymyhb thbbmkf# Yh{mdmt" Yrhafchrçm"Yxbyhrçmt" ]x`c{mt" T`tm#

@ckxb{f p axmrkmdft{mt" khrhdef kh=??" =?4# =?8" =?<" =?5" =49" =4="

=4?" =4;'=48" =;9" =;?" =;;#

@clmc{m %Bm)" lrmam{m kh dfrrhf: =??"

=?4" 4?4" 4?;#

@ctyhdd`ôc kh ox}xht khb Ymrmaxmp pDfrr`hc{ht hc hb yxhr{f kh bmt Dfc'demt : ?5=#

@ctyhdd`ôc kh {rfymt kh dmrrh{mt pmrr`mt kh g|bmt hc Bxjmc: ?8<#

@c{hckhc{h kh Hjàrd`{f p _hmb Em'd`hckm" tx {rm{mg`hc{f hc dfrrhtyfc'

khcd`m fl`d`mb : <=" 5;'58#

@c|íb`kft" _mgf kh %khtdxhc{f kh txhb'

kft kh g`b`{mrht) : =08" =0<" ?99"

?9=" ??1" ?;8" ?1<" 499'm45" 440"

4;=" 4;8" 4;0#



45< ‛

@c|íb`kft" _mgf kh# tmbkf kh dmjm" 4=kh K`d`hgorh =118: 449#

@c|hc{mr`f kh bft |mbfrht kh bm _hmbEmd`hckm : ?5#

@tbmt khb Ymrmcí : ??=#

Jhtxç{mt" o`hcht hgomramkft" h{d# : =?"

?8" ?<#

Jhtút %G`t`fcht) : =04" ?1=#

Jxhdht kh o`hcht kh k`lxc{ft" txt dxhc'

{mt : 59'4?#

Jxhdht hdbht`ít{`dft : ;<" 8=#

Jxhdht emdhkfrht kh k`hzgft : ;<" ;5#

Jxhaft yrfe`o`kft:

490#Jxjxp: 55" 50" =99" =9=" =94" =9;" =9<"

=91" ==9#

Jxjxp" Dmjmt _hmbht kh: 55'50" 498"

4<?'4<4" 419#

Jxjxp" Fl`d`mbht _hmbht kh: 4<?" 4<4"

4<;" 4<8#

Jxc{m kh [hgyfrmb`kmkht : ?<#

Jxc{mt kh _hmb Emd`hckm : ==" =4" <5"

<8" <1" <0#

Bmcdem myrhtmkm : ?05#

Bmcdemt khb _hp" lbh{ht : ==5#

B`orf kh _hmbht Dmjmt dfc bmt ymr{`kmtkh dmraf p km{m hc {fkft bft rmgftkh bm mkg`c`t{rmd`ôc" ymrm hb mýf kh=11< > hcdmohzmg`hc{f > =8<#

B`gm" Dmjmt _hmbht kh : 4" ?;#

Bçg`{ht" Dfg`t`ôc kh : 81#

B`t{mt ghctxmbht kh {rfym : ?0#

Bfrh{f %G`t`fcht) : =5<" ??0" ?59#

Bxjmc: =<<" ?8<#

Gmb|`cmt %@tbmt): =<" =0'?9" 58" 5<"

?58" ?51" ?55" 4=4" 4=;" 4=8" 444#

Gmr`cm" amt{ft kh : ;" 4;#

Gmr{çc Amrdçm" `tbm: ?9?" ?94#Ghk`m mcm{m" khrhdef kh: 5?'54" 51"

50" ==;" ?9<" 41='415#

Ghk`mt mcm{mt" _mgf kh" tmbkf kh

dmjm 4= kh K`d`hgorh =118 : 41='41?#

Ghk`dmghc{ft : ??#

Ghckfzm: ?5<#Ghckfzm" Dmjmt _hmbht kh : 51'55#

Ghtmkmt hdbht`ít{`dmt : 55" 50#

G`cmt p g`chrçm: 4?" 48'4<" =89" =8;"

?8=#

G`thr`dfrk`m %Bm)" tmh{çm kh T# G#4?1#

G`t`fcht: 00" =?9" =44" =4;" =;<" =<5"=58" =5<"! =50" =0=" =04" =0;" ?91"

?=?" ?=4" ?=1" ?=5" ??;" ??8" ??<#

??1" ??5" ??0" ?;8" ?;<" ?8;" ?88"

?<9" ?<=" ?<?" ?19" ?1=" ?11" ?15"

?10" ?59" ?5=" ?5;" ?0;" ?08#

G`t}xh" Dmjmt _hmbht kh : 40" <1#

Gfdf|çht %`ck`ft) : =0?" ?=9#

Gfchkmt kh frf p ybm{m" tx |mbfr: ;;'

;8#

Gfc{hyçf kh @cahc`hrft:

4;1'4;0#Gfc{hyçf kh @cahc`hrft" tmbkf kh dmjm

4= kh K`d`hgorh =118 : 4;1#Gfc{hyçf G`b`{mr: 50" =08" =0<" ?99"

?9=" ??<" ?;8" ?1<" 440'4;<#

Gfc{hyçf G`b`{mr" tmbkf kh dmjm" 4= khK`d`hgorh =11<: 440#

Gfc{hyçf kh G`c`t{rft : =59" =5=" =5?"

=09" ?=;" ?;4" ?89" 495" 489'48;#

Gfc{hyçf kh G`c`t{rft" tmbkf kh dmjm 4=kh K`d`hgorh =118 : 4<9#

Gfc{h|`khf: ?9" ?=# ??" ;9" ;=" =89"

=8;" ?94" ?=0" ??<" ?;0" ?89" ?8="

?51" ?04" ?0<" 4=9" 4=4" 4?8" 4?<"488#

Gfc{h|`khf" Dmjmt _hmbht kh : 50'09"

=48" =4<" =41# ?00#

Gxçmt : 1=" 1?# =<1" ?8<#

Gxçmt" `gyxht{f m bmt : 0" =9" ?05#

Gxb{mt : ?05" 499" 494" 49<" 491" 4==#

459" 45=" 45?#

Cmxlrma`ft kh ox}xht yfr{xaxhtht : |àm'

th Ox}xht yfr{xaxhtht cíxlrmaft#Charft : |àmth Htdbm|ft#

Cf|hcft" _mgf kh: 51# 50" 09" ?9<"

?95" ?90" 410#/Cxht{rm Thýfrm kh Ofcmczm" zxgmdm

yfr{xaxhtm: =41" ?55" ?50" 4=8'4=<#

Cxht{rm Tdl`frm khb Oxhc Txdhtf" cm'

|`f kh rha`t{rf : =?8" 4?4#

Cxht{rm Thýfrm khb Dmrghc" dembxymdfrtmr`m : =<?" ?4;#

Cxht{rm Thýfrm khb Dmrghc" Tmc Mc'{fc`f p Mc`gmt" zxgmdm yfr{xaxhtm :

=45" ?50'?09" ?00" 4=<'4=5#

Cxht{rm Thýfrm kh bm Dfcdhyd`ôc p TmcLrmcd`tdf kh Ymxbm" zxgmdm yfr{x'

axhtm: =4<" ?51" =55" 4=4'4=8#

Cxht{rm Thýfrm kh Lh %G`t`fcht):

??1"??5#

Cxht{rm Thýfrm kh bm Y`hkmk" zxgmdmyfr{xaxhtm: =48'=4<# ?51" 4=?'4=4#

Cxht{rm Thýfrm khb Y`bmr" dembxym dfr'

tmr`m : ?58#

Cxht{rm Thýfrm kh _habm" lrmam{m kh

T# G# : =49" ?;0"

Cxht{rm Thýfrm khb _ftmr`f" dembxymdfrtmr`m : =<=" =<8#

Cxh|m Dmc{mor`m %Bm)" lrmam{m kh df'

rrhf : =4;" =48" 4?5#

Formt yúob`dmt" lfckft:

?05#Fl`dçmbht _hmbht: |àmth Oxhcft M`rht"

Jxjxp" Ymrmaxmp" Ymz %Bm)" Yf{ftç"

[xdxgíc#Fl`d`ft" _mgf kh" hc{rmkmt m bmt Dm'

jmt _hmbht yfr ht{h dfcdhy{f : 51" 50"

==1'==5" ?9<#

Frf" mgfchkmd`ôc : 4<#

Frxrf: 8" 40# <1" <5# 1;" 18" 0=" 0;"

08" 49<#



451 ‛

Frxrf: D`jmt òhmbht kh: 8" 1# 40" <1"

<5# 1;# 18" 4<?# 4<4" 4<;" 4<8" 4<<"

4<1" 4<5" 4<0" 41=#

Ymdmjht" yrf|`cd`m : 0=# 0<#

Ymaft m bm {rfym" g`b`d`mç-# h{d#" %/t`'

{xmkf/) : <9# =00'?99# ?45" 4<9" 4<?"

TDM" 4<8" 4<1" 4<0" 419#

Ymc{mcf kh Tmg %f Bftm): =;9# 41<#

Ymyhb thbbmkf: 5='5?" 51" 50" =15'=10"

?9<#

Ymyhb thbbmkf" huyhck`f hc =118 : =15#

Ymrmaxmp" Dmjmt _hmbht kh : 4<?#

Ymrmaxmp" Fl`d`mbht _hmbht kh : ==1"

481" 415# 410#

Ymrmcí" yrf|`cd`m kh" lfr{`l`dmd`fcht : 4#

Ymr`m" yrf|`cd`m : 0=" 9;#

Ymt}x`cht : =95#

Ym{maôc %Hb)" lrmam{m kh dfrrhf: ?01#

Ym{rfcm{f _hmb kh bm @abht`m : ;1#

Ymz %Bm) : ?8" ?<" 0=" 0<" 01" 05" =91'

=90# ==?#

Ymz %Bm)" Dmjmt _hmbht kh : 40" <1" <5"

1;" 18" 4<?# 4<4" 4<;" 4<8" 4<<" 4<1"

4<5" 4<0" 41=#

Ymz %Bm)" Fl`d`mbht _hmbht kh: ?8"

==?#

Yhcmt kh mzf{ht" yrht`k`f p gxhr{h ymrmg`b`{mrht khlrmxkmkfrht kh bmt _hc{mt

Yhcmt kh Dígmrm : 45" 50" 09" ?9<" 459'

45?#

Yhcmt kh Dígmrm# _mgf kh# tmbkf kh

dmjm 4= kh K`d`hgorh" =118 : 459#

Yhrcmgexdf: =0#

Yhtf kh Mgàr`dm" tx |mbfr hc gfchkmhtymýfbm : 44<#

Yhtft lxhr{ht" tx |mbfr : ;;" ;8#

Yhtft thcd`bbft" tf |mbfr : ;;" ;8#

Yh{mdmt" khrhdef tforh bmt : ==0" 4=0"

4?9#

Ybmcm gmpfr : 441# 4;;# #4;8#

Ybm{m %Bm) f Dex}x`tmdm" Dmjmt _hm'bht kh : 40# <1" <5# 1;# 18# 4<?# 4<4"4<;# 4<#8" 4<<" 4<1# 4<5# 4<0# 41=#

Yôb|frm" |hc{m kh : =45'=40" =;=#

Yf{ftç: 4?'44" 1=# 1?# 14#

Yf{ftç# Dmjmt _hmbht kh : ?;# 4?# 40# <1"

<5# 1=# 1?# 1;# 18# 1<# 11" 59" ?00"4<?# 4<4# 4<;" 4<8" 4<<" 4<1" 4<5" 4<0"419" 41=#

Yf{ftç" Fl`d`mbht _hmbht kh : ;" ;0" 11"

15" 494# 49;" 49<" 491" 495# 490" 4<?"

4<1" 4<5" 4<0" 419#

Yrhafchrçm ^rhgm{htW" khrhdef kh: ;9#

Yràt{mgf ymrm bm rhdfa`km kh k`hzgft?95'?90#

Yrhtxyxht{f kh axhrrm p gmr`cm : 4;#

Yrfdhk`g`hc{f dfc{rm g`b`{mrht yfr kh'

lrmxkmd`ôc m bmt _hx{mt _hmbht89'#88#

Yrfeò`d`ôc ymrm bft hu{rmcjhrft kh rh'

dò`r ghrdmkhrçmt hc dfctàcmd`ôc?00#

Yrfeò`d`ôc ymrm hb tçck`df khb Dmo`b'

kf kh Oxhcft M`rht kh `c{hr(!hc`r hc

hb Ht{mcdf kh [momdft p f{rft rmgftkh bm _hmb Emd`hckm: 58'5<#

Yrfy`ft kh bm d`xkmk kh Oxhcft M`rht"

_mgf kh : 4<'41#

Yrf|`t`fcht ymrm bm mrgmkm : =0'??#

Yxhobft kh `ck`ft axmrmcçht: 00" =<5"

=58" =5<" =55" =50" =0=" =04" =0;"

?91# ?=?" ?=4" ?=1" ?=5" ??;" ??8"

??<" ??1" ??5" ??0" ?;8" ?;<" ?8;"

?88" ?<9" ?<=# ?<?" ?19" ?1=" ?11"

?15" ?10" ?59" ?5=" ?5;" ?08#

Yxbyhrçmt" khrhdef kh : |àmth Yxbyhrçmt"

_mgf kh#

Yxbyhrçmt" _mgf kh: 51" 50" 09" =11'

=15#

Yxc{m kh Mr{`bbhrft: =<8#

]x`c{mt" khrhdef kh : 50#

]x`rft %Hb)" lrmam{m kh dfrrhf: =;;#

_md`fcmg`hc{f kh xc yrhtf p tx dfc'

kxdd`ôc m Ghckfzm : ?5<" ?09#

_md`fcmg`hc{f kh cíxlrmaft p yr`t`f'

chrft yfr{xaxhtht: =0'??" =45" ?9?'

?94" ?50" ?0;" 4=1#

_md`fcmg`hc{f kh {rfym : =?;#

_mgf kh Axhrrm" _mgf kh Hu{rmfrk`'

cmr`ft" _mgf kh @c|íb`kft# _mgf khT`{xmkft" h{d#" th hcdxhc{rmc omjf bmt

ymbmormt: Axhrrm" Hu{rmfrk`cmr`ft"

@c|íb`kft" T`{xmkft" h{d# ‛ Bm ymbm'

orm rmgf h}x`|mbh gít f ghcft mdxhc{m#

_hmb kh Tmc Dmrbft: =?;" ?=0#

_hdhy{frht kh `gyxht{ft" txt hc{rhamt

m bmt Dmjmt _hmbht: =;1" =;5" =;0"

=8=# =#8?" =84# =#88" =8<# =<1# =19"

=1=" =1?" =1;" =1<" 4?9'4?5" 4?0#

_hd`f" omrr`f hc Oxhcft M`rht : 480#

_ha`g`hc{f kh Amb`d`m : 44<#

_ha`g`hc{f kh Gmbbfrdm" khxkmt : ?05#

_h`c{harf kh k`chrf mkhxkmkf yfr lxc'

d`fcmr`ft m bmt Dmjmt _hmbht : =?="

=?0'=49" =44'=4;" =;4" =;<'=;1" 49="

485#

_hgm{h kh cc ox}xh kh T# G# : =;='=;?#

_hgm{h kh xcm dmtm hgomramkm yfr lm

b`m hc xc khyôt`{f kh o`hcht rhyrhtm'

b`mkft m bft `cabhtht : =?=" 49=" 4#85#

_hgm{h kh {`hrrmt hc Axmbhaxmpdeú414#

_hgm{h kh phrom p {momdf : 481" 410#

_hgm{ht kh o`hcht rmçdht p gxhobht"

fobàmd`ôc kh bft htdròmcft kh kmr

dxhc{m kh hbbft mb Dmo`bkf : ;9#

_hgm{ht kh ox}xht yfr{xaxhtht p kh

bft hlhd{ft }xh dfc{hcçmc : ?50'?09"

4=?'4=5#



45T ‛

_hgm{ht kh hgybhft:

41?" 414#_hgm{ht kh htdbm|ft : =81'=80" ?0Ç)#

_hgm{ht kh `gyxht{ft : ;9';0" =<0"

=11" 4?5#

_hgm{ht kh ghrdmkhrçmt khdfg`tmkmt==1'=45" =<9" =<=" =<?'=<8" ?51" ?55#

_hg`t`ôc kh lfxkfh hc{rh bmt k`|hrtmt

Dmjmt _hmbht | m Htymým : ?;" !G"

40" ;8" ;0'89" ?;0" 494" 498" 49<" 491'

495" 495'490" 4<='41=#

_hck`d`ôc kh dxhc{mt khb _mgf khYrfy`ft kh bm d`xkmk kh Oxhcft M`'

rht yfr bft mýft kh =1<0 m =11<4<'41#

_hframc`zmd`ôc kh |mr`mt rhymr{`d`f'

cht hc Yf{ftç : 4?'44#

_hyrhtmb`m kh @cabhtht" _mgf kh : ?8="

49=" 485'480#

_hyrhtmb`m kh @cabhtht" _mgf kh : tmbkf

kh dmjm 4= kh K`d`hgorh =118 : 4265#

_ht{`{xd`ôc yfr yhc`{hc{ht m bmt _hmbht

Dmjmt kh k`chrf gmb emo`kf : =?<"

=?1" =?5#

_h{hcd`ôc kh txhbkft hc l`mczm kh rh'

t`khcd`m : 8<#

_hp %Hb)" ym}xhof{: <;#

_`mdexhbf: =?" =5;#_`mdexhbf" yxhc{h : =<=# =<?" =<8" ?4;"

?58#

_`cdôc kh Tmc Jxmc: =?;#

_çf Armckh kh Tmc Yhkrf: =4<" =41"

?51" ?50" 4=?" 4=4" 4=;" 4=8" 4=<"4=1#

_çf kh Jmch`rf: =0#

_çf Ymrmcí" cm|hamd`ôc: =?" =4#

_çf khb \mbbh %Tmb{m) : =;#

_ftmr`f" ymr{`kf : ?4?#

Tmdrm Lmg`b`m" lrmam{m ghrdmc{h : =;?#

Tmb{m" =4'=#8"1=# 1?# =94# =9<#Tmb{m" Dmjmt _hmbht kh: 55" 50" 498"

4<?'4<4" 419#

Tmc Dftgh %G`t`fcht) : ?1=#

Tmc Lhrcmckf" lxhr{h" _çf khb \mbbh"

%Tmb{m) : =;#

Tm1` Lrmcd`tdf kh Ofrjm %G`t`fcht)=0=#

Tmc Lrmcd`tdf Jm|`hr %G`t`fcht)?=1# ?;#8" ?;<" ?<?" ?11" ?54" ?5;#

Tmc Lrmcd`tdf kh Ymxbm" ohramc{çc=0" ?9'?=#

Tmc Lrmcd`tdf kh Ymxbm" rhkxdd`ôc kh

`ck`ft:

=58#Tmc Amer`hb" `tbm : =<9#

Tmc Ahrôc`gf %Tmc{m Lh) : ?5?#

Tmc @acmd`f Axmzú %G`t`fcht) : ?=?"

?=4#

Tmc @l`cmkf G`cç %G`t`fcht) : ?10#

Tmc Jftà %G`t`fcht) : ?<9" ?<?" ?11"

?15#

Tmc Jftà" lrmam{m ghrdmc{h : =4?#

Tmc Jftà" cm|`f ymr{`dxbmr : 4?1#

¡

TmcJftà"

tmh{`m kh T# G#:

4?1#Tmc Jftà kh Yffyô: 0;#

Tmc Jfthye p bmt Mc`gmt" ox}xh: ?98"

?9<#

Tmc Jxmc Omx{`t{m %G`t`fcht) : ?59#

Tmc Jxmc Omx{`t{m" omrdf : ==#

Tmc Jxmc Omx{`t{m" cm|`f : =?5#

Tmc Jxmc kh bft _hghk`ft %Dxom) :

;<#

Tmc Bfrhczf %G`t`fcht) : ?<=#

Tmc G`axhb %G`t`fcht) : =0=#

Tmc C`dfbít %G`t`fcht) : =<5" ?91" ?88Tmc C`dfbít" ombmckrm kh T# G# : =;='

=;?#

Tmc C`dfbít" ox}xh dfrtmr`f : =<9#

Tmc Yhkrf kh Gfdf|çht: =0?#

Tmc [dbgf" dembxym dfrtmr`m : =<?" ?4;#

Tmc{m Mgmb`m" lrmam{m kh T# G# : 4?="

4??#

Tmc{m Mcm %G`t`fcht) : ?19#

Tmc{m Dbmrm %Dxom) : ;<#

Tmc{m Drxz %G`t`fcht) : ?19" ?11" ?15"

?5=#

Tmc{m Drxzmkm" Dfg`tmrçm ahchrmb kh59" 488#

Tmc{m Drxzmkm" _mgf kh : 59" 5=" 48;"

481" 410#

Tmc{m Drxzmkm" _mgf kh" tmbkf kh dm'

jm 4= kh K`d`hgorh =118 : 48;#

Tmc{m Drxzmkm" |hc{m kh oxbmt : 488'

48<#

Tmc{m Lh : =?9" =40" =;<" =;5" =<4" ?=9"

?5?" ?54" ?0<" ?00" 48<" 411#

Tmc{m Lh" Dmjmt _hmbht kh: 5" 0" =?;"

=8=" =<0" =11" =00" ?89" 48;#

Tmc{m Lh# yxhr{f : =='=4#

Tmc{m Lbfrhc{`cm" lrmam{m: ?K" ?=#

Tmc{m Bxdçm" %Omckm Fr`hc{mb) : ?0<#

Tmc{m Gmrçm bm Gmpfr %G`t`fcht) :

?=5" ?08#

Tmc{m _ftm %G`t`fcht) : ??1" ??0#

Tmc{m [hdbm %G`t`fcht) : =0=#

Tmc{`maf kh De`bh: ?5<#

Tmc{`maf khb Ht{hrf : 1=" 1?#

Tmc{`maf khb Ht{hrf" Dmjmt _hmbht kh419#

®Tmc`f Ícahb %G`t`fcht) : ?#8;# ?88#

Tmc{f Dr`t{f khb Oxhc L`c p Tmc{m Bx'dçm" ohramc{çc yfr{xaxàt : ?0<" ?00"4=5#

Tmc{f [fgít kh \`bbmcxd|m" cmS!çf khrha`t{rf : 4?=#

Tmc{f [fgà %G`t`fcht):

?<=#Tmc{ft Gír{`rht %G`t`fcht) : ??;" ??8"

T`dmt`dm" yrf|`cd`m : 01#

T`tm" khrhdef kh: =4'=8" 45" 50" =;1'

=8<#

T`{xmkft" _mgf kh ^dmjm ymrm hb ymaf\ amt{ft kh bm {rfym" g`b`d`mt p gm'r`cmW : ;" ==0# =;<# =89# =<=" =00#

?90# 49=# 49?# 4=9# 4==# 44=# 44?#

444" 44;# 448" 44<# 441" 445# 4;="



' 450 ‛

4;?" 4;;" 4;9# 4;1# 4;5# 4;0" 4<9'

41=#

T`{xmkft" _mgf kh# tmbkf kh dmjm" 4=

kh K`d`hgorh =118 : 4%39#

Tfdfrrf hc k`chrf ymrm hb afo`hrcf kh

Oxhcft M`rht : ?;'?9#

Txot`k`ft mb Dfc|hc{f kh Tmc{f Kf'g`caf : ?91'?95#

Txhbkft m{rmtmkft: ;# =5<" =51" =55"

=0r3# =-)<# =91# =95# ?9;# ?9<# ?9<#

?=9" ?==# ?=#J" ?=<# ?=0" ??9# ??="

???# ??4 ?49# 44=# ?44# ?4;" ?48"

?4<# ?41# ?40" ?;9# ?8?# ?84# ?88"

?8<" ?81# ?85" ?80# ?<4# ?<;# ?<<"

?<5# ?<0" ?1?" ?14" ?18" ?15" ?08#

Txhbkft kh dxrmt kh yxhobft kh `ck`ft

axmrmcçht" rhaxbmr`kmk hc hb ymafyhk`kf : 00#

Txhbkft kh fl`d`mbht kh bm _# Emd`hc'km : 55" =09#

Txhbkft" ymaf kh: 5# ;;" ;8# ==0'=?9"

=<=" b#TF'?91# ?=9'?5;# ?04'?08#

Txhbkft khb |`rrhp: 5?'54" ?99'?9?#

Txyhrí|`{ hcdfc{rmkf mb |hr`l`dmr xcombmcdh kh bmt Dmjmt _hmbht : ?<;'

?<8#

Txrrfcht %yh{mdmt) ymrm dfckxdd`ôckh k`chrf : 1="1?#

[momdf : 8=" #8?# =;4'=;;# =<9'=<=" ?=?#

?00" 481# 415" 410#

[momdf" mxghc{f kh yrhd`f : 00'=91#

[momdf charf khb Ormt`b" khdfg`tft

=<9'=<=# ?=?# ?58# ?5<# ?0?#

[momdf charf khb Ymrmaxmp" |hc{m kh

xcm ymr{`km : =;#4'=;=#

[momdft" Ht{mcdf f _hc{m kh : 85" 5;"

5#8'5<# 00'=91# =90'==?#

[mr`lm kh yrhd`ft kh {momdft hc =159:=9;'=9<#

[mr`jm: ?<5#

[mtmd`ôc kh khdfg`tft" efcfrmr`ft mbft {mtmkfrht" h{d#: ?=?# ?4;# ?50#

?09# 4=1#

[`hrrm khb Lgaf: ?05#

[`hrrmt rhmbhcamt" |hc{mt kh : 55# =?9"

=??# =?4" =?1" =?0" =;9" =;?'=;4"

=;8" =;<# 41;# 41#8" 41<" 411#

[ftdmcf %Hb)" cm|`f kh rha`t{rf: 4?8"

[rmtbmkft kh lxcd`fcmr`ft : 8'5" ?1"

4#8;#

[rmctyfr{h kh dmxkmbht kh ymr{`dxbmrht

hc{rh Mgàr`dm p Htymým : <9" <?"

=?4# =?8# =?<# =?5" =49# =4=# =4?"

=4;'=48" =;9" =;?# =;;#

[ròxcmb kh Dxhc{mt kh Oxhcft M`'

rht : `3m5t`3c#

[`úoxcmb kh Dxhc{mt kh Oxhcft M`rht"

bfdmb : =8'=1#

[ròx{ft" hc{rmkmt m bmt Dmjmt # _hm'bht yfr ht{h dfcdhy{f : 50#

[ràf" thof p armtm" |hc{m kh xcm ymr'

{`km khdfg`tmkm : =<=#

[ràf kh bft _hmbht Mbgmdhcht" |hc{m :

4<9#

[xdxgíc: 0" 1=" 1?# =9<#

[xd``gíc" Dmjmt _hmbht kh: =9" 4<?"

4<4# 4<;" 4<8" 4<<" 4<1" 4<5" 4<0"

419# 41=#

[xdxgíc# Fl`d`mbht _hmbht kh : 0" =9"

4<8" 4<<#

[xdxgíc %Hb)" lrmam{m kh dfrrhf:

=4=# =4?# 4?<#

[mdmt# Yxhr{f kh bmt: ?04#

\mdmc{ht" _mgf kh : 50" 09" ?95" 481"415'410#

\mdmc{ht# _mgf kh# tmbkf kh dmjm" 4=kh K`d`hgorh =118 : 415#

\hc{m kh o`hcht rmçdht" rhabmghc{m'

d`ôc : ;=';4# 0=#

\`d{fr`m %Bm)" cm|`f: 4??#

[`bbmr`dm" Dmjmt _hmbht kh:

=00#

Pmyhpú %G`t`fcht) : =55# =50" ?=1#

Pm{mdxm %Dfrr`hc{ht) : =??# 41;#

Phrom gm{f: ==1# =<4# ?00# 481# 415"

410#



@@# çck`dh mblmoà{`df kh cfgorht kh yhrtfcmt

% Hc omt{mrk`bbm" bft lxcd`fcmr`ft rht`khc{ht hc Htymým )

Momrfm Omrrhcm" Gm{çmt kh" rha`kfr;=#

Mohckmýf" Jftà Mc{fc`f : ?;5#

Mdft{m" Ohrcmrkf kh" gmr`chrf : ?09"

4=1#

Mdft{m" Jftà Mc{fc`f kh" yrhtoç{hrf

=??" 41;#

Mdft{m" Bx`t kh" mbdmbkh yrf|`cd`mb41?#

Mdh|hkf" A`!hafr`f : =A1#

Mdem" C`dfbít kh: 14" 4??" 4?'-)#

Maòhrf" lrmp Jftà Gmr`mcf kh" dxrm

?19#

Maòhrf" Yhkrf kh: ?19#Max`rrh" Maxt{çc Dmt`g`rf kh : ;=" ?99"

?;8# 4??#

Max`rrh" Gmcxhb kh" htdròmcf : 49<"

49T" 4<1" 4<5" 4<0" 419#

Mboíchz" Omt`b`m : ?88#

Mboíchz" Dftgh" g`chrf" =89" =8;" ?8="?0=#

Mboíchz" Jfthlm : ?88#

Mboíchz" Jxmcm Gmrçm : ?85" ?80#

Mboíchz" Yhkrf" {hc`hc{h : ?85" ?80#Mbomrhýf" Lrmcd`tdf" gmht{rf kh dmr'

y`c{hrçm : =55#

Mbomrríc" lrmp Lrmcd`tdf Jm|`hr : {h'c`hc{h dxrm : =04#

Mboçc" jGhbdofr : 4?;" 4?<#

Mbkmf" Mc{fc`f" mofamkf: ?04" 459#

Mbhjmckrf" Jxmc" mbdmbkh frk`cmr`f"

=9=#

Mbhc" Lrmcd`tdm : ?==#

Mbhc" Jxmc kh" tmrahc{f : ?==#

Mbgmckfz" Lrmcd`tdf : ?<<#

Mbfctf" Gm{çmt" tfbkmkf : ?05#

Mbt`cm" Jm`gh: 4??#

Mb{fbmax`rrh" Gmr{çc kh" fl`d`mb kh bm

_# Emd`hckm : 8" <#

Mb{fbmax`rrh" Gmr{çc Jftà kh" fl`d`mbkh bm _# Emd`hckm: 8'5# ??" ?1" ;<"

<4" <<" <1" <5" 1<" ==1'45? hc dmt`

{fkmt bmt yía`cmt#

Mb{fbmax`rrh p Ymckf" Bhôc: ==1#

Mb|mrhz" Gmr{çc" dmof kh ym{rxbbm kh|hd`cft : 491#

Mb|mrhz" Tm{xrc`cf Jftà : 4??#

Mb|mrhz Cfaxhrm" Lbfrhcd`f" dmy`{íckh ox}xh yfr{xaxàt : 4=8#

Mbzmam" Gm{hf _mgôc kh" t`{xmk`t{m

ahchrmb: <4'59#

Mbzmpomr# Lrmcd`tdf : =#89" =#8;" ?89"?8=" ?0=" ?0?#

Mbzmpomr" Gmrçm Lrmcd`tdm kh : ??<#Mgmcôbm" K`haf @cfdhcd`f kh" htdròm'

cf : 05#

Mgm{" Gmcxhb kh" |`rrhp : ?<#

Mg`{htmcfoh" Jxmc Ohrcmrkf : ?;9"?;=" ?8=" ?8?#

Mcmpm" Ohrcmrkf Jftà kh" mblàrhz : =0<#

Mcdefr`z" _mgôc kh: =?;" =;5" =<0"=11" ?5?#

Mckfcmhax`" Jftà" mrrhckm{mr`f khb kh'

rhdef kh yxbyhrçm : =11#

M}x`cf" lrmp _mgôc kh : ?<=#Mrmafchtht" Yhkrf" t`{xmk`t{m : 4<5"

419#

Mrmgoxrx" Gmr{çc Jftà kh" fl`d`mb khbm _# Emd`hckm : ==1" =05" =00#

Mrmcm" Gmcxhb kh" dfghrd`mc{h : ?1?#Mrmct" Arhafr`f" yxbyhrf : 4==#Mrdh" Mbfctf kh" fl`d`mb kh bm _# Em'

d`hckm : =?=" #4 9=" 4# 85#

Mrdh" Omr{fbm kh : =?=#Mrhdeh" Jftà Mc{fc`f kh" |`t`{mkfr ah'

chrmb : @FT#

Mraxòhb" Lhb`yh kh" mkg`c`t{rmkfr khk`hzgft : ?90" ?=9# ?54#

Mr`mt p Gmct`bbm" Omt`b`m : ??8#

Mr`mt p Gmct`bbm" Ohrcmrkf" mblàrhz

??8#

Mr`zm" Mbhjmckrf" fl`d`mb kh bm _# Em'd`hckm : ;<" 1<> ==1'45? hc dmt` {f'

kmt bmt yía`cmt#

Mr{hmam" Gmcxhb kh : =<;#

Mr{hmam p Ohrgúkhz" _mlmhb kh" htdr`'

omcf: 01#

Mr{hbm" Mc{fc`f" fl`d`mb kh bm _# Em'd`hckm : =89" ?#8=#

Mrrmtdmh{m" Gmr{çc kh" htdròmcf : =58"

??#8#

Mrrho`bbmam" Maxt{çc: 4?4" 4?1#

Mrrhax`" Gmrçm : ?;?#

Mrr`mam" Mc{fc`f : ?05#



40=

Mrr`mam# Jxb`íc kh: ;#

Mrrfpf" Jxmc kh" tfbkmkf# ?49#

Mrrf|f# Jxmc Mckràt kh" fl`d`mb kh bm

_# Emd`hckm: 5'0# =08# =05" ?89#

?<;# ?<8" 4?0# 484" 48;#

Mrrfpf# Gmrçm Hbhcm kh : ?49#

Mrrf|f" Gàxhb Mckràt kh# t`{xmk`t{m :

#494# 49;" 498# 49<# 495" 490" 4<="

4<?" 4<4" 4<;" 4<8# 419#

Mt{xr`mcf# Jftà" tfbkmkf : ?;5#

M|hbbmchkm# Lrmcd`tdf" b`dhcd`mkf : 459#

M|hbbmchkm# Gmr{çc" dfgmckmc{h : =;#

M|`z# Lhrgçc kh" mbaxmd`b gmpfr: ?00#

4=<# 49;# 491# 495#M|`z# Ymobf : 495" 490M|`z# [fgít kh : 490#

Mpmrzm" [fgít Mc{fc`f kh" dfrrha`'

kfr : 0#8#

Mzdfcm" lrmp Arhafr`f" yrf|`cd`mb kh

lrmcd`tdmcft : ?<9#

Omde`dmf Gmcxhb" htdròmcf : =0<"

?1<#

Ombomt{rf# @t`krf: =<5# =<0" 4?<#

Omb`ýmt" Lrmcd`tdf : 481#

Ombt`cf" Ymxbm : ?98#

Ombb`|`mc# Gm{çmt kh" gmht{rh kh lrm'am{m : =4?#

Omrofzm# Jftà" {hc`hc{h kh afohrcmkfr:

?=4# ??1# ??5" ?49#

Omrôc# Mbfctf" t`{xmk`t{m : 4<0" 419#

Omr}xçc" Gmcxhb: =?4" =?;" =?1" 41;#

418#

Omrrmcdf" Tmb|mkfr khb# dmy`{íc : ?14#

Omrr`hc{ft# Dr`t{ôomb : 480#

Omtm|`bomtf" L`'mcd`tdf Mc{fc`f kh" mb'

dmbkh: 45?#

Omtm|`bomtf# Gmcxhb kh" jxhz kh {`hrrmt

\ mkg`c`t{rmkfr kh dfrrhft : =??#

=?0# =;9# =;4# =;8# ?09" ?0=" ?04#?0<# ?01# 41<# 411" 45?#

Omt{`m{# Yhkrf : ?05#

Ohb{ríc# Ohrcmrkf : ?1#

Ohrbmcam" Jxmc kh" dmy`{íc : =#8#

Ohrcmb# lrm| Jftà" {hc`hc{h kh dxrm

?54# ?5;#

Ohrx{`" Ymobf" htdròmcf: ?4" 40" =9?"

?1;#

Ohrx{`" \hc{xrm : =1<#

Obmcdf# Omr{fbfgà" mblàrhz : ?<<#

Ofkham p Bbmcf" Gmcxhb kh bm# dfrrh'

a`kfr :/ 0;" 08#

Ofrkm# Gmcxhb kh# htdròmcf : =9?# =94#

Of|tf# Hxlrmt`f Jftà" htdròmcf : ??4#

?49" ?44" ?4<# ?81#

Orf`c Dfbfrmkf# Cmrd`tf : ?<8# ?<<#

Oxdmrhb` p Xrtxm" Lrmcd`tdf kh Ymxbm `

kh" afohrcmkfr : <" =8 =<# ?4#!

Oxt{ft" Gmrçm Mc{fc`m : ??#4# `

Oxt{ft" Gmr{çc kh# mblàrhz : ??4# `

Oxt{`cmam# Jxmc kh" fl`d`mb kh bm _#-

Emd`hckm : #8#`

Dmom# Jftà Jfm}xçc kh bm" htdròmcf:?<5#

Amormb# Jftà Bx`t" mxk`{fr kh axhrrm

;0# <4" <<" <1" <5#

Dmormb# Jxmc Gmr{çc : =<4#

Dmorhrm" Lhrcmckf" {hc`hc{h : ?;<#

Dmorhrm# Lrmcd`tdf kh" dfc{mkfr gm'pfr: =8" ?0" 41" <4" <<" <1" <0" 1<"

* 11#

Dmorhrm" lrmp Jxmc @acmd`f" {hc`hc{h

kh dxrm : ?=1" ?;8# ?;<" ?<?" ?5=#

Dmorhrm" Yhkrf: ?;<#

Dmorhrm" Yh{rfcm : ?8=" ?8?"

Dmorh`'m" Thr|mckf:

=4?"Dmbhrm" Thr|mckf kh : ;9#

Dmb|f" Mc{fc`f" tfbkmkf : =51#

Dmbzmkm# Kfg`caf kh bm" t`{xmk`t{m

4<0" 419#

Dmbbht" Jxmc Omx{`t{m" tfbkmkf : ?1?"

Dmbbht" Gmrçm Mc{fc`m : ?1?#

Dmghfom" Jxmc kh : =5#

Dmg`cft# Mgorft`f @acmd`f" htdròmcf :

??=" ?5?#

Dmgyhrf# Jxmc Gmcxhb : =#48#

Dmrmkfr" Jxmcm : =0=" =0?#

Dmrc`b`m" Lrmcd`tdf : 481" 410#

Dmr|mbbf" lrmp Ymobf" dxrm: ?=9#

Dmtmlxz# Thomt{`íc kh" mbdmbkh frk`cm'r`f : =5<#

Dmtmt" Jftà kh" dmy`{íc kh lrmam{m=;;#

Dmtdf" Lrmcd`tdf : =18#

Dmtdf" Gmr`mcf : =18#

Dmtf Frkôýhz" \mbhr`mcf : 498" 49<"

Dmt{mýmczm [frrh" Gàxhb kh" rhdhy'

{fr: =<1# =19#

Dmt{m`çf" Gmcxhb : =<1#

Dmt{`bbm# Tmc{`maf: 45=#

Dmt{rf" Obmt kh" dmy`{íc : 441" 4;8"

Dm{mc`" Mc{fc`f" {hc`hc{h dfrfchb=;<#

Dm|hbbf" Jfthlm: ?84#

Dhrkhrm" Mc{fc`f : ?;?#

Dhrhzf" Lrmcd`tdf : =<;#

Dhrrm{f" Gmcxhb" mblàrhz kh krmafcht=85" =80#

Dhrrf Tíhcz" Gmcxhb khb: 4?=" 4??"

4?;" 4?<" 4?0#

Dh|mbbft# Yhkrf Mc{fc`f kh" |`rrh|

44# 4<" 40" ;9# 89# 88# <1# <5# <0"D`yr`mcf# Gmcxhb" dmy`{íc kh ox}xh

yfr{xaxàt: ?0<" 4=5#

Dbmxthb# Gmcxhb: 4?=#

Dflrh" Jftà Mc{fc`f: 494#

Dfbh{" Bx`t" {hc`hc{h: =55#

Dfbbmc{ht# Bx`t Dhd`b`f : ?08#

Dfcah{# #Jm|`hr" htdròmcf : ?=<# ?=0"

??9# ?4=" ?;;# ?#84" ?85" ?<4" ?<;"

?18" 45=#

Dfc{`# Jftà Ymobf" mthtfr: ?50" ?0<"

4=1# 4=5#

Dfc{rhrmt" Mbfctf" dmy`{íc : ?45#



40?

Dxm{rhrmt# Gmrçm Jfthlm: ?42T#

Dfrrf" Lrmcd`tdf khb" tfbkmkf : ?=9#

?==#

Drhx" Gmr`mcf : =55#

Drch{" Jftà : 5?;#

Dxom" Jxmc Omx{`t{m kh : ?98" ?9A"

Dxhbb`" Yhkrf: =<5" =<-)#

Dxht{m" Gm{çmt kh bm: ==;#

Dxh|mt Charf" Jfm}xçc" dfc{rmomck`t'

{m: ?0?#

Dx`{`ýf" Gmcxhb : =14#

Demdxrrm" lrm| Jxmc [fgít" dxrm

=0?#Dem|mrrçm# Mc{fc`f" gmht{rf dmry`c'

{hrf kh ròhrm: ?0<" 4=5#

Dem|mrrçm" Jxmc Omx{`t{m : ?45#

Dem|mrrçm# Gm{çmt kh : =;=#

De`cmc# \`dhc{h" axmrkm kh bç# Em'd`hckm : ?9?" ?<1" ?5<#

Kí|mbft" Yhkrf Mc{fc`f" fl`d`mb yr`'

ghrf : =54" ?=<# ?;;" ?08#

Kí|`bm# Mc{fc`f : =<;#

Khbamkf" Ohrcmrkf" rha`kfr : 45?#

Kçmz kh \`|mr" Yhkrf" rhdhy{fr : ==1"

=;0" =8<#Kfgçcaxhz" lrm| Lrmcd`tdf" dxrm : ?1=#

?1=#

Kxmr{h# lrm| _f}xh" {hc`hc{h dxrm

?<=#

Kxhbf" Yhkrf Jftà: ?05#

Hdemaòh p Mck`m" Ghbdefr kh# {hc`hc'

{h kh afohrcmkfr: =45" =40" ?5?#

?54#

Hdembhg" Gmr{çc kh: ?<<#

Hdemxmaxd`m" Gmcxhb Lhb`yh kh" fl`'

d`mb txyhrcxghrmr`f kh dfc{mkxrçm :

?;;#Hdehc`}xh" Jxmc kh" rha`kfr : ??<#

Hdeh|mrrçm" Jftà kh : 481#

Hdeh|mrrçm" Jxmc Omx{`t{m" rhdhy{fr

=<<" =19#

Hdeh|mrrçm" Jxmc T`b|ht{rh" dmy`{íc

?9;#

Hdeh|mrrçm" Gmrçm Mc{fc`m : ?9;#

Hdeh|mrrçm" Yhkrf kh" t`{xmk`t{m : 491#

495" 4<1#

Hbçm" Jxmc @acmd`f kh" rhdhy{fr : =?9"

=;1" =;5# =05# ?89" ?<8# ?<<" 414#

Hbfrkxp# C`dfbít kh" {hc`hc{h dfrfchb

=?;" ?=0" 441" 4;8"Hcd`cm" lrmp Tmc{`maf kh# {hc`hc{h kh

dxrm: ?10" ?59#

Hckhpzm" Jxmc Mc{fc`f" t`{xmk`t{m

419#

Hcrç}xhz" @t`krf" dmy`{íc : ?49" ?4=#

Hcrç}xhz# Jxmcm : ?49" ?4=#

Hrmxt}x`c# Jftà: 4?;#

Htdmbmkm# Lrmcd`tdf Mc{fc`f kh: ?=;"

4?<#

Htdfomr" Mc{fc`f:

=<?#Htdf|hkf" Jfrah" f`kfr : 4?" 44" 10#

Htymrzm" Jxmc Gàxhb kh : ?1;#

Hty`cmb" C`dfbít" ym{rôc kh ox}xh dfr'

tmr`f : =<9#

Htyçckfbm" lrmp Jxmc kh bm Drxz" {h'

c`hc{h kh dxrm : ?8;" ?<=#

Hty`cfzm# Mc{fc`f: =1?" =14#

Hty`cfzm" Kfg`caf kh" jxhz kh k`hz'

gft: ?95" ?90#

Hty`cfzm" Jftà kh : ???#

Hty`cfzm" Jxb`íc Arhafr`f : 4?4" 4?<"4?1#

Lhrcíckhz" Ohc`{f" dmy`{íc : =0<#

Lhrcíckhz" K`fc`t`f" mbdmbkh frk`cmr`f :

?=0#

Lhrcíckhz" Jxmc Mc{fc`f" dmy`{íc khox}xh yfr{xaxàt : 4=;#

Lhrcíckhz" Jxb`íc" y`bf{f : ?98" ?9<#Lhrcíckhz" Gmcxhb Lrmcd`tdf" gmht'

{rh kh omrdf : ==#

Lhrcíckhz" Gmcxhb @acmd`f" `c{hckhc'{h kh bm _# Emd`hckm : 18# 11" 15"

59" 58" 5<" =9=# =9?" ==?" ==4#

Lhrcíckhz kh _òmpf" Lhb`yh : =;?"

=;4" 41<#Lhrcíckhz _fjmt" Jxmcm : ?;9#

Lhrcíckhz _fjmt" Gmrçm Jfthlm : ?;9#

Lhrrh`rm# Lrmcd`tdf Jm|`hr" htdròmcf

?98" ?44" ?<0#

Lhrrh`rm Ahrôc`gf" tfbkmkf : ?<5" ?<0#

Lhrrh`rm" Yh{rfcm : ?<5" ?<0#

Lhrrh`rm Lhf" Jftà" htdròmcf : ?1?"

L`mxhrfm" Jmd`c{f" yfr{hrf kh bm Dfc{m'kxrçm gmpfr: =5;" ?94" ?;1" ?8;"

?5;#

Làxhrfm" [fgít kh : =<;#

Làxhrfm# [fgít" yrhtf : ?5<" ?09#

Lbfrht" K`haf" yxbyhrf: 4==#

Lrmcdf" Omb{mtmr : =1=#

Lxhc{ht" Gmcxhb kh : ?15#

Amd`f p M!ít}xhz# Jxmc Gmrçm" {hc`hc{h

fl`d`mb kh bm _# Emd`hckm : 49;# 4<4"

4<;#

Am`czm" Jftà : ?45" ?11#

Am`czm" Jftà Obmt kh: =<<# 4?;" 445#

Am`czm Bôyhz" Mc{fc`f : 4?8#

Ambm`c" Gmcxhbm : ?41#

Aíb|dz" Jftà kh" g`c`t{rf : 5# ?8" ?1"

?5" ?0" 44" 48" 4<" 89" 81# 85# 80"

<9" <=" <?" <<" 19" 14# 10" 59# 5="5;" 58" 5<" 00" =9?" =91" ==;#

Ambbmrkf# Lrmcd`tdf" axmrkm kh _hmb

Emd`hckm: =50" =09" ?84#

Ambbmrh{m" Yhkrf kh: ;4#

Ambbf# Ohrcmrkf" |`t{m kh mkxmcm : ==?"

==4#

Amgofm# Jftà" dfrtmr`f: ?00#

Amfcm" lrm| Jftà kh# {hc`hc{h dxrm

?91#



' 404 ‛

Amrm|# lrmp Jxmc _mx{`t{m" dxrm=04" =0;# ??5# ??0# ?59#

Amrmp p Tmçqhkrm" lrmp Jftà" {hc`hc{h

kh dxrm : ??5#

Amrdàt" @acmd`m : ?80#

Amrdàt" Gm{hf" tfbkmkf : ?r¾0#

Amrdh{h" lrmp Ehrghcha`bkf" dxrm

?11#

Amrdçm# #Jxmc Mc{fc`f" rhdhy{fr : =8=#

Amrdçm" Gmr{çc" dmy`{ýc khb yxhr{f

=54" =55# ?<8#

Amrdçm" C`dfbít" {hc`hc{h : ?9?#

Amrdçm Ohrmzíomb" Gmcxhb" mpxkmc{h

gmpfr kh g`b`d`mt : 44?# 44;# 4;=#Amrdçm kh Hdemoxrr`# Jftà : =55#

Amrdçm Hdemoxrx# Jftà" htdròmcf

?=<" ??8# ?41" ?;<# ?<1# ?08#

Amrdçm Fr{`z" Arhafr`f" dmy`{íc : ?40#

Amrdçm kh Zxòàm" Jftà Jxt{f" htdr`'

omcf : 41?#

Amrhcfbm" Lrmcd`tdf kh : =94#

Amrh{m# Jxmc" ym{rôc kh dembxym dfr'

tmr`m : ?58#

Amrl`mt# Maxt{çc kh# mrrhckm{mr`f kh`gyxht{ft: =<<" =<5" =90# =14" =18"

=1<#

Amzdôc# Obmt" fl`d`mb kh bm _hmb Em'd`hckm : 49<#

A`b p Mb`ymrmam# Lhrgçc kh" dfrrha`'

kfr: 0<" 01#

A`b p Bhgxt# Lrmcd`tdf" dmy`{íc khlrmam{m kh bm _hmb Mrgmkm : 4#44#

Aôghz" lrmp Lrmcd`tdf" dxrm : S<9#

Aôghz" @t`krf: ?<9#

Aôghz# Jftà" dmy`{íc kh `c|íb`kft:

==0# =?9# =44# =4;#

Aôghz" Jftà Mc{fc`f: ?80" ?<9#

Aôghz" @C@mrçm : ?;9#

Aôghz" T`gôc" mblàrhz : ?80" ?<9#

Aôghz kh bm ]x`c{mcm# Mckràt" dmy`'{íc : ?4?#

Aôghz kh Tmrm|`m" Amrdçm" dmy`{íc?<4#

Aôghz kh Tmrm|`m" Gmrçm #Jfthlm : ?<4#Afczíbhz" lrmp Mc{fc`f" yr`fr : ??8#

Afczíbhz" Bfrhczf" htdròmcf : 498#

Afczíbhz" Gmrçm Mc{fc`m : ???#

Afczíbhz" lrmp Yhkrf: =04" =0;#

Afczíbhz" Yhkrf" {hc`hc{h : ???#

Afczíbhz# _f}xh" fl`d`mb kh ybxgm=54" ?;;#

Afczíbhz" Tmc{`maf" htdròmcf : 41?#

Afczíbhz" T`gôc : =<1#Afczíbhz" \`dhc{h : =85#

Afczíbhz" Omy{`t{m" Kfg`caf" dmy`{íc?8<#

Afczíbhz" Omy{`t{m# Lrmcd`tdf" mblàrhz :

?88#

Afczíbhz Omy{`t{m" @tmohb : ?88#

Afczíbhz kh bm Lxhc{h# Ohc`{f : 414#

Afpoxrx" Mc{fc`f : 08#

Afpdfdehm" Jxmcm : ?=9# ?==#

Aròhf" Maxt{`cm _ftm# ?*5" ?49#Aròhf" Yhkrf" dmy`{íc: ?45" ?40#

Axhrrm" Jxb`íc Mblfctf" mblàrhz : ?81#

Axhrrm" Gmrçm _ftm : ?81#Axhrrhrf" Dbhghc{h" htdròmcf: ?<1#Ax`tyhr{" Mc{fc`f : ?00#

Axrrxdemam# Jftà kh : =05" =00# ?00#

Ax{`àrrhz" Lrmcd`tdm Jm|`hrm : ?;5#

Ax{`àrrh:ç" Lrmcd`tdf" dmy`{íc : ?9#8#

Ax{`àrrhz" Jftà" rhdhy{fr: =#84#

Ax{`àrrhz" Jxmc" tforht{mc{h kh bmt

formt kh bm _hmb Lfr{mbhzm kh Oxh'cft M`rht : ?;0#

Ax{`àrrhz" Jxmc K`haf" dmy`{íc:

?;5#Axzgíc" Jxmc T`gôc kh" mblàrhz : ?=8#

Axzgíc" [fgít: ?=1" ?19#

Ehrmt" Ohrcmrkf Arhafr`f kh bmt : ?51"

?55" 4=?" 4=;# 4=8#

Ehrrhrm" Mc{fc`f" cf{mr`f gmpfr khb

fo`tymkf kh Oxhcft M`rht : 488#

Ehrrhrm" Amtymr kh : @FT#

E`cfjftm" Ohrcmrkm kh : ?;;#

E`cfjftm" Jftà" mblàrhz : ?;;#

E`cfjftm" Yh{rfcm kh : ?;;#Ef|rhb %Fohb)# Jxmc Omr{fbfgà" `c'

ahc`hrf: 441# 4;0#Exr{mkf" Dr`t{ôomb kh: b%ç4#

@oíýhz# Jftà Mc{fc`f : ???#

@oíýhz" Ymtdxmb" mpxkmc{h gm|fr : 441"

4;8#

@oíýhz Mrdf# Gm{hf" dfrrha`kfr : 0#8#

@amrzíomb" Kfg`caf kh : =1=# =1?# =1<#

@amrzíomb# Lrmcd`tdf kh# t`{xmk`t{m

4<5# 419#

@ýàf _fbkmc# Jftà" dmy`{íc : =01# =05#

@ràfphc# lrmp K`fc`t`f Jftà kh : ?15#

@tlríc" Jxmc Jftà" yxbyhçf : 491#

@tlríc" Gmr`mcf" dfrtmr`f : =;8# ?05'@z}x`hrkf" Lrmcd`tdf" tmrahc{f : ?;="

?;?#

@z}x`hrkf" Gmrçm : ?;=# ?;?#

@z}x`hrkf khb Dmxkmb" Amtymr : ?<<#

[m}xht# Jxb`íc : =<1#

Jmxrhax`" lrmp Kfg`caf" yrfdxrmkfrkhb dfc|hc{f kh Tmc Lrmcd`tdf : ?15#

J`gàchz khb Dmt{`bbf" Lrmcd`tdf" {h'

c`hc{h : ?#84#

Jxírhz" Gàx!çb" `cahc`hrf: 44<# 4;5"

4;0#

Bmomrkhc" Jxmc Gmcxhb kh# {hc`hc{h

ahchrmb" mxk`{fr kh axhrrm : =5=# ?;?#

?;4# ?04" 4=1# 489" 48=# 4#84#

Bmgmt" Ohrcmrkf Tmcdef: 4?=#

Bmgmt# Jxmc kh# fl`d`mb kh ybxgm : ==1"

=10# =59" =54# ?=?# ?;4#

Bmgmt" Jxmc Gmcxhb kh# dfg`t`fcmkf

rhdmxkmkfr : 4?9# 4?=# 4??# 4?4# 4?;"

4?8" 4?<# 4?1# 4?5# 4?0#



40; '

Bmr`t kh \mbbhjft" Jmd`c{f" tfbkmkf" ?<;#Bmrrmzíomb" Gmrdft Jftà kh" dfrfchb

441" 4;8#

Bmrrmzíomb" [fgmtm: 494" 49;" 495"

490#

Bmrrhm" Ohrcmrkf Tmcdef kh" tçck`df

yrfdxrmkfr : 58" 5<#

Bmt{rm" Omr{fbfgà kh bm" ym{rôc kh

bmcdem: ?;0#

Bmzdmcf" Dm{mb`cm : ?4<#

Bmzdmcf" Jxmc Ícahb" mkg`c`t{rmkfrahchrmb kh bft yxhobft kh `ck`ft axm'

rmcçht : =0=" ?91" ?=?" ?=4" ??<" ??1"

??5" ??0" ?1=" ?10" ?59#Bhdf}" Ohrcmrkf" `cahc`hrf : 441" 4;0#

Bh`|m" Jxmc kh# tmrahc{f kh krmafcht=<;#

Bhcaxmt" Mc{fc`f : =<;#

Bhôc# Bxdmt kh" htdròmcf : 05#

Bhrkm Y`c{hrf" Mgorft`f" mbdmbkh khb

dr`ghc : ==;#

Bhpht" Kfg`caf" jxhz dfg`t`fcmrbf

?4?#

Bhz`dí" Jxmc kh : 4??" 4?;" 4?5#

Bhz`dm" Jxmc Jftà : =0?#

Bôyhz Dmghbf" Jxmc : ?81# ?85#

Bôyhz Dmghbf" Tmo`cm" ?81#Bôyhz Bxyhraxhr" Jftà" f`kfr : 0?" 04"

49<#

Bôyhz Gmr`cf" Gmcxhb" tfbkmkf : =;8#

Bôyhz [hgyrmkf" Kfg`caf : 490#

Bôyhz kh \hbmzdf" Jxmc [fgít : ?05#

Bfrhm" @t`krf : =<<#

Bfr`m" [fgmtm kh : ?41#

Bfpzm" Gm{hf kh" mblàrhz : ?=0#

Bfzmcf Mbg`rôc" {hc`hc{h kh afohrcm'

kfr: =??#

Bxdhrf" lrmp Mtdhcd`f" {hc`hc{h kh

dxrm : =55" =50#

Bbôrhc{h" Jftà kh Tmc Yhkrf:

=18" =5<"4?1#

Bbôrhc{h _fghrf" \hc{xrm: 4?=" 4??"

4?;" 4?5#

Bbmcf" Lrmcd`tdf" dmy`{íc kh lrmam{m

=;9#

Bbmcf" Jftà Mc{fc`f" dmy`{íc kh lrm'

am{m: =4;" =48#

Gmd`hb" lrmp Kfg`caf" dxrm : ?10#

Gmdemkf" Lrmcd`tdf : 81#

Gmbkh" Yhkrf : =85" =80#

Gmbbm" Ymxbm Dm{mb`cm kh : =01" =05#

Gmbbmr`m" Jxmc kh" armc dmcd`bbhr kh bmmxk`hcd`m kh Demrdmt : 04#

Gmctmchkm# Lrmcd`tdf" htdròmcf" 01#

Gm}xhkm" Kfg`caf : ?#8<#

Gmrdeh# Jfthlm : ?=0#

Gmr`mdm" Yhkrf kh" htdròmcf : 01" ==4#

Gírgfb" Jxmc khb : =?4#

Gír}xhz" [fgít: ?9;#

Gír}xhz kh bm Ybm{m" Lhrcmckf" l`t'

dmb: =90#

Gmr{çchz# Mc{fc`f:

=0=#Gmr{çchz" Jxmc" mkg`c`t{rmkfr kh t`'

tm : =4#

Gmr{çchz" Jxmc Ht{homc" mbdmbkh frk`'

cmr`f : ?4=" 41?" 414#Gmr{çchz" Jxmc Gm{hf" mkg`c`t{rmkfr

kh g`t`fcht : =0=#

Gmr{çchz kh @omrrm" Bhôc : =??" 41;#Gmr{çchz kh Jhrhz" Jxmc" dmy`{íc : ?4<#Gmr{çchz Bhrkf" Hxahc`f : ?=0#Gmr{çchz kh Fdemam|`m" Gmcxhb" mkg`'

c`t{rmkfr kh ymyhb thbbmkf : =15" ?<9"?<?#

Gmr{çchz kh \hbmzdf" Yhkrf:

??8#Gm{mt`h{h" \`dhc{h : =<?#

Gmpkmc" Gàxhb : 480#

Gmpkmcm# lrmp Maxt{çc" {hc`hc{h kh dx'rm : ??<" ??1#

Gmu`g`b`mcf" Hcr`}xh" tfbkmkf : ???#

Ghk`cm" Mc{fc`f" {hc`hc{h fl`d`mb khbm _# Emd`hckm : =?;" =?8" =;5" =<0"=11#

Ghk`cm" Lrmcd`tdf : =;4# =;;#Ghk`cm" Lrmcd`tdf" dmy`{íc : =0<#

Ghkrmcf" Yhkrf" fl`d`mb kh bm _# Em'd`hckm : 8" ??" ;<" <<> ==1'45? hc

dmt` {fkmt bmt yía`cmt#Ghbô" Jxmc kh : ?==#

Gàckhz" lrmp Amor`hb" dfgymýhrf khdxrm : ?11#

Ghck`cxh{m" Jftà" rhdhy{fr : =1;" ??;"

?89#

Ghr`cf" Jftà" gmht{rh kh lrmam{m : =4="=4?#

Ghuçm Dmrrh{f" Jftà Gmrçm" dfgmckmc'{h : ?5=#

Gfmt" Yhkrf" fl`d`mb yr`ghrf : ==5" =5?"?;4#

Gfbmt" Jxmc kh : =55#

Gfbhrf" K`haf T`gôc:

=<1#Gfb`cm" lrmp Omr{fbfgà" dfgymýhrf kh

dxrm: ??;# ??8#

Gfb`cm" Jftà kh" dfrfchb : 444# 44;#Gfcf{h" Jfm}xçc" dmy`{íc : ?0;#

Gfc{mým" Hctho`f" fl`d`mb txyhrcxgh'rmr`f : =54#

Gfc{hcharf" Jxmc Mc{fc`f" mblàrhz

?;?#

Gfczôc" Gmrçm : ?4;" ?48#

Gfrmbht Mbfctf" dmof kh htdxmkrm?<4#

Gfrmbht" Lhb`d`mcf" dmrrh{hrf : ?5<#

Gfrmbht" Gmcxhb" mblàrhz : ?#8?#

Gfrmbht" Gmrçm Mc{fc`m: ?8?#

Gfrmbht# [fgít" mblàrhz: ?;9" ?;=#

Gfrh`rmt" Lbfrhcd`f Mc{fc`f kh# {h'

c`hc{h ahchrmb mxk`{fr kh axhrrm

?=;" 4#8?#

Gfrh`rmt# #Jmdfof #Jftà kh: ?=;#

Sbfrhcf Mraxgftm# Gmcxhb" fl`d`mb khybxgm: =54" ?;4#

Gft" Jfm}xçc" dfrrha`kfr : 04" 0;#



' 408

Gfzdftf" Jxmc : =<4#`çf```m`c" Jxmc Arhafr`f kh: 89# 8;#

Gxýfz" K`haf" ym{rôc kh bmcdem : 4?8#

Gx{`t" Lrmcd`tdf Mc{fc`f : =?0" 418#

Gxz}x`z" Gàxhb kh" thdrh{mr`f kh ht'

{mkf : 89#

Ch`rm# C`dfbít kh# mblàrhz : ?<D#

Cúýhz" Yhkrf" htdròmcf : ?48#

Formkfr# Gmrçm Bxd`mcm : =40#

Fdmgyf# Gàxhb kh : ?=8# ?40#

Fdefm" Jftà kh" dmy`{íc : ?80" ?<9#

Fb`khc# Lrmcd`tdf" gmht{rf dmry`c{hrfkh ròhrm : ?0<# 4=T#

Fb`|hr" lrmp Mc{fc`f : =?1" =?5#

Fbgft" Jxmc Bx`t : ?<4#

Fým# [fgít kh : =01#

Froh# Jftà" mrrhckm{mr`f kh `gyxht{ft

4?5#

Fr{`z" lrmp Ofc`lmd`f" dxrm : =58#

Fr{`z" Lmxt{`cf: 45=#

Fr{`z# Lrmcd`tdf Mc{fc`f" rhdhy{fr kh

yhcmt kh dígmrm : 459#

Fr{`z kh Bmckmzxr`" [fgmt: 4=# 4?#

Ymofc" Jhrôc`gf" mblàrhz : =5<#

Ymofc# Jxmc Jftà : =5<#

Ymdehdf" Mc{fc`f" mblàrhz : ??4" ??;#

Ymdehdf" Jftà" l`tdmb# <1#

Ymdehdf" Jftà Jfm}xçc" yrf|`cd`mb kh

bft kfg`c`dmcft : ?91# ?95# ??;" ??8#

Ymdehdf# Gàxhb" mblàrhz: ??4" ??;#

Ymdehdf# _ftm ??4#

Ymdehdf# [fgít kh K`haf" fl`d`mb yr`'

ghrf kh dfc{mkxrçm : =50#

Ymbmd`ft# Jxmc" mkg`c`t{rmkfr kh t`'

tm : =4#

Ymbmd`ft" Jxmc Lrmcd`tdf" {hc`hc{h

?41#

Ymbmd`ft# Gàxhb" tmrahc{f : ?44#

Ymbmd`ft# Yh{rfcm : ?44#

Ymbmd`ft" _mgôc : ?41#

Ymckf" Mc{fc`f kh" dmy`{íc : ?08#

Ymckf p Ym{`cf" Mj`{fc`f kh" mblàrhz

?08#

Ymt{fr" Mbfctf : ?05#

Ymz kh Dfkhr`zf# Mckràt : =48#

Yhbb`zm# Kfg`caf : ?<5#

Yhým# Mbfctf @t`krf kh bm : ?<0" 4?<#

Yhýmbom" lrmp Jxmc Mtdhcd`f# dxrm?54#

Yhýmbohr# Mc{fc`f : 41?#

Yhrmbht# Gmr{çc : =45" =40#

Yhrh`rm" lrmp Lrmcd`tdf" dxrm : ??0#

Yhrh`rm" Jftà" rhdhy{fr : =8?# =88#

Yhrh`rm# Jxmc _`dmrkf" dmy`{íc kh om'}xh yfr{xaxàt : ?50" 4=1#

Yàrhz" Mbfctf" dmy`{íc : ?=<#

Yàrhz# Kfg`caf: =14# ?1;# ?18#Yàrhz# Lrmcd`tdf" {hc`hc{h kh afohrcm'

kfr : ?=1" ?1=# ?59#

Yàrhz" Jxmc : 499#Yàrhz" lrmp Jxmc @acmd`f" {hc`hc{h kh

dxrm : ?5=#

Yàrhz" Yhkrf : 494#

Yàrhz kh Mrdh# Jxmc Hctho`f : =?0" =49#

Yhtfm# lrmp Tmc{`maf" {hc`hc{h kh dx'

rm : =5<#

Yh{`tdf" Gm{hf" dfc{mkfr kh bm _# Mr'

gmkm : ?9#

Y`hkrm" Jxmc kh bm" fl`d`mb kh bm _# Em'd`hckm : =0#

Y`g`hc{m" Jftà" mblàrhz : ?18#

Y`g`hc{m" Jftà Mc{fc`f : ?18#

Y`chkm" Amtymr kh# {hc`hc{h : ?1;" ?18#Y`chkf# Maxt{çc Lhrcmckf kh# afohr'

cmkfr : =?=" =08" =0<# ?9;" ?1<# 499#

4==" 4=?" 449" 441" 445" 440" 4;8"

4;<#

Y`cf" Ohrcmrkm Bx`tm khb : ??=# ?8<#

Y`cf" Kfg`caf khb" mblàrhz : ??=#

Y`cf# Jfm}xçc khb# afohrcmkfr : 49=#

49?# 4=9" 44=# 448" 4;1" 4;5#

Y`zmrrf" Jftà : =0=#

Y`zmrrf# Yhkrf : =?=#

Y`zmrrf" Thomt{`íc" dmy`{íc: =40# ?<0"

?19#

Ybmcht" Gàxhb: =?0" =49" =;=#

Ybmzm# Amtymr kh bm" {hc`hc{h kh afohr'

cmkfr : ?59#

Yftmkmt" Jxmc Mkr`íc" tfbkmkf : ?4=#

Yftmkmt# Lhb`yh Tmc{`maf# ?4=#

Yfzf" Mbfctf" ehrgmcf lrmcd`tdmcf

=?1" =?T#

Yr`h{f \ Yxb`kf" Lmdxckf kh : =;9# ?0?"41<#

Yxdeh# Jxmc Jftà" gmht{rh kh ox}xh=;1#

Yxdeh{m" Tmc{`maf" {hc`hc{h fl`d`mb khbm _# Emd`hckm: 498" 4<4#

Yxhr{mt p \mbhcd`m" Kmg`íc" htdròm'

cf: 05#

]xmkrm# Jftà kh bm# mkg`c`t{rmkfr ah'

chrmb kh bm _hc{m kh [momdft : =9="=9?# =9;# =9<# =91" ==9" ==?#

]xhtmkm" Mc{fc`f Jftà : =1=" =1?" =1<#

]x`c{mcm# Gmcxhb kh bm# ht{mk`t{m

49;" 495#

]x`c{hrft" E`yôb`{f" htdròmcf : 05#

]x`ýfcht# Mc{fc`f" htdròmcf : 05#

]x`rfam" Ohrcmrkf: ?45" ?40#

_mgmbbf" _f}xh" fl`d`mb kh ybxg#` : =54#

?;4#

_mgçrhz# Dmt`g`rf" ym{rôc kh dembxym

dfrtmr`m : =<?" ?;4#

_mgçrhz# Gmramr`{m : ?=0#

_mgçrhz# Yhkrf" {hc`hc{h : ?=0#

_mgçrhz kh Mrhbbmcf" Jxmc" {hc`hc{h

?4?# ?m4#

_mgçrhz kh Mrhbbmcf# JBcrçm : ?4?" ?44#

_mgft" Díck`kf" dfc{mkfr gmpfr: 0"



40< ‛

=1" ?4" =5?# =5;# =05" ?94" ??;" ?8;"?A8" ?14" ?5;" 4?0" 48=#

b`mgft kh Làxhrfm" Jftà : ==;#

_mpm" Gàxhb kh bm" mblàrhz : ?49#_h{xdeh" Jftà Mc{fc`f : ==;#_hpht" lrmp Omr{fbfgà kh bft" dxrm :

?5?#

_hpht# Amtymr kh bft" tfbkmkf : ?48#_hpht" _mlmhb kh bft" rhdhy{fr : =1="

=1?#

_hpht kh \hrm" Jftà Gmr`mcf" htdr`'

omcf: 0<#

_òm Ehrrhrm# #Jxmc L`'mcd`tdf kh bm"

tmrahc{f gmpfr: =8=" =<4" ?=9" ??="441" 4;8" 4;9#

_`hrm" Jftà : 4?9#

_`foff Gmcxhb" ym{rôc kh dembxym dfr'

tmr`m : =9?" ?4;#

_`|mkm|`m" Jftà kh" mbaxmd`b gmpfr khbmt _hmbht Dmjmt p {htfrhrf kh Tmc{mDrxzmkm: =59" =5=" 489" 488" 480#

_`|hrm# _mgôc" f`kfr : 04#

_fdem" Gmcxhb Lrmcd`tdf kh" fl`d`mb khybxgm txyhrcxghrmr`f : =54" ?;;#

_fdem" Gmr{çc kh" htdròmcf : ?=8"?40" ?#8?" ?89" ?<;" 45=#

_fkrçaxhz" lrmp Mc{fc`f" yrfdxrmkfrkh Tmc{f Kfg`caf : ?1=" ?1?#

_fkrçaxhz# Dhlhr`cf" fl`d`mb kh lmd{f'rçm : =54" ?;;#

_fkrçaxhz" Lrmcd`tdf" mpxkmc{h gmpfrkh `clmc{hrçm : ='?;" 4==#

_fçbrçaxhz" Jxmc Hxahc`f" htdròmcf95" 90" 19#

_fkrçaxhz" Jxmc [fgç`t kh : =94#

_f{brçaxhz" Jxmcm Gmrçm kh : ?4A#_fkrçaxhz" lrmp T`b|ht{rh: =?9" =?1#_fkrçaxhz Yhým" Jxmc" dmy`{íc : ?<0#_fkrçaxhz Yhým" Gmrçm Ht{mc`tbmkm

?%:ç0>

_fkrçaxhz Tfbçt" Jftà" dmy`{íc kh lrm'

am{m : =??# =?4#

_fkrçaxhz kh bm \ham" Gmcxhb" dmy`'{íc : =?=" =08" ?94" ?9;" ?19" 49="480#

_fjmt" Mgmkfr kh" dmy`{íc : ?;9" ?;;#

_fjmt" Gmrçm [fgmtm kh : =85" =80#_fbôc" lrmp Jmd`c{f" dxrm : ?=9" ?=1#

_fghrf" K`haf" tmrahc{f : ?41#

_fghrf" Lrmcd`tdf Jftà" dfckht{mobhkh mr{`bbhrçm : =01#

_fghrf" Gmrçm [hrhtm : ?41#

_fghrf" [fgít: ;0#

_ff" Jftà Gmrçm kh" fl`d`mb kh ybxgm=54" ?;4#

_ff p Fbghkf" Dfrchb`f Gm{çmt kh" fl`'

d`mb gmpfr kh dfc{mkxrçm : =59" ?90"?49" ?4=" ?;=# ?50# 4=1#

_ft" Jxmc Mckràt: 4?=" 4?;#_ftm" Jxmc Mc{fc`f kh bm" dmy`{íc

?99" ?91#

_ftm @|ôyhz" Jxmc kh bm : ?;;#

_fty`bbft`" Jxmcm:

=44" =4;_fzf" Gàxhb" gmht{rh kh jmrd`m kh bm

_hmb Mrgmkm: 4=1_fzf" Umrd`tm : ?14" ?1;_fzf" Ymobf" dfg`tmr`f kh gmr`cm" ?14

?1;#

_xo`f" Omr{fbfgà" dmy`{íc : ?95#_xo`f" Gmrçm Hbhcm: ?95#_x`z" Lrmcd`tdf" dfc{rmomck`t{m : ?0?#_x`z kh Bxcm" Jxmc" t`{xmk`t{m ahch'

rmb : 95#

_xpbfom" Lrmcd`tdf : ?91#

Tícdehz" Jftà [fgít" mkg`c`t{rmkfrahchrmb kh bm _hc{m kh [momdft:=94" =9;" =99#

Tícdehz" Yhkrf" dmy`{íc : =01#Tícdehz" _f}xh" dfc{rmomck`t{m : ?0?#Tícdehz Momckhrf" Ghbdefr : 45?#Tícdehz khb Dmt{`bbf" lrmp Jftà Lhb`'

yh" dxrm: ?=5" ?0;" ?08#Tícdehz khb Dmt{`bbf" _f}xh" dxrm

?=4#

Tícdehz kh bm Gmkr`k" Kfg`caf : =01#Tícdehz kh \hbmzdf" Gmrçm : =0;" =08#Tícdehz kh \hbmzdf" Gàxhb" dmy`{íc :

=0;" =08#Tíhcz" Gàxhb: 4?=" 4??" 4?;" 4?<#Tíhcz" Gàxhb" gmht{rh kh lrmam{m

=49" ?;0#

Tíhcz" _xkhd`ckf" txo{hc`hc{h: 441#4;8#

Tmamr`" Maxt{çc" gmht{rf kh dmry`c'{hrçm: =55#

Tm`g kh _forhkf" Ymobf" htdròmcf=94" =9;#

Tmbmt# K`haf kh" {hc`hc{h kh rhp : =?9"=?1" 499" 491" 441" 4;8#

Tmbmt" Gmrçm kf: ??4#

Tmb`cmt" Jxmc Gmcxhb: =58#

Tmb`cmt" l`'mp Bfrhczf : ?=?#Tmc Jxmc# Omr{fbfgà kh" mpxkmc{h

gmpfr kh krmafcht : ?9?" ?94#Tmc Gmr{çc Dxh{f" Gàxhb kh: ==" ?<"

4=" 4?" ;4" ;0" 81#

Tmcar`ht" Lrmcd`tdf kh" mkg`c`t{rmkfrahchrmb kh bft yxhobft kh `ck`ftaxmrmcçht : ?9?#

Tmcgmr{çc" Jxmc" mpxkmc{h gmpfr kh`clmc{hrçm: ?0?#

Tmcgmr{çc" Jxmc @acmd`f : =91#

Tmcgmr{çc" _f}xh: =<<# =14#

Tmc{m Gmrçm" lrmp Mc{fc`f kh : =58#Tmc{ft" Jxmc kh bft : 499#

Tmc{ft" Gmcxhb kh bft" yfr{xaxàt : ?00#

Tmc{xdeft" Bfrhczf : =;9" 419Tmcz# Lrmcd`tdf kh Ymxbm" k`rhd{fr ah'

chrmb kh bm _hc{m kh [momdft : 85#

Tmrm|`m" Gmramr`{m : ?9<#

Tmrrm{hm" Gmr{çc kh: ??<#

Tmpmaf" G`dmhbm : ?40#

Thomt{`mc`" \`dhc{h: =91#



‛ 405 ‛

Zmrmzm" Jm|`hr Tm{xrc`cf : 4?=" 4?T"4?0#

Zmrmzúm" Jftà" dmy`{íc : ?1?#

Zmrdf %Zmcdf)" Gmr`mcf: =9?# =<8#

=18" ?09" ?0;" 410#

Zhor`íc" Lrmcd`tdf \`dhc{h" mkg`c`t'{rmkfr kh t`tm : =4#

Zhczmcf# Jftà" htdr`omcf : =08" ?8?"

490# 45?#



çck`dh ahchrmb

MkR'hr{hcd`m

Y_@GH_M YM_[H

HUYHK@HC[HT KH _HMB EMD@HCKM

Yía#

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yhtft }xh T# G# mxghc{f xb{`g#/ m bft th`td`hc{ft g`b" }xh ht{momc

thýmbmkft kh T`{xmkf ymrm m}xhbbmt Dmumt" cf txlrmamc bmt drhd`kmt

k`mr`mt m{hcd`fcht kh m}xhbbm Yrf|#/ p txhbkft m{rmtmkft" dfgf mdrh'k`{m hb Yrhtxyxht{f" }xh {`hch k`rà`kf" t`c dfgyrhehckhr hb _mgfkh Gmr`cm" }xh dfctxgh dhrdm kh ]xm{rfd`hc{ft g`b yhtft p }xh t`

ht{ft th emc kh huà`r" kh bft th`td`hc{ft" p d`c}xhc{m g`b" khb t`'

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mc{hr`fr 1

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p }xh tx [hc#*£ dfc{`cxà dfc hb g`tgf afzh }xh em ht{mkf emt{m

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kh bm {rfym kh bm lrfc{hrm# Y`kh }xh th bh r`ckm dxhc{m kh bm hjh'

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Ot# Mt#" dfc hb Dfc{mkfr" humg`chc t` tfc txl`d`hc{ht bft gf{`|ft kh

xc kxhýf kh omrdf ymrm }xh th bh hu`gm kh {fdmr hc Tmc{m Lh# lxc'

kmkf hc }xh pm tm{`tlmdçm bft khrhdeft hc hb yxhr{f kh mrròmkm" f

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‛ ;99 ‛

Yía#mýf =119# ‛ Myrfomkm yfr hb dfc{mkfr kh bm Mxk`hcd`m _hmb kh

Dxhc{mt kh Oxhcft M`rht =4

C#/ 5# ‛! Hb dfc{mkfr gmpfr" kfc Dmck`kf _mgft" th k`ràh mb afohr'

cmkfr \hr{`z `ct`t{`hckf hc hb yhk`kf kh bfdmb ymrm hb [ròxcmb kh

dxhc{mt =8

C#/ 0# ‛ _hmb frkhc ymrm }xh {fkft bft hgybhmkft kh bm Mkg`c`t{rm'

d`ôc" |à`bhc m l`c kh }xh hb dfc{rmomckf c` hb dfghrd`f dbmckht{`cf

`gy`kmc bm rhdmxkmd`ôc kh lfckft kh bm _hmb Emd`hckm# %D`rdxbmr

`gyrhtm) =1

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khb {f{mb `gyfr{h m }xh emc mtdhck`kf bft amt{ft }xh emc dmxtmkf

bft fl`d̀ mbht p Gmr`chrft }xh kh T# G# L# th dfckxhbmc khtkh Yhr'cmgoxdf mb _`f Jmch`rf" hc xcm hgomrdmd`ôc }xh cmxlrmaf hc hb

ht{rhdef }xh k`|`kh bmt `tbmt Gmb|`cmt" kh bm }xh bbmgmc bm ArmcGmb|`cm" dx`m txot`t{hcd`m p {rmctyfr{h khtkh m}xhbbmt `tbmt" emt{m

yfchrbft hc bm Ybmzm kh bm Dfbfc`m khb Tmdrmghc{f th em |hr`l`'

dmkf kh dxhc{m kh bm g`tgm _hmb Emd`hckm m tm|hr : =0

C#f ==# ‛ Hb htdròmcf kh _hmb Emd`hckm rhg`{h xcm yh{`d`ôc khb Dfc'

{mkfr kfc Dmck`kf _mgft" tfb`d`{mckf mbfjmg`hc{f ?4

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mb \`rrhp khb Yhrú p Yrht`khc{h kh Demrdmt bmt kft _t# frct# }#* th

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t`cf th|hr`l`dm hb

}xh |hcamc ht{fttfdfrrft"

cf yfkrmlxckmr

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mxu`b`ft cf tfc dmymdht m txlrmamr m {mc |mt{ft flrhd`g`hc{ft ?;

C#¹ =4# ‛ _hmb Dàkxbm ymrm bm humdd`ôc kh mbdmombmt m rmzôc khb < (dfgf ymrm bm myb`dmd`ôc kh ht{h mb Dfbha`f kh _haxbmrht Jhtxç{mt

ymrm bm Dmtm kh Mkxmcm ?8

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mkhbmc{h" m l`c kh {hchr hc hb Dfcthjf kh @ck`mt xcm rmzôc `ck`|`'

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{ft rhg`{mc xc kxyb`dmkf kh bmt dxhc{mt 4=

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Demrdmt" ymrm }xh emam mrrhabft hc bm Dmtm kh Gfchkm kh Yf{ftç#

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kh bm Ybm{m p Yrf|`khcd`mt huyhk`kmt ymrm txt m{hcd`fcht 4;C#f ?=# ‛ Hb Af|hrcmkfr kh Ot# M`rht em yrh|hc`kf m bft [ròxcmbht"



‛ ;9= ‛

Yía#

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C#f ??# ‛ _hmb Frkhc" hc |`t{m kh ht{mr {hrg`cmkm bm `ct{mbmd`ôc kh

bm dmtm ymrm mdxýmr gfchkm hc Yf{ftç" khrfamckf bm _hmb Dàkxbm

}xh yrfeòh bm mdxýmd`ôc kh bm gfchkm kh frf hc hbbm 44

C#f ?4# ‛ Dfgxc`dmd`ôc khb dfc{mkfr kh _hmb Emd`hckm" kfc Lrmc'

d`tdf kh Dmorhrm" mb Dmo`bkf kh Oxhcft M`rht" ymrm }xh rhg`{m dfc

tft dfrrhtyfck`hc{ht dfgyrfomc{ht bmt dxhc{mt yhr{hchd`hc{ht mb

rmgf kh yrfy`ft kh ht{m d`xkmk dfgyrhck`kmt hc{rh bft mýft =1<0

m =11< 4<

C#¹ ?;# ‛ Fl`d`f khb Tfr# Dh|mbbft m bm Mxk`hcd`m kh Demrdmt" ymrm

}xh emam }xh bmt dmjmt _t# khb cxh|f \`rrhpcm{f rhg`{mc txt Dxhc'

{mt p Dmxkmbht m ht{m [eht#¾ Armb# kh Oxhcft Mprht 40

C#/ ?8# ‛ Dfgxc`dmd`ôc mb Dmo`bkf" tfb`d`{mckf }xh bft htdròmcft

khc dxhc{m kh bmt txomt{mt ymrm hb dforf kh bft khrhdeft dfrrht'

yfck`hc{ht" mt` dfgf {mgo`àc th dforh hb khrhdef kh mcdbmjh m bft

cm|`ft dfc kht{`cf m ht{h yxhr{f ;9

C#¹ ?<# ‛ _hmb Dàkxbm ymrm }xh hc bft _hpcft kh bmt @ck`mt th fothr'

|h yfr yxc{f ahchrmb bf rhtxhb{f hc }xmc{f mb gfkf kh ymamrth hb

khrhdef kh Mbdm|mbm hc bmt |hc{mt kh Tfbmrht" p f{rmt l`cdmt" ymb`m'

kmt dfc hb cfgorh kh bfdmd`ôc p dfckxdd`ôc" h{d ;=

C#¹ ?1# ‛ _htyxht{m kh bft Fl`d`mbht _t# kh Oxhcft M`rht m bft Dmyç'

{xbft kh bm _hyrhthc{md`ôc h `clfrgh khb Dfc{mkfr" p [htfrhrf khb

Hu{f# kh bm yrhthc{h Huyhk`d`ôc" m dhrdm khb |mbfr kh bm gfchkm khfrf" p ybm{m" p khb gfkf kh dmramrth hc bft Ymaft }xh th emdhc hc

ht{m Yrf|`cd`m ;;

C#¾ ?5# ‛ _hmb Dàkxbm lhdem hc Mrmcjxhz m =4 kh Mor`b kh =111 tforh

hb mrrhabf kh mrrhckmg`hc{ft" f rhgm{h kh K`hzgft ;<

C#¹ ?0# ‛ Dmr{m khb g`c`t{rf Amb|hz mb afohrcmkfr kh Oxhcft M`rht"

kfc J# J# kh \hr{`z" mdxtmckf rhdòf kh bm kh ht{h tforh dmxkmbht

}xh emoçmc bbhamkf m Oxhcft M`rht yrfdhkhc{ht kh Yf{ftç p kht{`cf

kh bft g`tgft ;0

C#¹ 49' ‛ Dfgxc`dmd`ôc kh Kfc Yhkrf kh Dh|mbbft m bm _hmb Mxk`hc'

d`m kh Demrdmt" tforh xcm _hmb Frkhc `c{hryrh{mckf bmt k`t{`c{mt

k`tyft`d`fcht tforh khlrmxkmd`ôc kh rhc{mt rhmbht dfgh{`kmt yfr dfc'

{rmomckf kh g`b`{mrht# Hb _hp txyr`gh hc ht{h dmtf hb lxhrf htyhd`mb

p emdh yr`|m{`|f kh bft `c{hckhc{ht p txokhbhamkft kh _hc{mt bm jxr t̀'

k`dd`ôc ymrm jxzamr bft khb`{ft ghcd`fcmkft" t`c rhdfcfdhr lxhrf kh

yr`|`bha`f > p tfbf mx{fr`zm mb Dfcthjf kh Axhrrm p Dfgmckmc{ht hjh'

dx{mr bmt yhcmt kh bm frkhcmczm ç39

C#¹ 4=# ‛ _hmb Dàkxbm ymrm }xh bft yrf|`t{ft hc hgybhft kh @ck`mt"

}xh cf {hcamc mchum bm dformczm kh bft _t# [ròx{ft" p dxpf tmbmr`f

bbhaxh m fdef g`b yhtft mcxmbht" th bht rh{hcam hc dmkm mýf xcm }x`c{m

ymr{h kh hbbft" yfr |`m kh l`mczm kh txt rhtyhd{`|mt rht`khcd`mt" p }xh

bft khgma }xh bf {hcamc `clhr`fr dfc{`cúhc kíckfbf hc bm lfrgm yrh'

|hc`km yfr bmt bhpht 8<

C#¹ 4? ‛ Bm Dfc{#* g#¹! p kh Hu{f# dfc{ht{m mb Hu#/¾ T#! K#/ Jye# khAmb|hz bm _#! frc# Trh# }xh th tm{`tlmam hb < ( m bft @ck`|#/! }xh t`r'

|`hrfc hc bm huyhk`d`ôc kh Bçg`{ht 81

C#/ 44# ‛ Hb \`rrhp kh Oxhcft M`rht m|`tm mb Hugf# Tr# Kc# Jye# kh

Amb|hz hb rhdòf kh bmt _#! Dàkxbmt" p frct" `'hbm{òmt m bft cfgorm'

g`hc{ft kht{`cmkft m bft txah{ft jgrm bm Mkg`c`t{rmd`ôc kh bm _#!

rhc{m kh [m|mdft xb{`gmrm#*! ht{mobhd`km hc ht{mt Yrf|#/! #85

C#¾ 4;# ‛ Mb Hugf# Tr# Kc# Jye# kh Amb|hz _htyfck`hckf m bm _#! frc#



‛ ;9? ''

Yía#

kh 1 kh Mor`b xb{`gf" }#* k`tyfch hb ht{mobhd`g`hc{f kh xcm mkxmcm hc

Oxhcft M`rht 80

C#¹ 48# ‛!Mb Tr" Kc# Jye# kh Amb|hz# Dfc{ht{mckf m bm ==#* Frkhc kh

=#¹ kh Gmpf hc }xh th yrh|`hch bm yxob`dmd`ôc kh f{rm kh ?9 kh Mo`úb

kh 1< huyhk`km ymrm h|`{mr bft lrmxkht }xh th dfgh{hc dfc gf{`|f kh

bm yhrg`t`ôc kh dfckxd`r hc bmt hgomrdmd`fcht lxhrm kh ymr{#*** kh

_ha#¹ dmxkmbht f mbmjmt ymrm gmc`lht{mrbmt hc hb md{f kh bm |`t`{m# # # <9

C#/ 4<# ‛ _hmb F`*khc ymrm }xh bmt dmr{mt }xh th k`r`jmc mb `c{hckhc{h

kh hjhrd`{f f kh rhmb emd`hckm th yr`cd`y`hc dfc /Gxp Thýfr gçf/! pth dfcdbxpmc dfc /Tx gmt thaxrf thr|`kfr/ yfr bmt rmzfcht }xh th

huyrhtmc <=

C#¹ 41# ‛ Mb T#/// K#/ Jye# kh Amb|hz# M|`tmckf }xhkmr k`tyxht{f hbdxgyb`g`hc{f kh bm _#! Fr# kht#*** =#¹ Maft{f xb{`gf }#!! yrh|`hch bft

{àrg`cft hc }#* th emc kh |hr`l`dmr bft _ha`t{rft kh Dmxkmbht p hlhd{ft

kh bft Ym}xhof{t Dfrrhft p }#¹ cf th |mrçhc mxc }xmckf tmbamc hg'

omrdmd`fcht kh Axhrrm kh bft g`tgft Yxhr{ft p m bft yrfy`ft kht{`'

cft }#* m}xhbbmt 9?

C#/ 45# ‛ _hyrhthc{md`ôc khb Dfc{mkfr Gmpfr kh Dxhc{mt" kfc Lrmc'

d`tdf kh Dmorhrm" mb Thýfr Dfc{mkfr Armb# kh @ck`mt tforh bmt `cd`'

khcd`mt hc hb f{framg`hc{f ymrm bm Dfckxdd`ôc kh T`{xmkft" m K# Gm'{hf _mgôc kh Mbzmam <4

C#¹ 40# ‛ Hb |`rrhp kh Oxhcft M`rht huyfch mb Tr# Jye# kh Amb|hz }xh

}xhkm hc yrmd{`dmr bf }#* th yrh|`hch tforh bm dformczm kh bft khrh'

deft dfrrhty#*£* m bm htd`ò|mc`m kh Dígmrm kh bm Dfg`tmr`m armb# kh

Drxzmkm yfr bft khtymdeft kh txokhbhamkft kh ht{h [ròxcmb }#* th

huy`kmc y#! bm dfgyrhehct`fc kh ht{h gmckf 59

C#¹ ;9# ‛ Hb |`rrhp kh Oxhcft Mprht huyfch mb T#/// k#/ Jye# kh Amb|hz

em|hrth k`tyxht{f }#/ cf th mkg`{m hc ht{h \`rrhpcm{f rhdxrtf c`

@ct{#/ mba#/ }xh cf thm hc Ymyhb thbbmkf 5=

C#¹ ;=# ‛ Hb |`rrhp kh Oxhcft M`rht mb rhyrhthc{mr m K#¹ Jfthye kh

Amb|hz bft drhd`kft amt{ft }xh bh emc fdmt`fcmkf bmt mxthcd`mt kh

ht{m Dmy#! ymrm bmt m{hc#/S* khb _#! Thr|#/ `gybfrm kh bm y`hkmk

khb _hp bh hufchrh khb ymaf kh bm ghk`m Mccm{m kh tx md{xmb hg'

ybhf yfr bmt rmzfcht }xh huyfch m }#* yfr {fkf hb {`hgyf khb mc{hr`fr

Af|#¹ th bh dfct`khrhc bft Kfzh g`b y#* }xh afzmrfc t`c {mc{mt lm'{àmt txt Yrhkhdhtfrht 5?

C#¹ ;?# ‛ Hb |`rrhp kh Oxhcft M`rht ymr{`d`ym mb Tr# K#/ Jye# kh Amb'

|hz }m{h }xhkm hc dhbmr hb dxgyb`g`hc{f kh bm _#! frc# kh =1 kh

thy#//! xb{`gf }xh yrfe`|h th dfcdhkm lrmc}x`d`m kh khrhdeft f g`'

cfrmd`ôc kh yrhd`f kh bft aàchrft kh Ht{mcdft hc bmt dfc{rm{mt" f

mt`hc{ft kh bft _mgft kh _hmb Emd`hckm 5;

C#¹ ;4# ‛ Hb |`rrhp kh Oxhcft M`rht m|`tm mb T#!! K#/ Jye# kh Amb|hz

}xhkmr mk|hr{`kf khb dxgyb`kf dfc }xh khoh htdr`|`rth hc bft fl`d`ft

kh ht{m @c{hckhcd`m 5;

C#¹ ;;# ‛ Dfgxc`dmd`fcht kh K#/ Jfthye kh Amb|hz mb @c{hckhc{h kh

_hmb Emd`hckm" K#¹ Gmcxhb Lhrcmckhz p mb Dmo`bkf kh Oxhcft M`rht

{rmctg`{`hckf xcm frkhc khb _hp hc bm }xh th yrfeòh omjf yhcm khkht{`hrrf }xh hb t`ck`df `c{hr|hcam hc hb ht{mobhd`g`hc{f khb ht{mcdf

kh {momdf p f{rft rmgft kh bm _hmb Emd`hckm 58

C#¹ ;8# ‛ Ht{mkft kh bft |mbfrht kh bft rmgft kh _hmb Emd`hckm" hc bmt

dmjmt kh Ghckfzm" Jxjxp p Gfc{h|`khf 51

C#** ;<# ‛ Jxmc Jfthl [fbhkf" rhg`{h mb dfrrha`kfr kh bm yrf|# kh Dem'

pmc{m bm rhmb Dàkxbm kh ?= kh Maft{f kh =111" ^cxghrf ?<" yçba`cm

;? kh ht{h |fbxghcW kht{`cmkm m `gyhk`r }xh hc khlrmxkmd`ôc khb



‛ ;94 ‛

`gyxht{f kh Mbdmombm th fdxb{h bm |hrkmkhrm hthcd`m khb dfc{rm{f

kh |hc{m" emd`hckf mymrhdhr }xh kh mrrhckmg`hc{ft" dfckxdd`fcht f

hcl`{hxt`t# Mkhgmt kh frkhcmr }xh bft mrrhckmg`hc{ft cf emc kh

hudhkhr kh k`hz mýft" `gyfch bm g`{mk khb khrhdef kh Mbdmombm m

bmt |hc{mt kh tfbmrht ymrm lmor`dmr dmtmt# Th frkhcm mb Dfrrha`kfr kh

Dempmc{m bm yxob`d`kmk kh k`dem _hmb Dàkxbm" p tx {rmctg`t`ôc m

bft khgít dfrrha`kfrht# Jxrmrfc fohk`hcd`m bft kh bmt yrf|`cd`mt kh

Ymr`m" \`bbm kh Frxrf" Ymdmjht p D`xkmk kh Bm Ymz 0=

C#¹ ;1# ‛ Dfgxc`dmd`ôc khb |`rrhp khb _çf kh bm Ybm{m mb T#/// Jfthye

kh Amb|hz hc dfc{ht{md`ôc m bm _#! frc# kh ?4 kh Jxb`f p mb g`tgf{`hgyf rhg`{h {ht{`g#/ kh bm rhyrhthc{md`ôc }#* ymtmrfc bft fl`z#** _#*

kh ht{mt Dmjmt m dhrdm kh bm yh{`d`ôc}#£

e`d`hrfc m T# G# bft Dxrmtkh bft Yxhobft Axmrmcçt 0b3

U#¹ ;5# ‛ Hb |`rrhp khb _çf kh bm Ybm{m huyfch mb T#2/ K#/ Jye# kh

Amb|hz }xh" m dfcthdxhcd`m kh bm rhmb frkhc kh ?9 kh Fd{xorh xb{`gf

tforh hb mxghc{f khb yrhd`f khb [momdf" cf tfbf em flrhd`kf mb `c{hc'

khc{h p g`c`t{rf kh ht{m rhc{m dxmc{ft mxu`b`ft khyhckhc kh txt

lmdxb{mkht t`cf }xh {mgo`àc" em d`rdxbmkf dmr{mt m bft afohrcmkfrht

p dmo`bkft kh bmt yrf|`cd`mt yr`cd`ymbht# #!# l¾9

U#/ ;0# ‛ Mxghc{f kh yrhd`f hc hb [momdf dfc gf{`|f kh bm axhrrm dfc

bm Armc Orh{mým =99

C#** 89# ‛ Hb |`rrhp khb _`f kh bm Ybm{m rhl`hrh m kfc Jfthye kh Amb|hz

bmt dfggfd`fcht kh bm D`xkmk kàbm Ymz yfr em|hrth mxghc{mkf xc ? (tforh hb ; hb _#! Krf# kh Mbdm|mbm p bh `ct{rxph kh bmt yrf|`k#*! }#* hcdfcth}#/ th emc {fgmkf m dfctxb{m kh bft G`c`t{rft kh Emd`hckm p

Bh{{rmkft =91

U#¹ 8=#‛Tforh hb gfkf }#* bft Hgybhmkft kh|hc thax`r tx dfrrhtyfc'

khcd`m dfc bm Thdrh{mr`m khb Khtymdef Xc`|hrtmb kh @ck`mt" p }xmckf

th bht yrfe`|h =90

çkhg" tforh hb gh{efkf kh thax`r bm dfrrhtyfckhcd`m kh fl`d`f =90

U#¹ 8?# ‛ Dfgxc`dmd`ôc khb Tfr# @c{hck#* armb# kh Huhrd`{f p _#! Em'z`hckm m bft thýfrht fl`d`mbht _hmbht kh bm Ymz ymrm }#* hc dfcdxrrhcd`m

dfc hb \`t{m K#¹ Ohrc#/*/ Ambbf ghk`{hc bft ghk`ft gmt líd`bht p yrx'

khc{ht humdd`ôc khb _#* krf# kh Mbdmombm ==?

U#¹ 84# ‛ _htfbxd`ôc khtlm|frmobh khb _hp m xcm tfb`d`{xk khb Mbdm`khkhb Dr`ghc cf emd`hckf bxamr mb yhk`kf kh }xh th bh yhrkfch hb ymaf

kh `gyxht{f kh ghk`m mccm{m ==;

THAXCKM YM_[H

DMJMT _HMBHT

Dmraf kh bft Yhtft dfrr`hc{ht kh m 5 }xh hc{rmc hc ht{m _#! Dmum y#!

dxhc{m khb _mgf kh fl`z`ft khtkh ? kh Hchrf ml`c kh K`z# kh =11<# # # # ==1Dmraf kh bft Yhtft dfrr#*** kh m 5 }xh hc{rmc hc ht{m _#! Dmum y#*S

Dxhc{m khb _mgf Hu{rmfrk`cmr`f khtk#* ? kh Hchrf e#/ l`c kh K`z#//*

kh =11< ==5

Dmraf kh bft Yht#/** dfrr`hc{ht kh m 5 }xh hc{rmc hc ht{m _#! Dmum yfr

dxhc{m khb _mgf kh @gyxht{f kht#* ? Hchrf e#*! l`c kh K`z#!* kh =11<# =;1B`orf kh _hmbht Dmjmt dfc bmt ymr{`kmt kh dmraf p km{m hc {fkft bft

rmgft kh bm mkg`c`t{rmd`ôc ¾ =89



;9;

Dmraf kh bft Yhtft dfrr#*®* kh m 5 }xh hc{rmc hc ht{m _#! Dmum khDxhc{m khb _mgf kh Mbdm|mbm [hrrht{rh khtkh ? kh Hchrf emt{m l`c

kh K`z`hgorh kh =11< bAç3

Dmraf kh bft Yhtft dfrr#!/* kh m 5 }xh hc{rmc hc ht{m _#! Dmum y&

dxhc{m khb _mgf kh Yxbyhrçmt kht#® 5 kh Hc#¹ emt{m l`c kh K`z&®

kh =11< -!2

Dmraf kh bft yhtft dfrr`hc{ht kh m 5 }xh hc{rmc hc ht{m _#! Dmum y#!/

dxhc{m khb _mgf kh Ymyhb thbbmkf kht#* ? kh Hchrf m l`c kh K`z&*

kh =11< =15

Km{m kh bft Yhtft dfrr#**¾ kh m 5 }xh Tmbhc kh ht{m _#! Dmum y#//

dxhc{m kh bft _mgft kh _#! Emz`hckm kht#* ? kh Hc#/ e#S l`c kh K`z#//*

kh=11<

=10

Dmraf kh bft yhtft dfrr#**! kh m 5 }xh hc ht{m _#! Dmum hc{rm yfr }#*/

khb _mgf kh Khyôt`{ft khtk#* ? kh Hchrf e#/ l`c kh K`z#* kh =11<# # # ?05

Dmraf kh bft Yhtft dfrr#**! kh m 5 }xh hc{rmc hc ht{m _#* Dmum `)fr

dxhc{m khb _mgf kh Axhrrm kht#* ? kh H#¾ e#¾ l`c kh K`z#/ kh =11<# # 4=0

Dmraf kh bft Yhtft dfrr#*** kh m 5 }xh hc{rmc hc ht{m _#! Dmum y#//

dxhc{m khb _mgf kh @gomb`kft khtk#* ? kh Hc#2* e#* l`c kh K`z`hgorh

kh =11< R 449

Dmraf kh bft Yhtft dfrr#**£ kh m 5 }xh hc{rmc hc ht{m _#! Dmum yfr

}#*/ khb _mgf kh Gfc{h Y`ô G`b`{mr kht#* ? kh Hc#¹ e"*® l`c kh K`z#!*

kh =11< 440

Dmraf kh bft Yhtft dfrr#*** kh m 5 }xh hc{rmc hc ht{m _#! Dmum yfr

dxhc{m khb _mgf khb Gfc{h Y`ô kh @cahc`hrft kht#* ? kh Hc#¹ e#/

l`c kh K`z# kh =11< 4;1

Dmraf kh bft Yhtft dfrr#*** kh m 5 }xh hc{rmc hc ht{m _#! Dmum khb

_mgf khb Gfc{h Y`ô kh G`c`t{rft kht#* ? kh Hchrf m l`c kh K`z#*

kh =11< 4#j9

Dmraf kh bft Yhtft dfrr`hc{ht kh m 5 }xh hc{rmc hc ht{m _#* Dmum em

dxhc{m khb _mgf kh Tmc{m Drxzmkm kht#* ? kh Hc#/ e#¾ l`c kh K`z#*

kh =11< 4#8;

Dmraf kh bft Yhtft dfrr`hc{ht kh m 5 }xh hc{rmc hc ht{m _#! Dmum yfr

dxhc{m khb _mgf kh _hyrhtmb`m kh @cabhtht khtk#* ? kh Hc#/ e#*/

l`c kh K`z#/ kh =11< 48T

Dmraf kh bft Yhtft dfrr`hc{ht kh m 5 }xh hc{rmc hc ht{m _#! Dmum yfr

dxhc{m khb _mgf kh T`{xmkft kht#* ? kh Hc#/ e#¾ l`c kh K`z#* kh =11<# 4<9

Dmraf kh bft Yhtft dfrr#*** kh m 5 }xh hc{rmc hc ht{m _#! Dmum yfr

dxhc{m khb _mgf kh Ghk`mt Mccm{mt kht#* ? kh H#¹ e#* l`c kh K`z#!!*

kh =11< 41=

Dmraft kh bft yhtft dfrr`hc{ht kh m 5 }xh hc{rmc hc ht{m _#! Dmjm yfr

dxhc{m khb _mgf kh \mdmc{ht kht#* 5 kh Hc#/ m l`c kh K`z#* kh =11<## 415

Dmraf kh Yhtft dfrr#*** kh m 5 }xh hc{rmc hc ht{m _#! Dmum yfr dxhc{m

khb _mgf kh Yhcmt kh Dígmrm kht#* ? kh Hc#/ e#/ l`c kh K`z#!!*

kh =11< 459

çck`dh mblmoà{`df ahchrmb 454

çck`dh mblmoà{`df kh cfgorht kh yh`!tfcmt 409



L Kfdxghc{ft ym`rm bm e`t{fr`m?59= mrahc{`cmK<4

{#b

D@_DÚBM[H MT GFCFA_MYE

YBHMTH KF CF[ _HGF\H

DM_KT F_ TB@YT L_FG [E@T YFDNH[

XC@\H_T@[P FL [F_FC[F B@O_M_P

D@_DÚBM[H MT GFCFA_MYE

Faculta de Filosofía y Letras - Documentos para la Historia Argentina - Tomo I - Real Hacienda -...

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Transcript of Faculta de Filosofía y Letras - Documentos para la Historia Argentina - Tomo I - Real Hacienda -...