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Transcript of Manual de Baterías 2106
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NorthStar Battery CompanyDCN: SES-544-01-04DCR: 1413-S08Date: 01-09-08
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ffoorr
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NorthStar Battery Company 2DCN: SES-544-01-05DCR: 1413-S08Date: 01-09-09
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Table of Contents
Table of Figures ........................................................................................................3
Introduction............................................................................................................... 4
NSB Series Benefits ..................................................................................................5
NSB Approvals and Certifications ........................................................................6
ISO Certifications ..................................................................................................... 7
NSB Product Specifications.................................................................................... 8
Leak Free Terminations ........................................................................................10
Open Circuit Voltage and State of Charge.........................................................10
Charging ..................................................................................................................12
Ambient Temperature and Battery Performance..............................................15
Cycle Life .................................................................................................................. 17
Low Voltage Disconnect ......................................................................................... 18
Optimizing Battery Life and Performance.........................................................19
Contact Information............................................................................................... 20
Appendix A - Battery/System Sizing Examples ..................................................21
Appendix B Product Performance Specifications..........................................23
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Table of Figures
Figure 1: Effect of temperature on OCV and SOC..........................................................11
Figure 2: Charge voltage compensation for NSB batteries ..........................................14
Figure 3: Effect of ambient temperature on float life....................................................16
Figure 4: Effect of DOD and discharge rate on cycle life..............................................17
Figure 5: Recommended EODV as a function of discharge rate .................................18
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Introduction
he NSB series of premium high density valve-regulated lead acid (VRLA)
batteries from NorthStar Battery has been specifically designed to offer ten to
fifteen years trouble free service in standby emergency power (float) applications as well as
delivering high power and cyclic capability.
This document has been written with two goals in mind. The first is to provide
comprehensive technical information on the full range of batteries from NorthStar Battery
Company. Using this information the reader will be able to select the right battery for a
particular application. Step-by-step examples in the Appendix illustrate the battery sizing
process.
The second goal of this manual is to outline factors that affect battery life and
performance. An understanding of these factors is critical to getting the most out of these
premium batteries.
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NSB Series Benefits
n addition to the benefits offered by its valve regulated technology the NSB
battery offers a long list of features that serve to increase the reliability and
overall performance of your system.
Specifically designed for indoor/outdoor telecom cabinet applications
10 year float life @ 25C (77F) or 15 year float life @ 20C (68F)
Long cycle life capability up to 500 cycles to 80% DOD at C/3 rate
Rapid recharge capability
2 year shelf life
High power output makes the NSB series ideal for UPS systems
3 step terminal seal ensuring leak-free operation
Wide operating temperature range of 40C (-40
F) to 60C (140
F)
(Continuous operation at or above 55C / 131F requires an optional
metal jacket)
Industrial standard footprints assure mechanical interchangeability
Non-halogenated flame retardant (UL94-V0) PPO case and cover
High conductivity female terminals
High charge acceptance
Can be installed in any orientation (inverted is not recommended)
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NSB Qualifications, Approvals, and Certifications
SB products have been designed to meet the following international
telecommunication requirements:
Telcordia SR-4228 (Bellcore TR-NWT-000766)VRLA Battery String Certification Levels Based on Requirements For Safety and
Performance
Bellcore GR-63-Core, Compliance Test ProgramRequirement includes seismic zone 4 operation
DOT 49CFR173.159(d) (i) and (ii)Non-hazardous shipping
UL ApprovalAll NSB products meet the UL requirements for flame retardancy, UL V-0, and proper
venting operation
Deutsche Telecom TL 4423-06Both NSB products and manufacturing facility successfully audited and
approved by Deutsche Telecomme
RussianTelecommBoth NSB products and manufacturing facility successfully audited and approved by
Russian Telecomm
British Standard BS 6290: Part 4: 1997Lead-acid stationary cells and batteries specification for classifying valve regulated types
IEC 6096-21/22. 2003New global standard for stationary value regulated lead-acid batteries
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Telkom Specification SP-AP0016
South Africa Network Stationary Batteries
EurobattDesign life >15-years @ 20C (68F)
ISO Certifications
n addition NorthStar Battery Company has been fully tested and approved toISO 9001 and 14001standards making it one of the most environmentally
friendly lead-acid battery manufacturing facilities in the world today.I
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NSB Product Specifications
Industrial Range
NSB40 NSB70 NSB75 NSB90 NSB125
Height 176mm
6.93
176mm
6.93
200mm
7.87
213mm
8.39
275mm
10.81
Length 197mm7.76
331mm13.02
261mm10.27
341mm13.42
345mm13.57
Width 165mm
6.50
165mm
6.50
173mm
6.80
173mm
6.80
173mm
6.80
Weight 16.0kg
35.3lbs
27.3kg
60.0lbs
27.3kg
60.0lbs
37.8kg
83.1lbs
54.0 kg
119lbs
Terminal M6 x 1.25 M6 x 1.25 M6 x 1.25 M6 x 1.25 M6 x 1.25
C/10 Cap 40Ah 66Ah 69Ah 96Ah 129Ah
Impedance
(1kHz)
4.5m
2.7m
2.6m
2.0m
2.0m
Conductance
@ 25
C (77
F)
1,052S 1,589S 1,398S 1,806S 2,103S
Short-circuit
Current
2,000A 3,200A 3,200A 4,300A 5,000 A
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Front Terminal Range
NSB40F
T
NSB60F
T
NSB90F
T
NSB100F
T
NSB110F
T
NSB130F
T
NSB170F
T
Height 209mm
8.21
263mm
10.35
255mm
10.04
287mm
11.30
227mm
8.94
253mm
9.95
320mm
12.60
Length 250mm
9.84
287mm
11.30
396mm
15.59
396mm
15.59
560mm
22.05
427mm
16.82
560mm
22.05
Width 98mm
3.81
108mm
4.24
108mm
4.24
108mm
4.24
125mm
4.92
160mm
6.3
125mm
4.92
Weight 15.3kg
27.9lbs
21.0kg
46.2lbs
32.0kg
70.6lbs
35.6kg
78.5lbs
41.4kg
91.3lbs
55.0kg
118.0lbs
59.5kg
131.2lbs
TerminalM6 x
1.25
M8 x
1.25
M8 x
1.25M8 x 1.25 M8 x 1.25 M8 x 1.25 M8 x 1.25
C/8 Cap 38Ah 58Ah 88Ah 101Ah 110Ah 127Ah 171Ah
Impedance
(1kHz)6.5m 4.1m 2.9m 2.5m 2.2m 2.0m 1.5m
Conducta
nce@ 25
C
(77
F)
1,092S 1,278S 1,627S 1,704S 2,159S 2,231S 2,455S
Short-
circuit
Current
1,400A 2,000A 3,000A 3,500A 4,000A 6,500A 5,000A
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Leak Free Terminations
orthStar batteries are produced with rugged, highly conductive, brass
terminals. To take advantage of the design and insure a long life low resistance
connection, the battery terminals should be coated
with NO-OXID or similar material. Stainless steel
hardware, with a minimum of 6mm engagement,
torqued to 6.0 Nm/53 in-lbs
is recommended. In portable applications, orinstallations where periodic retorquing of terminals is
limited, a spring washer is recommended. This will
reduce the loosening effects of material creep,
temperature expansion and vibration.
Open Circuit Voltage and State of Charge
he following figure shows the relationship between the open circuit voltage
(OCV) and the state of charge (SOC) as determined experimentally for the NSB
range of VRLA batteries.
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NSB Shelf Life
11.4
11.5
11.6
11.7
11.8
11.9
12.0
12.1
12.2
12.3
12.4
12.5
12.6
12.7
12.8
12.9
13.0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650 700
Duration /days
OCV
/Volts
0%
6%
13%
19%
25%
31%
38%
44%
50%
56%
63%
69%
75%
81%
88%
94%
100%
SOC
25C (77F), 1.4 mV/day, 0.09%/day
55C, (131F) 7.2 mV/day, 0.50%/day
71C (160F), 19.6 mV/day, 1.2%/day
Figure 1: Effect of temperature on OCV and SOC
Measuring the open-circuit voltage is an excellent way of estimating the %SOC of NSB
batteries, since the open-circuit voltage is a direct function of the concentration of
electrolyte within the battery. As the concentration of electrolyte decreases so too does the
%SOC. The relationship can be linearly approximated by the following equation:
%SOC@ C/20= OCV x 62.5 712.5In order to be accurate the open-circuit voltage should not be measured within a minimum
of 4-hours of being discharged or recharged.
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Charging
harging is one of the most critical factors that determine the life expectancy of a
valve regulated lead acid (VRLA) battery and the NSB series from NorthStar
Battery is no exception. There are two broad categories of charging, constant current (CC)
charging or constant voltage (CV) charging.
Constant current (CC) charging
As the name implies, in CC charging a current of constant magnitude is forced into
the battery, regardless of the state of charge of the battery. While CC charging rapidly
replaces the ampere-hours lost by the battery, it is very easy to dangerously overcharge the
battery with this method of charge. This is the main reason why CC charging on a regular
basis is not recommended for the NSB battery.
Since a CC charge provides each battery in the series string with exactly the same
amount of ampere-hours this charge technique is well suited to equalize a series string that
comprises cells in various states of charge.
As the battery charges, its terminal voltage increases. Since the CC charger is
designed to provide the same current throughout the charge cycle, its voltage must increase
in order to overcome the rising battery voltage and push a constant current into the battery.
Constant voltage (CV) charging
n contrast to CC charging it is the charge voltage rather than the charge current
that remains constant during the charge cycle. As the battery charges its
terminal voltage increases, the charge current drops as the chargers output voltage
C
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remains constant. This automatic regulation of the charge current makes CV charging the
preferred charge technique for VRLA batteries.
The charge voltage should be controlled to within 1% of the values shown in Figure 2
below for optimum performance.
Figure 2 also shows that the charge voltage should be compensated for temperature. The
thermal compensation coefficient for float and cycling applications is 4mV per cell per C
variation from 25C (77F). Note that the compensation coefficient is negative, meaning
that the charge voltage must be decreased as the temperature goes up and vice versa.
2.16
2.18
2.20
2.22
2.24
2.26
2.28
2.30
2.322.34
2.36
2.38
2.40
2.42
2.44
2.46
2.48
2.50
2.52
2.54
2.56
2.58
2.60
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Temperature /C
Applied
Voltage/(V/cell)
Cyclic
Float
Figure 2: Charge voltage compensation for NSB batteries
(32F (41F (50F) (59F (77F) (86F (95F (104F)
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Figure 2: Charge voltage compensation for NSB batteries
The low internal resistance of the NSB battery allows for very high charge
acceptance. These batteries also do not require the charge current to be artificially limited,as long as constant voltage (CV) charging is used. This characteristic helps the battery
reach a very high (>85%) state of charge (SOC) in less than one hour with a charge current
Temp/C
Minimum
FloatVoltage
/VPC
Nominal
FloatVoltage
/VPC
Maximum
FloatVoltage
/VPC
Minimum
CyclicVoltage
/VPC
Nominal
CyclicVoltage
/VPC
Maximum
CyclicVoltage
/VPC
0(32
F) 2.35 2.37 2.39 2.52 2.55 2.58
5(41
F) 2.33 2.35 2.37 2.50 2.53 2.56
10(50F) 2.31 2.33 2.35 2.49 2.51 2.54
15(59F) 2.29 2.31 2.33 2.47 2.49 2.51
20(68
F) 2.27 2.29 2.31 2.45 2.47 2.49
25(77
F) 2.25 2.27 2.29 2.43 2.45 2.47
30(86
F) 2.23 2.25 2.27 2.41 2.43 2.45
35(95
F) 2.21 2.23 2.25 2.39 2.41 2.43
40(104F) 2.19 2.21 2.23 2.37 2.39 2.41
42(107.6
F) 2.18 2.20 2.22 2.36 2.38 2.41
45(113
F) 2.17 2.19 2.21 2.35 2.37 2.39
50(122
F) 2.17 2.17 2.19 2.33 2.35 2.37
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of the order of 1C amps, where C is the rated capacity of the battery. Thus, 1C for a 100Ah
battery would be 100 amps.
Ambient Temperature and Battery Performance
eat is the number one killer of batteries it accelerates the failure
mechanisms such as corrosion and dry-out. A good rule of thumb to use is that
for every 10C (18F) increase in ambient temperature the float life of the battery is cut in
half. The NSB battery, which has a float life expectancy of 10 years at 25C (77F), will
only have a useful life of 5 years at 35C (95F). Figure 3 shows the relationship between
temperature and battery life.
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0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60
Ambient temperature / C
Floatlifeto80%c
apacity/Ye
Figure 3: Effect of ambient temperature on float life
Note: When mounted in a rack, it is recommended that all NorthStar
products should have a space of approximately 10mm between the batteries
to allow for heat convection. In addition, it is also recommended that the
supporting shelf should have air circulation holes positioned directly below
the gaps between the batteries.
(68F (77F (86F (122F) (113F) (140F)
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Cycle Life
he cycle life of a battery is dependent upon two discharge factors. The first
factor is the depth of discharge while the second is the discharge rate. Figure 4
shows how these two factors can affect number the cycles you may expect from an optimally
charged
NSB battery.
100
1000
10000
20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
% Depth Of Discharge
CycleLife
C/1 C/3 C/10
Figure 5: Effect of DOD and discharge rate on cycle life
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Low Voltage Disconnect
nother key to optimizing battery performance is to ensure that it is not
subjected to an overdischarged condition, particularly for any appreciable
length of time. The only practical way to prevent this condition from occurring is to employ
a low voltage disconnect (LVD) in the load circuit that prevents the battery from
discharging to a level below the designed end of discharge voltage (EODV) value. Although
10.02V is a typical EODV for a 12V battery, the following chart may be used to set the LVD.
Discharge in amps EODV per 12V battery
0.05C10(C10/20) 10.5V
0.1C10(C10/10) 10.2V
0.2C10(C10/5) 10.02V
0.4C10(C10/2.5) 9.9V
1C10 9.6V
2C10 9.3V
> 5C10 9.0V
Figure 6: Recommended EODV as a function of discharge rate
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Optimizing Battery Life and Performance
o obtain maximum performance from your battery and get the longest life out of
it is simply a matter of providing the right environment for the battery. The
following checklist is designed to help you optimize your batterys overall performance. The
checklist assumes that the battery is properly sized for the application.
Temperature
Battery ambient temperature of 25C (77F) is ideal. A cooler temperature
will extend battery life but may degrade capacity
If battery temperature varies significantly from 25C (77F), compensating the
battery charge voltage is necessary
Charging
Correct charge parameters are critical to battery longevity
Charge method must be matched to the application; check with the Technical
Support department if you are unsure about the parameters for yourapplication
Overdischarge
Repeated over-discharge is harmful to the battery
Use of a low voltage disconnect is recommended
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Contact Information
Mailing address: NorthStar Battery Company
4000 Continental Way
Springfield, MO 65803
Tel: +1 (417) 575-8200
Fax: +1 (417) 575-8250
Email: [email protected]
Functional area Telephone number
Customer Service +1 (417) 575-8201
Technical and Quality +1 (417) 575-8205
Sales and Marketing +1 (417) 575-8203
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Appendix A - Battery/System Sizing Examples
n this section of the manual we will go through three examples to show how to
select the correct battery size for your application. In the first example the
constant current load is given in amperes and in the second case the battery load is a
constant power in kilowatts. Finally, the third example is slightly more involved as inverter
power factor and efficiency need to be accounted for.
Example 1: Constant current battery load
Load 180 amps
Support time 45 minutes
Battery voltage 240V
EODV 1.75 VPC
Calculation
The first step is to calculate the number of batteries per series string. In this case
there will be twenty batteries per series string (240V/12V per module = 20 modules) since
each battery has a nominal terminal voltage of 12V.
By looking up the discharge tables for an EODV of 1.75 VPC and a support time of 45
minutes, we find that no single battery is capable of delivering 180A for 45 minutes to 1.75
VPC. We next add a 240V string in parallel, so the load is halved to 90A per string. By
going through the tables again we find that the NSB100FT will support 90.3A for 45
minutes; two parallel strings will support 180.6A for 45 minutes.
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Therefore the right battery for this load is two strings of NSB100FT, with each string
comprising twenty batteries in series or forty batteries per system.
Example 2: Constant power battery load
Load 50 kilowatts (50,000 watts)
Support time 20 minutes
Battery voltage 360V
EODV 1.67 VPC
Calculation
Since the discharge tables give the constant power numbers in watts per cell (WPC)
the first step is to calculate the number of cells per series string. In this case there will be
180 cells per series string (360V/2V per cell = 180 cells) since each cell has a nominal
terminal voltage of 2V.
The next step is to convert the load to a per cell basis. In this example the load is 278
WPC (50,000 watts / 180 cells = 278 WPC). We can now look up the discharge tables
corresponding to a support time of 20 minutes and an EODV of 1.67 VPC. The smallest
battery that can support this load is the NSB90, which is capable of delivering 338.3 WPC
for 20 minutes to 1.67 VPC.
Thus the system in this example will comprise 30 modules of the NSB90 battery.
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Example 3: Constant kilovolt-ampere (KVA) battery load
Load 50 KVA (50,000 VA)
Inverter power factor 0.85
Inverter efficiency 90%
Support time 20 minutes
Battery voltage 360V
EODV 1.67 VPC
Calculation
The first step is to convert the KVA into an equivalent KW by using the following
formula:
Kilowatt = (Kilovolt-ampere Power Factor) Efficiency
Using this formula the above numbers translate into a kilowatt requirement of 47.2
kilowatts. The subsequent steps are identical to those outlined in the second sizing example
given above.
Appendix B Product Performance Specifications
Refer to the NorthStar Battery Company Product Specification Sheets for Current,
Capacity, and Power Performance Figures.