FUNDAMENTOS DE MEDICIÓN

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A[E@MIKEPLR@K IK@CBCÒE



Rce `mtelr b{kepm' i{bhlr `kelrlptlr zmrmilr d{kem

zmtpk `kg `ém tkmgcme`lik`cbclekr `k `cqktrm ée`lgk%



I{bhmr `k e{krptmr ik`cbclekrrle iír dcke blebtkpmr?

ncglftmilr ke {em dmgmem'b{bhmtm`mr `k bmaã' qlg{ike `k

fmr ke {e pme}{k‡



Rce kidmtfl' ¼Bòil rk ic`k gm mbpcp{`

`k {em zktrlem hmbcm gm flim `kimrbmt<

¼Bòil rk ic`ke gmr ztldmdcgc`m`kr`k }{k {e m`lgkrbkepk {rk bcktpmimtbm `k ik`cbmikepl bleptm kg

mbeã<¼Bòil rk ic`k gm bgmrk rlbcmg `k {em

amicgcm<



KRBMGMR @K

IK@CBCÒE



[em ik`cbcòe rk blizlek`k $tkfgmr zmtm mrcfemt

qmgltkr m glr ldokplr' `kimektm }{k tkztkrkepke

bmepc`m`kr `k mptcd{plr$%

IK@CBCÒE

rk ic`ke glr mptcd{plr `k ldokplr'el glr ldokplr icrilr%



el rk ic`k m {em zktrlem'

zktl z{k`k lzpmtrk zlt ik`ctr{ ceftkrl' bgmrk rlbcmg' ecqkg`k krp{`clr' krpmp{tm' zkrl'

mbpcp{`kr' kpb%' }{k gmbmtmbpktcme%

Zlt kokizgl'



Kxcrpke b{mptl pczlr `k krbmgmrzmtm ik`ct glr mptcd{plr' m rmdkt?

=% Elicemg4% Lt`cemg

2% `k Cepktqmgl0% s ̀ k Tmòe%



Elicemg



Lt`cemg



Cepktqmgl



Tmòe



Glr ptkr ztcebczmgkr btcpktclr

zmtm kqmg{mt gmr ik`c`mr

rle gm acmdcgc`m` ' gm qmgc`kz s

gm rkercdcgc`m` %



ACMDCGC@M@Ftm`l ke kg }{k {em ik`c`m bmtkbk `k kttlt mgkmpltcl s zlt

kggl ztlzltbclem tkr{gpm`lr bleft{kepkr%

QMGC@K_

Bmzmbc`m` `k {e cerpt{ikepl `k ik`ct gl }{k rk ztkpke`k}{k ic`m%

RKERCDCGC@M@ (bmzmbc`m`#

Bmzmbc`m` `k {e cerpt{ikepl `k ik`ct ble ztkbcrcòe gm

qmtcmdcgc`m` `k krpéi{glr l tkrz{krpmr%



¼]{ã hms

}{k ik`ct



Ke ceqkrpcfmbcòe `k iktbm`lr' gm

ik`cbcòe ztkbcrm tk}{cktk {em

b{c`m`lrm @KACECBCÒE

BLEBKZP[MG' {em `kacecbcòeLZKTMPCQM s {e rcrpkim `k

TKFGMR blhktkepkr zmtm gmmrcfembcòe `k eÿiktlr l

z{ep{mbclekr%



Gm a{ebcòe `k gm ceqkrpcfmbcòe

bckepéacbm kr c`kepcacbmt gmrtkgmbclekr }{k kxcrpke keptk glr

blebkzplr `k {e il`kgl%Zmtm }{k glr bckepéacblr glftke r{

ldokpcql' kr ekbkrmtcl }{k mgf{elr

`k krlr blebkzplr rk tkgmbcleke ble`mplr ldrktqmdgkr%



[e blebkzpl (l blerpt{bbcòepkòtcbm# kr {em c`km

fkektmgcm`m rldtk {em bgmrk`k ldokplr' mptcd{plr'

cebc`kebcmr l ztlbkrlr%



Kxzgcbmbcòe }{k `m rcfecacbm`l

m {e blebkzpl ik`cmepk gmkrzkbcacbmbcòe `k mbpcqc`m`kr

{ lzktmbclekr ekbkrmtcmr zmtmik`ctgl%

@KACECBCÒE LZKTMPCQM



Kxzgcbmbcòe qktdmg `kg

rcfecacbm`l `k {e

blebkzpl> `kacek gl }{k

kg blebkzpl kr s gl }{kel kr%

@KACECBCÒE BLEBKZP[MG



Kokizgl



MBPCP[@KR?`kacecbcòe s blizlekepkr



@crzlrcbcòe zkt`{tmdgk m

tkrzle`kt bleft{kepkikepk `k

{em imektm `m`m m `cqktrlrmrzkbplr `kg i{e`l' cepkftm`m

zlt blizlekepkr makbpcqlr'blfelrbcpcqlr s ble`{bp{mgkr%

MBPCP[@



® M Rmggs gk kebmepm bliztmt ke gm

pcke`m `k Rmi% Btkk }{k krpí gcizcm

s rcp{m`m ke {e z{epl bleqkeckepk s

}{k pckek glr ztkbclr iír dmtmplr%Pckek gm cepkebcòe `k bliztmt mggé

pl`lr glr o{kqkr¾%

Krpm dtkqk `krbtczbcòe hm c`kepcacbm`l ptkrblizlekepkr `k gm mbpcp{`? kg MAKBPCQL' kgBLFELRBCPCQL s kg BLE@[BP[MG%



Kg blizlekepk MAKBPCQL tkagkom glr rkepcickeplr fkektmgkr l

kilbclekr `k {e ce`cqc`{l ble tkrzkbpl m {e ldokpl%

@kbgmtmbclekr blil ®Ik kebmepm ic Bhkqtlgkp Bltqkppk¾' ®Ikf{rpò krk gcdtl pcp{gm`l ‗[e Ftme kiztkrmtcl’¾ s ®L`cl kg

{il `k {qm¾ tkagkome kg bmtíbpkt kilbclemg `k gmr mbpcp{`kr% Kg

il`l ke }{k {el rckepk ble tkrzkbpl m {e ztl`{bpl' {e

me{ebcl l {e ldokpl eltimgikepk krpí tkgmbclem`l ble r{rblelbcickeplr l btkkebcmr% Kg blizlekepk BLFELRBCPCQLtkztkrkepm gm blebckebcm s blelbcickepl }{k {el pckek `k {e

ldokpl% [em zktrlem zl`tém rkepctrk blepkepm zlt gm bliztm `k

{e m{pliòqcg zlt}{k zckerm }{k pckek ®dmol bler{il¾ l rmdk

}{k kg bliktbcmepk kr ®kg ikolt `k Ekv Oktrks¾% Kg

blizlekepk BLE@[BP[MG cebg{sk pmepl gmr cepkebclekr `k

bliztm blil gmr kxzkbpmpcqmr ble`{bp{mgkr s tkagkom {em

ztk`crzlrcbcòe m gm mbbcòe%



Krbmgmr `k qmgltmbcòe`k mbpcp{`kr



Krbmgmr dírcbmr `k mbpcp{`

Ke r{ altim iír dírcbm' gm

kgmdltmbcòe `k krbmgmr `k mbpcp{`

tk}{cktk }{k {e ce`cqc`{l krpã l el`k mb{kt`l ble {em mactimbcòe l

tkrzle`m m {em ztkf{epm rkebcggm%

Zlt kokizgl' ke {e rle`kl zlgépcbl z{k`k ztkf{epmtrk m glr ce`cqc`{lr

rc krpíe `k mb{kt`l ble gm mactimbcòe ®Kg ztkrc`kepk `kdktém qlgqkt m

ztkrkepmtrk m gmr kgkbbclekr¾% L z{k`k }{k {e ce`cqc`{l hmsm `k

ce`cbmt rc gk f{rpm l el gm rmgrm `k plimpk%



Gmr krbmgmr dírcbmr `k mbpcp{` z{k`ke

{pcgcmtrk b{me`l glr b{krpclemtclrrle kxptkim`mikepk gmtflr' b{me`l

glr r{okplr pckeke {e ecqkg b{gp{tmg

dmol' l zlt lptmr tmlekr krzkbéacbmr%

I{bhmr krbmgmr rcizgcacbm`mr blercrpke

ÿecbmikepk ke {em gcrpm `k bliztldmbcòe? kg

keb{krpm`l ce`cbm r{ kxzktckebcm zmrm`m' r{ztkaktkebcm s `kiír blrmr zlt kg krpcgl

imtbme`l {e z{epl `k gm gcrpm% Ke i{bhlr bmrlr'

glr z{eplr rle m`okpcqlr }{k `krbtcdke m {e

ldokpl blebtkpl%



Kg ztlzòrcpl `k {em krbmgm `k

mbpcp{` kr mqktcf{mt gm rcp{mbcòe`k {e ce`cqc`{l `keptl `k pmg

blepce{l%



Krbmgmr `k bmpkfltém



Krbmgm `k kqmg{mbcòe }{k

blercrpk ke `cqktrmr bmpkfltémr

`k tkrz{krpm' }{k m ike{`l

ztlzltbcleme mgpktempcqmr zmtm

}{k glr keb{krpm`lr ce`c}{kezlrcbclekr ke {e blepce{l%

Krbmgmr `k bmpkfltém



K R B M G M @

K B M P K F L T C M R K G K B B C L E

M @ M



Gm kxzmercòe `k gmr bmpkfltémr `k

tkrz{krpm ztlzltbclem imsltagkxcdcgc`m` zmtm }{k kg keb{krpm`l

ztlbk`m m gm gmdlt `k kqmg{mbcòe% Rc

gmr bmpkfltémr rk lt`keme ble

tkrzkbpl m {em `cikercòe blebtkpm

`krbtczpcqm l qmgltmpcqm' gmcealtimbcòe ztlzltbclem`m kr

cebg{rl imslt%



Krpm krbmgm `k bmpkfltém kr

{em ik`c`m iír rkercdgk

}{k gm krbmgm }{k pme ròglpckek `lr bmpkfltémr `k

tkrz{krpm> ztlzltbclemiír cealtimbcòe%



Iãpl`l `k gm r{im `k

z{ep{mbclekr?GM KRBMGM GCNKTP



Ik`c`m `k mbpcp{` ke gm }{k glr

keb{krpm`lr KQMGßME gm cepkerc`m` blegm }{k krpíe `k mb{kt`l l ke `krmb{kt`l

ble mactimbclekr b{c`m`lrmikepk

alti{gm`mr> zmtm altimt {e ée`cbkmftkfm`l' z{k`ke {pcgcmtrk `cqktrlr

cpkir `k krbmgm (mactimbclekr#' }{k

kxztkrme mbpcp{`kr ble tkrzkbpl m {eldokpl' }{k qme `kr`k i{s zlrcpcql hmrpm

i{s ekfmpcql GM KRBMGM GCNKTP



Glr ce`cqc`{lr eltimgikepk kgcfke`k keptk mztlxcim`mikepk bcebl

tkrz{krpmr mgpktempcqmr ) i{s `k

mb{kt`l' `k mb{kt`l' ce`kbcrl' ke`krmb{kt`l' i{s ke `krmb{kt`l )

m{e}{k kg eÿiktl `k mgpktempcqmr

r{kgk qmtcmt ke kg cepktqmgl `k ptkrm e{kqk%



M gm hltm `k bliztmt mgcikeplr zmtm ic amicgcm' kg

ztkbcl el cizltpm%I{s ke `krmb{kt`l Ke `krmb{kt`l Ce`kbcrl @k mb{kt`l I{s `k mb{kt`l

(=# (4# (2# (0# (;#

KOKIZGL

Zmtm ik`ct gm mbpcp{`' glr ceqkrpcfm`ltkr

mrcfeme z{ep{mbclekr l qmgltkr m gmr

tkrz{krpmr mgpktempcqmr%

Ke krpk kokizgl' rk hme mrcfem`l glr

qmgltkr ;' 0' 2' 4 s =%

(Glr qmgltkr ilrptm`lr keptk zmtãepkrcr el ctémeciztkrlr ke kg b{krpclemtcl#



®I{s `k mb{kt`l¾ ce`cbm gm mbpcp{` iír

amqltmdgk tkrzkbpl `k gm mactimbcòe'

mrcfeíe`lrk kg qmglt ; m krpm tkrz{krpm%Gm mactimbcòe ztlzltbclem`m ke krpk kokizgl

kr zlrcpcqm ble tkrzkbpl m gm mbpcp{`%

Rc rk `cktm {em mactimbcòe ekfmpcqm tkrzkbpl mgldokpl (blil ®Ztkr{z{krpl b{c`m`lrmikepk

icr fmrplr ke mgcikepmbcòe¾#' rk ceqktpctéme glr

qmgltkr s rk mrcfemtém kg qmglt ; m ®I{s ke`krmb{kt`l¾%[em krbmgm `k {e rlgl épki l mactimbcòe ke kg iãpl`l `k gm

r{im `k z{ep{mbclekr rk bleqcktpk ke {em krbmgm lt`cemg%



I{s ke `krmb{kt`l Ke `krmb{kt`l Ce`kbcrl @k mb{kt`l I{s `k mb{kt`l(=# (4# (2# (0# (;#

I{s ke `krmb{kt`l Ke `krmb{kt`l Ce`kbcrl @k mb{kt`l I{s `k mb{kt`l(;# (0# (2# (4# (=#

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Ke kg ztlbk`cickepl ltcfcemg `k GCNKTP' rk

fkektm {e ftme eÿiktl `k mactimbclekr s rktkmgcm {e meígcrcr `k gmr icrimr%

Kg meígcrcr `k gmr mactimbclekr mrkf{tm }{k gmr

}{k acemgikepk }{k`me ke gm krbmgm `kacecpcqmr{rbcpme {em mizgcm tkrz{krpm s `caktkebcme

m}{ãgglr ble mbpcp{`kr zlrcpcqmr s ekfmpcqmr%

@k gm gcrpm acemg `k mactimbclekr rk kgcicemem}{ãggmr }{k bmtkbke `k bgmtc`m` l ztlqlbme

zm{pmr `k tkrz{krpm ikbgm`mr%



{em @KRQKEPMOM `kg iãpl`l pczl Gcnktp `k

r{im `k qmgltmbclekr kr }{k tkr{gpm `caébcgrmdkt gl }{k {em z{ep{mbcòe mftkfm`m`kpkticem`m rcfecacbm%

I{bhmr zm{pmr `k tkrz{krpm m gmr `cqktrmrmactimbclekr z{k`ke ztl`{bct gm icrim

z{ep{mbcòe plpmg% Mré' z{ep{mbclekr plpmgkr

c`ãepcbmr z{k`ke tkagkomt `crpcepmr mbpcp{`krzlt}{k glr keb{krpm`lr ilrptmtle r{ mzlsl m

`crpcepmr blidcembclekr ̀ k mactimbclekr%



@CAKTKEBCMG RKIÍEPCBL



Ik`c`m `k mbpcp{` }{k

blercrpk ke {em rktck `kkrbmgmr `k kqmg{mbcòe `k rckpk

z{eplr }{k {pcgcme m`okpcqlrmepòecilr zmtm acomt kg

ztcebczcl s kg acemg `k bm`mkrbmgm%



R{zlek gm ztkrkepmbcòe `k {e ztl`{bpl'

imtbm' pcke`m { lptl blebkzpl rkf{c`l `k

{em rktck `k krbmgmr `k kqmg{mbcòedczlgmt `k rckpk z{eplr% M`okpcqlr

mepòecilr' blil ®dcke¾ s ®img¾'

®il`ktel¾ s ®mepcb{m`l¾' ®gcizcl¾ s

®r{bcl¾' acome kg ztcebczcl s kg acemg (l

zlglr# `k bm`m krbmgm%Kg r{okpl tkmgcm o{cbclr tkzkpc`lr rldtk kg

blebkzpl rlikpc`l m ceqkrpcfmbcòe ke bm`m

krbmgm%



[e kokizgl `k bòil a{ebclem gm hkttmickepm `kg `caktkebcmg rkiíepcbl krkg rcf{ckepk' `le`k kg ldokpl m o{fmt kr {em pltikepm?

Z acg ` c ` g ýé ã ` g hí p a p g c c g



Zktacg ̀ k cimfke ̀ k gmr blizmýémr mãtkmr ̀ k q{kglr bhítpkt atkepk m gmr ztcebczmgkrgéekmr mãtkmr%

Ke a{ebcòe `k rc rk mr{ik }{k glr `mplr rle `k cepktqmgl { lt`cemgkr' rk{pcgcm gm ik`cm mtcpiãpcbm l gm ik`cmem zmtm blizmtmt kg zktacg `k {eztl`{bpl' imtbm' l pcke`m ble kg `k {e ztl`{bpl' imtbm l pcke`m `k gmblizkpkebcm%



KrbmgmrE{iãtcbmr



Krbmgm `k kqmg{mbcòe `k mbpcp{`

rcicgmt mg `caktkebcmg rkiíepcblkxbkzpl ke }{k' blil

lzbclekr `k tkrz{krpm zmtmc`kepcacbmt gmr zlrcbclekr `k

tkrz{krpm' {pcgcm eÿiktlr ke

g{fmt `k `krbtczbclekr

qktdmgkr% Krbmgmr E{iãtcbmr



Zlt kokizgl' rc glr z{eplr `k gm

krbmgm pckeke bcebl zlrcbclekr `k

tkrz{krpm' gm krbmgm rk `kelicem

®krbmgm e{iãtcbm `k bcebl z{eplr¾>{em krbmgm ble rckpk zlrcbclekr `k

tkrz{krpm rk `kelicem ®krbmgm

e{iãtcbm `k rckpk z{eplr¾' kpbãpktm%Blerc`ktkilr gm rcf{ckepk krbmgm e{iãtcbm?



Mhltm }{k hmbk sm mztlxcim`mikepk {e mýl }{k zlrkkr{ m{pliòqcg' `éfmelr zlt amqlt' r{ ecqkg `k rmpcrambbcòeble r{ Alt` Pm{t{r%

Kxptkim`mikepk rmpcrakbhl 6 1 ; 0 2 4 = Kxptkim`mikepk cermpcrakbhl

Krpm krbmgm e{iãtcbm {pcgcm mepòecilr `kg icril

il`l }{k kg `caktkebcmg rkiíepcbl% Ke gm ztíbpcbm'

glr ceqkrpcfm`ltkr hme kebleptm`l }{k zmtm gmr

zldgmbclekr ble bcktpl ecqkg `k krp{`clr' {em

krbmgm ble kpc}{kpmr e{iãtcbmr zmtm glr z{eplr

cepktik`clr `k gm krbmgm kr {em ik`c`m pme

kakbpcqm blil {e qkt`m`ktl `caktkebcmg

rkiíepcbl%

K

r b m g m r E { i ã t c b m r

kokizgl



Krbmgm Rpmzkg



Ik`c`m `k mbpcp{` }{k

blercrpk ke {e ÿecblm`okpcql ke kg bkeptl `k {e

eÿiktl zmt `k qmgltkr

e{iãtcblr%

Krbmgm Rpmzkg



Krbmgm Rpmzkg



Rk {pcgcme gmr il`ktemr qktrclekr

`k gm krbmgm' ble {e ÿecbl m`okpcql'

zmtm r{rpcp{ct kg `caktkebcmgrkiíepcbl b{me`l kr `caébcg btkmtzmtkr `k m`okpcqlr mepòecilr%

Krbmgm Rpmzkg



Ic`k gm bktbmeém l `crpmebcm m gm }{k

rk zktbcdk }{k {e m`okpcql rk

keb{keptm `k {e krpéi{gl `m`l%

Kgcom {e eÿiktl zlrcpcql zmtm gmr zmgmdtmr

}{k blerc`ktm `krbtcdke kgkrpmdgkbcickepl `k altim ztkbcrm% @kdkkgkfct {e eÿiktl zlrcpcql imslt ke

a{ebcòe `k gm ztkbcrcòe ble gm }{k' rkfÿe

r{ lzcecòe' gm zmgmdtm `krbtcdk m gm pcke`m%

Rkgkbbclek {e eÿiktl ekfmpcql zmtm gmr

zmgmdtmr }{k blerc`ktk }{k el `krbtcdke

kg krpmdgkbcickepl `k altim ztkbcrm%

B{mepl ikelr ztkbcrm rkm gm `krbtczbcòe

`k gm pcke`m }{k tkmgcm gm zmgmdtm rkfÿer{ lzcecòe' kg eÿiktl ekfmpcql `kdk rkt

imslt% Blerkb{kepkikepk' z{k`k

rkgkbbclemt b{mg}{ckt e{iktl `kr`k .2

zmtm zmgmdtmr }{k blerc`ktk }{k rle i{s

ztkbcrmr' hmrpm )2 zmtm zmgmdtmr }{k

blerc`ktk rle i{s zlbl ztkbcrmr%



Blil gm krbmgm Rpmzkg el ztkbcrm

m`okpcqlr mepòecilr' kr iír aíbcg

`k kgmdltmt }{k kg `caktkebcmg

rkiíepcbl%Gm ceqkrpcfmbcòe blizmtmpcqm `kg

`caktkebcmg rkiíepcbl s gm krbmgm Rpmzkg

ce`cbm }{k glr tkr{gpm`lr `k gmr `lr

pãbecbmr rle ke ftme ik`c`m cf{mgkr%



Krbmgm `kr{im blerpmepk



Ik`c`m `k mbpcp{` ke gm }{k

rk zc`k }{k glr keb{krpm`lr`cqc`me {em r{im blerpmepk

zmtm ce`cbmt gm cizltpmebcmtkgmpcqm `k `crpceplr

mptcd{plr%Krbmgm `k

r{im blerpmepk



@cqc`m =:: z{eplr keptk gmr rcf{ckepkr bmtmbpktérpcbmr`k {e rktqcbcl `k keqélr' `k mb{kt`l ble gmcizltpmebcm }{k zmtm {rpk` pckek bm`m bmtmbpktérpcbm m

gm hltm `k rkgkbbclemt {em blizmýém `k ikermoktém?Ambp{tmbcòe ztkbcrm \\\\\\\\\

Keptkfm ke kg zgml ztlikpc`l \\\\\\\\\

Ztkbclr iír dmolr \\\\\\\\\


kokizgl



Krpm krbmgm `k r{im blerpmepk

a{ebclem ikolt ble keb{krpm`lr }{kpckeke {e kgkqm`l ecqkg k`{bmpcql% Rc

glr keb{krpm`lr rcf{ke gmr

cerpt{bbclekr `k altim blttkbpm' glr

tkr{gpm`lr rk mztlxcimtíe m

ik`cbclekr `k cepktqmgl% M ik`c`m }{k kgeÿiktl `k krpéi{glr rk cebtkikepm' gm pãbecbm

rk hmbk bm`m qk iír blizgkom%



Krbmgm ftíacbm `kqmgltmbcòe l krbmgm `k

bgmrcacbmbcòe blepce{m



Ik`c`m `k mbpcp{` }{k zkticpk}{k glr keb{krpm`lr kqmgÿke {e

ldokpl kgcfcke`l b{mg}{cktz{epl m gl gmtfl `k {e blepce{l

ftíacbl%

Krbmgm ftíacbm `k qmgltmbcòel krbmgm `k bgmrcacbmbcòe blepce{m



Krbmgm ftíacbm `k qmgltmbcòel krbmgm `k bgmrcacbmbcòe blepce{m



Gm krbmgm `k kqmg{mbcòe ftíacbm

pckek gm qkepmom `k zkticpct }{k'`k bmtm m gm z{ep{mbcòe' kg

ceqkrpcfm`lt kgcom b{mg}{cktcepktqmgl `krkm`l% Gm `krqkepmom

`k gm krbmgm `k kqmg{mbcòe ftíacbm

kr }{k el ztlzltbclem tkrz{krpmr

krpíe`mt%



Gm KRBMGM CG[RPTM@M kr {em altim krzkbcmg `k gmkrbmgm `k kqmg{mbcòe ftíacbm% [pcgcm lzbclekr `k

tkrz{krpm zcbpòtcbmr { lptl pczl `k bli{ecbmbcòe qcr{mg

zmtm tkztkrkepmt {e blepce{l ftíacbl% R{ ztlzòrcpl kr

ikoltmt gm bli{ecbmbcòe ble keb{krpm`lr }{k bmtkbke`k mgplr ecqkgkr `k mgamdkpcmbcòe' blil zlt kokizgl

glr ecýlr%



Qkepmomr k cebleqkeckepkr

`k gmr krbmgmr `k qmgltmbcòe

KE TKR[IKE



IK@CBCÒE`k gm cepkebcòeble`{bp{mg%



Kg blizlekepk ble`{bp{mg `k

{em mbpcp{` cizgcbm gmrkxzkbpmpcqmr `k blizltpmickepl

`k {e ce`cqc`{l ble tkrzkbpl m {e

ldokpl ble`{bp{mg% Eltimgikepk'

krpk ÿgpcil tkztkrkepm {em cepkebcòe `k

bliztm' {em pke`kebcm m d{rbmtcealtimbcòe m`cbclemg l zgmekr zmtm

qcrcpmt {em kxzlrcbcòe%



Gmr krbmgmr `k bmpkfltém zmtm

ik`ct kg blizlekepk ble`{bp{mg`k {em mbpcp{` zc`ke }{k kg

keb{krpm`l kxztkrk gmztldmdcgc`m` `k bliztm l gm

cepkebcòe `k tkmgcmbcòe `k {em

mbbcòe a{p{tm' {pcgcme`l {e

b{krpclemtcl `kg pczl rcf{ckepk?



Zlt? Tlemg` F{kqmtm ZãtkKrp{`cmepk `k Imkrptém ke Bckebcmr `k gm

Bli{ecbmbcòe [ZML

FUNDAMENTOS DE MEDICIÓN

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