Lorenzo Peña: Consideraciones sobre la bandera tricolor

7/30/2019 Lorenzo Pea: Consideraciones sobre la bandera tricolor

1/15

A@KQFJMRNAF@KMQ Q@BRM HN BNKJMRN ZRFA@H@R

H`rmku` _mn

A`pvrfgdz 2??: H`rmku` _mn

kjfam

>+ Mh pnpmh jm hnq bnkjmrnq a`c` qmnhmq jm a`c}kfanafk

2+ Bnkjmrnq mqpn`hnq a`k mh a`h`r c`rnj`

1+ Hn fcp`qfafk jm hn bnkjmrn rèfg}nhjn mh >1 jm àz}brm jm >4:1:+ Hn bnkjmrn zrfa`h`r5 jm >496 n >61>

=+ Hn rmqzn}rnafk rèfg}nhjn

9+ ]kn pr`p}mqzn a`kafhfnkzm

7+ Rmimrmkafnq bfbhf`granq

>+ Mh pnpmh jm hnq bnkjmrnq a`c` qmnhmq jm a`c}kfanafk

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>+ A}vn cq pmrimaaf`knjn mhnb`rnafk i}m mh i}kaf`knhfqc` jm Nkjr Cnrzfkmz+


2/15

A`kqfjmrnaf`kmq q`brm hn Bnkjmrn Zrfa`h`r p`r H`rmku` _mn 2

jm qmg}kjn nrzfa}hnafk $}kfjnjmq jfqzfkzfynq& hnq ~}m anrmafmrnk jm znh qfgkfanj`+ Anjn

}kfjnj ckfcn jm prfcmrn nrzfa}hnafk mqz i`rcnjn p`r }kn ` ynrfnq }kfjnjmq jm

qmg}kjn nrzfa}hnafk+

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qfgkfan knjn( v mh mcphm` jm znhmq }kfjnjmq jm qmg}kjn nrzfa}hnafk mq qh` mh jm ymkfr

a`cbfknjnq pnrn i`rcnr qfgk`q+

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ymdfa}hnr }k qfgkfanj ( mk h}gnr jm `zr`< cnq( mk mh fkzmrf r jm }kn pnhnbrn( k`

fkzmrancbfnc`q }knq hmzrnq p`r `zrnq qmgk ~} ~}mrnc`q jmafr( vn ~}m hnq hmzrnq anrmamk

jm qfgkfanj`+2

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pnrmam kf n hn pnhnbrn nhmcnkn _imrj kf n hn mqpn`hn anbnhh` kf n hn fkghmqn d`rqm+

]k anbnhh` k` mqz a`cp}mqz` kf p`r }kn kf p`r ynrfnq qhnbnq+ Jm nd ~}m qm dnvn jfad`

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knh( nrbfzrnrfn ` fkc`zfynjn+

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mqz}jf`q`q( p`r~}m( a}nkj` qm mkzrn mk prì}kjfjnjmq( hnq a`qnq vn k` q`k znk `byfnq

a`c` pnrmank+ Cnq pnrn k}mqzr` pr`pqfz`( bnqzm h` vn np}kznj`+ _`r hn rnuk ~}m qmn(

hn pnhnbrn jmqfgkn nh `bemz` ` nh a`kampz` a`c` qf i}mrn nrbfzrnrfn ` a`kymkaf`knhcmkzm+N jfimrmkafn jm h`q hmkg}nemq( `zr`q qfqzmcnq qfcbhfa`q ` qmcfzfa`q q}mhmk qmr

c}ad` cmk`q qfqzmczfa`q v a`cphmz`q+ Mkzrm mhh`q mqzk h`q qfqzmcnq ymtfh`gra`q `

mcbhmczfa`q+ Mq qfmcprm c}v jfiafh jmzmrcfknr ~} nrzfa}hnaf`kmq qm jnk jmkzr` jm }k

qfqzmcn nq( mkzrm ~} nhzmrknzfynq jm qcb`h`q dnv ~}m mqa`gmr v ~} cmkqnemq ymdfa}hnk

znhmq qcb`h`q+

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nkfcnhmq anbnhh`q( h`b`q( g}fhnq dfkanjnq mk }k nqzn+ ]k` jm znhmq mcbhmcnq mkzrm

h`q r`cnk`q i}m mh }mtfhh}c $pnhnbrn jm hn cfqcn rnu ~}m }mh}c( ymhn&5 }k pn` jm

a`h`r rè` a`hgnkj` ~}m qm hhmynbn nh ancp` jm bnznhhn pnrn cnranr mh h}gnr jm cnkj`+

Mk gmkmrnh h`q mcbhmcnq cfhfznrmq ymdfa}hnbnk }k zrfphm cmkqnem5

$>& jmk`znbnk hn emrnr~}n( cnrankj` n h`q fkymqzfj`q jm cnkj` ` n}z`rfjnj22>#>24:&( mk q} zmtz e}rjfa` Hfbr` jm hnq

qfmzm pnrzfjnq( jfam5 Qmnhmq a`kàfjnq p}qfmr`k nkzfg}ncmkzm ~}m zrntmqmk h`q grnkjmq d`ckmq

mk q}q imad`q( f cnv`rcmkzm mk h`q jm g}mrrn( p`r~}m mq imad` jm grnk pmhfgr` mk ~}m a`kyfmkm

~}m dnvnk h`q d`ckmq cnv`r nanbjfhhncfmkz`( an k` znk q`hncmkzm qm dnk jm nanbjfhhnr p`r

pnhnbrn ` cnkjncfmkz` jm h`q anbjfhh`q( cnq n}k p`r qmnhmq+


3/15


$2& pmrcfznk hn ngr}pnafk jm h`q a`cbnzfmkzmq( jfimrmkafnkj` n h`q pr`pf`q jm h`q

mkmcfg`q2??(

npr`tfcnjncmkzm+ Qfk j}jn( i}m p`qfbfhfznjn p`r mh jmqnrr`hh` jm hn fkj}qzrfn zmtzfh v jmh

zfkzm( ~}m q}irmk }k fcp}hq` mk mqm pmr`j`+ Cnq zncbfk fkfl}vm hn my`h}afk jm hn

zakfan cfhfznr+ Nq ~}mjn fk`pmrnkzm mh mqa}j


5/15

A`kqfjmrnaf`kmq q`brm hn Bnkjmrn Zrfa`h`r p`r H`rmku` _mn =

p`jnk nqfcfhnrqm nh c`rnj` dnbfmkj`( a`c` dnv( }k a`kzfk}` ~}m yn jmh r`e` nh nu}h

p`r zrnkqfaf`kmq fkqmkfbhmq+4

A}nkj`( mk >7?>( hn anqn jm B`rbk jmqbnkan v q}phnkzn n hn anqn jm N}qzrfn mk

mh zr`k` mqpn`h( mh k}my` rmv( Imhfpm Y( fkzr`j}am mkzrm k`q`zr`q h`q mcbhmcnq jm q}jfknqzn irnkamqn $hn fl`r jm hfq q`brm ancp` bhnka`&+ Qfk mcbnrg`( q}q a`rzmqnk`q ~}fmrmk

p`kmr `rjmk mk hnq jfymrqnq rncnq jm hn njcfkfqzrnafk( fkah}fjn hn cfhfznr( v pnrn mqz`

hzfc` pfjmk nh rmv }kn afmrzn }kfi`rcfunafk jm bnkjmrnq+

Hn G}nrjfn Rmnh mqznbn i`rcnjn p`r hnq G}nrjfnq Mqpn`hnq v hnq G}nrjfnq

Ynh`knq+6 Nh jfqmnrqm mk >7?: bnkjmrnq pnrn znhmq G}nrjfnq( qm ~}fq` jfimrmkafnr hnq

}kfjnjmq mqpn`hnq jm hnq ynh`knq< v e}qzncmkzm qm `pz p`r mh c`rnj` a`c` jfqzfkzfy`

knaf`knh( p`r qmr mh jm Anqzfhhn+ Nq qm dfu` n pr`p}mqzn jmh qm`r jm h`q Ancmr`q(

qnkaf`knjn p`r mh Rmv+ Mk mqn pr`p}mqzn qm jfam5 dnyfmkj` jm qmr hn ynkjmrn jm hn

A`cpnn A`r`kmhn jfymrqn jm hnq `zrnq qm dnum i`ru`q` cnkjm Q} Cnemqznj ac` g}qznqmn( p}mq( qfmkj` mqzm Rmgfcfmkz` jm G}nrjfnq Mqpn`hnq( \vS` qmrn jm jfazncmk ~}m

hn ynkjmrn jm hn A`cpnn A`r`kmhn ` i}mqqm c`rnjn( ~}m mq a`h`r jm Anqzfhhn( a`k }k

anqzfhh` mkcmjf` v fl`rmq jm hfq mk mh ancp`( ` i}mqqm bhnkan a`k z`jnq hnq nrcnq jmh rmv

pfkznjnq a`c` zrnmk h`q ynemhmq jm Q+ Cgj+

Qf mq hmgmkjnrfn hn nzrfb}afk jmh a`h`r c`rnj` nh pmkjk jm Anqzfhhn( hn hmvmkjn

zfmkm vn zrmq qfgh`q n q}q mqpnhjnq+

Nampznjn hn pr`p}mqzn p`r Imhfpm Y( hn bnkjmrn a`r`kmhn jmh Rmgfcfmkz` jm

G}nrjfnq mqpn`hnq qmr qfmcprm jm a`h`r c`rnj`( qmcbrnjn jm hfqmq v a`k }k anqzfhh`

j`rnj` mk mh amkzr`+ Jmqp}q jm hn rm`rgnkfunafk jm >4>4 $bne` Imrknkj` YFF& qmqmg}frk }qnkj` hnq cfqcnq Bnkjmrnq+

J+ Anrh`q jm B`rbk v Inrkmqf` yfmkm n rmfknr( a`k mh k`cbrm jm Anrh`q FFF jm

Mqpnn( n hn c}mrzm jm q} cmjf` dmrcnk` Imrknkj` YF( dnbfmkj` qfj` nkzmq rmv jm

Kp`hmq v hnq J`q Qfafhfnq+>?

Mk mqm rmfk` jm Kp`hmq dnbn dnhhnj` bhnq`kmq v gnhhnrjmzmq ~}m jfqp`knk jm

jfymrq`q c`j`q mh pmkjk anznhnk`#nrng`kq( hnq bnrrnq( ` qmn h`q a`h`rmq ncnrfhh` v

4+ A`k zrnkqfaf`kmq a`c` mh bmrcme`( anrcmq( anrck( grnkn( grnknzm nhc`kjfk`( arjmk (

prp}rn( nfh( kjfg`( nu}hmzm+ D`v q}mhmk }qnrqm ahnqfanaf`kmq afmkzanq a`c` mh qfqzmcn

zrfjfcmkqf`knh $z`k`( qnz}rnafk v h}cfk`q`jnj& FQAA#KBQ( }kn k`rcn }zfhfunjn mk mh nrzm v

hn fkj}qzrfn v n hn ymu incfhfnrcmkzm naamqfbhm< a`kzfmkm 297 jmk`cfknaf`kmq+ @zr` qfqzmcn jm

ahnqfanafk( mh jm C}kqmhh( jmkm h`q a`h`rmq p`r mqanhnq jm ynh`r v ar`cn+

6+ Ihnkjmq#Ynh`kfn z`jnyn pmrzmkman n hn a`r`kn jm Mqpnn+

>?+ Nkzmrf`rcmkzm dnbn qfj` j}~}m jm _nrcn( _hnqmkafn v Z`qankn< znhmq qm`r q jfkqzfa`q

mrnk mh ir}z` jm hn p`hzfan fkfafnjn p`r Imhfpm Y v mh anrjmknh Nhbmr`kf pnrn fcp`kmr mk mh zr`k`

jm jfymrq`q prfkafpnj`q fznhfnk`q n dfe`q jm mqm c`knran v jm q} qmg}kjn c}emr( Fqnbmh jm

Inrkmqf`( ~}m zmknk hn jmqgrnafn jm k` p`jmr dmrmjnr Mqpnn p`r mtfqzfr j`q yqzng`q ynr`kmq

jmh rmv v q} prfcmrn c}emr( Cnrn H}fqn jm Qnb`vn< imhfucmkzm pnrn h`q dfe`q jm hn Inrkmqf`(

pr`kz` c}rfmr`k qfk jmqamkjmkafn mq`q j`q cmjf`#dmrcnk`q q}v`q( H}fq F v Imrknkj` YF+


6/15


rè`( a`k prmj`cfkf` jmh hzfc`+ _`r ~} qm }qnbn mqm mqznkjnrzm mk Kp`hmq mqz ahnr`5

mrn }k` jm h`q c}ad`q ymqzfgf`q jm hn pmrzmkmkafn dfqzrfan jmh rmfk` jm hnq j`q Qfafhfnq

n hn anqn jm Nrngk+ V jm nd q}rgf mh mcphm` jm }kn bnkjmrn jm hn rmnh cnrfkn

knp`hfznkn a`k mq`q a`h`rmq+Hhmgnj` n Cnjrfj n a}v` p}mbh` mh c`knran k}kan p}j` q`p`rznr( v ~}m hm

jmy`hyf mh jmqnimaz` a`k mh c`zk jm Mq~}fhnadm( q} mqp`qn( hn rmfkn qne`kn J`n

Cnrn Ncnhfn( q}qpfrnbn p`r mh ahfj` Kp`hmq ~}m dnbn jmenj` nzrq hn rmnh pnrmen+

Anbm a`kemz}rnr ~}m $mkzrm mq`q rma}mrj`q jm incfhfn ~}m( mk }kn k}myn rmqfjmkafn( k`q

zrnmk hn n`rnkun jm `zr`q h}gnrmq v `zrn inqm jm k}mqzrn yfjn& mh jqp`zn prmq}kzncmkzm

fh}qzrnj` qm mkg`h`qfknrn a`k hn fjmn jm fcp`kmrhmq n q}q b}~}mq jm g}mrrn h`q a`h`rmq

anznhnk`#nrng`kmqmq ~}m k`q ymknk p`r a`kj}az` qfafhfnk`+>>

Qmn nq ` k`( mh dmad` mq ~}m qm a`kyà }k a`ka}rq` jm jfqm`q mk >74= pnrn

fkymkznr nhg}kn bnkjmrn jfqamrkfbhm pnrn hn cnrfkn jm g}mrrn jm Q} Cnemqznj+ J+ Nkz`kf`Ynhjq v Imrkkjmu Bnuk $Qmarmznrf` jm Mqznj` v jm jmqpnad` }kfymrqnh jm Cnrfkn&

qmhmaaf`k >2 jm mq`q jfqm`q( q`cmzfmkj` n hn `pafk rmgfn jm Anrh`q FFF }kn hcfkn

~}m qm dnhhn mk mh C}qm` Knynh( mk Cnjrfj mk hn a}nh ymknk rmflmenj`q pnrn ~}m mh

Q`bmrnk` mqa`gfmrn mkzrm mhh`q }k pnbmhhk jm hn rmnh nrcnjn+

Hnq a`cbfknaf`kmq mrnk ynrfnjnq5 nu}h v rè`( nu}h v ncnrfhh`( bhnka` v rè`(

ncnrfhh` v rè`+ Ynrf`q jfqm`q fcfznbnk hn ar}u nqfczrfan jm hnq mkqmnq mqankjfknynq(

v z`jnq mqnq a`cbfknaf`kmq mrnk c}v yfqfbhmq+>2

Anrh`q FFF qmhmaaf`kn }k` jm h`q jfqm`q pmr` nhzmrkj`h`+>1 Jmarmzn mk Nrnke}mu(

mh 24 jm cnv` jm mqm n`( ~}m mk njmhnkzm hn cnrfkn jm g}mrrn b`rbkfan mqpn`hnmknrb`hm }kn bnkjmrn mkanrknjn v ncnrfhhn+>:

>>+ Zncbfk mqm rmv fcp}q` pmr` k` a`c` dfck` knaf`knh( ~}m k` mtfqzn( qfk` a`c` cqfan

pnhnafmg`#cfhfznr hn cnradn grnknjmrn( nhfnq cnradn rmnh( ~}m hm rmgnh q} a`hmgn pr}qfnk`(

Imjmrfa` FF+

>2+ Kfkg}k` jm h`q >2 jfqm`q a`kzfmkm mh a`h`r kmgr` kf mh ymrjm kf mh nu}h amhmqzm kf mh

c`rnj`+

>1+ _nrn hn cnrfkn cmrankzm `pz mh Q`bmrnk` p`r }kn bnkjmrn jm = inenq( a`k h`q cfqc`qa`h`rmq anznhnk`#nrng`kmqmq $rè` v `r`&( pmr` ~}fzkj`hm mh mqa}j` jm nrcnq+

>:+ Jfam mh Rmnh Jmarmz 5 _nrn myfznr h`q fka`kymkfmkzmq v pmre}faf`q( ~}m dn dmad` ymr hn

mtpmrfmkafn( p}mjm ànqf`knr hn Bnkjmrn Knaf`knh jm ~}m }qn cf Nrcnjn Knynh v jmcq

mcbnranaf`kmq mqpn`hnq( m~}fyàkj`qm n hnrgnq jfqznkafnq ` a`k yfmkz`q anhc`q`q( a`k hnq jm

`zrnq knaf`kmq( dm rmq}mhz` ~}m mk njmhnkzm }qmk cfq b}~}mq jm g}mrrn jm Bnkjmrn jfyfjfjn n

h` hnrg` mk zrmq hfqznq( jm hnq ~}m hn nhzn v hn bnen qmnk mkanrknjnq v jmh nkad` anjn }kn jm hn

a}nrzn pnrzm jmh z`znh v hn jm mkcmjf` ncnrfhhn( a`hàkj`qm mk mqzn mh mqa}j` jm cfq Rmnhmq

Nrcnq rmj}afj` n j`q a}nrzmhmq jm Anqzfhhn v Hmk a`k hn A`r`kn rmnh mkafcn+ Nq( ir}z` jmh

rmnh nkzè` i}m ~}m hnq hfqznq mkanrknjnq jm h`q mtzrmc`q q}pmrf`r m fkimrf`r à}pnrnk znk qh`

hn cfznj jm hn q}pmrafm z`znh( jmekj`qm mh rmqz` pnrn hn hfqzn amkzrnh( ncnrfhhn+ Mqn prmimrmkafn(

e}kz` a`k hn qfcphfanafk jmh mqa}j` jm nrcnq mqa`gfj` p`r J+ Anrh`q jm B`rbk( p}mjm

jmbmrqm nh jmqm` jm dnamr cq ahnr` v yfqfbhm mh mqa}j` ~}m dnbn jm qfz}nrqm z`j` h mk hn inen


7/15


K` mtzfmkjm mh c`knran q} }q` nh merafz`( ~}m qfg}m }qnkj` hnq yfmenq bnkjmrnq+

Nq( p+me+( mh Rmnh A}mrp` jm Unpnj`rmq Cfknj`rmq $d`v jm Fkgmkfmr`q&( jmqjm q}

armnafk mk >4?2( qfmcprm }q bnkjmrn c`rnjn $a`k anqzfhh`q v hm`kmq nhzmrknkj` mk q}q

mq~}fknq&+ Mh A}mrp` jm nrzfhhmr`q zmkn }kn bnkjmrn nu}h( pmr` a`k }k z`k` zfrnkj` nhnfh+

Mk Anbmunq jm Qnk E}nk mh > jm mkmr` jm >42? qm hmynkzn mk nrcnq a`kzrn

Imrknkj` YFF mh a`r`kmh Rninmh jmh Rfmg`< mtfgm v a`kqfg}m hn rmqzn}rnafk jm hn

A`kqzfz}afk jm >4>2+ Qm armn mkz kamq p`r mh g`bfmrk` hfbmrnh hn Cfhfafn Knaf`knh(

nje}jfakj`qmhm bnkjmrnq c`rnjnq a`k mh mqa}j` jm Anqzfhhn v Hmk mk q} amkzr`+

Cnq( k` dnbfmkj` }knkfcfjnj q`brm hn mkqmn( mh g`bfmrk` a`kqzfz}af`knh nb`hf

mh }q` jm z`jnq hnq bnkjmrnq( `rjmknkj` hnq A`rzmq hn q}qzfz}afk jm z`j`q h`q mqznkjnrzmq

p`r }k kfa` mcbhmcn cfhfznr( ~}m qmrn }k hmk jm br`kam ~}m q`qzmkn( a`k }kn jm q}q

gnrrnq( mh hfbr` jm hn A`kqzfz}afk+ Nq( mk phmk` qfgh` TFT( vn mkzrnj` mh pmr`jà`kqzfz}af knh c`jmrk`( zmkmc`q }kn y}mhzn n h`q mcbhmcnq zrfjfcmkqf`knhmq g}rnzfy`q+

K` `bqznkzm( hn bnkjmrn dnbn fkgrmqnj` mk hn a}hz}rn jm hn pàn+ V a`karmzncmk#

zm n mqm zrfmkf` hfbmrnh pmrzmkmam hn mtnhznafk hmgmkjnrfn jmh pmkjk c`rnj` jm Anqzfhhn(

a`c` mcbhmcn q}p}mqz` jm h`q A`c}kmr`q ~}m mk mh qfgh` TYF qm dnbnk nhunj` a`kzrn

mh v}g` jm Anrh`q Y( mcbhmcn rmnh jm hn qàfmjnj jm h`q a`c}kmr`q ` ymkgnj`rmq jm

_njfhhn $mqznc`q mk phmk` n}gm jm hnq qàfmjnjmq qmarmznq( mk h`q nhb`rmq jmh r`cnkzfafq#

c` hfbmrnh&+ Mk >41> mk Grnknjn J`n Cnrfnkn _fkmjn b`rjn }kn bnkjmrn c`rnjn pnrn

}k pr`k}kafncfmkz` hfbmrnh+ Imrknkj` YFF mk ymkgnkun hn dnam nd`ranr+

Anqnj` Imrknkj` YFF( mk a}nrznq k}pafnq( a`k q} prfcn dmrcnkn( C Arfqzfkn jmB`rbk v B`rbk( v mcbnrnunjn vn hn rmfkn jm 1 cmqmq( prmyfmkj` hn p`qfbfhfjnj jm ~}m

knafmrn }kn dmcbrn( pr`c}hgn mh 26 jm cnru` jm >41? }kn _rngczfan Qnkafk p`r hn

a}nh ~}mjn nb`hfjn hn Hmv Qhfan+>= Fkcmjfnzncmkzm i`rc}hn q} prmzmkqfk jfkqzfan mh

dmrcnk` jmh rmv( fkinkzm Anrh`q C Fqfjr`( np`vnj` p`r h`q nbq`h}zfqznq $anrhfqznq&+ Mk

mq`q hzfc`q n`q jm hn yfjn jm Imrknkj`( v cq nk jmqp}q jm q} c}mrzm $>411&( J

C Arfqzfkn ~}m memramr hn rmgmkafn mk k`cbrm jm q} dfen( Fqnbmh FF dbfhcmkzm

rma}rrm nh q`qzk jm h`q hfbmrnhmq+

Fjmkzfanj` vn mh c`rnj` a`c` a`h`r dfqzrfa` $` czfa`& jm hn Anqzfhhn jm hnq

hfbmrznjmq v a`kymrzfj` mk fkqfgkfn pnzrfzfan( C Arfqzfkn jm B`rbk mkzrmgnr bnkjmrnq

jm znimzk c`rnj` n hn G}nrjfn Rmnh( n h`q Y`h}kznrf`q Rmnhfqznq v n h`q Rmgfcfmkz`q

cq nkzfg}`q jm Fkinkzmrn( Anbnhhmrn( Nrzfhhmrn( Fkgmkfmr`q v Cfhfafnq _r`yfkafnhmq( mkzrm

amkzrnh( n}k~}m mqzzfancmkzm mq hncmkznbhm hn imnhjnj jm hn mkqmn rmq}hznkzm( ~}m pnrmam

jmi`rcm v pnku}jn+

>=+ Hn Hmv Qhfan dnbn qfj` fcphnkznjn mk Mqpnn p`r Imhfpm Y mk }k N}z` Na rjnj` jm >7>1+

Mk >746 Anrh`q FY jfazn }kn _rngczfan Qnkafk nbr`gkj`hn( pmr` qfk hhmgnr n dnamrhn pbhfan(

p`r h` a}nh mrn jm yfgmkafn j}j`qn+ Mk >41?#11 qm jmqnrr`hhn z`j` mh i`hhmzk q}amq`rf` jm hn

pr`c}hgnafk jm mqn _rngczfan mk >41?( qmg}fjn p`r ynrfnq yfafqfz}jmq5 fkzrfgnq mk z`rk` nh

hmad` jmh rmv c`rfb}kj`( mh A`jfafh` jm Anh`cnrjm n iny`r jm J+ Anrh`q v hn bìmznjn jm

cnk`q bhnkanq jm hn Fkinkzn H}fqn Anrh`zn( dmrcnkn jm hn rmfkn+


8/15


>41? v >412( a`c` c}mqzrn jm namrancfmkz` mkzrm hn A`r`kn v mh Merafz`+>9 Mh

Rmgfcfmkz` K > jm fkinkzmrn jmqzfknj` n Nhgmafrnq( nh rmafbfr znh mkqmn( yf` qnzfqimadn

}kn nqpfrnafk rmfzmrnjn jmqjm >41?( p`r dnbmrqm jmk`cfknj` Anqzfhhn( nhmgnkj` ~}m

hnq G}nrjfnq jm Fkinkzmrn mqpn`hnq }qnbnk mh a`h`r c`rnj`+ Rmflmenkj` mqn }kfk a`kmh merafz` pnzrfzfa`( qm jfqm mh _mkjk Rmnh c`rnj`+

1+ Hn fcp`qfafk jm hn bnkjmrn rèfg}nhjn mh >1 jm àz}brm jm >4:1

Dnbfmkj` nbjfanj` hn rmgmkafn C Arfqzfkn mk àz}brm jm >4:?( mq k`cbrnj`

rmgmkzm mh gmkmrnh Bnhj`cmr` Mqpnrzmr` $}k d`cbrm jmh p}mbh` ~}m dnbn nhankunj` mh

zz}h` k`bfhfnrf` jm j}~}m jm Hn Yfaz`rfn p`r dnbmr jmrr`znj` n hn fkq}rgmkafn anrhfqzn&+

Mh k}my` rmgmkzm n}z`rfun mh 9 jm E}kf` jm >4:2 n h`q bnznhh`kmq jm Cfhfafnq jm Anqzfhhn

v Ynhmkafn mh }q` jm A`r`kmhnq c`rnjnq+

Mk mh ymrnk` jm >4:1 qm irng}n }kn a`kinb}hnafk pnrn nrrènr jmh p`jmr nh

rmgmkzm< nknkqm h`q pr`grmqfqznq p}r q a`k h`q c`jmrnj`q $gmkmrnhmq Knrymu(@J`kkmhh v jm hn A`kadn( jmqm`q`q jm rmqznbhmamr hn rmgmkafn jm CArfqzfkn&+ Zfmkmk

tfz` h`q a`ke}rnj`q+ Zrnq }k brmym a`cbnzm mk Z`rrmek jm Nrjù( Mqpnrzmr` amqn hn

h}adn( pnrzfmkj` pnrn mh mtfhf` h`kjfkmkqm+ A`kqzfzvmqm mkz kamq }kn a`nhfafk dmzmrahfzn

~}m na}c}hn mh p`jmr c`jmrnj`r v mh mema}zfy` v ~}m prmqfjm mh nhfankzfk` E`n~}k Cnrn

Hpmu v Hpmu7 mqm g`bfmrk` pr`yfqf`knh pr`c}hgn }k jmarmz` mh >1 jm àz}brm jm

>4:1 p`r mh a}nh yfmkm fcp}mqzn a`c` kfan bnkjmrn cfhfznr hn ~}m n Anrh`q FFF qm hm

dnbn à}rrfj` pnrn hn nrcnjn =4 n`q nkzmq+

Kf qf~}fmrn mkz`kamq qm pr`c}hgn a`c` bnkjmrn knaf`knh mk qmkzfj` c`jmrk`+ K`

qfcb`hfun n Mqpnn( kf qm prmy ~}m dnvn jm `kjmnr mk mjfaf`q afyfhmq( qfk` ~}m mq }knmkqmn p}rncmkzm anqzrmkqm+

V mq ~}m z`jnyn n cmjfnj`q jmh qfgh` TFT mqz hmenkn hn qfcb`hfunafk nbqzrnazn

jm z`jn hn knafk p`r }kn bnkjmrn+ H`q merafz`q kmamqfznbnk qcb`h`q( pnrn fjmkzfanrqm

mk mh a`cbnzm v pnrn n}knrqm irmkzm nh mkmcfg`< hnq phnunq i}mrzmq( pnrn ~}m qm q}pfmrn

mk cnk`q jm ~} p`jmr cfhfznr mqznbnk+ Cnq h`q afyfhmq ~}m yfnenbnk jm }k hnj` n `zr`

k` dnbnk cmkmqzmr jm kfkgk jfqzfkzfy` knaf`knh pnrn knjn+ Zncpà` kmamqfznbnk

qcb`h`q knaf`knhmq h`q mcbnenj`rmq+

Cnq fkah}q` mkz`kamq( nkzm hn fkqfqzmkzm jmcnkjn jm c}adnq }kfjnjmq cfhfznrmq(

qm pmrcfzm mh }q` jm a`rbnznq c`rnjnq n n~}mhh`q rmgfcfmkz`q ~}m nkzmq d}bfmrnkmknrb`hnj` bnkjmrnq jm mqm a`h`r+ Mh rmgfcfmkz` jmh Rmv( p`r a`kamqfk jm >4=>( p}j`

>9+ K` a`c` mcbhmcn jmh Zr`k`( qfk` a`c` mcbhmcn knaf`knh#p`p}hnr#cfhfznr nq}cfj` p`r

mh Zr`k`+

>7+ Dnbn knafj` mk >764 mk Yfhhmkn v c}rfrn mk Cnjrfj mk >4==+ Nb`gnj`+ Jfp}znj` n A`rzmq

p`r Nhfankzm mk >41:+ Nhanhjm jm Cnjrfj+ Anzmjrzfa` jm Jmrmad` _`hzfa` mk Hn ]kfymrqfjnj

Amkzrnh+ Mqarfz`r+ _rmqfjmkzm jmh a`kqme` jm cfkfqzr`q jmh 6 nh >6 jm cnv` jm >4:1+ Nh zrf}kinr

hn a`ke}rn nkzfmqpnrzmrfqzn( memram jmh 21 jm e}hf` nh 2? jm k`yfmcbrm hn Eminz}rn jmh G`bfmrk`

jm a`nhfafk( ~}m k` p}j` p`kmrqm jm na}mrj` prazfancmkzm mk knjn qnhy` mh nrzfh}gf` jm hn

bnkjmrn cfhfznr $jmarmz` jmh >1 jm àz}brm& v hn pràhncnafk a`c` cnv`r jm mjnj jm hn rmfkn#

kfn pànq qmcnknq jmqp}q( mh 4 jm kàfmcbrm mqm cfqc` n` >4:1+


9/15


a`kqmrynr q} A`r kmhn c`rnjn dnqzn >61>+ Mh a}mrp` jm fkgmkfmr`q( grnafnq n j`q

a`kamqf`kmq( jm >4=? v >449( qfg}m mknrb`hnkj` hn bnkjmrn c`rnjn< hn nrzfhhmrn pnqn mk

>49> jm hn bnkjmrn nu}h n hn c`rnjn+

_`r `zr` hnj`( k` qfmcprm pmrcnkmaf a`kqznkzm mk z`j`q q}q jmznhhmq hn bnkjmrnmkanrknjn v ncnrfhhn ~}m mk àz}brm jm >4:1 dnbn fcp}mqz` mh a`kz}bmrkf` g}bmrkncmk#

znh mkanbmunj` p`r E+C+ Hpmu+ Nq k` q}amjf qfmcprm ~}m mh nkad` jm hn bnkjn amkzrnh(

jm a`h`r ncnrfhh` } `r`( i}mrn mh j`bhm jmh jm anjn }kn jm hnq bmrcmenq+ N ymamq i}mr`k

jm fg}nh nkad`( ` qh` hfgmrncmkzm cq gr}mqn hn amkzrnh+ Zncpà` mqznbn àfnhfunjn

hn z`knhfjnj mtnazn jm mq`q a`h`rmq+ M fkah}q` nhg}kn ymu qm jfqp}qfmr`k hnq zrmq irnkenq

ymrzfanhcmkzm+>4

Njmcq( hn bnkjmrn cfhfznr àfnhfunjn mh >1 jm àz}brm jm >4:1 q}qafz }kn

ymdmcmkzm `p`qfafk+ Vn dmc`q yfqz` mh npmg` n hn bnkjmrn c`rnjn( p`r a`kqfjmrnrqm

$n}k~}m i}mrn qfk i}kjncmkz` dfqzrfa` rfg}r`q`& a`c` hn jm Anqzfhhn v p`r qfcb`hfunrhnq nkqfnq jm hfbmrznj v mh pnzrf`zfqc` jmh merafz`+ H`q anrhfqznq dnbnk }qnj` a`c`

mqznkjnrzm }k pn` bhnka` a`k mh nqpn jm Qnk Nkjrq+>6 Kf n }k`q kf n `zr`q hmq

g}qznbn hn mkqmn rèfg}nhjn( n}k~}m i}mrn p`r rnu`kmq jfymrqnq } `p}mqznq+ V mqznbnk

ahnr`q h`q pà` pnzrfzfa`q c`zfy`q ~}m q}qafznr`k n~}mh nrjfj p`hzfa` jm ~}fmkmq memrank

mh p`jmr mk hn qmg}kjn cfznj jmh n` >4:1+

:+ Hn bnkjmrn zrfa`h`r5 jm >496 n >61>

Nh qmr jmrrfbnjn hn j`cfknafk b`rbkfan mk qmpzfmcbrm jm >494( y`hyf n

phnkzmnrqm a`k i}mrun hn jmcnkjn jm }k ancbf` jm hn bnkjmrn+ Mk >496 mh Nv}kzncfmkz`

jm Cnjrfj pr`p`km n hnq A`rzmq A`kqzfz}vmkzmq hn nj`pafk a`c` bnkjmrn knaf`knh jmhn zrfa`h`r( jm a`h`rmq rè`( ncnrfhh` v c`rnj`( qmgk hn inen ~}m jfadn a`rp`rnafk dnbn

mqznbhmafj` mk mh cbfz` c}kfafpnh+ Hn i}gnu c`knr~}n jm Ncnjm` F jm Qnb`vn

cnkz}y` qfk mcbnrg` hn rèfg}nhjn+ _ràhncnjn hn _rfcmrn Rmpbhfan mh >> jm imbrmr`

jm >471( nhg}k`q rmp}bhfank`q ~}fqfmr`k nj`pznr }kn bnkjmrn zrfa`h`r( c`rnjn( bhnkan v

rèn+2? Mk Ajfu qm mknrb`h }kn bnkjmrn zrfa`h`r( pmr` mh g`bfmrk` amkzrnh fcp}q` hn

a`kqmrynafk jm hn mkqmn jm >4:1+

Qm dn nj}afj`( mk a`kzrn jm mqn bnkjmrn zrfa`h`r v mk pnrzfa}hnr jmh a`h`r c`rnj`(

~}m hn mkqmn jm >4:1 k` mrn }k mqznkjnrzm c`kr~}fa` kf b`rbkfa` v ~}m i}m nj`pznjn

a`c` bnkjmrn knaf`knh+

Dnv nhg` jm ymrjnj mk mqm nhmgnz`+ K}mqzr`q B`rb`kmq dnbnk }qnj` a`c` a`h`r

jfqzfkzfy` mh bhnka` a`k hn fl`r jm Hfq( ` qmn mh cfqc` ~}m mh a`h`r jm hn bnkjmrn jm h`q

>4+ Mh hmaz`r ~}m zmkgn a}rf`qfjnj p}mjm a`kq}hznr grnbnj`q jm hn pàn( fkqfgkfnq v mqznkjnrzmq

a`kqmrynj`q mk mh C}qm` jmh merafz`+

>6+ Mh nqpn jm Qnk Nkjrq( ` ar}u jm B`rg`n( mq mh mcbhmcn jm h`q jmqamkjfmkzmq jm hn

Cnfq`k jm B`}rg`gkm( v mk Mqpnn jm hnq jfknqznq jm N}qzrfnq v B`rb`kmq( p`r zmkmr mkzrm q}q

nqamkjfmkzmq n Imhfpm mh Dmrc`q`( mqp`q` jm J`n E}nkn hn Hàn+

2?+ Y+ Mkafah`pmjfn Mqpnqn5 Mkafah`pmjfn ]kfymrqnh Fh}qzrnjn Dfqpnk` Ncmrfankn( mjfafk jm

>621+


10/15

A`kqfjmrnaf`kmq q`brm hn Bnkjmrn Zrfa`h`r p`r H`rmku` _mn >?

merafz`q jmh rmv jm Irnkafn $mcbhmcn jm hn jfknqzn anpmafnkn( mk q}q jfymrqnq rncnq&+

E}kz` a`k mhh`( ynhnkqm zncbfk( a`c` mkqmn( jm }kn afkzn bfa`h`r( jfyfjfjn mk zrmq

hfqznq nhnrgnjnq $h`q hnj`q nu}h amhmqzm( v hn irnken amkzrnh bhnkan&( ~}m }qnbnk mk bnkjnq

v inefkmq( ~}m qm p}mjmk ymr mk h`q a}njr`q jmh C}qm` jmh _rnj` $p+me+ Hn incfhfn jmAnrh`q FY jm G`vn&+

_mr`( zrnq hn jmafqfk jm àz}brm jm >4:1( v n}k~}m q} nj`pafk qm jmbfmrn n }kn

cnkf`brn p`hzfan jm afra}kqznkafnq( mh dmad` mq ~}m( }kn ymu nj`pznjn mqn mkqmn

rèfg}nhjn( qm hn yf` a`c` hn bnkjmrn jmh rgfcmk c`kr~}fa`+

Cq i}mrzm mrn mqm qmkzfcfmkz` mkzrm k}mqzr`q rmp}bhfank`q imjmrnhmq jm hn qmg}kjn

cfznj jmh qfgh` TFT( n ~}fmkmq pnrman m~}fznzfy` q}cnr( n h`q j`q a`h`rmq ~}m ymknk

jmh pmkjk anznhnk`#nrng`kq( mh zmramr a`h`r( mh ~}m }kn vn hnrgn zrnjfafk rmp}znbn

anqzmhhnk`+2> _mr` mh p}mbh` rmp}bhfank` z`c hn bnkjmrn zrfa`h`r v qm `hyfj jmh

imjmrnhfqc`( qfmcprm mqanqncmkzm p`p}hnr mkzrm k`q`zr`q< nq pnq n qmr }k qcb`h` jmhn Mqpnn p`p}hnr nkzfc`kr~}fan( jm q}mrzm ~}m mqp`kzkmncmkzm hnq cnqnq hn funr`k

p`r j`~}fmr h`q jnq >: v >= jm nbrfh jm >61>+

Mh g`bfmrk` pr`yfqf`knh rmp}bhfank` mk >61> z}y` ~}m nanznr mqm jmqfgkf` p`p}hnr

mqp`kzkm`( v nq h` dfu`+ _ànq a`qnq mk hn dfqz`rfn dnk zmkfj` }k `rfgmk znk mqp`kzkmn#

cmkzm jm cnqnq a`c` n~}mh ancbf` jm mkqmn+

Hn bnkjmrn zrfa`h`r rèn( ncnrfhhn v c`rnjn mq hn ~}m mqa`gf m fcp}q` mh

p}mbh` mqpn`h+

Qm dn nj}afj` a`kzrn hn nj`pafk jm hn bnkjmrn zrfa`h`r mk >61> ~}m hn bnkjmrn

knaf`knh k` qm dn jm ancbfnr n}k~}m ynrm mh rgfcmk p`hzfa`+ A}rf`qn rmghn. Jmjkjm qnhm0 Dnk c`jfanj` q} bnkjmrn( pnrn cnranr v qfcb`hfunr ancbf`q fcp`rznkzmq

jm rgfcmk p`hzfa`( }kn qmrfm jm pnqmq+22

Zncbfk qm dn nj}afj` ~}m hn bnkjmrn dn jm rmprmqmkznr n z`j`q h`q knaf`knhmq

v dn jm qmr nampznjn p`r z`j`q+ Cnq e}qzncmkzm hn rèfg}nhjn( nh qmr fcp}mqzn mk >4:1(

k` rmprmqmkz n z`j`q( qfmkj` rmadnunjn znkz` p`r h`q c`kr~}fa`q anrhfqznq21 a}nkz`

p`r c}ad`q hfbmrnhmq( ~}m pmjnk hn fka`rp`rnafk jmh a`h r c`rnj + Kf qm qmkznk

2>+ Hn nzrfb}afk zrnjfaf`knh jmh a`h`r c`rnj` n Anqzfhhn dmc`q yfqz` ~}m vn qm jnbn na`cfmku`q jmh qfgh` TYFFF( fkjmpmkjfmkzmcmkzm jm ~}m qmn ymrjnj ` k` h` ~}m qm dn nhmgnj`

jm ~}m mh `rfgmk hzfc` dnvn qfj` }kn a`ki}qfk( ` mh mimaz` ar`czfa` jmh mkymemafcfmkz` jm

yfme`q jà}cmkz`q+ Qmn jm mhh` a`c` i}mrm( hn hmvmkjn k` qnhm jm hn knjn kf frr}cpm jm k}my`

a`k hn qàfmjnj jm h`q a`c}kmr`q ` ymkgnj`rmq jm _njfhhn mk >42?+ V pr}mbn njfaf`knh jm mhh`

mq ~}m d`v dnk nj`pznj` hn bnkjmrn }kfa`h`r c`rnjn jm }k` } `zr` z`k`( a`c` mkqmn

pr`yfkafnh ` c}kfafpnh5 B}rg`q( Q`rfn( _nhmkafn( Qnhncnkan( G}njnhnenrn v Ajfu+

22+ Nq5 Irnkafn $>746( >4>=( >41?&< Nhmcnkfn $>47>( >62>( >611( >6:=&< R}qfn $>6>7( >66>&6>>( >6:6&< Yfmzknc( Q}rirfan( mh A`kg` $mk ynrfnq ànqf`kmq& v c}ad`q `zr`q pnqmq+

N ymamq mh ancbf` jm bnkjmrn qm pr`j}am qfk nhzmrnafk jm rgfcmk( a`c` mk mh Anknj+

21+ Mk >619#16 h`q anrhfqznq( `p rz}kfqzncmkzm( mknrb hnrnk( n hnq rjmkmq jmh q}bhmynj`

Irnka`( hn bnkjmrn ~}m dnbnk rmp}jfnj` nkzmq+


11/15

A`kqfjmrnaf`kmq q`brm hn Bnkjmrn Zrfa`h`r p`r H`rmku` _mn >>

rmprmqmkznjnq p`r hn bnkjmrn rèfg}nhjn hnq fkcmkqnq cnqnq p`p}hnrmq ~}m mk >61>(

mqp`kzkmncmkzm( funr`k p`r j`~}fmr hn zrfa`h`r+ Kf qm qfmkzmk rmprmqmkznj`q d`v p`r mqn

bnkjmrn jm 2 a`h`rmq h`q mqpn`hmq ~}m e}ugnk ~}m k}kan dn qfj` hmgnhcmkzm nbr`gnjn

hn a`kqzfz}afk jm >61>+Mk a}nh~}fmr anq`( mqn rmghn jm ~}m qh` p}mjm dnbmr bnkjmrn knaf`knh ~}m qmn

nampznjn p`r z`j`q fcpfjm ~}m zmkgnk bnkjmrn h`q mqznj`q mk h`q ~}m }k qmaz`r prma`kfun

}kn v `zr` qmaz`r `zrn+

Njmcq( rm~}fmrm nhg}kn e}qzfanafk mqm nqmrz` jm ~}m hn bnkjmrn dn jm qmr jm

nampznafk }kkfcm $fcp`qfbhm jm a}cphfr mk c}ad`q anq`q&+ _`r ~} dn jm qmr nq0

_`r ~} mk }knq a`qnq hn cnv`rn p}mjm fcp`kmr q} y`h}kznj cnq mq `zrnq( jm q}v`

cmk`q q}qznkafnhmq( k`0

Hn }knkfcfjnj p}mjm qmr }k jmqfjmrnz}c $~}m k` qm dngn kfkg}kn yn pbhfan n

hn ~}m qm `p`kgn nhg}fmk( ~}m k` qm mqznbhmuan kfkgk zrfb}z` qfk hn n~}fmqamkafn jmz`j`q( kf qm nj`pzm kfkg}kn hmv hnb`rnh qfk a`kqmkzfcfmkz` }kkfcm( v nq q}amqfyncmk#

zm&< pmr` hn cnv`rn zfmkm jmrmad` n dnamr prmynhmamr q} y`h}kznj qfmcprm ~}m rmqpmzm n

hn cfk`rn v k` hn nphnqzm+2:

=+ Hn rmqzn}rnafk rèfg}nhjn

Mq mrrkm` nj}afr ~}m i}m hn ~}mrmhhn jm hn bnkjmrn h` ~}m nzrne` pnrzfjnrf`q n hnq

hnq jm h`q q}bhmynj`q jm >619+ Znk inhq` mq ~}m dnqzn nhg}knq }kfjnjmq hmynkznjnq mk

nrcnq mqm n` mk`rb`hnbnk z`jnyn hn zrfa`h`r( v ~}m mh rmz`rk` nh mcbhmcn jm >4:1 qh`

i}m }kn fcp`qfafk jm h`q qmaz`rmq cq rnjfanhcmkzm c`kr~}fa`q( mkzrm mhh`q Irnkafqa`

Irnka`+

I}m mqn nhn c`kr~}fan j}rn v rmanhafzrnkzm a`k Irnka` n hn anbmun hn ~}m

j}rnkzm hn g}mrrn afyfh rmqznbhmaf hn bnkjmrn bfa`h`r( a`c` qcb`h` jmh nphnqzncfmkz`

jmh p}mbh` mqpn`h v jm q}q hmgzfcnq fkqzfz}af`kmq rmp}bhfanknq+

Mk mh a}nzrfmkf` >67=#76 hn zrnkqfafk pnaznjn mk hnq nhz}rnq mk mq` a`c` mk

c}adnq `zrnq a`qnq a`kqngr }kn a`kzfk}fjnj jmh hmgnj` irnk~}fqzn( pmqm n afmrz`q

rmz`~}mq+

Qm dn jfad` ~}m( dnvn q}amjfj` nkzmq a`c` dnvn q}amjfj`( mk a}nh~}fmr anq` mqn

`pafk p`r hn rèfg}nhjn jm h`q a`kqzfz}vmkzmq jm >674 vn k`q yfka}hn p`r h`q qfgh`q jmh`q qfgh`q+

Qfk mcbnrg`( n jfimrmkafn jm hnq a`rzmq a`kqzfz}vmkzmq jm >61> a`rzmq mhmgfjnq

p`r mh p}mbh mtprmqncmkzm pnrn dnamr }kn a`kqzfz}afk jmqjm amr ( mh mkgrnknem

bfancmrnh jm hn zrnkqfafk $A`kgrmq #Qmknj`( a`k }k Qmknj` jm ~}fkz` rmgf`&( mcnknafk

jm hn Hmv pnrn hn Rmi`rcn _`hzfan jm >677( qm fkqarfbn mk mh cnra` jm }k qfqzmcn

prmmqznbhmafj` $mh jm hnq Hmvmq I}kjncmkznhmq jmh Rmfk`&( a`k a`cpmzmkafnq rmi`rcnj`#

rnq hfcfznjnq v a`k }kn a`cp`qfafk qh` pnrafnhcmkzm rmq}hznkzm jm mhmaafk p`p}hnr+

Mh ynh`r e}rjfa` jm q} `brn pr`c}hgnz`rfn mqz nk p`r mqz}jfnr+ Mk mh cnra` jm hn kfan

2:+ Hn cfk`rn c`kr~}fan k` i}m `prfcfjn kf nphnqznjn mk >61>#19< njmcq( h`q c`kr~}fa`q

qm jfmr`k a}mkzn jmh qmkzfr p`p}hnr v pà` rmc`yfmr`k h` jm hn bnkjmrn+


12/15

A`kqfjmrnaf`kmq q`brm hn Bnkjmrn Zrfa`h`r p`r H`rmku` _mn >2

hmgnhfjnj ~}m hm jnbn yfjn v mtfqzmkafn( q}q pr`c}hgncfmkz`q i}mr`k fkyhfj`q( p`r

a`kzrnymkfr hnq k`rcnq yfgmkzmq+ Cnq irmkzm n mqn k`rcnzfyfjnj( zncpà` p`jn na`gmrqm

n hn n}z`rfjnj jm }knq cnqnq p`p}hnrmq ~}m d}bfmrnk fcp}mqz` mh ancbf` $n jfimrmkafn

jmh pràmq` jm >61>&+_`r mhh`( mqn a}mqzfk( fg}nh ~}m c}adnq `zrnq( dn jm ~}mjnr nbfmrzn pnrn ~}m qmn

jmafjfjn p`r hnq i}z}rnq gmkmrnaf`kmq jm mqpn`hmq( qfk q}emafk n a`kqzrmfcfmkz`q+

9+ ]kn pr`p}mqzn a`kafhfnkzm

Dmc`q yfqz` cq nzrq a}hmq i}mr`k dfqzrfancmkzm h`q }q`q qmcfzfa`q jm h`q

mcbhmcnq( mkzrm mhh`q hnq bnkjmrnq+ D`v mq jfqzfkz`+ Mh }q` cfhfznr mq c}v pr`bhmczfa`

$qmg}rncmkzm mk hnq g}mrrnq jm k}mqzr` zfmcp` hn bnkjmrn k` e}mgn kfkg}k` jm h`q zrmq

r`hmq jm fkjfanafk jm emrnr~}n( fjmkzfanafk jm hnq a`cnbfmkzmq v mtd`rznafk nh

a`cbnzm&+ Hnq bnkjmrnq d`v $qfgh`q TT v TTF& qfrymk pnrn ymdfa}hnr qmfq cmkqnemq5

>+ Fkzmrknaf`knhcmkzm( fkjfank n ~} mqznj` qm yfka}hn e}rjfancmkzm }kn jmhmgnafk(

` }kn rmprmqmkznafk jfph`czfan( ` }k ymda}h`( ` a}nh~}fmr `zrn pmrq`kn(

ngr}pnafk ` mkzfjnj zrnkqp`rznbhm( a}nkj` mqn fki`rcnafk qmn $prmq}kzncmkzm&

rmhmynkzm v a`kymkgn mcfzfrhn jm c`j` rpfj` v a`kafq`+

2+ Mk afmrz`q a`kzmtz`q( fkjfank hn knaf`knhfjnj jm ~}fmkmq hnq p`rznk ` mknrb`hnk( v nq

fkjfrmazncmkzm cnkfmqznk qmkzfcfmkz`q jm qfcpnzn p`r }k` } `zr` a`kzmkjfmk#

zm $mk a`cpmzfaf`kmq jmp`rzfynq( p+me&+

1+ Mk ànqf`kmq( fkjfank mh }q` jm }k fjf`cn+2=

:+ Mk u`knq ir`kzmrfunq( fjmkzfank hn pmrzmkmkafn jm znh hànhfjnj ` znh pnrnem n znhzmrrfz`rf` mqznznh< v h` cfqc` qm nphfan n mqznaf`kmq jm imrrànrrfh v p}kz`q jm

ar}am yfnhmq+

=+ Fkzmrkncmkzm( mtprmqnk v rmnrcnk hn yfgmkafn jm }k jmzmrcfknj` `rjmkncfmkz`

e}rjfa`( pnzmkzfunkj` hn a`#pmrzmkmkafn jm h`q dnbfznkzmq jmh zmrrfz`rf` j`kjm

`kjmnk n }kn mkzfjnj p hzfan ~}m h`q ngr}pn( bnqnjn mk }kn a`kqzfz}afk

pr`c}hgnjn mk z`rk` n }k`q ynh`rmq n h`q ~}m $nh cmk`q prmq}kzncmkzm& qm dn

njdmrfj` hn cnv`rn jm hn p`bhnafk+

9+ Zncbfk fkzmrkncmkzm cnrank afmrz`q mjfaf`q pbhfa`q a`c` jmpmkjfmkzmq jm }kn

n}z`rfjnj ` a`c` h}gnrmq jmh memrafaf` jm nhg}kn i}kafk g}bmrknzfyn ` jmqmryfaf` pbhfa` bne` hn jfrmaafk jm znh n}z`rfjnj $qmn qzn hn knaf`knh( } `zrn5

rmgf`knh( pr`yfkafnh( c}kfafpnh( mza&

N mqn qtz}phm i}kafk qmcfzfan qm }kmk i}kaf`kmq jm `zrn kj`hm5 jma`rnzfynq(

p+me+ V mqnq i}kaf`kmq zfmkmk ~}m my`h}af`knr nh a`cpq jm zrnkqi`rcnaf`kmq mk h`q

g}qz`q v hnq a`qz}cbrmq jm hn p`bhnafk( qfk cnkzmkmrqm fcpmrz}rbnbhmcmkzm mqznkanjnq

mk yfrz}j jm hnq zrnjfaf`kmq+

2=+ N}k~}m mq` nanrrmn cq pr`bhmcnq jm h`q ~}m rmq}mhym( mkzrm `zrnq a`qnq p`r~}m h`q

fjf`cnq fkzmrknaf`knhcmkzm cq zfhmq k` qm a`rrmqp`kjmk bf}kyàncmkzm a`k knaf`kmq `

mqznj`q+


13/15

A`kqfjmrnaf`kmq q`brm hn Bnkjmrn Zrfa`h`r p`r H`rmku` _mn >1

_`r z`j` h` a}nh( mq ahnr` ~}m dn dnbfj` v qmg}fr dnbfmkj` ancbf`q mk ~}

bnkjmrnq qm àfnhfamk( mknrb`hmk( jmqphfmg}mk ` mtdfbnk n zmk`r jm c}adnq yfafqfz}jmq

p`hzfanq $c`jfanaf`kmq mqznznhmq( nhzmrnaf`kmq jm rgfcmk qàfnh( zrnkqi`rcnaf`kmq jm

hn mqzr}az}rn njcfkfqzrnzfyn( zrnkqc}znafk jm ynh`rmq v prfkafpf`q e}rjfa`q fcpmrnkzmq(mza+&

Qmrn nbq}rj` ~}mrmr jfaznr }k fkc`yfhfqc` ` }k nprf`rfqc` mk mh }q` jm qmnhmq

p`hzfancmkzm znk cnranjnq v anrgnjnq+ Q`k h`q p}mbh`q mk hzfc` zrcfk` h`q ~}m

pr`c}hgnk v nbr`gnk hnq hmvmq $prmqznkj` q} a`kqmkzfcfmkz` ` rmd}qkj`h`&+ M

fg}nhcmkzm q`k mhh`q h`q ~}m dnamk hnq bnkjmrnq+

Ac` qmr hn i}z}rn bnkjmrn mqpn`hn0 Anjn a}nh mq c}v j}m` jm zmkmr q}q

prmimrmkafnq+ Mq j}j`q` ~}m jmem jm qmr qfgkfanzfy` mh dmad` jm ~}m jmqjm >61> hn

bnkjmrn zrfa`h`r rèn( ncnrfhhn v c`rnjn dn qfcb`hfunj` hn hfbmrznj( hn hmgnhfjnj

a`kqzfz}af`knh( hn Mqpnn jmh pr`grmq` v jmh zrnbne`( nh pnq` ~}m hn bfa`h`r dn qfj`( pnrnmh ymkafj` p}mbh` mqpn`h( mh qcb`h` jm hnq nrcnq ~}m( zrnq jmrr`znrh`( h` mtzmrcfknr`k

n cnkqnhyn v h` cnrzfrfunr`k( mh qcb`h`( ~}m nk pmrj}rn( jmh j}rqfc` v}g` bne` mh ~}m

dn zmkfj` ~}m yfyfr j}rnkzm cq jm qfmzm h}qzr`q v jm hn Mqpnn pnhnafmgn p`qzirnk~}fqzn

~}m ~}fmrm dmrmjnr v a`kzfk}nr b}mkn pnrzm jm hn `rfmkznafk jmh qfqzmcn jmh ~}m pràmjm(

znkz` mk hn p`hzfan fkzmrkn a`c` mk hn mtzmrkn+

Mk a}nh~}fmr anq`( h`q p}mbh`q dnamk hn dfqz`rfn( v k` hn dnamk qmgk mq~}mcnq

prmi`rcnj`q ` g}f`kmq rmjnaznj`q p`r yfqf`knrf`q+ Vn qm ymr.

Qf cm mq hafz` mtprmqnr cfq pr`pf`q g}qz`q( qmrnk h`q jm mk a`ki`rcfjnj a`k

mh zmrfancmkzm cq j}hafanj` mqprfz} jm h`q zfmcp`q cnzfunr mq`q zrmq a`h rmq(namrankj`5 mh rè` nh r`qn< mh j`rnj` nh ncnrfhh` ymrj`q`< v mh c`rnj` nh yf`hmzn( cnhyn

` hfhn< a`h`rmq cmk`q cnqa}hfk`q( cmk`q i}mrzmq ` yf`hmkz q( cq imcmkfk`q( cq zmk}mq(

cq bhnkj`q+

Dnbr nhg}fmk ~}m qm dngn ma` jm }kn pr`p}mqzn nq znh ymu }kn pmrmgrfkn v

mtzrnyngnkzm à}rrmkafn0

_`r `zr` hnj`( qf vn a`kqzfz}vm }kn `rfgfknhfjnj mtampaf`knh hn nj`pafk jmh a`h`r

c`rnj` $k` dnv d`v( ~}m v` qmpn( kfkg}kn `zrn bnkjmrn mqznznh a`k mqm a`h`r&( 29 hnq

cnzfunaf`kmq q}gmrfjnq fkzr`j}afrnk k}mynq fkk`ynaf`kmq+ Qfk b}qanr( kf c}ad` cmk`q(

hn k`ymjnj p`r hn k`ymjnj( zncpà` zfmkmk p`r ~} q`cmzmrqm hnq gmkmrnaf`kmq i}z}rnqn hn `pafk jm h`q qfmzm a`h`rmq jm hn dmrhjfan cmjfmynh( fcp}mqzn( mk pnrzm( p`r hn

zmak`h`gn jm hn pàn+27

29+ N}k~}m dnv a}nzr bnkjmrnq zrfa`h rmq jm rè`( ncnrfhh` v nu}h( mk bnkjnq ymrzfanhmq5 hnq jmh

Adnj( Nkj`rrn( R}cnkfn v C`hjnyfn+

27+ D`v qm qnhmk jm mqm nbnkfa` ar`czfa` hnq bnkjmrnq( anqf fg}nhmq mkzrm q( jm hn Fkjfn v

Kgmr 1 bnkjnq d`rfu`kznhmq( jm nbne` nrrfbn ymrjm( bhnkan v( rmqpmazfyncmkzm( nunirk/nkn#

rnkenj`+ Zncbfk hhmynk }kn bnkjn nknrnkenjn hnq bnkjmrnq jm Frhnkjn v jm A`qzn jm Cnrh+

@zrn rnrmun mq mh a`h`r cnrrk mk hn jmh mcfrnz` jm ^nznr+


14/15

A`kqfjmrnaf`kmq q`brm hn Bnkjmrn Zrfa`h`r p`r H`rmku` _mn >:

Zfmkm qmkzfj` cf pr`p}mqzn0 Dmc`q yfqz` ~}m h`q mcbhmcnq k` i`rcnk }k

hmkg}nem( n}k~}m q }k qfqzmcn qmcfzfa`+ _`r mh c`zfy` ~}m qm mtprmq cq nrrfbn( k`

dnv n~} j`bhm nrzfa}hnafk+ ]k a`h`r jm q}v` k` zfmkm qmkzfj`+24

Cnq zncpà` mq mtnaz` ~}m qh` zmkgn qfgkfanj` hn bnkjmrn a`c` }k z`j`+A}nkj` mk >746 mh p}mbh` irnkaq fcp`km nh rmv }kfr nh bhnka` anpmafnk` mh nu}h v rè`

jm hn yfhhn jm _nrq pnrn i`rcnr hn zrfa`h`r irnkamqn ~}m d`v a`kàmc`q( mqm nnjfj`( mk

mqm a`kzmtz`( q zfmkm }k qmkzfj`( n}k~}m mk nbqzrnaz` mh cftz` nu}hgrnkn k` ymdfa}hn

cmkqnem nhg}k`+

A}nkj` mh p}mbh` mqpn`h mk >61> nnjm mh c`rnj` m fg}nhn mh nkad` jm hnq zrmq

bnkjnq( mqn c`jfanafk( mk mqm a`kzmtz`( mq qfcbhfan( fka`rp`rnkj` }k yfme` nkdmh`

p`p}hnr v hfbmrnh+

H`q a`cp`kmkzmq jm }k mcbhmcn( p`r a`kqfg}fmkzm( n}k~}m k` zfmkmk mk q(

nbqzrnazncmkzm( kfkgk qfgkfanj` pr`pf`( q np`rznk( mk }k a`kzmtz` dfqzrfa`#qàfnhjmzmrcfknj`( nhg}kn a`kzrfb}afk pnrzfa}hnr nh qfgkfanj` jmh mcbhmcn z`cnj` mk q}

a`ke}kz`+

K` dnv kfkgk a`kzmkfj` qmckzfa` ~}m a`cpnrznk( mk yfrz}j jm zmkmr }kn bnkjn

bhnkan( hnq bnkjmrnq jm Fznhfn( H}tmcb}rg`( Ar`nafn( R}qfn( Frk v _mr+26 K` dnv knjn

nq+ K` mq mh bhnka` mk gmkmrnh mh ~}m np`rzn }k ynh`r qmckzfa`( qfk` znh a`h`r ` znh

z`knhfjnj mk znh mkz`rk` dfqzrfa`#qàfnh+

V cf pr`p}mqzn zfmkm qmkzfj` mk mh naz}nh a`kzmtz` dfqzrfa`#qàfnh5 rma}pmrnr mh

c`rnj` dfqzrfa` $m dfqzrfan mq }kn zrnjfafk zrfqma}hnr&( q}nyfunj` p`r }k nik jm

c`jmrnafk< v h` cfqc` a`k h`q `zr`q j`q a`h`rmq( njmcq jm ~}m mqm z`k` ymrj`q` jmhncnrfhh`( mk mh c}kj` jm d`v( zmkjrn }k cnzfu ncbfmkznhfqzn+

Qmrn }kn qkzmqfq jm zrnjfafk m fkk`ynafk( jm a`kzfk}fjnj dfqzrfan v jm

fkzr`j}aafk jm nhgk nqpmaz` irmqa`( z`j` mhh` a`k }k mqprfz} jm a`ka`rjfn( nrc`kn v

jmhfanjmun( q}qampzfbhm jm q}qafznr cq njdmqfk ~}m mh zrgnhn a`k mh ~}m h`q q}bhmynj`q

fcp}qfmr`k mk qmpzfmcbrm jm >619 hn bnkjmrn rèfg}nhjn v a`k mh ~}m mh j` bfancmrnh

jm hn zrnkqfafk hn rmfcp}q`( qfk jmbnzm pbhfa`( mk >674+

Cnjrfj+ 2??>#?=#>2

Ymrqfk a`rrmgfjn5 2??:#>>#>7+

24+ Jgnqm h` ~}m qm jfgn( v p`r cq ~}m nhg}knq a`kqzfz}af`kmq nrcmk ~}m nj`pznk znh a`h`r

a`c` qcb`h` jm mqz` ` n~}mhh`5 mh bhnka` p`r hn pnu( mh ymrjm p`r hn ima}kjfjnj mza+

26+ Dnv }kn qmrfm jm a`cbfknaf`kmq ~}m qm rmpfzmk+ Hn jm ymrjm( bhnka` v rè qm jn mk hnq

bnkjmrnq jm B}hgnrfn( _mrqfn( D}kgrn( Fznhfn( Ctfa` $qznq j`q hzfcnq jfqzfkg}fbhmq qh` p`r

mh mqa}j`&+ Hn a`cbfknafk jm nu}h( rè` v bhnka` mq hn cq irma}mkzm+ Qmrn nbq}rj` b}qanr ~}

cmkqnem a`ck ymdfa}hnk hnq bnkjmrnq ~}m a`kzmkgnk }kn jmzmrcfknjn a`cbfknafk ar`czfan+


15/15

A`kqfjmrnaf`kmq q`brm hn Bnkjmrn Zrfa`h`r p`r H`rmku` _mn >=

7+ Rmimrmkafnq Bfbhf`granq

Gm`rgmq C`}kfk( Hm bhnq`k( mk Fkzr`j}azf`k hn qcf`h`gfm( _nrq5 jfzf`kq jmCfk}fz( >67?( pp+ >?1#>=+

Nkjr Cnrzfkmz( hcmkzq jm hfkg}fqzf~}m gkrnhm( _nrq5 Nrcnkj A`hfk( >67?+ Yfam#Njcfrnh G`rj`k Ancpbmhh ) Fjrfqvk @hfymr Mynkq( IRGQ( Zdm B``l ì Ihngq+

@ti`rj ]kfymrqfzv _rmqq( >6=1 $2kj mj+& D+ Grmqdnc Anrr( Ihngq ì zdm W`rhj+ H`kj`k nkj Kmw V`rl5 Irmjmrfal Wnrkm nkj

A`+( jnzm5 >69>+ _ngmq 16>( Rmyfqmj mjfzf`k+ Mhfqnbmzd Imdrmkbnad( bmr jfm Bmjm}z}kg jmr p`hfzfqadmk Qvcb`hm fc Knzf`knhq#

znnz( Dfqz`rfqadm Umfzqadrfiz( y h+ 2>1 $>67>&( pp+ 269#1=7+ C}kfad5 R+@hjmkb`}rg+

Rnvc`kj Ifrzd( Qvcb`hfqc ì Ihngq( mk Qvcb`hq5 _}bhfa nkj _rfynzm+ H`kjrmq5Gm`rgm Nhhmk ) ]kwfk( >671&( pp+ 124#197+

E`q H}fq Anhy` _rmu ) H}fq Grynh`q G`kuhmu( Bnkjmrnq jm Mqpnn+ Mj+ Qfhmt(>641+ FQBK54:#4=?:>#74#T+ 2=: pgq+

Imrkkjmu Gnvzk Bnkjmrnq jm hn Cnrfkn jm G}mrrn Mqpn`hn Bfamkzmknrf` jm hnBnkjmrn jm hn Cnrfkn jm G}mrrn Mqpn`hn $>74=#>64=&+ Cnjrfj5 Fkqzfz}z` jmA}hz}rn m Dfqz`rfn Knynh( C}qm` Knynh( >64=+

dzzp5//www+memrafz`+cjm+mq/fdvac/a}rq`q/ymtfh`h`gfn/dfqz`bnkjmrn+dzc dzzp5//www+ymtfh`h`gfn+`rg dzzp5//www+ymtfh`h`gfncfhfznr+a`c/ dzzp5//}q+gmàfzfmq+a`c/ymtfh`h`gfn/ dzzp5//flngqp`z+kmz/flngq/ dzzp5//yfnh+emnk+irmm+ir/kmwPkpf/rmy}mqPkpf/ dzzp5//www+gmàfzfmq+a`c/ePmrbmu/ dzzp5//www+gmàfzfmq+a`c/y`hnrng`k dzzp5//www+gmàfzfmq+a`c/rmgfcfmkz`qjmncmrfan dzzp5//www+njnp+mq/bmrknrj`/h`qnrnpfhmq/ dzzp5//www+nqz}rfnqrmp}bhfankn+a`c/zrfa`h`r+dzc

Lorenzo Peña: Consideraciones sobre la bandera tricolor

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