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- 1 -Grammar Summary
Spanish 2 Unidad 3 Etapa 3
Describing the Weather
A. To talk about the weather in Spanish, we often use the verb hacer:
Hace (mucho) calor It's (very) hotHace (mucho) fresco It's (very) coolHace (mucho) frío It's (very) coldHace (mucho) sol It's (very) sunnyHace (mucho) viento It's (very) windyHace (muy) buen tiempo It's (very) nice weatherHace (muy) mal tiempo It's (very) bad weather
B. When you talk about the sun or the wind, you can also use hay:
Hay sol y hay viento = It's sunny and it's windy
C. To talk about raining and snowing, use the verbs llover (o-->ue) - to rain and nevar (e --> ie) - to snow: Llueve mucho en el oeste del estado de Washington. Nieva mucho en la montaña Rainier.
D. To say that it's cloudy, use the expression está nublado. (TRIVIA QUESTION: Why is it está nublado and not es nublado? See the answer at the bottom of the page.)
Special Expressions Using tener
You have already learned that someone is hungry or thirsty and to tell a person's age using the verb tener. It is also used in many other "idiomatic expressions."
I'm hungry = Tengo hambreI'm thirsty = Tengo sed
I'm 16 years old = Tengo 16 añosI'm hot = Tengo calor
I'm careful = Tengo cuidadoI'm cold = Tengo frío
I'm afraid = Tengo miedoI'm in a hurry = Tengo prisa
I'm right = Tengo razónI'm sleepy = Tengo sueñoI'm lucky = Tengo suerte
I feel like dancing = Tengo ganas de bailar
Direct Object Pronouns
- 2 -A "direct object" is a word that receives the action of a verb directly. (In the sentence "Paco buys shoes" the action of buying goes directly from Paco to the shoes.) An "indirect object" is a word that indirectly receives the action of a verb. (In the sentence "Paco buys shoes for us" the action of buying goes directly from Paco to the shoes and then indirectly to us, because we end up wearing them!) Right now we are concerned only with direct objects.
A direct object answers the questions "Whom?" or "What?" as in "Whom do you see?" or "What did you buy?" Nouns used as direct objects can be replaced by direct object pronouns:
SINGULAR PLURALme = me us = nos
you (fam.) = te you (fam. pl.) = oshim, it, you (formal)(Masculine)= lo them, you (pl) (Masculine) = losher, it, you (formal) Feminine) = la them, you (pl) (Feminine) = las
The direct object noun is placed after the conjugated verb, but a direct object pronoun is placed before the conjugated verb OR after the infinitive if there is one: Yo compro la blusa. Yo la compro. Yo la voy a comprar/Yo voy a comprarla.
Saying What is Happening 'Right Now': Present Progressive
The Present Progressive is the equivalent of using -ing in English when you want to talk about what is happening "right now." ("We can't play baseball right now. It's raining!") The Present Progressive is a two-part construction, using the present indicative tense of estar + the present participle of a verb. To form the present participle, drop the infinitive ending of the verb and add -ando for -AR verbs and -iendo for -ER/-IR verbs. When the stem of an -ER/IR verb ends in a vowel, the spelling of -iendo changes to -yendo. (leer - leyendo, oir - oyendo, creer - creyendo)
-AR Verbs like MIRARI'm watching = Estoy mirando We're watching = Estamos mirando
You (fam.) are watching - Estás mirando You (fam. pl.) are watching = Estáis mirando
He, she, it, You (formal) is (are) watching = está mirando
They, you (pl.) are watching = están mirando
-ER Verbs like COMERI'm eating = Estoy comiendo We're eating = Estamos comiendo
You (fam.) are eating - Estás comiendo You (fam. pl.) are eating = Estáis comiendo
He, she, it, You (formal) is (are) eating = está comiendo
They, you (pl.) are eating = están comiendo
-IR Verbs like ESCRIBIR
- 3 -I'm writing = Estoy escribiendo We're writing = Estamos escribiendoYou (fam.) are writing - Estás
escribiendoYou (fam. pl.) are writing = Estáis
escribiendoHe, she, it, You (formal) is (are) writing =
está escribiendoThey, you (pl.) are writing = están
escribiendo
ANSWER TO THE TRIVIA QUESTION: It's está nublado because estar is used for temporary conditions. Even in Washington state cloudy skies are only
temporary!
- 5 -¿Qué tiempo hace? What is the weather like?
Está nublado It's cloudyHace buen tiempo It's good weather
Hace calor It's hotHace fresco It's cool
Hace frío It's coldHace mal tiempo It's bad weather
Hace sol It's sunnyHace viento It's windy
Hay sol It's sunny (there is sun)Hay viento I'ts windy (there is wind)
las estaciones seasonsel invierno winterel otoño fall, autumn
la primavera springel verano summer
tener calor to be hot ("to have heat")tener cuidado to be careful ("to have care")
tener frío to be cold ("to have cold")tener miedo to be afraid ("to have fear")tener prisa to be in a hurrytener razón to be righttener sueño to be sleepytener suerte to be lucky
tener ganas de...(+ infinitive verb) to feel like...
creer to think, to believeCreo que sí/no I think so/I don't think so
el abrigo coat, overcoatla bufanda scarf
el gorro capel impermeable raincoat
los shorts shortsel traje de baño bathing suit
con rayas stripedde cuadros plaid, checked
el bronceador suntan lotionlas gafas de sol sunglasses
el paraguas umbrella
- 6 -sacar fotos to take picturestomar el sol to sunbatheel bosque forestel desierto desert
el lago lakeel mar sea
la montaña mountainla playa beach
el río riverel árbol treela flor flower
la planta plant
Grammar Summary
Spanish 2 Unidad 4 Etapa 1
- 7 -The Verb decir - to say, to tell
Decir is an irregular verb, with many spelling changes. Note that decir que (que has no accent mark) means to say that (Digo que mi novia es más bonita - I say that my girlfriend is prettier.)
DECIR - to say, to tell I say = Digo We say = decimos
You (fam.) say = dices You (fam.pl.) say = decísHe, she, you (formal) say(s) = dice They, you (pl.) say = dicen
Using Prepositional Phrases to Express Location
When you talk about where things are located use prepositions. Use de when the preposition is followed by a specific location.
cerca (de) near (to)delante (de) in front (of)
a la derecha (de) to the right (0f)detrás (de) behind
enfrente (de) facing, across (from)entre between
a la izquierda (de) to the left (of)al lado (de) beside, next to, to the side (of)lejos (de) far (from)
Regular Affirmative tú Commands
To tell a person to do something, use an affirmative command. Tú commands are used with family and friends (anyone you would speak to as "tú"). The regular affirmative tú command is the same as the él/ella form of the Present Indicative Tense: ¡Habla! You could also think of it as being the same as the tú form, but without the "s."
Walk! = ¡Camina! Eat! = ¡Come! Open! = ¡Abre!
If you use an affirmative command with a direct object pronoun, attach the pronoun to the end of the command: ¡Abre la puerta --> ¡Abrela!
If needed, add an accent mark when you attach a pronoun in order retain the original stress. (Remember that if not marked with an accent, a word that ends in a vowel or the
consonants n or s is stressed on the next-to-last syllable.) ¡Escribe! ¡Escríbelo!
Spanish 1 Unidad 4 Etapa 1el aeropuerto airportel banco bank
- 8 -la carnicería butcher's shopel centro center, downtownel centro comercial shopping centerel correo post officela estación de autobuses bus stationla farmacia pharmacy, drugstoreel hotel hotella iglesia churchla joyería jewelry storela librería book storela panadería bread bakeryla papelería stationery storela pastelería pastry shopla plaza town squarela tienda de música y videos music and video storela zapatería shoe storela avenida avenuela calle streetel camino roadla dirección direction, addressa pie on footel autobús busel avión airplaneel barco shipel carro carel metro subwayla moto(cicleta) motorcycleel taxi taxi, cabel tren trainPerdona(e), ¿cómo llego a...? Pardon, how do I get to...?¿Puedes (Puede usted) decirme dónde queda...? Could you tell me where...is?
¿Queda lejos? Is it far?acá / aquí here (over here, around here / here)allá / allí there (over there, around there / there)¡Cómo no! Of courseLo siento... I'm sorry...cerca (de) near (to)cruzar to crossla cuadra city blockdelante (de) in front (of)a la derecha (de) to the right (of)
- 9 -derecho straight aheaddesde fromdetrás (de) behinddoblar to turnenfrente (de) facing, across fromentre betweenla esquina cornerhasta until, as far asa la izquierda (de) to the left (of)al lado (de) beside, next tolejos (de) far (from)quedar (en) to be (in a specific place, to agree on)la cosa thingdecir to say, to tellmanejar to driveel mapa mappor for, by, aroundsalir to go out, to leaveviajar to travelel viaje trip
Grammar Summary
Spanish 2 Unidad 4 Etapa 2
- 10 -Stem-Changing Verbs (o --> ue)
Remember "boot" verbs like pensar, where the spelling in the stem alternates between e and ie? There is also a group of verbs in which the spelling alternates between o and ue.
ALMORZAR (o--> ue) - to eat lunch I eat lunch = Almuerzo We eat lunch = Almorzamos
You (fam.) eat lunch = Almuerzas You (fam.pl.) eat lunch = AlmorzáisHe, she, you (formal) eat(s) lunch =
Almuerza They, you (pl.) eat lunch = Almuerzan
Other (o--> ue) verbs in this unit are: devolver - to return an item, encontrar - to find, to meet, recordar - to remember, poder - to be able to, can, volver - to return, to go back
Indirect Object Pronouns
A "direct object" is a word that receives the action of a verb directly. (In the sentence "Paco buys shoes" the action of buying goes directly from Paco to the shoes.) An "indirect object" is a word that indirectly receives the action of a verb. (In the sentence "Paco buys shoes for us" the action of buying goes directly from Paco to the shoes and then indirectly to us, because we end up wearing them!) You have already learned about direct object pronouns. In this unit you learn how to use indirect object pronouns.
An indirect object tells "to whom/what" or "for whom/what" an action is performed. Notice that indirect object pronouns use the same words as direct object pronouns, except for le and les. (Trivia question: What are the direct object pronoun equivalents of le and les? See the answer at the bottom of the page)
Indirect Object Pronouns (to/for) me = me (to/for) us = nos
(to/for) you (fam.) = te (to/for) you (fam.pl.) = os(to/for) him, her, you (formal) = le (to/for) them, you (pl.) = les
An indirect object pronoun can replace or accompany an indirect object noun.
Accompanies ReplacesRosa le compra una olla a su madre.
Rosa buys her mother a pot.Rosa le compra una olla.
Rosa buys her a pot.
Since the pronouns le and les can refer to different indirect objects (him, her, you) they are often accompanied by a + name, noun, or pronoun in order to clarify the meaning: Yo le compro flores=I buy her flowers. Yo le compro flores a mi novia= I buy my girlfriend flowers (and not that other girl-big trouble if the meaning is not clear!)
To add emphasis, you can add the phrase a + pronoun to a sentence that uses an indirect object pronoun: A mi me compro un carro rojo = I'm buying myself a red car.
Placement of Indirect Object Pronouns
How do you know where indirect object pronouns go in a sentence? They work just like direct object pronouns.
- 11 -The indirect object pronoun is placed before the conjugated verb OR after the infinitive if there is one: Yo me compro la blusa. Yo voy a comprarme la blusa/Yo me voy a comprar la blusa. If there are both an indirect and a direct object pronoun, the indirect object pronoun goes first. Yo me la compro. Yo voy a comprármela/ Yo me la voy a comprar.
TRIVIA QUESTION ANSWER: The direct object equivalents of le are lo or la and the equivalents of les are los or las.
Spanish 2 Unidad 4 Etapa 2el anillo ringel arete earring
- 12 -el collar necklacelas joyas jewelryel oro goldla plata silverla pulsera braceletel casete cassetteel disco compacto compact disc (CD)el radio radioel radiocasete radio-tape playerel video videola videograbadora VCRel videojuego video gamela artesanía handicraftlos artículos de cuero leather goodsla bolsa handbaglas botas bootsla cartera walletla cerámica ceramicsel cinturón beltla jarra pitcher (to hold liquids)la olla potel plato plate¿Cuánto cuesta(n) How much does it (they) cost?¡Es muy caro! It's very expensive!Le dejo...en... I'll give ... to you for ...Le puedo ofrecer... I can offer you...¿Me deja ver... May I see...?regatear to bargaindar to giveel regalo giftbarato(a) cheap, inexpensivela calidad qualitycambiar to change, to exchangecaro(a) expensivedemasiado(a) too muchel mercado marketperfecto(a) perfectel cambio change, money exchangeel dinero moneyel dólar dollarel efectivo cashpagar to pay
- 13 -el precio pricela tarjeta de crédito credit cardjuntos togetherpara for, in order toalmorzar (o-->ue) to eat lunchcontar (o-->ue) to count, to tell or retellcostar (o-->ue) to costdevolver (o-->ue) to return an itemdormir (o-->ue) to sleepencontrar (o-->ue) to find, to meetpoder (o-->ue) to be able to, canrecordar (o-->ue) to remembervolver (o-->ue) to return
Grammar Summary
Spanish 2 Unidad 4 Etapa 3
- 14 -Using gustar to Talk About Things (nouns) You Like
You've already learned how to say you like to do something: Indirect Object Pronoun+gustar+infinitive verb Me gusta patinar
To say someone likes a thing or things (noun), use the same construction, but remember that the thing one likes is the subject of the sentence ("French fries please me") and so control the conjugation of the verb gustar: Me gustan las papas fritas. If the thing you like is singular, use the singular form of the verb - Me gusta la salsa. But if the thing you like is plural, use gustan.
Affirmative and Negative Words
When you want to talk about an indefinite or negative situation, you use an affirmative or a negative word:
AFFIRMATIVE WORDS NEGATIVE WORDSalgo - something nada - nothing
alguien - someone nadie - no onealgún/alguno(a) - some ningún/ninguno(a) - none, not any
siempre - always nunca - nevertambién - also tampoco - neither, either
Notice that alguno(a) and ninguno(a) must match the gender of the noun they replace or modify. Alguno and ninguno have different forms when used before a masculine singular noun. La chica quiere algún postre, (postre is a masculine singular noun) pero el chico no quiere ningúno. (the word postre is omitted, so the form remains ninguno).
When a verb is preceded by no, words that follow it must also be negative. A double negative is required in Spanish when no comes before the verb: No quiero nada - I don't want anything (I not want nothing). However, if a negative word, such as nunca or nadie, comes before the verb, a second negative is not needed: Nadie quiere postre. Las chicas nunca comen postre.
Stem-changing Verbs (e-->i)
You have already learned about verbs that have a spelling change in the stem from e to ie, or from o to ue. These (e-->i) verbs change in a similar pattern:
Verbs like pedir (e-->i) I order = Pido We order = pedimos
You (fam.) order = pides You (fam.pl.) order = pedísHe, she, you(formal) order(s) = pide They, you (pl.) order = piden
Verbs like pedir in this lesson are: servir - to serve, repetir - to repeat, seguir - to follow or to continue (seguir changes its spelling because of Spanish spelling rules: The yo form drops the "u" because he sound "go" is spelled sigo. the other forms retain the "u" because the sounds "geh" and "gui" (as in "guitar) are spelled with a "u": sigues, sigue, seguimos, siguen.Spanish 2 Unidad 4 Etapa 3¿Me ayuda a pedir? Could you help me to order?¿Me trae...? Could you bring me...?
- 15 -el menú menupedir (e-->i) to ask for, to order, to requestQuisiera... I would likeel (la) mesero(a) waiter (waitress)el restaurante restaurantservir (e-->i) to servetraer to bringla cuchara spoonel cuchillo knifela taza cupel tenedor forkriquísimo very tasty, very rich¿Cuánto es? How much is it?¿Cuánto le doy de propina? How much do I tip?la cuenta bill, checkLa cuenta, por favor The check pleaseEs aparte Separate checks¿Está incluido(a)...? Is...included?la propina tipFui.../Fuiste... I went.../you went...caliente hot, warmdelicioso(a) deliciousdulce sweetpicante spicyrico(a) tasty, richvegetariano(a) vegetarianel arroz riceel azúcar sugarel bistec steakla carne meatla enchilada enchiladala ensalada saladla lechuga lettuceel pan breadel pollo chickenel queso cheesela salsa salsa, saucela sopa soupla bebida beverage, drinkel café coffeela limonada lemonadeel té tea
- 16 -el flan caramel custard dessertel pan dulce sweet rollel pastel cakeel postre dessertalgo somethingalguien someone, somebodyalguno(a) somedesayunar to have breakfastel desayuno breakfastla lengua languagelisto(a) readynada nothingnadie no one, nobodyninguno(a) none, not anyponer to putponer la mesa to set the tableel pueblo town, villagesin withouttampoco neither, eithertodavía still, yet
Grammar Summary
Spanish-1 Unidad 5 Etapa 1
- 17 -Describing Actions That Involve Oneself: Reflexive Verbs
To describe people doing things for or to themselves, use reflexive verbs. Examples of reflexive verbs are brushing one's teeth or combing one's hair. Reflexive verbs are used with a reflexive pronoun to indicate that the subject of the sentence receives the action of the verb. When a reflexive verb is conjugated, the reflexive pronouns go before the verb. For example, with the verb lavarse - to wash oneself
yo me lavo la cara nosotros nos lavamos las carastú te lavas la cara vosotros os lavais las caras
él, ella, Ud. se lava cara ellos, Uds. se lavan las caras
Notice that the people say they wash themselves "the face" and not "my face" or "your face," etc. This is because reflexive pronouns already include the concept of possession.
When you use the infinitive form of a reflexive verb after a conjugated verb, there are two options for where to place the reflexive pronoun. It can go either before the conjugated verb or after (and attached to) the infinitive:
Before the Conjugated Verb After the InfinitiveMe quiero lavar la cara Quiero lavarme la cara
Some verbs have different meanings when used reflexively:
Non-reflexive Reflexivedormir - to sleep dormirse - to fall asleep
ir - to go irse - to leave, to go awayponer - to put ponerse - to put on (clothes)
Irregular Affirmative Tú Commands
Remember how to form regular affirmative tú commands? You use the present indicative tense tú form, but drop off the "s": ¡Habla! ¡Come! ¡Abre! Some verbs have irregular affirmative tú command forms:
Infinitive Affirmative tú commanddecir dihacer haz
ir veponer ponsalir salser sé
tener tenvenir ven
Remember that when you use a pronoun with an affirmative tú command, you attach the pronoun to the end of the command: ¡Hazlo ahora!
- 18 -Negative Tú Commands
When you tell someone what not to do, use a negative command. Negative commands are formed by starting with the yo form of the present tense, dropping the o and adding the appropriate ending:
Infinitive Yo form Present Tense Negative Tú Commandhablar hablo ¡No hables!comer como ¡No comas!venir vengo ¡No vengas!
Notice that the vowel in the ending changes to the "opposite" of that of the infinitive. An -AR verb's vowel changes from "a" to "e" and -ER/IR verbs change from "e" or "i" to "a."
There are a few irregular negative tú command verbs:
Infinitive (yo form) Negative Tú Commanddar (doy) ¡No des!
estar (estoy) ¡No estés!ir (voy) ¡No vayas!
ser (soy) ¡No seas!
With negative tú commands, pronouns are always placed before the verb:
¡No lo uses! ¡No la escribas!
Spanish-2 Unidad 5 Etapa 1acostarse (o-->ue) to go to bed
- 19 -afeitarse to shave oneselfdespertarse (e-->ie) to wake updormirse (o-->ue) to fall asleepducharse to take a showerlavarse to wash oneselflavarse la cabeza to wash one's hairlavarse los dientes to brush one's teethlevantarse to get upmaquillarse to put on makeuppeinarse to comb one's hairponerse la ropa to get dressedsecarse to dry oneselfel cepillo (de dientes) toothbrushel champú shampooel espejo mirrorel jabón soapla pasta de dientes toothpasteel peine combel secador de pelo hair dryerla toalla towella boca mouthel brazo armla cabeza headla cara faceel cuerpo bodyel diente toothel estómago stomachla mano handla nariz nosela oreja earel pie footla pierna leghacer la cama to make the bedlavar los platos to wash the disheslimpiar el cuarto to clean the roomlimpio(a) cleanlos quehaceres choresquitar la mesa to clear the tablesucio(a) dirtyla cama bedel despertador alarm clockduro(a) hard, tough
- 20 -irse to leave, to go awayla manta blanketponerse (ropa) to put on (clothes)
Grammar Summary
Spanish-2 Unidad 5 Etapa 2
- 21 -Using Pronouns with the Present Progressive
Remember how you use the present progressive to describe actions in progress? When you use pronouns with the present participle, you can put them in one of two places:
Before the Conjugated estar After the Present Participlelo estoy esperando estoy esperándolo
Remember that when you attach pronouns to the end of a verb form, you may have to add an accent mark in order to retain the original stress of the verb (as in the example above).
Some verbs you know have irregular present participle forms:
Verb InfinitiveIrregular Present
Participle
When the stem of an -er or -ir verb ends in a vowel, change the -iendo
to -yendo
leer
oir
traer
leyendo
oyendo
trayendoe-->i stem-changing verbs have a vowel change in the stem of the
present participlepedir servir
pidiendo sirviendo
Some other verbs also have a vowel change in the stem
decir
dormir
venir
diciendo
durmiendo
viniendo
Using the Verb deber to Say What You Should or Ought to Do:
Use the conjugated form of deber with the infinitive of another verb:
Yo debo barrer el suelo Nosotros debemos ir a escuelaTú debes estudiar Vosotros debéis comer
Él, ella, Ud. debe venir Ellos, ustedes deben hablar
Using Adverbs That End in -mente
To describe how something is done, use an adverb. Many adverbs in Spanish are made by changing an existing adjective and adding the ending -mente, which is the equivalent of adding -ly in English.
Adjective AdverbWhen an adjective ends in
e, l, or z, simply add -mente to the end
reciente recientemente
frecuente frecuentemente
- 22 - fácil fácilmente normal normalmente especial especialmente feliz felizmente
For adjectives with -o or -a endings, add -mente to the
feminine formcuidadoso(a) cuidadosamente
rápido(a) rápidamente lento(a) lentamente tranquilo(a) tranquilamente
When you use two adverbs, drop the -mente from the first one:
Ella entra en la clase lenta y tranquilamente.
Spanish-2 Unidad 5 Etapa 2cuidadosamente carefully
- 23 -cuidadoso(a) carefuldeber should, ought toespecial specialepecialmente especiallyfacilmente easilyfelizmente happilyfrecuente frequentfrecuentemente frequently, oftenlentamente slowlylento(a) slownormal normalrapidamente quickly, rapidlyrápido(a) quick, fastrecientemente recently, latelytranquilamente calmlyel baño bathroomla cocina kitchenel comedor dining roomla habitación bedroomel jardín gardenla pared wallla puerta doorla sala living roomel suelo floorla ventana windowel armario closetla lámpara lampla mesa tablelos muebles furniturela silla chairel sillón armchairel sofá sofa, couchel televisor TV setbarrer el suelo to sweep the floormover (o-->ue) los muebles to move the furnitureordenar (las flores, los libros) to arrange (the flowers, the books)pasar la aspiradora to vacuumplanchar la ropa to iron (the clothes)quitar el polvo to dustsacar la basura to take out the trashabierto(a) opencerrado(a) closed
- 24 -la llave keyolvidar to forgetsi iflas aceitunas oliveslos calamares squidel chorizo sausageel jamón hamlas tapas appetizersla tortilla española potato omeletla fiesta partyla invitación invitationsorpender to surprisela sorpresa surprise
Grammar Summary
Spanish-2 Unidad 5 Etapa 3
- 25 -Talking About Extremes: Superlatives
When you want to say that something has the most or least of a certain quality, use a superlative. The most common way to make an superlative in Spanish is to add the words más or menos to the word that describes the quality.
The Most... The Least...el más famoso
el chico más famosoel menos famoso
el chico menos famosolos más cómicos
los hombres más comicoslos menos cómicos
los hombres menos cómicosla más bonita
la chica más bonitala menos bonita
la chica menos bonitalas más feas
las blusas más feaslas menos feas
las blusas menos feasWhen you refer to an idea or concept, which has no gender, use the neuter
article lo: Lo más increíble
Lo menos creíble
Remember that these irregular froms are used when referring to the best, worst, oldest and youngest:
el mejor, el peor, el mayor, el menor
Talk About the Past Using Regular -AR Preterite Verbs
The preterite tense tells what happened or what you did. it is used when the action described has already been completed. Regular preterite verbs, like present indicative tense verbs, are formed by adding tense endings to the stem:
-AR Verbsyo hablétú hablaste
él, ella, usted hablónosotros(as) hablamosvosotros(as) hablasteis
ellos, ellas, ustedes hablaron
Be sure to include accent marks where necessary, as they are important to the meaning and to avoid confusion with other verb tense forms.!
Preterite Tense Verbs and Spelling Rules
The sounds "kay" and "gay" are spelled "que" and "gue" in Spanish. Therefore when you spell the preterite yo form of -AR verbs (that have an "eh" sounding ending) you must watch your spelling. Also verbs whose stem ends in the letter "z " change the "z" to a "c" before the letter "e":
- 26 -
sacar yo saquéjugar yo jugué
almorzar almorcé
Some verbs like this are: buscar, practicar, tocar, llegar, pagar, empezar, comenzar
Irregular Preterite Verbs ir , ser , hacer , dar , and ver
These irregular verbs do not follow the regular ending pattern. Sometimes the stem of the verb changes a little bit, and sometimes it changes a lot. There are several other irregular preterite verbs you will learn later that are like hacer, and they all have the same ending pattern as hacer.
ir-to go ser-to be hacer-to do dar-to give ver-to seefui fui hice di vi
fuiste fuiste hiciste diste vistefue fue hizo dio vio
fuimos fuimos hicimos dimos vimosfuisteis fuisteis hicisteis disteis visteisfueron fueron hicieron dieron vieron
No, it's not a mistake. Ir and ser do have the same preterite forms! Use context to tell the difference between the two.
Spanish- 2 Unidad 5 Etapa 3apagar la luz to turn off the light¡Cállate! Be quiet!¿A Cuánto está(n)? How much is (are)...?el aceite oilla carne de res beefla cebolla onion
- 27 -el cereal cerealla crema creamla galleta cookie, crackerla harina flourel helado ice creamel huevo eggla leche milkla mantequilla butterla pasta pastala patata potatoel pescado fishla pimienta pepperel puerco porkla sal saltla salchicha sausageel tomate tomatola verdura vegetableel yogur yogurtla zanahoria carrotel zumo juicela botella bottlela lata canel paquete packagecuarto(a) quarterla docena dozenel gramo gramel kilo kilogramel litro litermedio(a) halfel pedazo piecedoscientos(as) two hundredtrescientos(as) three hundredcuatrocientos(as) four hundredquinientos(as) five hundredseiscientos(as) six hundredsetecientos(as) seven hundredochocientos(as) eight hundrednovecientos(as) nine hundredmil one thousandun millón one millionanoche last nightanteayer day before yesterday
- 28 -el año pasado last yearayer yesterdayel mes pasado last monthla semana pasada last weekla estrella starsabroso(a) tastycocinar to cookel congelador freezerla estufa stoveel frigorífico refrigeratorel horno ovenel lavaplatos dishwasherel microondas microwave
Grammar Summary
Spanish-2 Unidad 6 Etapa 1
Talking About the Past: The Preterite of -er and -ir Verbs
Notice that -er and -ir verb endings are the same in the preterite:
- 29 -Comer: Yo comí
Vivir: Yo vivíComer: Nosotros comimos
Vivir: Nosotros vivimosComer: Tú comiste
Vivir: Tú vivisteComer: Vosotros comisteis Vivir: Vosotros vivisteis
Comer: Él, ella, Ud. comió Vivir: Él, ella, Ud. vivió
Comer: Ellos, Uds. comieron Vivir: Ellos, Uds. vivieron
Preterite Verbs with a Spelling Change and Irregular Verbs in the Preterite: hacer, ir, ser
Spanish-2 Unidad 6 Etapa 1ancho(a) wideantiguo(a) old, ancientel edificio building, edificeenorme huge, enormousestrecho(a) narrowformal formalinformal informallujoso(a) luxuriousmoderno(a) modern
- 30 -ordinario(a) ordinarysencillo(a) simpletradicional traditionalel (la) arquitecto(a) architectla arquitectura architectureel (la) bombero(a) firefighterel (la) cartero(a) mail carrierla cámara camerala compañía companyel (la) contador(a) accountantel (la) editor(a) editorel (la) fotógrafo(a) photographerel (la) gerente managerel (la) escritor(a) writerla grabadora tape recorderel hombre de negocios businessmanla mujer de negocios business womanel (la) operador(a) operatorel (la) periodista journalistla profesión professionel (la) recepcionista receptionistel (la) secretario(a) secretaryel (la) taxista taxi driverVamos a... Let's...la contaminación del aire air pollutiondecidir to decideestar de acuerdo to agree, to be in agreementel (la) ganador(a) winnerofrecer to offerel tráfico traffic
Grammar Summary
Spanish-2 Unidad 6 Etapa 2
Pointing Out Specific Things Using Demonstratives
A demonstrative adjective or demonstrative pronoun are used to point out specific things. A demonstrative adjective describes the location of a noun in relation to a person you are talking to. A demonstrative pronoun refers to the same noun, but without mentioning it.
Masculine Demonstrative Adjectives Feminine Demonstrative Adjectives
- 31 -Singular Plural Singular Plural
este cerdo this pig
estos cerdos these pigs
esta mesa this table
estas mesas these tables
ese cerdo that pig
esos cerdos those pigs
esa mesa that table
esas mesas those tables
aquel cerdo that pig over there
aquellos cerdos those pigs over
thereaquella mesa
that table over thereaquellas mesas
those tables over there
Notice that the only difference between the demonstrative adjective and the demonstrative pronoun is that the pronoun has an accent.
Masculine Demonstrative Pronouns Feminine Demonstrative Pronouns
Singular Plural Singular Pluraléste
this (one)éstos these
ésta this (one)
éstas these
ése that(one)
ésos those
ésa that (one)
ésas those
aquél that (one) over there
aquéllos those over there
aquélla that (one) over
thereaquéllas
those over there
Ordinal Numbers
When you talk about the order of items, use ordinal numbers. When used with nouns, they must agree in number and gender, just like an adjective. But unlike most adjectives, ordinals are placed before nouns. Primero and tercero drop the o before a masculine singular noun.
El primer año La última vez El tercer piso La quinta chica
Irregular Preterite Verbs
dar - to give decir - to say, to tell venir - to come
di dimos dije dijimos vine vinimosdiste disteis dijiste dijisteis viniste vinisteisdio dieron dijo dijeron vino vinieron
tener - to have estar - to be
tuve tuvimos estuve estuvimostuviste tuvisteis estuviste estuvisteis
tuvo tuvieron estuvo estuvieron
NOTE: Do not use the preterite of estar to talk about feelings in the past. You will use the Imperfect Tense for that.
- 32 -
Spanish-2 Unidad 6 Etapa 2aquel(la) that (+noun) over thereaquél(la) that one over there (no noun mentioned)aquello that over there (gender undetermined)ese(a) that (+noun)ése(a) that one there (no noun mentioned)eso that (gender undetermined)este(a) this (+noun)éste(a) this one (no noun mentioned)esto this (gender undetermined)primero(a) firstsegundo(a) secondtercero(a) thirdcuarto(a) fourth
- 33 -quinto(a) fifthsexto(a) sixthséptimo(a) seventhoctavo(a) eighthnoveno(a) ninthdécimo(a) tenthel (la) artesano(a) artisan, crafts personel (la) ganadero(a) farmerel (la) pastor(a) shepherd(ess)el caballo horsela cerca fenceel cerdo pigel corral corral, penla gallina henel gallo roosterla granja farmla llama llamael toro bullla vaca cowabajo downarriba updebajo (de) underneath, underdentro (de) inside (of)encima (de) on top (of)fuera (de) outside (of)el campo countryside, the countrydarle(s) de comer to feedla lana woolel taller workshoplas tijeras scissorsúltimo(a) last