Mercado y consagración: la revolución cubana y la reconsideración de la nueva narrativa...

8/3/2019 Mercado y consagracin: la revolucin cubana y la reconsideracin de la nueva narrativa latinoamericana (1961-19

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Mce|`ie Dicaek+ Alvme`j y mjk}edvemik7 ce vljc|mik m|feke y ce vlmjk}i`lvemik `l cek|le kevvepie cepikjealvimeke "59?5!5945) lk Geilv Ce}evpl "Mjjv`+) Plvvipjvij}ikplclmp|ecl}+ lk}eailkpj y m|cp|ve lk Eavime Cepike# Meveme}# Ce Kel _e# 6>>5# ~~ 0>5!06=+ I]FK7 92>!?025!>6!R+

5

Alvme`j y mjk}edvemik7 ce vljc|mik m|feke y ce vlmjk}i`lvemik l ce k|le kevvepie

cepikjealvimeke lk ce me`e lc }lplkpe+

]i filk l} milvpj u|l# l}`l 59


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6

ciplvevij y 59?4 "ej l ~|fcimemik lc lripj}j Milk ej} l }jclè`) }idkioim lc e~jdlj y lc oik`l ce} ~j}ificiè`l} `l k|le} mjk}edvemijkl} `l alvme`j+ L}pl olkalkj `l mcaer y

edjpeailkpj me}i ikalìepj `l ce} ~j}ificiè`l} `lc alvme`j lìpjviec o|l mv|miec lk ce

mjk}pip|mik `l i`ljcjde} j oid|ve} `l l}mvipjv y `lciaip |ke ovjkplve lkpvl l}mvipjvl}

mjk}i`lve`j} vljc|mijkevij} y l}mvipjvl} mjk}edve`j} u|l ccl e vlcllv ~lyjvepiealkpl lc

ripj }ldk mviplvij} ~jcpimj} u|l mjk}i`lvefek ec l}mvipjv mjk}edve`j lk lc alvme`j mjaj

pvei`jv e }|} `lflvl} vljc|mijkevij}+

Ce vlcemik l cj} ikplclmp|ecl} m|fekj} lk ~evpim|cev# y cepikjealvimekj} lk dlklvec# mjklc l}pe`j m|fekj `loiki meafij} ia~jvpekpl} lk ce} mjcjmemijkl} vl}~lmpj `l ce} m|l}pijkl}

mlkpvecl} u|l }l ì}m|pilvjk lk lc ~lvj`j# mjaj ~jv lgla~cj ce o|kmik `l ce ciplvep|ve y `l ce

lr~lvialkpemik evp}pime# lc ~e~lc `lc l}mvipjv ovlkpl e ce }jmilè`# cj} mviplvij} kjvaepij} `lc

evpl y ce vlcemik lkpvl cj} ikplclmp|ecl} y lc ~j`lv+ E|k m|ek`j a|mbe} `l l}pe} m|l}pijkl} }l

jvidikevjk mjaj vl}~|l}pe e ce mjy|kp|ve l}~lmoime y lk lc aevmj ~|kp|ec l ce ~jcpime m|feke#

}| ~evpim|ceviè` o|l u|l }l lrplkìlvjk be}pe pjvkev}l |ke ~vjfclapime dlklvec ~eve cj}

ikplclmp|ecl} cepikjealvimekj}# dlklvek`j vlmjvpl} y }jcièviè`l} l}~lmoimj}+Lc lpjkekpl a} mjkjmi`j l ce ~vialve i}m|}ik ia~jvpekpl lkpvl cj} evpi}pe} m|fekj} y

}|} ividlkpl} o|l ce ~vjbifimik lc mjvpjalpvegl A "j e}e`j Alviìekj) l Jvcek`j Giaklw

y ]ef Mefvlve+ E vew `l cj} `lfepl} }|}mipe`j} ~jv ce ~vjbifimik y `lfi`j e ce dlklveciweè

ikmlvpi`|afvl }jfvl ce} ìvlmpie} vljc|mijkevie} ~eve lc evpl y ce m|cp|ve# p|j c|dev |k

lkm|lkpvj lkpvl ailafvj} lc djfilvkj y |k dv|~j l ikplclmp|ecl}+ O|l lk l}e j~jvp|kiè` u|l

Oi`lc Me}pvj ~vjk|kmi }| oeaj}j ì}m|v}j êcefve} e cj} ikplclmp|ecl}+

C|ldj l ce vl|kik lk ce Fifcijplme Kemijkec# cj} l}mvipjvl} y evpi}pe} u|l plaek u|l }lcl} ia~|}ilve ~jv `lmvlpj lc vleci}aj }jmieci}pe# u|lèvjk e~evlkplalkpl pveku|icj} ekpl ce

~vjal}e l u|l ce vljc|mik lgeve cifveè e }| mviplvij ce ~vj`|mmik evp}pime+ êcefve} e cj}

ikplclmp|ecl}# `lc u|l }|lcl vlmjvèv}l befip|ecalkpl ce ove}l8 @lkpvj `l ce vljc|mik# pj`j#

mjkpvece Vljc|mik# keè5# lve lk vleciè` |k ì}m|v}j mja~clpealkpl eafid|j# u|l pekpj

5L}pl ì}m|v}j ~j}ll `j} kjpemijkl} ìlvdlkpl}+ E lml} }l cj mipe mjaj `lkpvj `l ce vljc|mik pj`j# mjkpve cevljc|mik keè y lk jpve} j~jvp|kiè`l}# mjaj `lkpvj `l ce vljc|mik pj`j# o|lve `l ce vljc|mik keè+ Ce


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~jè ~cekplev lc aeyjv ividi}aj l}ppimj mjaj mjkolviv ef}jc|pe ciflvpe` ~eve bemlv lc evpl u|l}l u|i}ilve+ Lc ~vjdveae vl}|ai`j lk eu|lc e~jpldae vl}|cpefe ea~cij l ik`loiki`j# lrml~pj lk

m|ekpj }l ekpl~jke lc mviplvij `l ce vljc|mik e m|ecu|ilv jpvj y# kep|vecalkpl# pj`j l~lk`lve

`l }eflv u| j u|ik efjdeve ~jv l}e vljc|mik m|yj} lvlmbj} lvek mjk}i`lve`j} cj} ariaj}+

]ldk Ekdlc Veae# êcefve} e cj} ikplclmp|ecl} o|l |k plrpj pvek}emmijkec# u|l

~lvaipi lc o|kmijkeailkpj l ce iè m|cp|vec m|feke |vekpl |ke meè+6 Vjflvpj Olvkk`lw

Vlpeaev cj ikplv~vlp mjaj ce eoivaemik `l u|l ce vljc|mik kj ia~cekpeve kjvae ecd|ke lk

m|l}pijkl} `l evpl# kj lri}pilk`j a} ciaipemijkl} ~eve }pl u|l ce ~vj~edekè

mjkpvevvljc|mijkevie+=

Lc l~i}jìj `l Â o|l lc a} vl}jkekpl e|ku|l# lk vleciè`# b|fj evieè} ì}m|}ijkl}

}jfvl ~vjfclae} l}ppimj}+ ]|} lrpvlaj}# }ia~cioimek`j a|mbj ce} ~j}imijkl}# lvek ce ~j}p|cemik

`l |k evpl a} j alkj} ~evilkpl `lc vleci}aj }jmieci}pe y# ~jv jpvj ce`j# lc l ce dvek aeyjve l

cj} evpi}pe}# ce `lolk}e `l |k evpl u|l kj vlk|kmieve e ce} mjku|i}pe} `l ce ekd|evìe+ ^lvj |ke

vli}ik l ce} jfve} l oimmik ~vlaieè} ~jv Me}e l ce} Eavime} lkpvl 59?> y 59?6# o|kèfe

cj} plajvl} vl}~lmpj lc ividi}aj evp}pimj aekiol}pe`j} ~jv ce dvek aeyjve l cj} l}mvipjvl} yevpi}pe} m|fekj}+ Lk 59?># Gj} ]jclv |id o|l ~vlaie`j ~jvFlvpicck 5??# kjlce l ialk}ik

~ime# bi}pvime y pl}piajkiec u|l pjaefe mjaj plae ce c|mbe mcek`l}pike mjkpve Fepi}pe+ Lk 59?5

jfp|j lc ~vlaij @jve Ecjk}j# u|ilk befe }i`j mjvvl}~jk}ec `l d|lvve `|vekpl ce ike}ik lk

^ceye Divk ~jv }| kjlce Pilvve iklval# lk ce u|l }l vlmjvèfe lc ~e}e`j m|fekj

~vlvvljc|mijkevij# lk l}~lmiec ce ai}lvie mea~l}ike+ Lk 59?6 dek lc ~vlaij Me}e `l ce}

Eavime} ce kjlce Ael}pve jc|kpevie# `l @e|ve Jclae# u|l kevvefe ce mjklv}ik

vljc|mijkevie l |ke a|mbembe f|vd|l}e# pve} }| lr~lvilkmie mjaj ecoeflpiwe`jve+ L}pj} plrpj}#mjk }|} bvjl} ~j}ipij}# }epi}oemek ce} `laekè} `l }ekiè` i`ljcdime ~lvj kj lvek# }ik

`|è# cj u|l ce aeyjve `l cj} evpi}pe} l}~lvefe u|l }l eclkpeve mjaj ~vjdveae evp}pimj+

]ik lafevdj# ce} ~vljm|~emijkl} l cj} evpi}pe} kj }l `l}eklmilvjk ik}pekpklealkpl y

bi}pjvie `l l}pe `jfcl kjpemik mjk}pip|yl |k plae `l ikl}pidemik lk } ai}aj+6\ke k|le ~jcpime m|cp|vec lk M|fe# lk M|fe+ K|le ~jcpime m|cp|vec+ Lc me}j êìcce# M|e`lvkj} `l Aevmbe

K09# aeyj `l 5945# ~+ 09+ 09# aeyj `l 5945# ~+ 09+=Vjflvpj Olvkk`lw Vlpeaev# &Bemie |ke ikplclmp|eciè` vljc|mijkevie lk M|fe# Me}e `l ce} Eavime} K 0>#


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0

pj`j vllce u|l ce} i}m|}ijkl} ~vj}id|ilvjk+ Cj u|l }l ~|l`l vldi}pvev l} lc ikplkpj# ~jv ~evpl levie} ik}pip|mijkl} "|kj `l m|yj} lgla~cj} l} Me}e l ce} Eavime}) ~jv e~vjlmbev pj`j} cj}

l}~emij}efilvpj}# a} ~jv lc e~evpeailkpj l cj} ividlkpl} mja|ki}pe} ~|vj} y |vj} u|l ~jv ce}

êcefve} e cj} ikplclmp|ecl} ai}ae}# ~eve lr~cjvev iciaipeèalkpl pj`j} cj} bjviwjkpl}

l}ppimj}+

]i filk l} milvpj u|l lk lc fecekml m|cp|vec `lc ej 59?5# lc evpm|cj u|l Me}e `l ce}

Eavime} `lìmefe ec mikl kj beme kikd|ke vlolvlkmie e Âki e cj} ikmi`lkpl} ~vjjme`j} ~jv ce

~lcm|ce# Là|k`j @l}kjl} }l lkove}m lk |ke `lolk}e }cièalkpl evd|alkpeè `l ce ~ikp|vekj oid|vepie+0 Y lc ai}aj aj`j lk u|l @l}kjl} g|}pioimefe lc evpl ef}pvempj# C~lw _ecìwk

`lajce ce kjlce Ael}pve jc|kpevie# `l}mvifik`jce mjaj |k vl~jvpegl `l l}me}e meciè`

ciplvevie lk lc u|l lc clmpjv kj lkmjkpveve ki oimmik ki flcclwe+


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4

`l ce} ikalgjvefcl} mjkìmijkl} `l u|l djwefek cj} evpi}pe} cj ~vj~jvmijke lc lr~cmipjvlmjkjmiailkpj `l |ke ~|fcimemik ekpim|feke mjaj A|k`j K|lj m|ek`j eàipe u|l cj}

ikplclmp|ecl} y evpi}pe} lvek cj} a} oejvlmi`j} ~jv lc k|lj vdialk y vlmjkjme ce} k|le}

~j}ificiè`l} u|l ce vljc|mik befe efilvpj ~eve lc evpl7 cj ia~jvpekpl l} u|l lk l}ppime# }l

~|`l bemlv cj u|l }l u|ilvl+5


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2

`lfepl}# ce dveipemik `lc ~e}e`j lk lc ~vl}lkpl# u|l befe plki`j mjk}lm|lkmie} kldepie}# yeu|l cj} l}mvipjvl} emicekpl} }l `lgevjk dekev ~jv lc plajv y }l eclgevjk `l ce ~j}imijkl}

vljc|mijkevie} e ce} u|l }l emlvmefek ailkpve} u|l cj} l}mvipjvl} vljc|mijkevij} e`j~pevjk |ke

empip|` lolk}ie# l g|}pioimemik+59 ^lvj ce vl}~|l}pe l Jplvj ikmc|e ecd|ke} m|l}pijkl} k|le}

e ce} u|l l} ~vlmi}j ~vl}pev eplkmik7 lkmjkpvefe# mjaj mjkpve~evpl~j}ipie `l cj} lfepl} }jfvl

ce ciflvpe` `l mvlemik# u|l e ~evpiv `l lccj} }l b|filve vli}e`j ce i`lkpiè` y ce o|kmik `lc

l}mvipjv lk ce vljc|mik+ Jplvj mvipimefe# }ik alkmijkev }|} kjafvl}# ce} ~j}imijkl} mjkjmiè} l

a|mbj} l}mvipjvl} cepikjealvimekj} `l ce oeaicie+ Mecioimek`j `l l}mvipjvl} `l ce f|vd|l}e e

u|ilkl} mvllk u|l ce ciplvep|ve l} |ke ojvae ~lvlkkl `l ik}|vvlmmik# `l ik}|ai}ik# `l

vlflcè# mjkjmefe cj} oekpe}ae} `l Mevcj} O|lkpl}# _evde} Ccj}e y Mjvpwev+ 6> @lc ai}aj

aj`j# y l}l ai}aj ej# }i filk Olvkk`lw Vlpeaev }j}plke u|l lc jdaepi}aj lve |k aec u|l

emlmbefe e ce vljc|mik y u|l }l }|}plkpefe lk ce mjajìè` y lk ce idkjvekmie# kj `lgefe `l

~vjk|kmiev}l lk mjkpve |k ekpi`jdaepi}aj u|l fegj ce ~vlplk}ik l mjafepiv lc jdaepi}aj mjk

|ke a}meve }ia~pime lk vleciè` jm|cpefe u|l l}p mjafepilk`j e ce vljc|mik+65 Ce}

jfglmijkl} mjkpve ailafvj} mjk}~im|j} `l ce ciplvep|ve cepikjealvimeke lvek lr~cimefcl} lk lcaevmj `l ce c|mbe mjkpve ce} oembeè} m|cp|vecl} y ce} oi}|ve} ~vjjmeè} ~jv ce e~evimik `l

A|k`j K|lj# }afjcj `l ce ekèkeè `l ~vjylmpj} oikekmie`j} ~jv o|kèmijkl}

kjvplealvimeke} ~eve ce vleciwemik l l}p|ìj} }jmijcdimj} y ce io|}ik l ~vj`|mpj} m|cp|vecl}+

Ce lridlkmie `l |ke mjk`|mpe ikplclmp|ec ik}jfjvkefcl y mjblvlkpl mjk cj} ~j}p|ce`j}

ekpiia~lvieci}pe} }l pjvk a} }llve y lkpve ce vlclmp|ve `l ekplvijvl} mja~jvpeailkpj}+

^lvj lk loikipie# cj} kjafvl} a} ia~jvpekpl} l ce mi|è` clpveè cepikjealvimeke }l

eciklevjk mjk M|fe y pvepevjk l mjk}jcièv |k i}m|v}j bjajdklj# aekplkilk`j ce} iolvlkmie}y ì}mvl~ekmie} `lkpvj `lc afipj ikplvkj `l ce} ì}m|}ijkl} oeaicievl}# ailkpve} o|l ~j}ifcl+

C|ldj `lc me}j êìcce# u|l lk 5945 biwj ~fcime} l}e} ì}mvl~ekmie}# }l ~vj`|gj |ke ovemp|ve

ia~jvpekpl `lkpvj `l ce mja|kiè` `l l}mvipjvl}+ ^lvj ikmc|}j ekpl} `l l}l l~i}jìj# ce

~vj`|mmik ciplvevie y cj} e|pjvl} epvel}evjk |k ~vjml}j `l veìmec vllec|emik lk lc u|l ce

59Lc l}mvipjv lk ce vljc|mik m|feke# Me}e `l ce} Eavime} K =?!=4 aeyj!edj}pj `l 59??# ~~+ 6>=!6>9+6> Ifi`+


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9

mjk}edvemik jfplkiè ~jv ecd|kj} l}mvipjvl} lk lc alvme`j l}pefclmi |ke ìi}jvie `l ed|e}veìmec lk ce vloclrik }jfvl ce} ~j}ificiè`l} l lri}plkmie l |ke ciplvep|ve vljc|mijkevie+ O|l

lkpjkml} u|l lc alvme`j ciplvevij }l mjk}pip|y lk lc lgl `l |k ia~jvpekpl `lfepl lkpvl ce

ikplclmp|eciè` cepikjealvimeke+

5+ Ce} `j} meve} `l aic kjlmilkpj} }l}lkpe y jmbj

Lk M|fe# |ke i}~|pe meè lw a} li`lkpl ~jv lc mjkpvjc l ce m|cp|ve lkpvl ividlkpl}

vljc|mijkevij} l ikplclmp|ecl} y peafik lkpvl l}pj} cpiaj} lkpvl }# ajìoim lk ojvae veìmecce i`le `l ce mjcefjvemik lkpvl lc l}pe`j m|fekj y }|} ikplclmp|ecl} y l}pefclmi lc ~vikmi~ij `l

`l}mjkoiekwe vl}~lmpj `l ce kjmik ai}ae `l evpi}pe l ikplclmp|ec+

êve ce oeaicie ikplclmp|ec cepikjealvimeke y peafik ~eve M|fe# 59?2# Ej `lc

D|lvvicclvj blvjimj o|l |k ej ~evpi`j lk j}+ Ce ~vialve aipe` aevm lc mcaer l ce l|ovime

eciekwe lkpvl cj} ikplclmp|ecl} y ce vljc|mik+ Ce }ld|kè# lc mjailkwj l ce i}jc|mik l l}j}

cewj}+

Lc 6 l lklvj }l ikpvj`|gj lc vemijkeailkpj l mjaf|}pifcl y Oi`lc Me}pvj lmcev u|l ceìdkiè` l ce vljc|mik cl ia~lè }jcimipev |k e|alkpj l ce ~vji}ik }jipime `l ~lpvclj+

@j} e} a} pev`l mjalkw e }l}ijkev lc Mjkdvl}j M|cp|vec l Ce Befeke# u|l ij pl}piajkij ce

mjklvdlkmie `l `j} mjkml~mijkl} ekpedkime} }jfvl ce cefjv ikplclmp|ec u|l lkpvevek lk

mjkocimpj7 }l }|~lv~jkek ecc i}~|pe} a} j alkj} lr~cmipe}# ~lvj peafik j} i`lecl}# |kj u|l

l}pefe lk m|v}j `l mjklvpiv}l lk vl}i`|ec# y jpvj lalvdlkpl u|l }l pjvkeve bldlakimj+ Kj l}

me}|ec u|l Mevcj} Aeve D|pivvlw# u|l m|fvi lc Mjkdvl}j ~eve Aevmbe# pip|ceve }| evpm|cj

Aece mjkmilkmie ~eve ikplclmp|ecl}+66Cj a} ia~jvpekpl lve ce eoivaemik `l u|l }cj ~j`ve cceaev}l ikplclmp|ec

vljc|mijkevij eu|lc u|l# d|ie`j ~jv ce} dvek`l} i`le} eekweè} l ce ~jme# l}p|ilve i}~|l}pj

e lkmevev pj`j} cj} vil}dj} y ~eve u|ilk ce a|lvpl kj mjk}pip|ylve }ikj ce ~j}ificiè` }|~vlae l

}lviv e }| ~epvie y e }| ~|lfcj+ Lc lglvmimij `l ce ciplvep|ve# lc evpl y ce milkmie lvek |k evae `l

65Bemie |ke ikplclmp|eciè` vljc|mijkevie lk M|fe# j~+ mip+# ~+ 5=+66 Mo+Aevmbe K 5=2?# 56 `l lklvj `l 59?2+


10/28


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c|mbe lk } ai}ae}# ~lvj ce alìè vljc|mijkevie lc l}mvipjv l}pefe èè ~jv }| i}~j}imik

~eve mja~evpiv ce} pevle} mjafepie} `l l}p|ìekpl}# jfvlvj} y mea~l}ikj}+

^l}l e cj} ikplkpj} lk mjkpvevij# ce aece mjkmilkmie }l l}~evveaefe mjaj |ke aekmbe l

emlipl+ A|mbe} mivm|k}pekmie} bimilvjk u|l lc ~e} pjaeve lmi}ijkl} veapime}7 aicipeviwemik y

~vijviè` vl}~lmpj l ce fepecce lmjkaime+ \k emjkplmiailkpj ikl}~lve`j lmiì |k v|afj u|l

u|iw} }l l}pefe ek|kmiek`j lk lc ~vjml}j vljc|mijkevij7 lc emlvmeailkpj e ce \V]] lr~vl}e`j

l}mekècj}ealkpl !!~eve cj} a|mbj} u|l `lolk`lvek lc mevmplv ik`l~lkìlkpl `l l}pe

vljc|mik!! lk lc e~jyj `l M|fe e ce ike}ik `l Mblmj}cjeu|ie ~jv ~evpl `l ce} pvj~e} `lcêmpj l _ev}jie+ Ekpl ce }jv~vl}e l me}i pj`j lc a|k`j# ikmc|i`j} cj} ~vj~ij} m|fekj}# Oi`lc

Me}pvj }l ~vjk|kmi e oejv l ce ike}ik7 lve omicalkpl iaedikefcl ce }lk}emik l ~lv~clgiè`

~vjjmeè ~jv l}pl divj }i }l vlmjvèfe u|l# ~vlmi}ealkpl l}l ej# befe mjalkwe`j ce l}meceè

~jcaime `lc Mjkdvl}j M|cp|vec mjkpve ce idcl}ie ~}l|`jaevri}pe l}mclvj}eè+

\k l}mkècj ~lu|lj ~lvj u|l lvieve lk |kj didekpl}mj }l ikimi lkpvl oikl} `l 59?4

y mjailkwj} `lc ?2+ Lc }|~clalkpj m|cp|vec Lc meiak fevf|`j o|l l}mlkevij `l |ke ed|è

~jcaime lkpvl Blflvpj êìcce# u|l befe vldvl}e`j `l L|vj~e lk 59??# y Ci}ek`vj Jplvj#iml~vl}i`lkpl `lc Mjk}lgj Kemijkec `l M|cp|ve g|kpj ec lu|i~j `l glkl} ikplclmp|ecl} u|l

ìvide ce ~|fcimemik+ Pj`j la~lw mjk |ke lkm|l}pe }jfvl ê}ik l \vfikj ce kjlce l Jplvj

vlmilkplalkpl ~|fcimeè e ce u|l êìcce epem# ec pila~j u|l `lolkè Pvl} pvi}pl} pidvl}# `l

Mefvlve Ikoekpl+ Ce mja~evemik kj lve }cj ~vj`|mpj l ce ~vjjmemik lc ~jlpe7 Pvl} Pvi}pl}

Pidvl} befe deke`j lk 59?< lc ~vlaij Fifcijplme Fvll y ê}ik l \vfikj befe u|lè`j lk

}ld|k`j c|dev+ Eafe} }l ~|fcimevjk lc ai}aj ej# |ke lk L}~ee y ce jpve lk M|fe+ Lc ~vjfclae

`l êìcce# e`la} `l epemev e |k o|kmijkevij y mjclde# lve ikpvj`|miv lk lc `lfepl e MefvlveIkoekpl# u|ilk `l}`l 59?< }l lkmjkpvefe mjaj edvlde`j m|cp|vec lk Fv|}lce} y u|ilk# lc => `l

g|cij# mjk oekoevvie} y l}pvi`lkmie}# ìj e mjkjmlv lk ^vialve ^ceke# |ke} `lmcevemijkl}

lr~cj}ie} mjkpve ce Vljc|mik m|feke+

59?2 o|l peafik# ~eve lmivcj lk |k vldi}pvj p~imealkpl m|fekj# lc ej l cj} ~vlaij}

mjkocimpij}+ Lk lc al} `l jmp|fvl# ce \KLEM mjkjm e cj} l}mvipjvl} m|fekj} e }| mjkm|v}j

ciplvevij ek|ec# lk lc u|l joimiefek mjaj g|ve`j} pekpj lrpvekglvj} mjaj m|fekj}+ Lk plepvj# }l


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55

e`g|ìm lc ~vlaij e Ekpk Evv|oep "l}mvipjv bjaj}lr|ec u|l befe ìvidi`j Me}e `l ce}

Eavime} lk }|} mjailkwj}) ~jv ce jfve l plepvjCj} }ilpl mjkpve Plfe} # u|l vlmifi pvl} jpj}+

Lk ~jl}e# lc deke`jv o|l Blflvpj êìcce# ~jv O|lve `lc g|ldj+ Lk eafj} me}j}# }l pvepefe `l

cifvj} u|l e|k ekpl} l e~evlmlv ye befek }i`j jfglpj l ijclkpe} mvpime}# }ldk vlcep pila~j

`l}~|} Me}e l ce} Eavime}# lk jme}ik l ce ~|fcimemik l cj} jcalkl}+ 6= ]ldk lc mjaip

`l ce \KLEM# cj} ~jlae} `l êìcce epemefek e ce vljc|mik m|feke# ecik`j}l `l |ke

eafidlè` vlolvlkmiec u|l mjk}pip|e |ke l}pvepldie ~eve elkpev ce} }j}~lmbe} }jfvl }|

lvè`lvj fcekmj+

Mjaj lr~vl}ik `l |ke k|le }ip|emik `l meafij} lk ce ~jcpime m|cp|vec# Ci}ek`vj

Jplvj# iml~vl}i`lkpl `lc Mjk}lgj Kemijkec `l M|cp|ve# lk ce vl|kik ek|ec `l l}mvipjvl} lk

Milko|ldj} e ~vikmi~ij} `l kjilafvl# ek|kmi u|l kj befve c|dev# lk M|fe# ~eve u|ilkl}

ikplkpevek ~vjajlv }eciè} e ce Mblmj}cjeme# lk |k mjalkpevij u|l peaf ik }|~jke |ke

ìvlmpe ec|}ik e eìcce+60 ^jmj} e} a} pev`l mjalkwevek e e~evlmlv cj} evpm|cj} l ce vli}pe

_lv`l Jcij# u|l e`la} `l m|l}pijkev ecd|ke} ik}pip|mijkl} m|cp|vecl}# l}ppime} y e|pjvl}#

vlikplv~vlpefek lc ì}m|v}j êcefve} e cj} ikplclmp|ecl} y }|fveyefek lc ~lme`j `l cj}

ikplclmp|ecl} "kj }lv e|pkpimealkpl vljc|mijkevij}) pec mjaj befe }i`j ìedkj}pime`j ~jv lc

Mbl D|leve# lk Lc }jmieci}aj y lc bjafvl k|lj lk M|fe+ Oivae`j} mjk lc }l|`kiaj `l

Clj~jc`j Eice# cj} evpm|cj} l _lv`l Jcij "vdekj l ce} O|lvwe} Evaeè} Vljc|mijkevie} l

M|fe) o|lvjk mjk}edve`j}# lk }| lkpvlde `lc 5> `l kjilafvl `l 59?2# e epemev e êìcce# lk ce

`lc 54 l kjilafvl e Evv|oep# ~eve mjkmc|iv# lc 60 l kjilafvl# mjk ce kjpe pip|ceè Ecd|ke}

mjvvilkpl} `l ce mvpime y ce ciplvep|ve lk M|fe lk ce u|l Eice `lk|kmiefe lc fegj kilc ~jcpimj

`l cj} alìj} evp}pimj} m|fekj}# u|l befvek }|}pip|i`j ce} ~j}ificiè`l} `l |k lkoju|l mvpimj~jv ce lcldekpl ~ecefvlve u|l e~lke} m|fvl lc emj ef}jc|pj j lkg|ed|l} ikìdkj}+6


12/28


56

Jcijem|}efe e Evv|oep l beflv ~|l}pj lk |k ai}aj ~cekj ec bvjl y ec pvei`jv# l mlclfvev ce

ik}jclkmie y e~ce|ìv ce ikoeaie+ Ce ia~jvpekmie `l ce} j~ikijkl} l Eice u|lèfe }|fveyeè

~jv lc blmbj `l u|l }| evpm|cj }jfvl ce} mjvvilkpl} `l ce ciplvep|ve m|feke o|lvjk ~|fcimevjk

~j}plvijvalkpl lk me}i pj`j} cj} alìj} dvoimj} `l Ce Befeke+6?

Ce mjkocimpiiè` l cj} ~vlaij} kj plvaik mjk cj} me}j} l eìcce y Evv|oep+ Kjvflvpj

O|lkpl} jfp|j lc ~vlaij Me}e l ce} Eavime} l}l ej "lk lc v|fvj m|lkpj) ~jv Mjk`lke`j} l

Mjkè`j# u|l }lve jfglpj l ce} mvpime} l |k dv|~j u|l mjalkweve e eù|iviv meè lw aeyjv

~j`lv+ L}j} vl~evj} ecmekwevjk peafik e ce ik}pip|mik Me}e l ce} Eavime} vewk ~jv ce m|ec#Bey`l ]ekpeaeve `lfi `lolk`lv# ekpl ce} maeve} `l ce plcli}ik m|feke# lc ? `l jmp|fvl `l

59?2# ce ~jcpime l ~vlaij} l ce ik}pip|mik ec loikiv ce meciè` mjaj lc ~evalpvj lrmc|ylkpl

`l ce} jfve} ~vlaieè} y ec ~vl}pidij ikplvkemijkec ecmekwe`j ~jv cj} ~vlaij} `l ce ik}pip|mik+

Me}e l ce} Eavime}# u|l befe ikplkpe`j vl}i}piv}l ec ~vjml}j l l}mecioimemik lk u|l

}l befe i}pj lk|lcpe# pvep `l `lolk`lv}l `lc ajiailkpj ia~|c}e`j lk ~evpim|cev `l}`l ce}

O|lvwe} Evaeè} Vljc|mijkevie} y u|l ~jke lk m|l}pik |ke `meè `l ~jcpime m|cp|vec#

e`la} `l cj} ~vlaij} `l ce ik}pip|mik+64 ]ik `|è}# lk lc ajalkpj lk u|l }l vleciw lcMjkdvl}j M|cp|vec# cj} `lfepl} befek cclde`j e |k ~|kpj m|caikekpl# mjaj cj ~v|lfe ce

ikplvlkmik l Aevij Flkl`lppi# u|ilk lk lc Mjkdvl}j M|cp|vec l Ce Befeke befe aekiol}pe j

ce klml}iè` `l vlmjkmiciev e cj} ikplclmp|ecl} y e cj} bjafvl} `l emmik# befcek`j#

kep|vecalkpl# lk kjafvl `l cj} ~vialvj} y èk`j e lkplk`lv u|l kj l}pefek ~vlmi}ealkpl lk

f|lke} vlcemijkl}+ \k ~|kpj o|lvpl `l }| evd|alkpj lve u|l |kj `l cj} `lflvl} `lc ikplclmp|ec

`lc }laekevij# C|i} ek# bjy X5945Q imlaiki}pvj l M|cp|ve+ Mo+ \ke k|le ~jcpime m|cp|vec lk M|fe# j~+ mip+#~+ ?>+ Ce ai}ae i`lkpiè` cl epvif|yl Blflvpj eìcce lkCe aece alajvie # Fevmlcjke# cewe / Gek}# 5929# ~+


13/28


5=

vljc|mijkevij lve kj iklkpev}l |ke aece mjkmilkmie "ove}lek`j `l aj`j bevpj ~evpim|cev ce

mjk}idke u|l ~vjmceaefe u|l lc `lflv l pj`j ikplclmp|ec vljc|mijkevij lve bemlv ce vljc|mik)

y edvldek`j# ikmc|}j mjaj ~evpl l l}l lflv# kj ~lvaipiv u|l jpvj} }l ce iklkplk+62 L} lvè`

u|l vli} a|y ~jmj a} pev`l }|} evd|alkpj}# mjaj cj emcev# lcjdij}ealkpl# }| mja~epvijpe

Mevcj} Aeve D|pivvlw+69

]ldk Veae# lc Mjkdvl}j M|cp|vec kj ojva|c kikd|ke `jmpvike l}ppime }ikj u|l }|}

`lfepl} lv}evjk ~vlolvlkplalkpl }jfvl empip|`l} vljc|mijkevie} `l cj} ikplclmp|ecl}+ => Lk

vleciè`# Veae }l~eve evpioimiecalkplce m|l}pik lk j} plae}# ~|l}pj u|l `jmpvike} l}ppime} y

empip|`l} vljc|mijkevie} l cj} ikplclmp|ecl} lvek cj} pvaikj} ai}aj} l ce} ~j}imijkl} l ce

ì}m|}ik7 lk |k me}j }l ik}i}pe }jfvl ce eci`lw `l }j}plklv |k mja~vjai}j fe}e`j lk |ke

edlkè m|cp|vec# ailkpve} u|l lk jpvj }l e}~ivefe e lciaikevce+

^jv ecdj# lk 59?2# Me}e `l ce} Eavime} kj ~|fcim ce ~jklkmie ~vl}lkpeè lk lc

Mjkdvl}j M|cp|vec l Ce Befeke ~jv Eafvj}ij Ojvklp y c|ldj vlmjdiè lk |ke ekpjcjde joimiec

`l plrpj} }jfvl m|cp|ve y ~jcpime# ecdj e} mjaj |k mekjk l ce mvpime vljc|mijkevie# lkmeflwe`j

~jv lc ì}m|v}j `l Me}pvj `l 59?5# êcefve} e cj} ikplclmp|ecl}+ Ecc Ojvklp vlmbewefe mjajik}|oimilkpl ce ~vlplk}ik ikplclmp|ec `l lu|i~evev }| vl}~jk}eficiè` ~jcpime mjk }|

vl}~jk}eficiè` evp}pime y ~vldjkefe u|l# lk ~vialv c|dev#+++ lc ikplclmp|ec l}pe jfcide`j e }lv#

ekpl pj`j# mvpimj `l } ai}aj+++=5

62Aevij Flkl`lppi# ]jfvl ce} vlcemijkl} lkpvl lc bjafvl l emmik y lc ikplclmp|ec# lk Me}e l ce} Eavime} K 04#aevwj!efvic `l 59?2# ~~+ 55?!56>+69++u| ìomic kj} vl}|cpe vlk|kmiev e cj u|l l}p ikmjv~jve`j e ce }ekdvl y e ce alkpeciè` `l |k ikplclmp|ec `lpvek}imik `l}`l }| jvidlk f|vd|}8 mjk}i`lvev}l ce mjkmilkmie `l ce }jmilè` +++ pvek}ojvaev}l# mjaj mvle Aevij

Flkl`lppi lk lc Mjkdvl}j M|cp|vec l Ce Befeke lk mjkmilkmie idicekpl# iaedikepij ikpv~vlpl# mvpimj ~vjll`jv+Kj l} me}|ec u|l Flkl`lppi# mjk }| ed|è }lk}ificiè` ~eve cj }jmiec y }| e~pip|` ~eve me~pev cj} ~evalpvj} `l cemjk`|mpe b|aeke# l}~|} l |k ej l beflv ii`j lkpveefclalkpl ik}lvpj lk l}pl k|lj ~vjml}j# ~ilk}l u|l l}lmjkml~pj l} vlcepij y vlu|ilvl aepiml} j vli}ik+ Mo+ Vju|l @ecpjk# Vlk @l~l}pvl# Là|k`j @l}kjl}# Vjflvpj

Olvkk`lw Vlpeaev# Eafvj}ij Ojvklp# Mevcj} Aeve D|pivvlw# Lc ikplclmp|ec y ce }jmilè`# Arimj# ]idcj RRI#59?9# ~+ 5>4+ "^|fcime`j jvidikecalkpl lk Me}e `l ce} Eavime} K


14/28


50

Lk }| lkpvlde l kjilafvl l 59?2!olfvlvj l 59?9# Me}e `l ce} Eavime} vl}~jkì ecj} epeu|l} l aj`j lc|}ij+ ]| lìpjviec vli}efe evij} ej} l empiiè` ~eve l}pemev u|l }|

pevle befe }i`j ce ìo|}ik `l ce Vljc|mik e pve} `l cj} ikplclmp|ecl} `lc mjkpiklkpl y lc

a|k`j# ikipek`j e M|fe e evpi}pe} vlkje`jvl} y `lc algjv kilc# }ik lkme}iccev}l lk |ke

plapime ~evpim|cev+ ^lvj e`lvpe7 kj pilklk `lvlmbj e lr~vl}ev e ce vljc|mik u|ikl} }l

emlvmek ec ~vjml}j vljc|mijkevij mjk |ke ~pime mjko|}e u|l kj l} }ikj kibici}aj#

l}ml~pimi}aj+=6

6+ Ce k|le kevvepie lk m|l}pik

Glek Ovekmj vlm|lvè u|l lve kep|vec e ~vikmi~ij} l cj} ej} }l}lkpe l}~lvevu|l M|fe

~vj~jvmijkeve |ke l}ppime vljc|mijkevie==+ Lolmpiealkpl# ce l}~lve o|l pek cevde u|l

L}~lvek`j e Dj`jp o|l lc lr~cmipj pp|cj lcldi`j ~jv^vialve ceke ~eve vl}lev |ke ekpjcjde

`l m|lkpj} m|fekj} lk 59?4+=0 @k`l l}pefe ce ciplvep|ve vljc|mijkevie: Cj} algjvl} kevve`jvl}

iek o|lve `l M|fe y befek vjpj vlcemijkl} mjk lc djfilvkj "D|icclvaj Mefvlve Ikoekpl y

]llvj ]ev`|y) y Clweae Ciae lve |k aevdikec lk ce vljc|mik+ Ce l}~lve `l |ke ciplvep|vevljc|mijkevie lk M|fe o|l me}i |ke ~l}eìcce8 |k ~vjfclae `lc `lajkij }ldk mjkol}efe

Aevij Flkl`lppi+=


15/28


5?# < `l kjilafvl `l 59?2# ~+ 46+02 Mo+ Gjvdl Ceoojvd|l# Mjk}i`lvemijkl} ec aevdlk `l ce k|le kevvepie cepikjealvimeke# Cepikjealvimeke#F|lkj} Eivl}# K 5# `imilafvl `l 5946# ~+ 6?+09Ce} f|lke} ikplkmijkl}# }*oivae#A|k`j K|lj K 6# edj}pj `l 59??# ~+ ?


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65

e |k }|~|l}pj mjko|}j io|}j ai}plvij}j dv|~j l vldi`jvl} `l ce m|cp|ve ec u|l pj`j} epemek y ec u|l pj`j} ek}ievek~lvplklmlv+++ X y u|l }l Q vl~ipl l c|dev e c|dev7 F|lkj} Eivl}# mjk lc dv|~j l ]|v# Fjdjp mjk ce} b|l}pl} l AevpePvefe y cj} Keè}pe}# Meveme} mjk lc Plmbj l ce fecclke# Ajkpli`lj yAevmbe# ev} y Cj} aekèvikl}# Cjk`vl} ylc Fcjja}f|vy Dvj|~ j cj} glkl} ivem|k`j} u|l ebjve l}pk ae`|vj} y aek}}iaj}+

Ce k|le aeoie e ce u|l ec|è lkpjkml} îewwe lve ce vlmilkplalkpl ojvaeè aeoie `lc fjja+

59?4# mjaj filk cj befe i}pj ^vialve ceke o|l |k ej lmi}ij lk cj u|l mjkmlvke e

ce} ~j}ificiè`l} `l mjk}edvemik `l |k plrpj cepikjealvimekj y ce mjk}pip|mik `l l}mvipjvl}

~vjol}ijkecl}+ Lk e`lcekpl Devme Avu|lw "y ecd|kj} jpvj} l}mvipjvl}) befcevek |k clkd|egl

lk m|yj crimj vlc|afvefek y vlikmièk ~ecefve} mjaj pivegl# pve`|mmijkl}# `lvlmbj} `l

e|pjv# vl~vl}lkpekpl} y be}pe ikmc|ivek mjk}lgj} l cj} mjk}edve`j} e cj} e|pjvl} a} k|lj}+

Lkpvl pekpj# ce ik`|}pvie lìpjviec evdlkpike lr~jvpefe lk 59?2 jkml aiccjkl} y alìj l

`cevl}# ce alrimeke jkml aiccjkl} `j}milkpj} aic#Ce a|lvpl `l Evplaij Mv|w }l lr~jvpefe e

@ikeaevme# lk m|epvj al}l} }l edjpevjk 6>+>>> lgla~cevl} `l ce lìmik ipecieke `l Meafij l

~ilc# ce lìpjviec Olcpviklcci l}pefe e ~|kpj `l ~|fcimevCe mi|è` y cj} ~lvvj} y e~vjkpek`j ce

pve`|mmik ec ipeciekj `l Milk ej} `l }jclè`# kjlce u|l lk `j} ej} ife e lk`lv a} `l

6>>+>>> lgla~cevl}+


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66

Maj ~j`e }jkev# lk lc mjkplrpj l ce vljc|mijkeviwemik lc ikplclmp|ec lc }i}plae lalpojve} fcime} u|l Pja} Lcjy Aevpklw |piciw ~eve ~vl}lkpev# lk ^vialve ^ceke# e cj}

kjlci}pe} lrice`j} }ldk u|ilkl} ce} ~ecefve} `l }|} kjlce} }jk o|}icl} `l cevdj ecmekml#

mjblpl} ikplvmjkpiklkpecl} u|l kj ylvvek lc fcekmj+ Ce kjpe }jfvl O|lkpl}# Mjvpwev# _evde}

Cj}e# Devme Avu|lw# Mefvlve Ikoekpl y ]ev`|y }l ~vl}lkp mjaj ce l}mvi~mik l }|} mea~j}

`l pivj# `l }|} mce}l} `l evpicclve y `l cj} vlcjgl} }lmvlpj} u|l lkmegek lk }|} ~vjylmpicl}+++


23/28


6=

jfve l plapime vljc|mijkevie ~vriae ec mjkplrpj }jmij!~jcpimj# lk ce u|l lc clkd|egl ciplvevijkj }jfvl~e}eve lc kilc `l mja~vlk}ik `lc clmpjv al`ij+


24/28


60

me~ipeci}pe }jfvl ce ciplvep|ve ~vl}lkpe`j ~jv _i}ik m|yj ~vj~}ipj# `lk|kmi @ecpjk# lve7pvepev l alplv lk ce meflwe l cj} l}mvipjvl} cepikjealvimekj} lc epvempij ma|cj l miove} lk cevl} y dcjvie l

~vj`|mmik y alvme`lj e oik `l mvlevcl} ce mjkmilkmie `l }| i`lkpiè` `l ikplvl}l} mjk lc }i}plae me~ipeci}pe+ ?>

@ecpjk kj laj}pvefe plklv dvek mjkoiekwe lk ce me~emiè` l }|} mjclde} ~eve vl}i}piv}l e

ce} plkpemijkl} `lc alvme`j# ik}pip|mik u|l g|wdefe ~j`lvj}}iae ~eve jfvev ~lvkimij}ealkpl

}jfvl cj} l}mvipjvl}# lkeglkk`jcj} y bemik`jcl} mvllv lk ce e|pjkjae `l }| ~e~lc }jmiec#

ikmipk`jcj} e ~lk}ev# lvvklealkpl# u|l }l vlcemijkefek ìvlmpealkpl mjk }| ~fcimj+ @ecpjk

ccld e ~j}p|cev u|l l}e oec}e mvllkmie ~jè epemev a} omicalkpl e u|ilkl}# ~eve ~jklv}l e

pjkj mjk ce pilvve ~vjalpiè e ce u|l bek ~lklpve`j l}~|} l ce ~|fcimemik l }| ~vialv cifvj

`l }jklpj}# }l aevimjkimlk# }l ~vj}pip|yek# }l ecmjbjcimlk# j meafilk `l jw+?5

Ce ia~jvpekmie ~jcpime mjkmlìè ec ikplclmp|ec y e }|} ~vj`|mmijkl} "l}~lmiecalkpl ce

ciplvep|ve) l}p|j emja~eeè l |ke ikplvvjdemik ~lvaeklkpl }jfvl }| ecjv j i}ecjv }jmiec y

~jv ce ikplk}e jc|kpe` ~vjdveapime `l mvlev |k evpl ~jcpimj y vljc|mijkevij+ @l l}e

~lvaeklkpl ikplvvjdemik }|vdilvjk vl}~|l}pe} pvek}ipjvie} y ekpedkime}+ Ce ~vldkekmie mvlmilkpl

`l ce cdime ik}pv|alkpec l ce ~jcpime p|j ia~jvpekpl} lolmpj} }jfvl ce ~vj`|mmik ciplvevie y ce

g|}pioimemik `l l}e ~vj`|mmik lk pvaikj} ~jcpimj!i`ljcdimj} y cj} eepevl} `lc mea~j

ikplclmp|ec+

Lc ekpiikplclmp|eci}aj l} |kj `l cj} lgl} o|kèalkpecl} `l ~lvijìwemik `l ce bi}pjvie

ikplclmp|ec cepikjealvimeke# l}~lmiecalkpl lk m|ekpj ~lvaipl pvewev |ke ovjkplve lkpvl lc mciae l

i`le} mevemplv}pimj `l cj} ej} }l}lkpe y lc `l cj} ej} }lplkpe "|ke `meè mjvpe lk pvaikj}

`l ce} e}~ivemijkl} vljc|mijkevie}# fevviè} ~jv ce }|ml}ik l impe`|ve} u|l pjaevjk lc ~j`lv

lk a|mbj} ~e}l} lc mjkpiklkpl# lkpvl 594= y 594?+ Lc i}m|v}j ekpiikplclmp|eci}pe o|l# lk ckle}

dlklvecl}# lc e`j~pe`j ~jv ce ovemmik `l cj} ikplclmp|ecl} u|l }l e|pj`lkjaik vljc|mijkevie#

mjaj vl}|cpe`j l }| veìmeci}aj i`ljcdimj y lc mvlmiailkpj lc ecjv l ce ~jcpime y }|} cdime}

`l loimemie l ik}pv|alkpeciè`# j~jkik`j}l ec `l eu|lccj} jpvj} l}mvipjvl}!ikplclmp|ecl} u|l# }i

filk }l vlmceaefek `l iwu|ilvè# }ld|ek eoivaek`j ce ia~jvpekmie l ce} pevle} m|cp|vecl} y lc

?>Ciplvep|ve l ikplclmp|eciè`7 j} mjkml~mijkl}# lk Me}e l ce} Eavime} K


25/28


6>5# ~~ 0>5!06=+ I]FK7 92>!?025!>6!R+

6?

`loiki`j dv|~ecalkpl+ êve |k ea~cij }lmpjv `l cj} ikplclmp|ecl}# |kj `l cj} mjkplki`j}o|kèalkpecl} o|l# e ~evpiv l 59?2 y lk ~evpim|cev c|ldj l 5945# ce e`bl}ik }ik mjvpe~i}e} e ce}

~j}imijkl} u|l# vl}~lmpj `l cj} ikplclmp|ecl}# }l ojva|cevjk lk M|fe+

Ce} ~j}imijkl} m|feke} }id|ilvjk vllcek`j }| o|lvwe ekpl}# `|vekpl y `l}~|} `l l}l

~lvj`j+ Ce cldipiaiè` i`ljcdime `l ce} ìvlmpie} laekeè} `l ce I}ce o|lvjk ~evpim|cevalkpl

kjpefcl} y# ~jv jpve ~evpl# meè lw a} loikipie}+ \k }kpjae l ce cldipiaiè` ikmjkpl}pefcl l

ce vljc|mik# lkmevkeè lk l}pl me}j lk }|} ik}pip|mijkl} m|cp|vecl}# o|l u|l _evde} Ccj}e !!

mjaj cj befe blmbj lk jme}ik l }lvcl jpjvde`j lc ~vlaij Va|cj Deccldj}# m|ek`j mjk}|cpmjk Bey`l ]ekpeaeve }i lfe j kj eml~pevcj!! y Mjvpwev# e~vjlmbevek ce vl|kik lc mjaip

`l mjcefjvemik l Me}e l ce} Eavime}# lk lklvj l 5945 ~eve }jk`lev u| e~jyj plk`ve# ~jv

~evpl l ce} ik}pip|mijkl} m|cp|vecl} m|feke}# lc ~vjylmpj lk dl}pemik l ce vli}peCifvl+?0 M|fe

}ld|e }ilk`j lc ojmj `l ce e|pjviè` i`ljcdimj!m|cp|vec pekpj lk 5945 mjaj lk 59??+ _evde}

Ccj}e y Mjvpwev kj bemlk }ikj vl~lpiv lc dl}pj vleciwe`j# lk }| ajalkpj# ~jv Laiv Vj`vd|lw

Ajkldec# u|l peafik befe ikplkpe`j mjkdvemiev}l mjk cj} ikplclmp|ecl} l M|fe# }efilk`j u|l

`l }| e~vjfemik j l}e~vjfemik l~lkèk lc ripj j lc oveme}j l ce la~vl}e lA|k`j K|lj #pec mjaj oikecalkpl jm|vvi mjk lc k|lj ~vjylmpj `lCifvl+

@l pj`j} aj`j}# lk M|fe }id|i ~l}ek`j lc `lflv `l }lv ce }jmilè` y lc plvvipjvij u|l

~vj`|mivek ce e|pkpime ciplvep|ve vljc|mijkevie+ @l ecc u|l# a|y ~j}plvijvalkpl# `l |ke

vli}ik `lc mekjk ciplvevij m|fekj }l ccld e ce mjk}pepemik `l u|l ce ciplvep|ve vljc|mijkevie

m|feke# befe }|vdi`j jk`l cj} mvpimj} alkj} ce l}~lvefek+?< ]ldk l}e clmp|ve# cj} algjvl}

lr~jklkpl} befvek }i`j cj} `jm|alkpj} y i}m|v}j} l Oi`lc Me}pvj y Mbl D|leve+ ]ldk l}e

lv}ik# cj} plrpj} me~ipecl} l ce vljc|mik ikmc|ek l}`l cj} i}m|v}j} a} vl~vl}lkpepij} l

O|lkpl}+?0 ]ldk Djypi}jcj# lk ce vl|kik ek|ec lc mjaip l mjcefjvemik# _evde} Ccj}e y Mjvpwev lr~|}ilvjk lc ~vjylmpj`lCifvl mjk lc ~vj~}ipj `l jfplklv ce ~evpimi~emik y }ik |è ce e~vjfemik l cj} l}mvipjvl} m|fekj}# ~lvj }pj} }lciaipevjk e l}m|mbev }|} evd|alkpj} }ik mja~vjalplv}l e ikplvlkiv+ Mo+ Lc depj kldvj u|l epvel} k|l}pve}

joimike} l ce v|l l Fivl# lk U|ialve# K 69# aevwj l 592=# ~+ 54+ _lv peafik# Mce|ìe Dicaek# Ikplclmp|ecl}$l}pepiwe`j}$ l ikplclmp|ecl} $vljc|mijkevij}$7 lc me}j `l ce vli}pe Cifvl#Eavime# Mebilv} `| Mvimmec# Kalvj5+?< Mo+ ]ece`jv Evie}# Ciplvep|ve m|feke "59


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bi}pjvie al ef}jclv# lc ì}m|v}j ~vjk|kmie`j ~jv Oi`lc y u|l o|lve lc plrpj `l }| `lolk}e

`|vekpl lc g|imij ~jv lc e}ecpj ec M|evplc l Ajkmeè# }lvek lkpjkml}# eu|lccj} plrpj} u|l mjaj

ce mevpe vjfeè lc m|lkpj l ^jl# mjk}pip|ek ce e|pkpime ciplvep|ve `l ce Vljc|mik M|feke# }ik

u|l lk ce ecjmeè f}u|lè lk ce u|l }l lkove}mevjk `|vekpl `j} `meè} ~jv beccevcj} lk ce

ciplvep|ve# ~|ìlvek beflv }i`j ~lvmifi`j} y ecjve`j} lk }| g|}pe alìè+

Yj l}pjy lk mjkpve `l m|ecu|ilv djfilvkj# `lmcev Glek Dlklp lkCifvl+ L}e ove}l}ikplpiwe |k dl}pj `lc evpi}pe aj`lvkj# |ke diake}ie mevemplv}pime# `l Fe|`lceivl e l}pe ~evpl#

m|ye oclrik ~vlolviè l} ce ì}i`lkmie+ L}pe pveìmik kj o|kè }jcealkpl |ke oid|ve }lm|cev

`lc evpi}pe ki ce iè fjblaie# ki }| oejvipi}aj ~jv ce aevdikeciè`8 ~vjll# peafik# lc

ojvaepj ~eve mjkml~p|eciwev }| ~jcipiwemik+ @lc e~evpeailkpj e ce mvpime y ce j~j}imik#

pj`j |k evie`j vl~lvpjvij `l empip|`l} lkmevke ce kldepiiè` mjaj ~vlplk}ik `lc evpl

dlk|ikj `l ce aj`lvkiè`+

Kj l} lrpvej lkpjkml} u|l ce} vljc|mijkl} }|~jkdek |k vevj `l}eoj ~eve cj}l}mvipjvl} "u|e l}mvipjvl}) m|ek`j e`bilvlk e lcce}7 cj} vlu|lviailkpj} `l ~j}ipiiè` y

eoivaemik ia~cmipj} lk |ke vlcemik ìolvlkpl mjk lc ~j`lv ~jcpimj `l}mecefvek |k clde`j

o|kèmijkec+ Ecdj `l l}j jm|vvi# lk Eavime Cepike# mjk lc i`lec mlkplkevij u|l l}pefclme

u|l lc ikplclmp|ec ~jè e}~ivev e mjk}i`lvev}l ce mjkmilkmie mvpime `l ce }jmilè`+??

Ce bi}pjvie l cj} ikplclmp|ecl} cepikjealvimekj} l ce ~jme# mjaj ce l}mvifi |kj l }|}

~vjpedjki}pe}# o|l `l ce l|ojvie e ce `l~vl}ik+ Kj }cj ~jvu|l a|mbe} `l ce} lr~lmpepie} u|l

d|ievjk ce ikplvlkmik `l cj} ikplclmp|ecl} }l `l}ìf|gevjk+ Peafik ~jvu|l lc o|p|vj iaedike`j~eve ce }jmilè` lk }| mjkg|kpj }l ìj l fv|ml} mjk |k l}mlkevij u|l# milvpealkpl# ce aeyjve l

??_e}l# Mce|ìe Dicaek7 ^jcipiwev ce ciplvep|ve7 `j} `meè} y |ke ~eve`jge+#Pvel}e} `l ce Ciplvep|veBi}~ekjealvimeke# Ik}pip|pj `l Ciplvep|ve Bi}~ekjealvimeke# Oicj}joe y Clpve}# \FE# 599# F|lkj} Eivl}# Ik}pip|pj `l Ikl}pidemik Dikj Dlvaeki# Oem|cpe` `l Milkmie} ]jmiecl}# \kilv}iè` `lF|lkj} Eivl}# 5994# ~~+ 545!52?+


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cj} ikplclmp|ecl} kj befe iaedike`j ki lk }|} ~ljvl} ~l}e`icce}+ Pea~jmj ce ~vlilvjk a|mbe}`l }|} mpiae}8 lk a|mbj} ~e}l} `l Eavime Cepike# lc o|p|vj ~vjai}jvij u|l }l mjkivpi lk

bjvvjv }id|l }ilk`j |k pve|ae u|l kj l} omic }|~lvev+

Mercado y consagración: la revolución cubana y la reconsideración de la nueva narrativa...

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