FuelCell Presentationl
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Transcript of FuelCell Presentationl
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Hydrogen Fuel CellTechnology
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Scheme of Presentation What is Fuel cell How does Fuel cell works Types of Fuel cell? Importance of Hydrogen Hydrogen production Uses of Fuel cells
Benefits of fuel cell Technology Challenges to fuel cell Technology Conclusion
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What is a Fuel Cell? A Fuel Cell is an electrochemical device
that combines hydrogen and oxygen to
produce electricity, with water and heatas its by-product.
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Why is Fuel CellTechnology Important? Since conversion of the fuel to energy
takes place via an electrochemical
process, not combustion It is a clean, quiet and highly efficient
process- two to three times more efficient
than fuel burning.
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How does a Fuel Cellwork? It operates similarly to a battery, but it
does not run down nor does it require
recharging As long as fuel is supplied, a Fuel Cell
will produce both energy and heat
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How does a Fuel Cellwork? A Fuel Cell consists of two catalyst
coated electrodes surrounding an
electrolyte One electrode is an anode and the other
is a cathode
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How does a Fuel Cellwork? The process begins when Hydrogen
molecules enter the anode
The catalyst coating separateshydrogens negatively charged electrons
from the positively charged protons
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How does a Fuel Cellwork? The electrolyte allows the protons to pass
through to the cathode, but not the
electrons Instead the electrons are directed
through an external circuit which creates
electrical current
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How does a Fuel Cellwork? While the electrons pass through the external
circuit, oxygen molecules pass through the
cathode There the oxygen and the protons combine
with the electrons after they have passedthrough the external circuit
When the oxygen and the protons combinewith the electrons it produces water and heat
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How does a Fuel Cellwork?
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How does a Fuel Cellwork? Individual fuel cells can then be placed in
a series to form a fuel cell stack
The stack can be used in a system topower a vehicle or to provide stationarypower to a building
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Major Types of Fuel Cells In general all fuel cells have the same
basic configuration - an electrolyte and
two electrodes Different types of fuel cells are classified
by the kind of electrolyte used
The type of electrolyte used determinesthe kind of chemical reactions that takeplace and the temperature range ofoperation
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Major Types of Fuel Cells Proton Exchange Membrane
(PEM) This is the leading cell type for
passenger car application
Uses a polymer membrane asthe electrolyte
Operates at a relatively lowtemperature, about 175 degrees
Has a high power density, can
vary its output quickly and issuited for applications wherequick startup is required makingit popular for automobiles
Sensitive to fuel impurities
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Major Types of Fuel Cells Direct Methanol (a subset of PEM)
Expected efficiencies of 40% plus low operatingtemperatures between 120-190 degrees
Also uses a polymer membrane as the electrolyte Different from PEM because the anode catalyst is
able to draw hydrogen from methanol without areformer
Used more for small portable power applications,possibly cell phones and laptops
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Major Types of Fuel Cells Phosphoric Acid
This is the most commerciallydeveloped fuel cell
It generates electricity at morethan 40% efficiency
Nearly 85% of the steamproduced can be used forcogeneration
Uses liquid phosphoric acid
as the electrolyte andoperates at about 450degrees F
One main advantage is that itcan use impure hydrogen asfuel
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Major Types of Fuel Cells Molten Carbonate
Promises high fuel-to-electricity efficiency and the abilityto utilize coal based fuels
Uses an electrolyte composed of a molten carbonate saltmixture
Require carbon dioxide and oxygen to be delivered tothe cathode
Operates at extremely high temperatures 1200 degrees
Primarily targeted for use as electric utility applications Have been operated on hydrogen, carbon monoxide,
natural gas, propane, landfill gas, marine diesel andsimulated coal gasification products
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Major Types of Fuel Cells Molten Carbonate Fuel
Cell Because of the extreme
high temperatures, non-precious metals can beused as catalysts at theanode and cathode whichhelps reduces cost
Disadvantage is durability
The high temperaturerequired and the corrosiveelectrolyte acceleratebreakdown and corrosioninside the fuel cell
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Major Types of Fuel Cells Solid Oxide
Uses a hard, non-porousceramic compound as theelectrolyte
Can reach 60% power-generating efficiency
Operates at extremely hightemperatures 1800 degrees
Used mainly for large, high
powered applications such asindustrial generating stations,mainly because it requiressuch high temperatures
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Major Types of Fuel Cells Alkaline
Used mainly by military and space programs
Can reach 70% power generating efficiency, butconsidered to costly for transportation applications
Used on the Apollo spacecraft to provide electricityand drinking water
Uses a solution of potassium hydroxide in water asthe electrolyte and operates at 75 -160 degrees
Can use a variety of non-precious metals as catalystat the anode and cathode
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Major Types of Fuel Cells Alkaline Fuel Cell
Requires pure hydrogenand oxygen because it is
very susceptible to carboncontamination
Purification process of thehydrogen and oxygen iscostly
Susceptibility to poisoningaffects cells lifetime which
also affects the cost
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Importance of Hydrogen Fuel Cells require highly purified
hydrogen as a fuel
Researchers are developing a widerange of technologies to producehydrogen economically from a variety of
resources in environmentally friendlyways
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Importance of Hydrogen Hydrogen is a secondary energy
resource, meaning it must be made from
another fuel Hydrogen can be produced from a wide
variety of energy resources including: Fossil fuels, such as natural gas and coal
Nuclear energy Renewable resources, such as solar,water,
wind and biomass
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Hydrogen Production The biggest challenge regarding
hydrogen production is the cost
Reducing the cost of hydrogenproduction so as to compete in thetransportation sector with conventional
fuels on a per-mile basis is a significanthurdle to Fuel Cells success in the
commercial marketplace
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Hydrogen Production There are three general categories of
Hydrogen production
Thermal Processes Electrolyte Processes
Photolytic Processes
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Hydrogen Production Thermal Processes
Natural Gas Reforming
Gasification Renewable Liquid Reforming
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Hydrogen Production Natural Gas Reforming
Steam Methane Reforming Hydrogen is produced from methane in natural
gas using high-temperature steam
Methane reacts with the steam in presence of acatalyst to produce hydrogen
This process accounts for about 95% of the
hydrogen used today in the U.S. Partial oxidation
Produces hydrogen by burning methane in air
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Hydrogen Production Gasification
Process in which coal or biomass is
converted into gaseous components byapplying heat under pressure and in thepresence of steam
A subsequent series of chemical reactions
produces a synthesis gas which reacts withsteam to produce more hydrogen that canbe separated
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Hydrogen Production Renewable Liquid Reforming
Biomass is processed to make renewable
liquid fuels, such as ethanol or bio-oil, thatare then reacted with high-temperaturesteam to produce hydrogen
This process is very similar to reforming
natural gas
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Hydrogen Production Electrolytic Processes
Electrolytic processes use an electric current
to split water into hydrogen and oxygen The electricity required can be generated by
using renewable energy technologies suchas wind, solar, geothermal and hydroelectric
power
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Hydrogen Production Photolytic Processes
Uses light energy to split water into
hydrogen and oxygen These processes are in the very early
stages of research but offer the possibility ofhydrogen production which is cost effective
and has a low environmental impact
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Hydrogen Production Auto manufacturers have worked on
developing technology that would allow
fuel cell cars to continue using gasoline A reformer on the fuel cell car would
convert the gasoline to hydrogen
onboard the automobile Funding for this technology has been
pulled due to unsatisfactory efficiency
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How will the hydrogen bestored? Developing safe, reliable, compact and
cost-effective hydrogen storage is one of
the biggest challenges to widespread useof fuel cell technology
Hydrogen has physical characteristics
that make it difficult to store largequantities without taking up a great dealof space
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How will the hydrogen bestored? Hydrogen will need to be stored onboard
vehicles, at hydrogen production sites,
refueling stations and stationary powersites
Hydrogen has a very high energy content
by weight (3x more than gasoline) and avery low energy content by volume (4xless than gasoline)
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How will the hydrogen bestored? If the hydrogen is compressed and stored
at room temperature under moderate
pressure, too large a fuel tank would berequired
Researchers are trying to find light-
weight, safe, composite materials thatcan help reduce the weight and volumeof compressed gas storage systems
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How will the hydrogen bestored? Liquid hydrogen could be kept in a smaller tank
than gaseous hydrogen, but liquefyinghydrogen is complicated and not energyefficient
Liquid hydrogen is also extremely sensitive toheat and expands significantly when warmed
by even a few degrees, thus the tank insulationrequired affects the weight and volume thatcan be stored
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How will the hydrogen bestored? If the hydrogen is compressed and
cryogenically frozen it will take up a very
small amount of space requiring asmaller tank, but it must be keptsupercold- around -120 to -196 degreesCelsius
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How will the hydrogen bestored? Scientists are researching Materials-based
storage
This involves tightly binding hydrogen atoms ormolecules with other elements in a compound tostore larger quantities of hydrogen in smallervolumes at low pressure near room temperature
This technology is considered very promising but
additional research is needed to overcomeproblems dealing with capacity, cost, life cycleimpacts and the uptake and release of hydrogen
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How will the hydrogen bestored? Because hydrogen is thought to be an
alternative fuel for automobiles, much of
the research for hydrogen storage isfocused on onboard vehicles
Scientists are attempting to develop
technology that can rival the performanceand cost of gasoline fuel storage systems
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How will the hydrogen bestored? Using current storage technology, in
order to place a sufficient amount ofhydrogen onboard a vehicle to provide300-mile driving range the tank would belarger that the trunk of a typicalautomobile
This large of a tank would add to theoverall weight of the car and reduce fueleconomy
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How can Fuel Celltechnology be used? Transportation
Stationary Power Stations
Telecommunications Micro Power
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How can Fuel Cell technologybe used? Transportation
All major automakers areworking to commercialize a fuelcell car
Automakers and expertsspeculate that a fuel cell vehiclewill be commercialized by 2010
50 fuel cell buses are currently inuse in North and South America,
Europe, Asia and Australia Trains, planes, boats, scooters,
forklifts and even bicycles areutilizing fuel cell technology aswell
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How can Fuel Cell technologybe used? Stationary Power Stations
Over 2,500 fuel cell systems have beeninstalled all over the world in hospitals,
nursing homes, hotels, office buildings,schools and utility power plants
Most of these systems are either connectedto the electric grid to provide supplemental
power and backup assurance or as a grid-independent generator for locations that areinaccessible by power lines
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How can Fuel Cell technologybe used? Telecommunications
Due to computers, the Internet and
sophisticated communication networks thereis a need for an incredibly reliable powersource
Fuel Cells have been proven to be 99.999%
reliable
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How can Fuel Cell technologybe used? Micro Power
Consumer electronicscould gain drasticallylonger battery power withFuel Cell technology
Cell phones can bepowered for 30 dayswithout recharging
Laptops can be poweredfor 20 hours withoutrecharging
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What are the benefits of FuelCell technology? Physical Security
Reliability
Efficiency Environmental Benefits
Battery Replacement/Alternative
Military Applications
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What are the benefits of FuelCell technology? Physical Security
Both central station power generation and
long distance, high voltage power grids canbe terrorist targets in an attempt to crippleour energy infrastructure
Fuel Cells allow the country to discontinue
reliance on these potential targets
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What are the benefits of FuelCell technology? Reliability
U.S. businesses lose $29 Billion a year from
computer failures due to power outages More reliable power from fuel cells would
prevent loss of dollars for U.S. Businesses
Properly configured fuel cells would result inless than one minute of down time in a sixyear period
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What are the benefits of FuelCell technology? Efficiency
Because no fuel is burned to make energy,
fuel cells are fundamentally more efficientthan combustion systems
Additionally when the heat comes off of thefuel cell system it can be captured for
beneficial purposes This is called Cogeneration
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What are the benefits of FuelCell technology? Efficiency
The gasoline engine in a conventional car is lessthan 20% efficient in converting the chemical energy
in gasoline into power Fuel Cell motors are much more efficient and use
40-60% of the hydrogens energy
Fuel Cell cars would lead to a 50% reduction in fuel
consumption Fuel Cell vehicles can be up to 3 times more
efficient than internal combustion engines
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What are the benefits of FuelCell technology? Efficiency
Fuel Cell power generation systems in
operation today achieve 40% to 50% fuel-to-electricity efficiency
In combination with a turbine, electricalefficiencies can exceed 60%
When Cogeneration is used, fuel utilizationcan exceed 85%
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What are the benefits of FuelCell technology? Environmental Benefits
Fuels cells can reduce air pollution today
and offer the possibility of eliminatingpollution in the future
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What are the benefits of FuelCell technology? Environmental Benefits of Fuel Cell
Power Generation
A fuel cell power plant may create less thanone ounce of pollution per 1,000 kilowatt-hours of electricity produced
Conventional combustion generating
systems produce 25 pounds of pollutants forthe same electricity
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What are the benefits of FuelCell technology? Environmental Benefits of Fuel Cell
Vehicles
Fuel Cell Vehicles with hydrogen stored on-board produce ZERO POLLUTION in theconventional sense
The only byproducts of these Fuel Cell
vehicles are water and heat
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What are the benefits of FuelCell technology? Environmental Benefits of Fuel Cell
Vehicles
Fuel Cell Vehicles with a reformer on boardto convert a liquid fuel to hydrogen wouldproduce a small amount of pollutants, but itwould be 90% less than the pollutants
produced from combustion engines
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What are the benefits of FuelCell technology? Battery replacement/alternative
Fuel Cell replacements for batteries would
offer much longer operating life in apackaged of lighter or equal weight
Additionally, Fuel Cell replacements wouldhave an environmental advantage over
batteries, since certain kinds of batteriesrequire special disposal treatment
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What are the benefits of FuelCell technology? Military Applications
Fuel Cell technology in the military can help
save lives because it reduces telltale heatand noise in combat
Handheld battlefield computers can bepowered for 10 times longer with Fuel Cell
power meaning soldiers could rely on theircomputers in the field for longer periods oftime
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Challenges to Fuel CellTechnology Cost
The cost of fuel cells must be reduced to
compete with conventional technologies Conventional internal combustion engines
cost $25-$35/kW; a fuel cell system wouldneed to cost $30/kW to be competitive
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Challenges to Fuel CellTechnology Durability and Reliability
Durability of fuel cell systems have not yet beenadequately established
The durability standard for automobiles isapproximately 150,000 miles and the ability tofunction under normal vehicle operating conditions
For stationary systems 40,000 hours of reliable
operation in a temperature range of -35 degreeCelsius to 40 degrees Celsius will be required formarket acceptance
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Challenges to Fuel CellTechnology System Size
The size and weight of current fuel cell
systems must be reduced to attain marketacceptance, especially with automobiles
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Conclusion Promising technology
Most viable for niche market use in the
near future Widespread marketplace acceptance and
use is still many years away