Introducción a Las de Redes de Banda Ancha HFC

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    Fundam en to s de lo s

    S is tem as de Cab l e

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    BROADBAND

    El trmino Broadband es generalmente usado para describir sistemaso equipo de banda ancha que pueden llevar una gran parte del espectroelectromagntico.Una comunicacin de banda ancha acomoda el Brodcast (difusin) ascomo muchos otros servicios.En sistemas analgicos, el ancho de banda es dado en ciclos porsegundo (Hz). Ejemplos de sistemas de comunicacin de banda anchaanalgica incluyen la difusin de canales de TV de 6Mhz de ancho debanda o un sistema de cable completo con anchos de banda de 450,550, 750 o 1000 MhzCuando se describen sistemas digitales, la transmisin es dada en bi tspor segundo (bps). Ejemplos de sistemas de comunicacin de bandaancha digi tal incluye sistemas DS-3 con tasas de transferencia de 44.736Mbps sistemas con tasas de 100Mbps en interfase digital de fibra(FDDI).

    BROADBAND generalmente se usa para indicar un sistema analgicode banda ancha integrado con un sistema digital de alta tasa detranseferencia de datos.

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    RED DE COMUNICACINES DE BANDA ANCHA

    La definicin de una red de comunicaciones de banda ancha consiste de5 componentes bsicos:1.- Localidad de subida satelital (Uplink). Sitio donde las seales songeneradas o adquiridas para ser subidas al satlite para su transmisina las localidades de cabecera final (Headend).

    2.- Localidad de Cabecera final local. Sitio donde son recibidas ydescargadas las seales provenientes del satlite para ser procesadaspara la distribucin masiva a clientes.3.- Sistema de Distribucin. Red o dispositivos de transmisin usadopara entregar seales de video y audio (programacin de canales) y/odatos digitales a los clientes.

    4.- Sistema de concentracin/retransmisin. Localidad o dispositivosencargados de la concentracin, recuperacin, regeneracin yretrasmisin de las seales del sistema de distr ibucin.5.-Localidad del cliente. Localidad del suscr iptor donde las seales sonrecibidas y presentadas para ser vistas, escuchadas o atendidas.

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    Transmisin de enlace satelital de subida

    En una localidad de subida, las seales de canales de programacin sonprocesadas con alguno o todos los procesos tales como Codificacin,Encriptacin, Compresin, etc. y transmit idas en la banda de 5.9 a 6.4 Ghz y 11.7

    12.2 Ghz a un satlite de rbi ta geoestacionaria sobre el ecuador (velocidad angularigual a la rotacin de la tierra) a 36000 Kms sobre la tierra dodne el satli temantiene su posicin relativa ajustada a la de la tierra) (equivalente a 3 veces laaltura de crucero de un avin comercial de pasajeros).Un transpondedor a bordo del satlite convierte la seal a la banc C de 3.7 4.2 Ghz Banda Ku 11.7 12.2 Ghz y usando antenas direccionales ests son redirigidas ala tierra en la zona de cobertura designada a las localidades de cabecera final(Headend).

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    Procesamiento de la Seal

    CONVERSION DE SEALES SATELITALES A RFEl la localidad de la cabecera, una antenda de la estacin terrena satelital (ESA) recibe la seal, unbloque de bajo ruido (LNB) reconvierte la seal digital a banda L (950 1450 Mhz) y la encamina alequipo de procesamiento en el HE digital.

    DECODIFICADOR DE SEALES ANALOGICASLa seal de Banda L es decodificada y demodulada en componentes de Audio y Video usando unreceptor/decodificador satelital

    MODULADOR DE RFEl modulador asigna el video y audio a portadoras seleccionadas (Canales de TV). La frecuenciaIntermedia IF dela portadora de video es 45.75 Mhz y 41.25 Mhz para la portadora de audio. Larelacin de seal de salida del Audio Video esta revertida (Formato NTSC).

    Procesamiento de la Seal

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    Procesamiento de la Seal

    Antena peridica tipo Log

    Una antena peridica tipo Log es usadapara recibir canales de TV VHF y estlocalizada en el la localidad de lacabecera.

    Antena Peridica tipo Yagi

    Las antenas peridicas tipo Yagi sonusadas para la recepcin de sealesgeneradas por compaias para ladifusin de TV fuera de aire; canales 2 a6 (Banda baja de VHF) o 7 a 13 (Bandaalta de VHF)

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    PROCESADOR HETERODINOEl procesador Heterodino reconvierte las seales de entrada a una frecuencia intermedia (IF)para filtrado, procesamiento y control de nivel. La seal es entonces reconvertidanuevamente a la frecuencia original de la portadora de RF o a una nueva frecuencia deportadora deseada.

    Procesamiento de la Seal

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    Procesamiento de la Seal

    Canales de TV fuera de aire (Offf-Air)

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    Procesamiento de la Seal

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    Los canales individuales de los moduladores y procesadores heterodinos de

    TV (RF) son combinados usando una red combinadota pasiva.

    Las seales combinadas son amplificadas por un post amplificador de bajoruido y distorsin para proveer el suficiente nivel de seal de entrada apropiadaa los transmisores pticos.

    Procesamiento de la Seal

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    Distribucin de la Seal

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    Otros Sistemas de Transmisin de Video

    Direct Broadcast Satellite (DBS)

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    Otros Sistemas de Transmisin de Video

    Multichannel Multipoint Distribution System (MMDS)MMDS is a cable TV delivery system that rebroadcasts signals directly to subscribers.

    Frequency range: 2.5 to 2.7 GHz. Transmit radius up to 30 miles. 33 analog channels available. 20 channels allocated to ITFS. Up to 14 digital services (programs/channels), depending on the compression ratio. Limited to line-of-sight. 4 MHz response channel - used for distance learning and educational programming. Telephone (Telco) return path.

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    Local Multipoint Distribution System (LMDS)

    LMDS systems transport the headend signals over fiber to cellnodes that transmit over-the-airto subscribers. Fiber-interconnect to cell nodes. Frequency range: 27.5 to 29.25 GHz. Cell radius 3 to 6 miles. 41 analog channels. Up to 14 programs/channel with digital transmission. Limited to line-of-sight transmission.

    Otros Sistemas de Transmisin de Video

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    Satellite Master Antenna System (SMATV)SMATV systems serve residential, multi-dwelling units (MDUs),such as hotels. Unfranchised, stand-alone system. MDUs are linked via microwave facilities. 18 GHz.

    Otros Sistemas de Transmisin de Video

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    TEORIA OPERACIONAL

    Teora Operacional

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    dB (DECIBEL)

    Unidad de medida que expresa la relacin de dos niveles de poder en una escala logartmica esigual a una decima parte de un BEL.

    El dB se puede expresar en valores positivos y negativos.

    Razon de potencia contra el dB :

    1-1 0 dB

    2-1 3 dB

    10-1 10 dB

    100-1 20 dB

    1000-1 30 dB

    10000-1 40 dB

    Los dB se deben sumar y restar para indicar cambios sustanciales en niveles con nmerospequeos.

    Prdida en la Transmisin

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    NODO OPTICO(TX / RX)

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    dBmVMILIVOLTIO DE DECIBEL

    0 dBmV = 1 Milivoltio medido a travs de 75 Ohms.

    (Nivel de potencia de referencia para Redes Coaxiales)

    Prdida en la Transmisin

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    N I VELES P O RT ADO RES DE V I DEO EN REDES DE B AN DA AN CHA

    (En e l Te rm ina l d l Sus c r i p to r )

    Nivel C/N Informacin Recopilada por Aceptabilidad de video

    35 dB Muestreo de la Industria de la Televisin Ruido transtorna la imagen

    36 dB Comisin Federal de Comunicaciones Mnimo 1993

    40 dB Muestreo de la Industria de la Televisin La mayora de la gente puede ver el ruido

    40 dB Comisin Federal de Comunicaciones Mnimo 1994

    42 dB Muestreo de la Industria de la Televisin La mayora de la gente puede ver el ruido

    43 dB Muestreo de la Industria de la Televisin La mayora de la gente puede ver el ruido

    43 dB Comisin Federal de Comunicaciones Mnimo 1995

    45 dB Muestreo de la Industria de la Televisin La mayora de los ingenieros no puede ver el

    ruido

    48 dB Laboratorios GI Excelente calidad de imagen

    55 60 dB Muestreo de la Industria de la Televisin Imagen con calidad de estudio

    Pag. 3 - 22

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    Po r t ado ra a Ru i do

    O dBmV O dBmV

    C/N= 59 dB

    -59 dBmV -59 dBmV

    Figura deRuido 10 dB

    C/N= 49 dB

    Ruido Termico Ruido Termico

    dBc Razon expresada en decibelesrelativos a un nivel de portadora dereferencia.

    C/N Razon de portadora a ruido

    Figura de Ruido La cantidad deruido en dB que el dispositivo de

    amplificacion introduce al ruido yaexistente.

    R id

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    PORTADORA DE RUIDO DE UN AMPLIFICADOR

    C/N = Entrada - (-59.2 + NF)

    Seal de entrada

    ? dBmV

    0 dBmV

    Figura de ruido

    ? dBmV

    -59.2 dBmVRuido trmico

    O

    Ruido

    R ido

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    SUMA IGUAL DE RELACIONES PORTADORA/RUIDO :

    C/N = C/N1 - 10 x Log10 N

    Donde

    C/N1 = Relacin de ruido de portadora de 1 contribuidor de amplificacin

    N = Nmero de contribuidores iguales

    C/N = Relacin de ruido de portadora en el lt imo contribuidor (Red C/N)

    Ruido

    Ruido

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    PARA SUMAR RELACIONES DIFERENTES PORTADORA/RUIDO:

    C/N = -10 x Log10 (10 +10 +10 )

    Donde

    C/NS = C/N de red del ltimo contribu idor

    C/N1 = Primer contribuidor

    C/N2 = Segundo contribuidor

    C/N3 = Tercer contribu idor

    -C/N310

    -C/N110

    -C/N210

    Ruido

    Distorsin

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    Relacin Portadora/Ruido (C/N)

    Distorsin

    1. C/N a la salida de un amplificador simple cuando se conoce la figura de ruido (NF):

    C/N = Entrada - (-59.2 + NF)C/NO = Nivel de salida - (-59.2 + NF + Ganancia)

    2. Para sumar relaciones idnticas portadora/ruido:

    C/NS = C/N - 10 x Log10N

    3. Para sumar relaciones diferentes portadora/ruido:

    C/NS

    = -10 x Log10

    (10 + 10 + 10 )

    4. Relacin portadora/ruido vs Ancho de banda:

    C/N = -10 x Log10

    C/N = portadora a ruido expresada como un nmero positivo

    N = nmero igual de contribuidores

    NF = figura de ruido

    G = ganancia

    -59.2 = ruido termal en ancho de banda de 4 MHz (dBmV)

    Regla: En un amplificador simple la C/N se incrementa en un dB con cada incremento de 1 dB en el nivel de salida

    de la seal.

    Regla: El total de C/N se agrava en 3 dB cada vez que se dobla el nmero de amplificadores con idntico C/N.

    -C/N110

    -C/N210

    -C/Nn10

    )(Ancho de BandarefAncho de Bandanuevo

    Distorsin

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    DISTORSION (CTB, CSO)

    Cmo se ve?

    Barras sincronizadas se mueven a travs de la imagen Efecto desempaador

    Imgenes mltiples de canales adyacentes

    Separacin de imgenes

    Lluvia de puntos negros

    Distorsin

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    PULSACION TRIPLE COMPUESTA (CTB)

    Portada

    Contribucin CTB

    Es la razn expresada en dB del nivel pico de la seal de RF nivel picodel nivel promedio de los componentes de distorsin centrados en esafrecuencia. Esta distorsin es causada por la curvatura de tercer ordende la caracterstica de transeferencia no-lineal en cada equipo delsistema.

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    PULSACION TRIPLE COMPUESTA

    Un amplificador (Nivel de operacin):

    CTB = CTBR - 2 (Nivel de salida de operacin Nivel de salida de referencia)

    Donde

    CTBR = Relacin de referencia del fabricante (dB)

    CTB = Nueva contribucin del amplifi cador (dB)

    Distorsin

    CTBS = CTB - 20 x Log10 N

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    PARA SUMAR RELACIONES DE DIFERENTES C/CTB:

    CTBs = -20 x Log10 (10 + 10 + 10 )

    Donde

    CTBS = C/CTB de red en el ltimo contribuidor

    CTB1 = Primer contribuidor

    CTB2 = Segundo contribuidor

    CTB3 = Tercer contribu idor

    -CTB120

    -CTB220

    -CTB320

    Distorsin

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    Relacin de Pulsacin Triple Compuesta (CTB)

    Distorsin

    1. CTB a la salida de un amplificador simple operando a nivel de salida dado:

    CTB = CTBref- 2 (Nivel de salida - Nivel de referencia)

    2. Para sumar relaciones idnticas de pulsaciones triples compuestas :

    CTBS = CTB - 20 x Log10N

    3. Para sumar relaciones diferentes de pulsaciones triples compuestas:

    CTBS = -20 x Log10 (10 + 10 + 10 )

    4. Pulsacin triple compuesta vs. Carga de canal:

    CTB = 10 x Log10

    CTB = Pulsacin triple compuesta expresada como un nmero positivo

    Regla: En un amplificador simple el CTB se incrementa en 2 dB con cada disminucin de 1 dB, en el nivel de salida

    de seal.

    Regla: El total de CTB se agrava en 6 dB cada vez que se dobla el nmero de amplificadores con idntico CTB

    -CTB120

    -CTB220

    -CTBn20

    )(Nmero de pulsacionesrefNmero de pulsacionesnuevo

    Distorsin

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    DISTORSION DE SEGUNDO ORDEN

    PORTADORA/COMPUESTA (CSO)

    Es la razn expresada en dB del nivel pico de la seal de RF nivel picode la seal de interferencia. Esta distorsin es causada por la curvaturade segundo orden de la caracterstica de transeferencia no-lineal encada equipo del sistema.

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    CSO

    1. Distorsin de segundo orden compuesta para un amplificador en un nivel deoperacin:

    CSO = CSOref - (Nivel de salida de operacin Nivel de salida de referencia)

    2. Para sumar relaciones CSO iguales:

    CSOS = CSO - 15 x Log10 N

    3. Para sumar relaciones CSO diferentes:

    CSOS = -15 x Log10 (10 + 10 + 10 )

    4. CSO vs Carga de canal:

    CSO = 10 xLog10

    CSO = Distorsin de segundo orden, expresada con un nmero positivo (+).

    Regla: El cambio de 1 dB en la salida de un amplificador cambiar la CSO en 1 dB.

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    N IVELES D E D ISTORS ION EN RED ES

    (EN EL TERM INAL D EL SUSCR IP TOR )

    Distorsin Funcionamiento Recomendado por

    CTB > 53 dB Prcticas y Estndares NCTA

    > 51 dB Comisin Federal de Comunicaciones

    CSO > 51 dB Comisin Federal de Comunicaciones

    Pag. 3 - 34

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    Cana l de TV Ana log i ca NTSC (6 M hz )

    4,2 Mhz

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    La radiodifusin de TV se logra transmitiendo y recibiendo 2 campos uno par y otro

    impar de 262.5 lneas cada uno.

    La reproduccin de una escena de TV en una pantalla de rayos catdicos requiere de la

    sincronizacin entre cada lnea pares e impares de manera independiente, para lograr la

    reconstruccin de la imagen se aade una seal pulso de sincronizacin.

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    Con la incorporacin de impulsos sincronizadores horizontales y

    verticales en el intervalo de extincin, los receptores de TV

    puedes reconstruir la informacin de video recibida

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    Espect r o de R F

    AVANZADA

    Downstream

    RETORNO

    (Upstream)

    5 8 12 15 40 50 550 860

    MONITOREOY ESTADO(5.5 Mhz) TELECOMUNICACIONES

    CanalesAnalogos

    Informacion digital Comprimida:Video, Telefonia, Datos, HDTV,VOD

    1 Canal Analogico NTSC = 6 MhzHDTV: TV de Alta DefinicionVOD : Video en Demanda

    5 40 Mhz : Seales de retorno50 500 Mhz : Seales Analogas y Digitales de FWD

    CONTROL YMULTIMEDIA

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    Espect r o de R F (Re to rno )

    5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

    Sealizacion deRetorno para

    VOD y NOVD

    Servicio de DatosDe Alta Velocidad

    Y Telefonia (Docsis)MonitoreoDe Estado

    -15

    -10

    -5

    0Sealizacion de RETpara servicios demonitoreo y control

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    Espect ro de R F (Re to rno )

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    0

    -5

    -10

    -15

    50 150 250 350 450 550 650 750

    dB

    FREC

    54-88 MHz

    Canales anlogos

    inferiores VHF

    108-552 MHz Canales

    anlogos de banda

    media, alta y superior

    88-108 MHz Estacioneslocales de FM y servicio deopcin musical 72-76 MHzZona que puede utilizarsetambin para serviciosde FM incrementados

    552-750 MHz

    Modulacin QAM,

    transmisin comprimida

    digitalmente

    FSK Seal de interrogacin del monitoreo de estado LIFELINE

    Servicios de

    informacin

    de alta

    velocidad

    Espect r o de Avan zada (Mode l o 1 )

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    Transmisin

    de video

    digital

    Servicios deinformacin

    de alta

    velocidad0

    -5

    -10

    -15

    50 150 250 350 450 550 650 750

    dB

    FREC

    VOD

    Espect r o de Avan zada (Mode l o 2 )

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    Red HFC Tpica

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    CONVERSION ANALOGA / DIGITAL

    Tono puro (Sinusoidal) Tiempo

    Anlisis #A

    mplitud

    1 2 3 4 5 6

    7 8 9 121011

    Tiempo

    Anlisis #Amplitud

    Seal anloga + Anlisis digital = Seal digital

    Anlisis # Vlvula Digital

    1 10101110

    2 11100100

    3 11111001. .. .. .

    11 100100100

    12 201010010

    Anlisis # Vlvula Digital1 10100110

    2 10011001

    3 10101011. .. .. .

    11 11001111

    12 00010010

    7 1210119861 2 3 4 5

    Tono complejo (aleatorio)

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    Muestreo y Error de Cuantizacin

    Teorema de Nyquist

    Define la mnima velocidad de muestreo para reproducir fielmente la seal original

    de muestreo, define como la menor velocidad de muestreo el menos 2 veces lafrecuencia mas alta de la seal a muestrear

    Si la frecuencia de muestreo es muy baja menor a la frecuencia mas alta de lafrecuencia a muestrear, se genera un efecto llamado aliasing el cual imposibilita arecuperar la seal original muestreada

    Error de Cuantizacin ocurre cuando el nmero de niveles de codificacin es insuficientey la seal muestreada cae entre dos valores asigandos.

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    DIGITALIZACION A DS

    Un DS es un circuito de voz

    La banda ancha NYQUIST para un DS es 3.5 kHz x 2 = 7.0 kHz.

    La relacin de anlisis prctico es 8.0 kHz.

    8 kHz x 8 bits/anlisis = 64 kbps.

    DIGITALIZACION DEL VIDEO

    La banda ancha NYQUIST para video NTSC es 4.2 MHz x 2 = 8.4 MHz

    La relacin de anlisis prctica (Estndar mundial CCIR 601) es 13.5MHz

    13.5 MHz x 8 bits/anlisis = 108 Mbps.

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    Modulacin Digital

    PM (Phase Modulation)

    M d l i Di it l

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    Modulacin DigitalFSK (Frecuency Shift Key)El menos eficiente

    Consume gran cantidad de BW

    El mas confiable

    BPSK (Bi-Phase Shif t Key) modulacin digitalmas simple

    El Poco eficiente

    Muy robusto

    Consume significante BW

    QPSK (Quaternary Phase Shift Key)Medianamente eficiente

    El mas confiable

    Poco Robusto

    QAM (Quadrature Amplitude Modulation)El mas eficiente

    Medianamente confiable

    El menos robusto

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    QPSK (Quaternary Phase ShiftKey) Eficiente y el mas confiable

    BPSK (Bi-Phase Shift Key)La forma de modulacin digital mas simple, maseficiente, muy robusto, consume significante BW

    Modulacin Digital

    Mod lacin QAM

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    Modulacin QAM

    Q Amplitud

    I Angulo de Fase

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    Modulacin QAM

    Cada cuadrante en la costelacin esta formado por fronteras de decisin:

    Si la seal cae dentro de esa frontera, se recibir la seal correcta.Si la seal cae fuera de esa frontera, se recibira la seal incorrecta.

    En un instrumento de medicin, la forma y distribucin de los puntos son indicadores deltipo de las imparidades.

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    Modulacin Codificacin BW (Hz) Baudio Eficiencia BW(bps/Hz)

    FSK Bit fb fb 1

    BPSK Bit fb fb 1

    QPSK Dibit fb / 2 fb / 2 2

    8-QPSK Tribit fb / 3 fb / 3 3

    8-QAM Tribit fb / 3 fb / 3 3

    16-QPSK Quadbit fb / 4 fb / 4 4

    16-QAM Quadbit fb / 4 fb / 4 4

    RESUMEN DE LA MODULACIN DIGITAL

    Modulacin Relacin C/N (dB) Relacin Eb/N0 (dB)

    BPSK 10.6 10.6

    QPSK 13.6 10.6

    4-QAM 13.6 10.6

    8-QAM 17.6 10.6

    8-PSK 18.5 14

    16-PSK 24.3 18.3

    16-QAM 20.5 14.5

    32-QAM 24.4 17.4

    64-QAM 26.6 18.8

    Rendimiento (BER = 10-6)

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    FUNDAMENTOS DE LA COMPRESION

    Algunas porciones son muy similares azonas de cuadros subsiguientes concierto grado de desplazamiento que sedebe al movimiento de la porcion.

    en este caso la persona caminandomientras cruza la calle donde el restodel paisaje se mantiene inerte.

    Ciertas zonas pequeas dentro de uncuadro son similares a zonascontigiuas.

    Esto equivale a indicar de manera decodigo cuales zonas consiguientes son

    parecidas y las cuales no incluyenmovimiento con lo cual solo ciertasporciones contien informacion demovimiento y diferencias entre zonasreduciendo de esta maneraenormemente la informacion de laimagen.

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    COMPRESION ESPACIAL

    Imgenes 8 Pixeles

    8 Pixeles

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    ETAPAS DE COMPRESION

    Informacin

    redundante

    Video

    comprimidoCodificacin

    de fuente

    (DCT)

    Digitalizacin

    Correccin

    del error

    Co

    mpensacin

    de

    movimiento

    C

    odifiacin

    Huffman

    Correccinde error

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    Cana l de TV D ig i t a l

    U na Se al d ig i ta l es m u cho m as ro bus ta a l ru ido de l s is tem a a l in c lu i r u n

    a nch o d e b an da d ed ica do p ara la d et ecc i n y co rre cc i n d e e rro re s.

    Las sea le s D ig i ta le s pueden ser com pr im idas u san do de es ta m anera

    m e no s an ch o d e b an da .

    Las sea les D ig i ta les pueden se r cod if i cada s y encr ip tadas desde su

    o rig en p ara p rev en ir e l u so n o a ut or iz ad o.

    E l es t nd ar in te rn ac io na l p ara v id eo co m p rim i do d ig ita l es e l M P E G.

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    Diagrama de Flujo de Cabecera Digital

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    Segm en to s de Red

    Transporte Distribucion Acceso

    Cliente

    Hub Hub Node

    HE

    HubHub

    Metro

    Amplificadores

    Taps 2, 4, 8 y 16 puertos

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    Head End

    Procesamiento de Seal

    TV

    Planta Externa o Red HFC(Hibrida Fibra y Coax)

    Amplificador deDistribucion

    Tap

    Cable Modem

    Datos &Telefonia

    Nodo deDistribucion

    Set-Top Box

    1) El Headend o cabecera tiene la funcion de recolectar las seales digitales de video, datos y RF.2) Las seales recolectadas incluyen la entrega de seales satelitales Analogicas y Digitales, Difusion de RF (VHF,UHF), video pregrabado, microondas AM y FM, Video Banda Base, Datos y Telefonia.3) Las seales recolectadas son Multiplexadas y/o Combinadas (Intercaladas) para la entrada en el Sistema dedistribucion via los amplificadores de distribucion o amplificacion de luz por laser (Nodos)4) El Headend tambien procesa todas las seales de retorno del sistema de distribucion.

    Componentes de un Sistema de Cable(Red de Comunicaciones de Banda Ancha)

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    Arqu i t ec tu r as de R ed

    Arbol y Ramas (Tree

    and Branch)

    -Arquitectura original de CATV.

    -Largas cascadas de amplificadoresla caracterizan (40+).

    -Sin derivadores entre losamplificadores troncales.

    -Derivadores en los cables dealimentacin

    -Extensores de Lnea en la

    cascada.

    -Acondicionado para servicios devideo.

    -Bajo desempeo, confiabilidad yalto costo

    HE

    A it t d R d

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    Arquitecturas de Red

    Fiber Backbone

    Este fue el metodo inicial de desarrollo e implementacin de fibra donde los nodosfueron colcados en segmentos de la red en areas de servicio mas peqeas (5mil a 10milcasas pasadas) para reducir las cascadasd e amplificadores e incrementar el desempeo.

    Adicionalmente increment el desempeo del retorno y su capacidad.

    Solo una pequeo porcentaje de sistemas nuevos implementaron esta arquitectura.

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    Arqu i t ec tu r as de R ed

    -La arquitectura de red mas usada.

    -Se introduce dentro de la redsegmentandola.

    -Reduce las cascadas deamplificadores incrementeando eldesempeo,Confiabilidad y reduciendo el altocosto por uso de amplificadores.

    -Incrementa la capacidad ydesempeo del retorno.

    -El cable de fibra optica es inmune

    a los tradicionales problemas comolas variaciones de Temperatura einteferencias de RF.

    -Flexible adecuandola para Video,Voz, Datos y Servicios interactivos.

    HE Node

    Amplificadores de distribucionNo taps en cable troncal

    HFC Hybrid Fiber-Coax

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    Arqu i t ec tu r a de R ed Ac tua l

    HFC Hibrido Fibra-Coaxial

    Node

    Hub

    HE

    HubHub

    Metr

    o

    GX2

    -La arquitectura de red masusada.

    -Se introduce dentro de la redsegmentandola.

    -Reduce las cascadas deamplificadoresincrementeando el

    desempeo,Confiabilidad y reduciendo elalto costo por uso deamplificadores.

    -Incrementa la capacidad ydesempeo del retorno.

    -El cable de fibra optica esinmune a los tradicionalesproblemas como lasvariaciones de Temperatura einteferencias de RF.

    -Flexible adecuandola paraVideo, Voz, Datos y Serviciosinteractivos.

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    BLASTER

    AENABAC

    Arquitectura Estrategica de Niveles de Banda Ancha para Aumentar

    Confiabilidad

    Diseo Convencional

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    Diseo Convencional

    AREA DE 2000 CASAS

    500

    CASAS

    500 CASAS

    500 CASAS

    500 CASAS

    60 V

    60 V

    60 V

    60 V

    BTD

    BTD

    BTD

    BTD

    NODO

    CENTRO DE

    LA MASA

    SECTOR 1

    SECTOR 4

    SECTOR 3

    SECTOR 2

    Diseo ConvencionalMIGRACION????? RETORNO?????

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    AREA DE 500 CASAS PASADAS

    SECTOR 1

    60 V

    BTD

    MIGRACION????? RETORNO?????

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    Common Path Distorion

    Puntos de Falla Diseo Convencional

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    NODO

    Puntos de Falla Diseo Convencional

    12 PUNTAS De FALLA

    Puntos de Falla Blaster

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    NODO

    2 2 PUNTAS De FALLA

    Puntos de Falla Blaster

    10 PUNTAS MENOS

    7

    26 CASAS PASADAS

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    23

    20

    20

    17

    23

    26

    23

    14

    17

    23

    20

    17

    20

    10

    14

    147

    10

    14

    BTD

    26 CASAS PASADAS

    26 CASAS PASADAS

    26 CASAS PASADAS

    CELLULA 1

    BTD

    104 CASAS PASADAS

    AREA DE 2000 CASAS PASADAS

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    BLASTER - Area de servico con multi celulas

    MB

    MB

    BT

    BTMB

    MBBT

    MB

    MB

    BT

    BT

    MB

    MB

    MB

    AREA DE 2000 CASAS PASADAS

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    BLASTER - Colocas el nodo y se conectan las celulas. El numero de activos

    por cada rama es determinado por la densidad y el tamao de el nodo..

    MB

    MB

    BT

    BTMB

    MBBT

    MB

    MB

    BT

    BT

    MB

    MB

    MB

    500

    CASAS

    500 CASAS

    500 CASAS

    500 CASAS

    90

    AREA DE 2000 CASAS PASADAS

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    BLASTER - Colocas el nodo y conectar los celulares. El numero de activos

    por cada rama es determinado por la densida y el tamano de el nodo..

    MB

    MB

    BT

    BTMB

    MBBT

    MB

    MB

    BT

    BT

    MB

    MB

    MB

    500

    CASAS

    500 CASAS

    500 CASAS

    500 CASAS

    LINE

    EXTENDER

    LINE

    EXTENDER

    90

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    MB

    MB

    BT

    BTMB

    MBBT

    MB

    MB

    BT

    BT

    MB

    MB

    MB

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    MB

    MB

    BT

    BTMB

    MBBT

    MB

    MB

    BT

    BT

    MB

    MB

    MB

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    splice

    90

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    BLASTER Diseo #1

    Comparacion

    Nodo de 2,000 casas pasadas

    Area de 9.5 km

    Densidad de 210 casas por km

    BLASTER contra Fiber-To-Feeder

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    BLASTER Diseo #1Comparacion Resultados

    3

    1.5

    4

    1

    00.5

    1

    1.52

    2.53

    3.544.5

    55.5

    66.5

    7

    Activos por km Cascada

    Fiber-To-Feeder BLASTER

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    BLASTER Diseo #1Comparacion Resultados

    BLASTER FIBER TO FEEDER

    17 Activos 28 Activos

    Ahorra de 40% en Activos

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    BLASTERComparacion

    $9001 - BTD @ 4-LINE EXTENDERS @ $ 300

    BLASTER CONVENCIONAL

    TOTAL $900 $1,200TOTAL

    AHORRO= $ 300

    PRECIO DE LISTA

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    BLASTER Diseno #2Comparacion Resultados

    BLASTER contra Fiber-To-Feeder

    Area de 12 km

    Densidad de 208 casas por km

    Nodo de 2,500 casas pasadas

    BLASTER Diseno # 2 ComparacionR lt d

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    Resultados

    $14,40016 - BTD @ $900 4-BTD @ $900 = $ 3,600

    BLASTER CONVENCIONAL

    TOTAL $15,600 $22,200TOTAL

    AHORRO= $ 6,600 POR NODO

    62-LINE EXT. @ $300 = $ 18,6004-LINE EXT. @ $300 $ 1,200

    AHORRO= 42% en equipos

    PRECIO DE LISTA

    BLASTER Diseno # 2 ComparacionResultados

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    Resultados

    19.2016 - BTD @60v =1.20a 4-BTD @60v =1.20a 4.8

    BLASTER CONVENCIONAL

    TOTAL 21.68a 43.24aTOTAL

    Fuentes de Poder =

    62-LINE EXT. @60v=.62 38.444-LINE [email protected] 2.48

    AHORRO= 2 Fuentes de Poder

    Consume Consume

    Fuentes de Poder = 4.02.0 =

    BLASTER Disenos con Blaster en LatinA i

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    America

    CLIENTE

    MEXICO

    VENEZUELA

    BRAZIL

    BLASTERCONVENCIONAL

    117 Activos 54 Activos

    51 Activos

    PERU

    28 Activos

    15 Activos

    2 Activos

    28 Activos

    10 Activos

    CHILE

    CASCADA

    6 - 3

    5 - 2

    3 - 1

    2 - 1

    3-130 Activos 15 Activos

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    13 Activos @ $600 = $7,800 USD6 Activos @ $900 = $5,400 USD

    Ahorro de $2,400 USD

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    9 Activos @ $800 = $7,200 USD6 Activos @ $900 = $5,400 USD

    Ahorro de $1,800 USD

    BLASTER - Ventajas

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    20-50% reduccion en activos reduccion el consumo de poder y en costos de electricidad

    reduccion en mantenimiento

    Mayor parte de los cellulas son Nodo & 1 en

    cascada

    Flexibilidad en migraciones en el futuro

    El cable coaxial se utiliza para mantener el servicio

    de la fuente de poder a los nodos en la migracionde el futuro .

    El mejor diseo para obtener confiabilidad de la

    red

    Reduce la condicion de Common Path Distortion

    BLASTER - Desventajas

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    17% adicional de cable paralelo Arquitectura arbol y rama tiene 20 % de cable paralelo

    Con Blaster este numero se sube hasta 37%

    Los ahorros de Blaster se reducen en densidades

    menos de 80 casas por km, pero conservas las

    cascadas bajas ms un ahorro de activos.

    Transpor te

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    Transporte Distribucion Acceso

    Cliente

    HE Hub Node

    HE

    HEHE

    M

    etro

    Arqu i t ec tu r as de T ranspo r t e

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    HE

    Hub

    Hub

    Hub

    De Anillo (Areas Grandes / Alta densidad de usuarios) Caracteristicas

    Transporta servicios a grandesareas.

    Menos fibra es necesaria si serequiere redundancia.

    Misma seal de ingreso (canal) acada Hub.

    Posibles configuraciones

    1550 nm Digital

    Arqu i t ec tu r as de T ranspo r t e

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    HE

    Hub

    Hub

    Hub

    De Estrella (Areas Pequeas / Baja densidad de usuarios)

    Caracteristicas:

    Diferentes seales de ingreso(canales) para cada Hub.

    Generalmente usa menos fibrasi el area a cubrir por el Hub esgrande.

    Posibles configuraciones

    1550 nm 1310 nm

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    Arquitectura de Anillo

    Head

    End

    Trayecto Bi-direccionalde doble va

    HUB 1 HUB 2

    HUB 3

    HUB 4HUB 5

    HE

    HUB 5 HUB 1

    HUB 2HUB 4

    HUB 3

    Enlace Primario

    Enlace Secundario o Redundante

    Enlace Primario

    Topolog ia Lg ica

    Topo log a F s i ca

    CMTS (Cable Modem Termination System)

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    Transporte Optico

    An il lo deTransporte

    HEADEND HUB

    BROADCAST

    NARROWCASTRETORNO

    NC RET

    An il lo deTransporte

    CMTS

    MBT (SDH) MBT (SDH)

    GX2GX2

    RedHFC

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    1550 nm

    1550 nmps

    ps

    Swpt

    Tx - p

    Tx - s

    1550 nm Rx

    ps

    1 2 .. 50RF

    Tx

    Tx

    Tx

    ...

    1

    2

    50

    Elementopasivo

    HE

    RF

    50 870

    TV-A TV-D

    4 : 1

    550

    85 ch 35 ch

    7 ch

    Hasta 245 ch

    ISP

    SW SDH

    SDH SDH

    SDH

    Rx

    Tx

    Rx

    Tx

    Rx

    Tx

    1

    2

    50

    CMTS

    1 50

    RPD 1 : 2 RXRFEth RF

    hub2

    hub1

    hub3

    I t i R i l

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    Interconexin Regional

    INTERCONEXION REGIONAL A LA CABECERA

    NODO

    CABECERA2000 HOGARES

    500 HOGARES

    CABECERA PRINCIPAL

    NODO

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    Componentes del Sistema de Transporte

    1x8Optical

    Splitter

    9

    9

    9

    9

    9

    9

    9

    9

    AM-OMNI-LOA/xxAM-OMNI-LOA/xx

    9

    OmniStar

    1550nm DFB

    TRANSMISORLASER

    HUB or OTNHEADEND MAESTRO PLANTA HFC

    (NODO)

    SG-2000

    47 ~ 860 MHz

    VideoBroadcast

    AmplificadorLaser

    AmplificadorLaser

    Cable de Fibra Optica

    OMNI-LM/LD

    Fibra Optica

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    Transporte Distribucion Acceso

    Cliente

    HE Hub Node

    HE

    HEHE

    M

    etro

    NODO OPT ICO

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    Al sistema deDistribucion(Amplificadoes)

    Fibra Optica

    Video

    Satelite

    HE

    Procesamiento de Seal

    HUB (Seal de RF)

    La funcin del nodo es la de Transreceptor donde recibe seal de la fibra ptica la cual viajalibre de distorsin, ruido o interferencia para hacer llegar la seal a lo largo de grandesdistancias, esta es reconviertida a seal de RF (50-870 Mhz) la cual se enva al sistema dedistribucin va cable coaxial la cul ser reacondicionada para viajar por lneas coaxiales

    para su distribucin al usuario.

    Se requieren bsicamente 2 FO para la comunicacin Full-Duplex, una FO del Hub al nodopara la transmisin del Broadcast en la ruta de avanzada (Forward) de video y/o datos yuna FO del nodo al Hub para la transmisin de la ruta de retorno (return) de datos.La seal de avanzada y retorno en RF viajan sobre el mismo cable coaxial.

    NODO OPTICO(Forward)

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    (Forward)

    Distribucin

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    PRIMARY RING

    SECONDARYRING

    MASTERHEADEND

    OPTICAL NODE

    OPTICAL NODE

    OPTICAL NODE

    SECONDARYHEADEND

    DISTRIBUTIONHUB

    125 - 500 HOME

    SERVING AREA125 - 500 HOME

    SERVING AREA

    500 - 2000 HOME

    SERVING AREA

    500 - 2000 HOME

    SERVING AREA

    1550 nm Transmission

    1550 nm Optical Amplifier

    SG-2000

    or BTN

    Optical Node / 4 Output

    RF Launch Amplifier

    Cableoptics

    Network Solutions:

    Long Distance Transport and

    Distribution applications using

    Bi-directional Broadband links

    for the delivery of video, voice

    and data.

    Products Supporting

    Fiber-to-the-Serving Area

    and Fiber-to-the-Last Active

    Architectures

    OPTICAL NODE

    Origination point of

    Primary

    Broadcast Analog Video 1310 nm Optical Platform

    Access to

    Local Distribution Network

    Narrowcast - Node Targeted Services

    Access to

    Regional Area Network

    1550 nm TSD via Dense Wave Division

    Multiplexing

    SG-1000

    Optical Node / Dual or 3

    Output RF Launch Amplifier

    Acceso

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    Transporte Distribucion Acceso

    Cliente

    HE Hub Node

    HE

    HEHE

    M

    etro

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    Conec to res y Cab l eado de R F

    Concep tos Gene ra l e s

    CONECTORES

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    Los conectores de espigo conectan los cables troncales

    de alimentacin a las estaciones amplificadoras oelementos pasivos.

    Espigo

    CONECTORES

    CONECTORES

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    Espigo Cuerpo

    (Con mecanismo de agarre

    al conductor central)

    Tuerca

    principal

    Manguito

    integral

    CONECTORES

    CONECTORES

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    CONECTORES

    Conductor centralManguito integral

    Punto de asentamiento

    del conductor central

    Espigo

    Punto de agarre al

    conductor centralPunto de asentamientodel conductor externo

    Tuerca posterior

    CABLE DE BAJADA

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    Dielctrico

    espumoso

    de polietileno

    Coraza plsticaConductor central

    de acero revestido

    con cobre

    Malla de aluminio

    Cinta de alumino-polipropileno

    Composicin de cables coaxiales tpicos

    Conductor C d

    CABLE DE BAJADA

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    Forro

    Conductorcentral

    Dielctrico

    Capa dealuminiotrenzado

    Capa adhesivade aluminio

    laminado

    Capa de aluminio

    laminado

    Forro

    Conductorcentral

    Dielctrico

    Capa de aluminio

    trenzado

    Capa adhesiva dealuminio laminado

    Capa de aluminio

    laminado

    Capa de aluminio

    trenzado

    Construccin de

    Revestimiento estndar

    Construccin de tres

    RevestimientosConstruccin super-

    Revestida (Quad)

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    1/8

    (3.2mm)

    Conductor

    central

    1/4

    (6.3mm)

    CABLE DE BAJADA

    CABLE DE BAJADA

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    1/16 (1.6mm)

    Conector F

    (hembra)

    Conector F

    (Macho)

    Mecanismo

    de agarre

    CABLE DE BAJADA

    CABLE DE BAJADA

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    Pegado

    CABLE DE BAJADA

    Porqu hablar de DROP ?

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    The Power of Innovation

    Suscriptor

    70%

    Drop

    25%

    Troncal

    5%

    Porcentaje de Ingress en una red HFC

    Fuente CED MagazineCommunications Engineering & Desing

    General

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    The Power of Innovation

    Servicios de una red HFC

    Video Analgico

    Video Digital

    Datos (Banda Ancha)

    Telefona IP

    Problemas de seales Analgicas

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    The Power of Innovation

    Carrier to Noise m a l a s ea l ( l l u v i a , r u i d o s o s )

    Desadaptacin de impedancias

    Sea l e s f a n t a sm a s y d e s b a l a n c e o d e n i v e l e s

    CTB y CSO

    Ma l la d o i n t e r f e r e n t e

    Ingress

    Sea l e s n o d e s e a d a s s o b r e c a n a l e s d e TV

    Problemas de seales DigitalesVideo/audio/Data

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    The Power of Innovation

    Ingress y CPD

    P i x e l a c i n y pr d i d a d e I m a g e n

    D i sm i n u c in d e B i t r a t e

    Co r t e d e sea l d e v o z

    CPD versus Ingress

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    The Power of Innovation

    CPD: Common Path Distor tion, tambin conocido como PIM: PassiveInterModulation. Ocurre cuando el downstream y upstream comparten el mismo path

    Productos de intermodulacin de seales de forward presentes en banda de retorno

    Ingress: seales de aire que entran a la red coaxial Usualmente causado por el mal apantallamiento del cable

    CPD

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    The Power of Innovation

    RF Level

    Que origina el CPD e Ingress

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    The Power of Innovation

    P r o b l em a s d e c o n t a c t o c a u s a d a s p o r

    e f e c t o s n o l i n e a l e s S u p e r f i c i e s o x i d a d a s

    Su p e r f i c i es d e c o n t a c t o c o n t a m i n a d a s

    B a j a p r e s in d e c o n t a c t o

    Ma l a p r e p a r a c in d e c o n e c t o r

    Cmo enfrentamos el Problema?

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    The Power of Innovation

    P r o d u c t o s d e Ca l id a d

    I n g r e so d e A g u a

    Cap ac i t a c i n Tcn i ca A d ecu ad a

    PRODUCTOS DE CALIDAD

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    The Power of Innovation

    L a b o r a t o r i o s d e Pr u e b a s q u e ce r t i f i q u e n p r o d u c t o s d e a l t ac a l i d a d

    Niebla SalinaASTM B 117-94 and Bellcore GR-1503-CORE

    RFI Leakage Using

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    The Power of Innovation

    Red Dye TestingSCTE IPS-TP-013

    RFI Leakage UsingGTEM CellSCTE IPS-TP-403B1

    Vibration Testing Pull Strength

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    The Power of Innovation

    gBellcore GR-1503-CORE SCTE IPS-TP-401

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    The Power of Innovation

    n u e s t r o p e o r

    Conector de Crimpar

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    The Power of Innovation

    Ingreso de Agua

    Conector de Crimpar

    La Solucin

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    The Power of Innovation

    Lnea Estndar CMP Lnea Premium EX

    Conectores de Compresin Cilindricos

    Serie CMP

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    The Power of Innovation

    Tres Sellos en formaredundante elimina lapresencia de polvoconductor causante deproblemas elctricos.

    Dispone de anillo tipo Dupont Delrin con tope,de forma que el conector resulte uncomponente de una sola pieza eliminando as el

    riesgo de extraviar la parte trasera comoacontece en productos de la competencia.

    Cobertura exterior de platanquel evita los tpicos temasde salud, seguridad yambientales producidos porlas coberturas a base decadmio.

    Dos barreras dehumedad en la roscadelantera que proveeuna total aislamientoque impide el ingreso

    de humedad..Anillo oring de altaresistencia.

    .Muesca maquinada depreescisin con tope.

    Problema

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    The Power of Innovation

    Ingreso de Humedad

    Corrosin

    CPD + INGRESS

    Prdida de Ground

    Solucin

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    The Power of Innovation

    Instalacin de Weatherseal

    Sin Capacitacin Tcnica Adecuada

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    The Power of Innovation

    Conectores mal Construidos Herramientas Incorrectas

    Con Capacitacin Tcnica Adecuada

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    The Power of Innovation

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    The Power of Innovation

    Consideraciones importantes para la buena instalacin de un conector

    Longitud del Dielctrico

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    Correcta Medida 1/4 Incorrecta Medida

    Longitud de la malla (Braid)

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    The Power of Innovation

    Correcta Medida 1/4 Incorrecta Medida

    Longitud del conductor central

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