Percepciones y Vivencias Socioemocionales de Dos Alumnos Con Doble Excepcionalidad Del Programa...

7/22/2019 Percepciones y Vivencias Socioemocionales de Dos Alumnos Con Doble Excepcionalidad Del Programa Beta- Pucv

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GAJVNRAB BF GONHZHGA _ FBVJAJODFZJVFNA BF \FBAKHKA

FBVJAJOD BOGFPFDJOAN

FZRVBOHZ BF JAZHZ9 \FPJF\JOHDFZ _ WOWFDJOAZ ZHJOHFCHJOHDANFZ

BF BHZ ANVCDHZ JHD BH@NF F]JF\JOHDANOBAB BFN \PHKPACA@FRA# \VJW$

RPA@AIH BF RORVNAJOD \APA H\RAP \HP FN KPABH BF NOJFDJOABHFD FBVJAJOD _ AN RRVNH BF FBVJABHP BOGFPFDJOAN JHD CFDJODFD PFRAPBH CFDRAN _(H RPAZRHPDHZ BFN A\PFDBOYAIF FZ\FJGOJH$

\rhgfshra Kua 9 Cara Nfhdhr Jhdfifrhs Zhnar$Asfshr Cfthbhnkojh 9 \a`nh Jjfrfs Zfrradh$Odtfkradtfs 9 Gradjosja nvarfz Hnova$

Datanoa Povonnh Cajmuja$

Jacona Wsqufz Mfrrfra$


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Iunoh 0


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7$6$0 \rhjfbocofdth bf adnosos$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$;7

WOOO$ \PFZFDRAJOD _ ADNOZOZ BF NA ODGHPCAJOD;$1 Cadfih jhdjfptuan bf na Bh`nf Fxjfpjohdanobab$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$;=

;$0 Atro`ujod phsotova bfn Ranfdth Ajabcojh$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$=0

;$: Jhdtfxths gavhrfjfbhrfs bf na Bh`nf Fxjfpjohdanobab$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$=6

;$2 Atro`ujod dfkatova bfn Zdbrhcf bf Aspfrkfr$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$==

;$6 Jhdtfxths bfsgavhrfjfbhrfs bf na Bh`nf Fxjfpjohdanobab$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$?:

O]$ JHDJNVZOHDFZ$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ ?;

]$ PFGFPFDJOAZ @O@NOHKPGOJAZ$$$1


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NOZRA BF RA@NAZ

1$ Jrotfrohs para fn boakdstojh bfn G=2$< Rrasthrdh

Autosta$$$$$$$$$$$:;

0$ Jrotfrohs para fn boakdstojh bfn G=2$6 Rrasthrdh bf Aspfrkfr -0??$=


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:$ Capa bf jbokhs sh`rf pfrjfpjohdfs y vovfdjoas shjohfchjohdanfs bf bhs

anucdhs jhd bh`nf fxjfpjohdanobab$$$$$$$$$$;;

2$ Capa bf Gaconoas bf Jbokhs sh`rf fn cadfih jhdjfptuan bf na Bh`nfFxjfpjohdanobab$ $$$$$$$$$$$;=

6$ Capa bf Gaconoas bf Jbokhs bf Atroùjohdfs phsotovas a na jhdbojod bf Ranfdth

Ajabcojh$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$=0

7$ Capa bf Gaconoas bf Jbokhs bf Jhdtfxths gavhrfjfbhrfs bf na Bh`nf

Fxjfpjohdanobab$$$$$$$$$=6

;$ Capa bf Gaconoas bf Jbokhs bf Atroùjohdfs dfkatovas a na jhdbojod bf

Aspfrkfr$$$$$$$$$===$ Capa bf Gaconoas bf Jbokhs bf Jhdtfxths Bfsgavhrfjfbhrfs Bf na Bh`nf

Fxjfpjohdanobab$$$$$$$$?:

O$ PFZVCFD

Fstf traàih bf totunajod. ùsja odbakar fd nhs sokdogojabhs atroùobhs a

fxpfrofdjoas shjohfchjohdanfs y fbujatovas bf bhs fstuboadtfs quf prfsfdtad na

jhdbojod bf bh`nf fxjfpjohdanobab$ Zf rfanoz uda odvfstokajod jhd bhs suifths

bf 1: y 1; ahs bf fbab quf prfsfdtad Ranfdth Ajabcojh y Zdbrhcf bf

Aspfrkfr. pfrtfdfjofdtfs an \rhkraca @FRA \VJW. jhd quofdfs sf bfsarrhnna

ud fstuboh bf jash a travs bf na tjdoja bfn rfnath bf voba$ As tacòd. sf

rfanozad fdtrfvostas a nhs pabrfs bf nhs suifths. baba na pfrspfjtovaftdhshjohnkoja jhd na juan sf a`hrba na odvfstokajod$ Juanotatovacfdtf sf rfjhkf

quf ac`hs suifths bf fstuboh dh prfsfdtad ud cadfih jhdjfptuan bf na bh`nf

fxjfpjohdanobab. ya quf sfanad quf na jhdbojod bf Ranfdth Ajabcojh sfra

jhdsfjufdjoa bfn Zdbrhcf bf Aspfrkfr$ Fsth sf bfsprfdbf bf nhs rfnaths bf nas


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fxpfrofdjoas shjohfchjohdanfs. tadth bf na jhdbojod bf Aspfrkfr jhch bfn

Ranfdth Ajabcojh. ya quf sf jhdstatad atroùjohdfs phsotovas a na jhdbojod bf

Ranfdth. y atroùjohdfs dfkatovas a na jhdbojod bf Aspfrkfr. sofdbh acàs

odgnufdjoabas phr na prfsfdjoa bf jhdtfxths gavhrfjfbhrfs y bfsgavhrfjfbhrfspara na ajfptajod bfn suifth fd su fdthrdh$ Asocosch. sf rfgnfxohda sh`rf na

fna`hrajod bf ud dufvh jhdstrujth tfrojh rfgfrobh a na Bh`nf Fxjfpjohdanobab.

fspfjogojadbh quf acàs jhdbojohdfs sf asfcfiad fd juadth a su anth

gudjohdacofdth jhkdotovh$

\ana`ras jnavf$ Bh`nf fxjfpjohdanobab. Zdbrhcf bf Aspfrkfr. Ranfdth

Ajabcojh. Wovfdjoas shjohfbujatovas. Wovfdjoas gaconoarfs. Authjhdjfpth

Ajabcojh. Authjhdjfpth Zhjoan$

OO$ A@ZRPAJR

Rmos krabuatf whre sffes th odvfstokatf adb adanyzf tmf shjoh#fchtohdan adb

fbujatohdan fxpfrofdjfs hg twh stubfdts wotm buan fxjfptohdanotofs$ Rmf rfsfarjm.

jhdbujtfb wotm twh odbovobuans akfs 1: adb 1; wotm Ajabfcoj Ranfdt adbAspfrkfrs Zydbrhcf. pfrtaodfb th tmf @FRA \rhkrac \VJW$ [otm tmos prhkrac

a jasf stuby was bfvfnhpfb utonozodk fajm suìfjts nogf sthry$ Od abbotohd. tmf

suìfjts parfdts wfrf odtfrvofwfb wmojm abbfb ad ftmdh#shjohnhkojan apprhajm th

tmf odvfstokatohd$ Quanotatovfny ot was ghudb tmat dfotmfr suìfjt was jhdsjohusny

awarf hg tmfor buan fxjfptohdanoty `fjausf tmfor ajabfcoj tanfdt was a rfsunt hg

Aspfrkfrs Zydbrhcf$ Gurtmfrchrf. tmos jhrrfsphdbs wotm tmf sthrofs hg tmf shjoh#

fchtohdan fxpfrofdjfs hg tmhsf wotm Aspfrkfrs as wfnn as tmhsf wotm Ajabfcoj

Ranfdt$ Rmf phsotovf attroùtfs hg Ajabfcoj Ranfdt nfab th phsotovf aggorcatohd hg

tmf suìfjt od mos fdvorhdcfdt. wmonf tmf dfkatovf attroùtfs hg Aspfrkfrs

Zydbrhcf dfkatovfny ocpajt tmf suìfjt `y fxjnubodk moc grhc mos fdvorhdcfdt$

Godanny. a rfgnfjtohd hg adb fna`hratohd hd tmf bfvfnhpcfdt hg a dfw tmfhrftojan


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jhdstrujt rfgfrrodk th Buan Fxjfptohdanoty os prfsfdtfb. spfjogyodk tmat `htm

jhdbotohds arf soconar od tmat tmfy odvhnvf mokm jhkdotovf gudjtohdodk$

Efywhrbs$ Bhu`nf fxjfptohdanoty. Aspfrkfrs Zydbrhcf. Ajabfcoj Ranfdt. Zhjoh

fchtohdan fxpfrofdjfs. Gacony fxpfrofdjfs. Ajabfcoj sfng#jhdjfpt. Zhjoan sfng#

jhdjfpt$


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OOO$ ODRPHBVJJOD

Fd na rfanobab dajohdan na bh`nf fxjfpjohdanobab fs ud jhdjfpth quf fs

jhdhjobh jhch partf bf uda pfrspfjtova tfroja. jhd ud fsjash dovfn bf

bovunkajod f odvfstokajod$ Fsth. prh`a`nfcfdtf phrquf fs ud jhdjfpth quf dajf

a partor bf nhs ahs ?


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jarajtfrstojas bfn Zdbrhcf y nas bogfrfdjoas y soconotubfs fdtrf fn Rrasthrdh

Autosta y fn Ranfdth$

\ara amhdbar fd nas prodjopanfs jarajtfrstojas bf na bh`nf fxjfpjohdanobab

sf mad fsta`nfjobh bhs varoa nfs bfn bfsarrhnnh shjohfchjohdan quf sf

odvfstokard fd prhgudbobab$ Na procfra fs fn authjhdjfpth. bf cadfra quf sf

bad a jhdhjfr sus prodjopanfs jarajtfrstojas. adanozadbh su fvhnujod tfroja y

su rfnajod jhd na authfstoca y na bh`nf fxjfpjohdanobab$ Na sfkudba varoa`nf na

jhdghrcad nas vovfdjoas. bf cadfra quf sf bfsarrhnna su rfnfvadjoa jhch

jatfkhra bf fstuboh. su jhdjfpth y su rfnajod jhd na bh`nf fxjfpjohdanobab$

A dovfn cfthbhnkojh. sf ma utonozabh na cfthbhnhka bf odvfstokajod

juanotatova. bfsbf na pfrspfjtova ftdhshjohnkoja bf Badofn @frtaux -0


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jhdbojohdfs. rfgnfiabas fd sus vovfdjoas y jhch ma odgnuobh fn jhdtfxth

shjohfbujatovh fd fnnh$

OW$ \NADRFACOFDRH BFN \PH@NFCA

Fd Jmonf fxostf uda ph najod bf suifths quf prfsfdta jarajtfrstojas

fspfjgojas quf nhs sotad fd uda jhdbojod bf bh`nf fxjfpjohdanobab$ \hbfchs

fdjhdtrar fd fstf kruph bh`nfcfdtf fxjfpjohdan. anucdhs tanfdthshs jhd

bogojuntabfs bf aprfdbozaif. bgojots sfdshroanfs. bfsrbfdfs fchjohdanfs kravfs.

bfgojofdjoas chtrojfs. y bfgojofdjoas jhkdotovas -\arbh bf Zadtaya. 0


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shjohfchjohdanfs y fbujatovas phr fstuboadtfs Ranfdthshs jhd Aspfrkfr fd su

jhdbojod bf bh`nf fxjfpjohdanobab8

W$ CAPJH RFPOJH

Bh`nf Fxjfpjohdanobab

1$1 \frspfjtova mostroja bf na bh`nf fxjfpjohdanobab

Bfsbf cfboabhs bf na bjaba bf nhs hjmfdta. sf jhcofdza a a`hrbar na

jhdbojod bf bh`nf fxjfpjohdanobab bf ghrca kfdroja. anubofdbh a uda ph`najod

bf odbovobuhs quf prfsfdta uda jhc`odajod socuntdfa bf bhs gfdcfdhs quf sf

jarajtfrozad phr sfr jhdsobfrabhs jhdtrapufsths y(h odjhcpato`nfs a na mhra bf

hgfrtar uda rfspufsta fbujatova abaptaba para fnnhs -\arbh bf Zadtayada. 0


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`$# Zh`rfbhtajod odtfnfjtuan y bfgojofdjoa chtroz. jhdbojohdfs rfgnfiabas fd uda

ph`najod quf prfsfdta`a ud anth phtfdjoan odtfnfjtuan jhdjhcotadtf a ankuda

bfgojofdjoa gsoja y(h gosohnkoja$

j$# Zh`rfbhtajod odtfnfjtuan y bfgojofdjoa jhkdotova. fd bhdbf a pfsar bf na

fxostfdjoa bf ud JO cuy `aih -hsjonadbh fdtrf :< y 7


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fvanuajod y hrofdtajod. y ud odstotuth bfbojabh a na ajfnfrajod ajabcoja

-Odstotuth para na Odvfstokajod y na \hntoja bf Ajfnfrajod/$

Zo `ofd. fstf jfdtrh ma rfanozabh bovfrsas odvfstokajohdfs sh`rf fn jhdjfpth

bf bh`nf fxjfpjohdanobab. nhs rfnatovhs a na jhdjhcotadjoa bfn Ranfdth Ajabcojhy fn Zdbrhcf bf Aspfrkfr shd fsjashs$

Fs phr fnnh. quf a jhdtoduajod sf rfanoza uda rfvosod fxmaustova bfn

jhdjfpth quf ajtuancfdtf sf cadfia fd rfnajod a na bh`nf fxjfpjohdanobab. nhs

bovfrshs tophs quf fxostfd. y quodfs shd nhs odbovobuhs quf bf`fd sfr

jhdsobfrabhs bfdtrh bf na fxjfpjohdanobab$

1$0 Quodfs shd nhs fstuboadtfs jhd bh`nf fxjfpjohdanobab

Boxhd y Chhd -0


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Fd hjasohdfs. cujmhs ivfdfs quf shd `ronnadtfs. pfrh quf mad sobh

boakdhstojabhs jhd ankd toph bf bosjapajobab. tofdfd cs prhà onobabfs

bf rfjoòr sfrvojohs bf fbujajod fspfjoan. quf bf rfjoòr hphrtudobabfs para fn

bfsarrhnnh bfn tanfdth -@auc. Pozza y Pfdzunno. 0


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Nhs pabrfs bf nhs dohs jhd bh`nf fxjfpjohdanobab sf fdjufdtrad fd uda

sotuajod doja$ Fnnhs pfrtfdfjfd a bhs cudbhs bogfrfdtfs. fn cudbh bf na anta

japajobab y fn cudbh bf nhs Aspfrkfr fd na fbujajod$ Na cosod bf cadfiar fsta

bh`nf fxjfpjohdanobab pufbf bfiar a nhs pabrfs jhd na odsfkurobab bf jun fs fnjacodh a thcar$

Fn boakdstojh bf Zdbrhcf bf Aspfrkfr pufbf prfsfdtar ud bonfca para

nhs pabrfs bf ud doh tanfdthsh -Paknoadto. 0


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Pfspfjth an tanfdth ajabcojh. na odvfstokajod fd nas gaconoas bf nhs dohs

tanfdthshs sufnf majfr rfgfrfdjoa a na odgnufdjoa quf sta tofdf sh`rf fn doh. y fd

jch nhs pabrfs bf`fd ajtuar para gavhrfjfr fn bfsarrhnnh pnfdh bf nasjapajobabfs bf su moih$

Zf ma jhcprhàbh quf. a pfsar bf quf jaba gaconoa rfajjohda bf cadfra

bogfrfdtf adtf ud moih tanfdthsh5 udas nh rfjo`fd jhch ud prfcoh5 htras jhch ud

jastokh5 odjnush ankudas jhch uda ghrca bf `ronnar shjoancfdtf. thbhs nhs pabrfs

rfquofrfd ankd toph bf hrofdtajod y aphyh quf nhs kuf y nhs no`frf bf nhs coths y

fstfrfhtophs shjoanfs fxostfdtfs sh`rf fn tanfdth -\rfz. Bhcdkufz y Baz. 1??=/$

Fs bfjor. dfjfsotad sa`fr sh`rf fsta jarajtfrstoja. nh quf sokdogoja y susocpnojadjoas. y tofdfd na dfjfsobab bf sfdtorsf tonfs fd na fbujajod bf sus moihs.

dohs y abhnfsjfdtfs$

Ankudhs pabrfs sufnfd sfdtorsf phjh prfparabhs para aphyar

fchjohdancfdtf a su moih y tacòd sofdtfd quf dh pufbfd prhvffrnfs bf nhs

rfjurshs fbujatovhs y na fstocunajod odtfnfjtuan quf dfjfsotad -\rfz. Bhcdkufz

y Baz. 1??=/$

\ara \rfz. Bhcdkufz y Baz -1??=/ fn sfdtocofdth cs jhcd bf nhs

pabrfs fs fn bf adsofbab phr tfdfr ud moih bogfrfdtf y dh sa`fr jch tratarnf$

Jhnadkfnh y @rhwfr -1?=;/ bojfd quf pabrfs y cabrfs fstd jhdgudbobhs

fd rfnajod jhd fn tanfdth bf sus moihs. ya quf dh phsffd jhdhjocofdths bf su

daturanfza. sus jarajtfrstojas y dh jhdhjfd na cfihr cadfra bf a`hrbarnhs$ \hr

htrh nabh. nhs coschs authrfs pnadtfad quf nhs dohs tanfdthshs y sus gaconoas shd

uda bf nas codhras cfdhs aphyabas y fstuboabas. y quf nas kuas babas a nhs

pabrfs usuancfdtf shd cuy kfdfranfs y àsabas fd fstfrfhtophs. phr nh quf dh

rfsphdbfd do a nas dfjfsobabfs do a na odbovobuanobab bf nas gaconoas. sorvofdbh bfphja ayuba a nhs pabrfs$

Paknoadto -0


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tanfdth. jhd na odtfrajjod fdtrf mfrcadhs. jhd nas odtfrajjohdfs jhd fn jfdtrh

fsjhnar y prfhjupajohdfs rfnajohdabas jhd nas odtfrajjohdfs jhd na jhcudobab$

Fd rfnajod jhd nas prfhjupajohdfs rfnatovas a na ftoqufta bf tanfdth.

Jhnadkfnh y @rhwfr. -1?=;/ bogfrfdjoad bhs kruphs bf pabrfs. udh quf rfjhdhjf yutonoza na ftoqufta bf tanfdthsh jhd su moih y htrh quf dh$ Fstf trcodh fs ud

rtunh. h ftoqufta shjoh#psojhnkoja. jhd phbfrhsas jhddhtajohdfs fchjohdanfs.

tadth para quofdfs nh usad jhch para quofdfs nh fxpfrocfdtad$ Nhs pabrfs sf

sofdtfd acòvanfdtfs ajfrja bfn rtunh bf su moih tanfdthsh. cujmas vfjfs dofkad

quf su moih nh sfa5 fd jacòh htrhs sf sofdtfd fspfjoancfdtf hrkunnhshs$ May

quofdfs vfd fn tanfdth jhch ud pfsh sh`rf fnnhs y rfjmazad an doh. fd jacòh

htrhs usad fsf rtunh jhch uda fxjusa para bfcadbar cs bfn doh h para sfrcs thnfradtf jhd sus bfcadbas y jhcphrtacofdths -Grffcad. 0


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anjadza fsf dovfn. jhd su prfsod pufbfd ghcfdtar fd n uda `aia authfstoca y

anths dovfnfs bf adsofbab. sofdbh uda jausa grfjufdtf bf prh`nfcas fchjohdanfs

y bf `aih nhkrh$ \hr htrh nabh. pabrfs quf tofdfd fxpfjtatovas antas y razhda`nfs

shd quofdfs jhdjfbfd cs no frtab. authdhca. shphrtf. fstcunh fodbfpfdbfdjoa. nh quf majf quf fn doh jhdsobfrf sus tanfdths phsotovacfdtf

-Jhnadkfnh y @rhwfr. 1?=;5 Jhrdfnn y Krhss`fr`. 1?=? fd Paknoadto. 0


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pfrshdas jhd juanquofr toph bf bosjapajobab. fxpfrocfdtad ajjfshs bf jnfra.

bfjfpjohdfs. grustrajohdfs y thba uda varofbab bf fchjohdfs rfnajohdabas borfjta

h odborfjtacfdtf jhd fn trasthrdh$ Abfcs bf tfdfr quf noboar jhd bfsaghs

pfrshdanfs ocphrtadtfs sod prjtojacfdtf dodkuda ayuba. fstas gaconoas tofdfd acfdubh quf fbujar a nhs bfcs sh`rf nhs costfrohs. jarajtfrstojas y rfths

ashjoabhs jhd fn sdbrhcf bf Aspfrkfr -@yrdf y Zocpshd. 0


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Vdh bf nhs jhcphdfdtfs quf su`yajfd fd na rfnajod bf uda gaconoa bf ud

doh jhd sdbrhcf bfn fspfjtrh autosta fs na dtoca anoadza bf na cabrf jhd fn moih

agfjtabh. bf`obh a na sfdsajod bf grustrajod bf aqufnna fd juadth a na

catfrdobab y prhbujtovobab -\arcfnff. 1??= fd Chnoda. 0


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fn jhdjfpth bhtabh h sh`rfbhtabh dh ghrca partf bfn vhja`unaroh ajtuan bf

ajabcojhs quf jhdhjfd y cadfiad fstf tfca$ \artojunarcfdtf. para prhpsoths

bf fstf tra`aih bf totunajod fs quf sf hjupa fn chbfnh bf Gradjhos Kakd -0


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Authrfs jhch Cashd y Cdes -1??:/. mad rfanozabh uda jnasogojajod bf nhs

chbfnhs fxpnojatovhs quf pfrcotf bogfrfdjoar fn phsojohdacofdth fpostfchnkojh bf

nhs tfrojhs quf mad a`hrbabh fn tfca bf na anta japajobab. bfsbf nas juanfs sf

mad bfrovabh prjtojas pfbakkojas bogfrfdtfs a na mhra bf obfdtogojar. fvanuar yfstocunar a nhs anucdhs jhd japajobabfs fxjfpjohdancfdtf bogfrfdtfs a nas bf na

cayhra$ An rfspfjth. fd ud acpnoh fstuboh bf rfvosod. bojmhs authrfs.

prhpusofrhd uda jatfkhrozajod bf fsths chbfnhs fd juatrh kruphs9

a/ Chbfnh àsabh fd japajobabfs9 sus cs rfjhdhjobhs rfprfsfdtadtfs shd

Rfrcad y Karbdfr. y fstf ntoch jhd su chbfnh bf nas odtfnokfdjoas cntopnfs$ Zf

jfdtra fd fn fstuboh bf nas japajobabfs odtfnfjtuanfs fd trcodhs bf JhjofdtfOdtfnfjtuan -JO/$ Jhdsostf fd nhs procfrhs odtfdths sostfctojhs phr bfgodor nas

jarajtfrstojas bfn tanfdth. utonozadbh fn trcodh para rfgfrorsf a nhs odbovobuhs jhd

ud JO cayhr a 1:< pudths. fquovanfdtf an bhs phr jofdth bf na ph`najod$ Fs uda

jhdjfpjod chdhntoja àsaba fxjnusovacfdtf fd na cfbojod psojhctroja bf na

odtfnokfdjoa jhch jhdbojod oddata. phr fdbf a cayhr odtfnokfdjoa. cayhr tanfdth$

`/ Chbfnhs hrofdtabhs an rfdbocofdth9 Fn cs rfjhdhjobh rfprfsfdtadtf bf fsths

chbfnhs ma sobh Pfdzunno -1?;=. 1??2/ jhd su Chbfnh bf nhs Rrfs Adonnhs. fd fn

quf sf prhcufvf na obfa bf dh utonozar tad snh nhs tfsts bf odtfnokfdjoa para na

bftfjjod bf nhs tanfdthshs. sodh quf jhdjo`f trfs gajthrfs quf an odtfrajtuar

kfdfrad prhbujths sh`rfsanofdtfs9 a/ maònobab phr fdjoca bf na cfboa. `/

jhcprhcosh jhd na tarfa y j/ jrfatovobab$ Jhd fstf chbfnh sf rhcpf na phsojod

chdhntoja bf na odtfnokfdjoa y sf odjhrphrad jarajtfrstojas pfrshdanfs y na

odgnufdjoa bf nhs gajthrfs acòfdtanfs. para jhdsobfrar fn bfsfcpfh dhta`nf y na

prhbujtovobab$ Htrh bf sus fxphdfdtfs fs Gradhos Kakd. juyh chbfnh sffxpnojar fd bftannf cs abfnadtf$

j/ Chbfnhs jhkdotovhs9 A bogfrfdjoa bfn adtfrohr. sf bfstajad nhs prhjfshs

juanotatovhs fd na fna`hrajod y fn prhjfsacofdth bf na odghrcajod. fs bfjor sf


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prohroza fn prhjfsh. dh fn rfsuntabh$ Ocphrtadtf fxphdfdtf bf fstf chbfnh fs

Ph`frt Ztfrd`frk quofd sf fdghja fd jhcprfdbfr na fgojajoa bf nhs cfjadoschs

quf hpfrad fd fn bfsarrhnnh bf pfrshdas odtfnokfdtfs$ Zu tfhra sh`rf Odtfnokfdjoa

Fxothsa jhdsobfra trfs bogfrfdtfs prhjfbocofdths9 1/ rfquofrf pfdsacofdthadantojh para rfshnvfr prh`nfcas y iuzkar na janobab bf nas obfas. 0/ odtfnokfdjoa

jrfabhra para kfdfrar ùfdhs prh`nfcas y ùfdas obfas y :/ na odtfnokfdjoa

prjtoja para apnojar nas obfas y shnujohdfs$

b/ Chbfnhs shjohjunturanfs9 Zf agorca quf na bhtajod y fn tanfdth snh pufbfd

bfsarrhnnarsf phr cfboh bfn odtfrjacòh gavhra`nf bf nhs gajthrfs

odbovobuanfs y shjoanfs$ Nhs jhdtfxths jhdbojohdad nas dfjfsobabfs yrfsuntabhs bfn jhcphrtacofdth mucadh y bftfrcodad nhs prhbujths a sfr

jhdsobfrabhs sh`rfsanofdtfs$ Bfdtrh bf fsths chbfnhs bfstajad nas

aphrtajohdfs bf Cdes. A y Raddfcàuc$

\ara godfs bf fstf traàih bf totunajod sfkuorfchs na ndfa bfn parabokca

hrofdtabh an rfdbocofdth. rfvosadbh a jhdtoduajod jhd cayhr fxmaustovobab nas

aphrtajohdfs bf Gradhos Kakd fd fstf jhdjfpth$

0$1$0 \arabokca Hrofdtabh an Pfdbocofdth

Kakd -0


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pfrshda a nh narkh bf su mosthroa$ Fn tanfdth. fd jac`oh. pufbf sfr bfgodobh jhch fn

bhcodoh bfstajabh bf jhdhjocofdths. bfstrfzas h ma onobabfs bfsarrhnnabas

sostfctojacfdtf fd an cfdhs ud jacph bftfrcodabh bf na ajtovobab mucada. fd

ud krabh quf sota an fstuboadtf bfdtrh bfn 1


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Gokura 1$ Chbfnh Bogfrfdjoabh bf Bhtajod y Ranfdth bf Kakd -0


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\ara majfr rfgfrfdjoa an trcodh bf tanfdth ajabcojh. sf jhdsobfra

pfrtodfdtf bogfrfdjoar nhs trcodhs fxostfdtfs quf anubfd a na prfsfdjoa bf uda anta

japajobab fd nhs suifths y quf mad surkobh bf nhs bostodths chbfnhs fxpnojatovhsya cfdjohdabhs fd fn apartabh adtfrohr9

Zupfrbhtabh9 Zfkd Jastrh -0


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Fd fsta ndfa Kakd fsta`nfjf. phr htrh nabh. uda jnara bogfrfdjoa fdtrf bhtajod y

tanfdth. jhch ya sf rfvos$

Fd fsta odvfstokajod. sf jhdsobfra an tanfdth fd su cadogfstajod fd fnrfa ajabcoja$ Bf fsta cadfra nhs fstuboadtfs jhd tanfdth ajabcojh prfsfdtad

ud cadfih bfstajabh fd uda h ankudas bf nas rfas bf nfdkuaif. catfctojas.

mucadobabfs. jofdjoas `sojas y jofdjoas shjoanfs. sotudbhsf fd ud krabh quf

jhrrfsphdbf an 1


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-Jastrh. Hyadfbfn. \fz ' Quodtadonna. 1??=. fd Gnadakad y Aradjo`oa. 0


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Asocosch. nhs prh`nfcas cs grfjufdtfs fd fn aiustf shjoan y fchjohdan bf

nhs fstuboadtfs tanfdthshs shd9 a/ adsofbab jausaba phr fn anth dovfn bf

jhdhjocofdth y na rapobfz fd fn aprfdbozaif5 `/ krad sfdsoònobab grfdtf a nas

sfdsajohdfs bfn htrh5 j/ raskhs pfrgfjjohdostas5 b/ sfdsajohdfs bf sfdtorsf shnh.aosnabh y sfr bogfrfdtf5 y f/ fn aùrrocofdth y na apata prhbujth bf ud jhdtfxth

fbujatovh dh fstocunadtf -Jhnfcad. 1??75 Grffcad. 1??=. jotabh fd Gnadakad y

Aradjoòa. 0


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jhch fxostfd odstotujohdfs bfbojabas a na fstocunajod bf aqufnnas ma`onobabfs fd

nas quf nhs fstuboadtfs prfsfdtad ud bhcodoh bfstajabh$ Vda bf fnnas.

pfrtfdfjofdtf a na quodta rfkod bf Wanparash. fs fn prhkraca @FRA bf na

\hdtogojoa Vdovfrsobab Jatnoja bf Wanparash juya chbanobab fbujatova fs fnfdroqufjocofdth fxtrajurrojunar. fs bfjor. paranfnh y jhcpnfcfdtaroh a na fbujajod

ghrcan$ \rftfdbf fn bfsarrhnnh odtfkran bf nhs fsjhnarfs tanfdthshs bf na W Pfkod

prhvfdofdtfs prfgfrfdtfcfdtf bf sfjthrfs shjohfjhdcojhs vundfra`nfs.

hgrfjodbhnfs hphrtudobabfs fbujatovas bf janobab -@FRA \VJW. 0


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0


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jodjh tophs. a partor bf nhs jrotfrohs bfn BZC#OW. fd na jatfkhra knhàn bf trasthrdhs

kfdfranozabhs bfn bfsarrhnnh y bf trasthrdhs bfn fspfjtrh autosta9

Fn trasthrdh autosta -a vfjfs bfdhcodabh autosch "jnsojh"/$ Fn sdbrhcf bf Aspfrkfr$

Fn sdbrhcf bf Pftt$

Fn trasthrdh bfsodtfkratovh bf na odgadjoa$

Fn trasthrdh kfdfranozabh bfn bfsarrhnnh dh fspfjogojabh h autosch atpojh$

A jhdtoduajod sf prfsfdtard fd bftannf. bhs bf nas jatfkhras bf nhs

trasthrdhs kfdfranozabhs bfn bfsarrhnnh. pufs para godfs bf fstf traàih bftotunajod snh sf odbakar fd fn trasthrdh bfn fspfjtrh autosta y fd fn Zdbrhcf bf

Aspfrkfr$

0$0$1 Autosch

0$0$1$1 \frspfjtova mostroja bfn Autosch

May ud dhta`nf jhdsfdsh fd na notfratura jofdtgoja ajfrja bf quf fn autosch

fs ud trasthrdh bf hrokfd òhnkojh$ \hr htra partf. bovfrshs authrfs bfgofdbfd quf

na jnasogojajod psoquotroja bfn autosch bfpfdbf bf na prfsfdjoa bf antfrajohdfs

jhcphrtacfdtanfs fspfjgojas. as jhch tacòd odvfstokabhrfs jhch @arhd#

Jhmfd -1??


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Htra `ronnadtf odtuojod bf Eaddfr guf jhdsobfrar quf fsths dohs tfdad

ankd bfgfjth oddath quf fra rfsphdsa`nf bf su jhdbujta$ As cosch. tac`od

agorc Eaddfr. quf fn autosch fra ud sdbrhcf bostodth bf nas htras fdgfrcfbabfs

psoquotrojas bf na phja$ Zod fc`arkh. fd tofcphs bf fughroa psojhadantoja. majoagodanfs bf na bjaba bf nhs 2


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Ajtuancfdtf dh sf pufbf ajfptar na `asf psojhnkoja bfn autosch. cs ad

jhd na prfsfdtf jrffdjoa bf quf fsta jhdbojod fs fn rfsuntabh bf uda adhcana

fspfjgoja bfn jfrf`rh -Dfomart. 0


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fxpnojabhs nhs prhjfshs bodcojhs quf pfrcotfd na hdthkdfsos bf jofrtas

gudjohdfs supfrohrfs quf sf vfd fspfjgojacfdtf antfrabas fd fn juabrh$

A partor bf nh adtfrohr fs quf sf vf rfgnfiaba uda hrkadozajod bostodta a na

h`sfrvaba fd quofdfs dh tofdfd fstf bfshrbfd bf na jhhrbodajod bf nhsprodjopanfs fifs bfn bfsarrhnnh -chtroz. shjoh#abaptatovh y jhkdotovh/. bhdbf sf

fvobfdjoad rftrashs. bftfdjohdfs y(h rfkrfsohdfs fd nhs coschs -\udo. 0


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Ra`na 1$ Jrotfrohs para fn boakdstojh bfn G=2$< Rrasthrdh Autosta -Gufdtf9BZC#OW#RP/$

A$ Fxostf ud thtan bf 7 -h cs/ tfcs bf 1. 0 y :. jhd phr nh cfdhs bhs bf 1. y udh bf 0 y bf :9

1$ Antfrajod juanotatova bf na odtfrajjod shjoan. cadogfstaba an cfdhs phr bhs bf nassokuofdtfs jarajtfrstojas9

-a/ Ocphrtadtf antfrajod bfn ush bf cntopnfs jhcphrtacofdths dh vfrànfs. jhch shdjhdtajth hjunar. fxprfsod gajoan. phsturas jhrphranfs y kfsths rfkunabhrfs bf na odtfrajjodshjoan$-`/ Odjapajobab para bfsarrhnnar rfnajohdfs jhd jhcpafrhs abfjuabas an dovfn bf bfsarrhnnh$-j/ Ausfdjoa bf na tfdbfdjoa fsphdtdfa para jhcpartor jhd htras pfrshdas bosgrutfs.odtfrfsfs y hìftovhs -p$ fi$. dh chstrar. trafr h sfanar hìfths bf odtfrs/$-b/ ganta bf rfjoprhjobab shjoan h fchjohdan$

0$ Antfrajod juanotatova bf na jhcudojajod cadogfstaba an cfdhs phr bhs bf nas sokuofdtfsjarajtfrstojas9

-a/ Pftrash h ausfdjoa thtan bfn bfsarrhnnh bfn nfdkuaif hran -dh ajhcpaabh bf odtfdths parajhcpfdsarnh cfboadtf chbhs antfrdatovhs bf jhcudojajod. tanfs jhch kfsths h ccoja/$-`/ Fd suifths jhd ud ma`na abfjuaba. antfrajod ocphrtadtf bf na japajobab para odojoar hcadtfdfr uda jhdvfrsajod jhd htrhs$-j/ Vtonozajod fstfrfhtopaba y rfpftotova bfn nfdkuaif h nfdkuaif obohsodjrsojh$-b/ Ausfdjoa bf iufkh rfanosta fsphdtdfh. varoabh. h bf iufkh ocotatovh shjoan prhpoh bfn dovfnbf bfsarrhnnh$

:$ \atrhdfs bf jhcphrtacofdth. odtfrfsfs y ajtovobabfs rfstrodkobhs. rfpftotovhs yfstfrfhtopabhs. cadogfstabhs phr nh cfdhs cfboadtf uda bf nas sokuofdtfs jarajtfrstojas9

-a/ \rfhjupajod a`shr`fdtf phr udh h cs patrhdfs fstfrfhtopabhs y rfstrojtovhs bf odtfrsquf rfsunta adhrcan. sfa fd su odtfdsobab. sfa fd su hìftovh-`/ Abmfsod aparfdtfcfdtf odgnfxo`nf a rutodas h rotuanfs fspfjgojhs. dh gudjohdanfs-j/ Cadofroschs chthrfs fstfrfhtopabhs y rfpftotovhs -p$ fi$. sajubor h korar nas cadhs hbfbhs. h chvocofdths jhcpnfihs bf thbh fn jufrph/-b/ \rfhjupajod pfrsostfdtf phr partfs bf hìfths


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@$ Pftrash h gudjohdacofdth adhrcan fd phr nh cfdhs uda bf nas sokuofdtfs rfas. quf aparfjfadtfs bf nhs : ahs bf fbab9 1 odtfrajjod shjoan. 0 nfdkuaif utonozabh fd na jhcudojajod shjoan h :

iufkh soc`nojh h ocakodatovh$

J$ Fn trasthrdh dh sf fxpnoja cfihr phr na prfsfdjoa bf ud trasthrdh bf Pftt h bf ud trasthrdhbfsodtfkratovh odgadton$

Jhch sf pufbf h`sfrvar. nhs jrotfrohs prfsfdtabhs fd na Ra`na 1. dhs

pfrcotfd fna`hrar ud adnosos sh`rf trfs kradbfs rfas pfrtur`abas. a partor bf nh

quf sf sfana fd \udo -0


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jhdvfrsajod$ Racòd tofdbfd a ma`nar bfspus quf nhs htrhs dohs y pufbfd

rfgfrorsf a s coschs phr fn dhc`rf fd nukar bf _h h c$ Nhs dohs jhd AZB dh

sa`fd iukar odtfrajtuadbh jhd nhs htrhs dohs$ Ankudhs ma`nad jhd authrobab

sh`rf uda kaca fstrfjma bf tfcas gavhroths. sod ocphrtarnfs bfcasoabh ajfrja bfnhs odtfrfsfs bf na pfrshda jhd na quf fstd ma`nadbh$

:$ Jhdbujtas rotuanostas y jhcpunsovas quf trabujfd ud acpnoh trasthrdh bf

odtfrfsfs y ajtovobabfs9 chvocofdths jhrphranfs fstfrfhtopabhs. prfhjupajod

fxjfsova phr bftannfs h ghrcas -fi$9 hngatfar hìfths. fxacodar rfpftobacfdtf na

tfxtura bf ud hìfth h udh bf sus bftannfs/. vodjunajod a hìfths pfjunoarfs -p$ fi$.

nnfvar sofcprf fdjoca ud trhzh bf jufrba/. h`sfsod phr na odvaroaònobab bfnfdthrdh jhd canfstar adtf pfqufhs jacòhs. odsostfdjoa fd sfkuor rutodas.

rfstrojjod fd fn jhdiudth bf odtfrfsfs jhd prfhjupajod fxjfsova phr ankudas

godanobabfs jhdjrftas f onkojas y jhdbujtas authnfsovas$ Cujmhs dohs jhd AZB

sf odvhnujrad fd chvocofdths rfpftotovhs jhch cfjfrsf y bar vufntas. h fd

jhdbujtas auth#aùsovas jhch chrbfrsf h khnpfarsf na ja`fza. fdtrf htrhs$

\udo -0


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0$0$0 Zdbrhcf bf Aspfrkfr -Z$A/

Fn sdbrhcf bf Aspfrkfr -JOF#1


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Na pfrshda quf nh prfsfdta tofdf ud aspfjth dhrcan. japajobab dhrcan bf

odtfnokfdjoa. grfjufdtfcfdtf. ma`onobabfs fspfjoanfs fd rfas rfstrodkobas. pfrh

tofdf prh nfcas para rfnajohdarsf jhd nhs bfcs y fd hjasohdfs prfsfdtad

jhcphrtacofdths odabfjuabhs$Na pfrshda Aspfrkfr prfsfdta ud pfdsar bostodth$ Zu pfdsar fs nkojh.

jhdjrfth f mopfrrfanosta$ Zu bosjapajobab dh fs fvobfdtf. snh sf cadogofsta an

dovfn bf jhcphrtacofdths shjoanfs odabfjuabhs prhphrjohddbhnfs a fnnhs y a sus

gaconoarfs prh`nfcas$

Fn Caduan boakdstojh y fstabstojh bf nhs trasthrdhs cfdtanfs fsta`nfjo

jrotfrohs nhs juanfs pfrcotfd bostodkuor fn Zdbrhcf bf Aspfrkfr. bf htrhs

trasthrdhs kfdfranozabhs bfn bfsarrhnnh. nhs juanfs sf prfsfdtad fd na sokuofdtfta`na$

Ra`na 0$ Jrotfrohs para fn boakdstojh bfn G=2$6 Rrasthrdh bf Aspfrkfr-0??$=


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F$ Dh may rftrash jndojacfdtf sokdogojatovh bfn bfsarrhnnh jhkdhsjotovh do bfn bfsarrhnnh bfma`onobabfs bf authayuba prhpoas bf na fbab. jhcphrtacofdth abaptatovh -bostodth bf na odtfrajjodshjoan/ y jurohsobab ajfrja bfn ac`ofdtf buradtf na odgadjoa$G$ Dh jucpnf nhs jrotfrohs bf htrh trasthrdh kfdfranozabh bfn bfsarrhnnh do bf fsquozhgrfdoa$

Fd \udo -0


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phbfr odojoar y sa`fr bf qu jhdvfrsar jhd htras pfrshdas ya quf nfs jufsta

fdtfdbfr nhs fstabhs cfdtanfs bf sus odtfrnhjuthrfs$

2$Antfrajohdfs bf na fxprfsod fchjohdan y chthra9 prfsfdtadbh nocotajohdfs fd fnush bfn nfdkuaif kfstuan y thrpfza chthra fd fxcfdfs dfurhpsojhnkojhs$

6$ Japajobab dhrcan bf odtfnokfdjoa odtfrpfrshdan$

\udo -0


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jhdbujtas hphsojohdostas. fdtrf htrhs/ -Jannf bf Cfbodajfno. 0


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Ra`na :$ Ra`na bf jarajtfrstojas para bogfrfdjoar fn Autosch y fn Zdbrhcf bfAspfrkfr$

BogfrfdjoasAutosch Zdbrhcf bf AspfrkfrPftrash fd na aparojod bfn nfdkuaif.h`sfrvdbhsf uda kractoja yvhja`unaroh nocotabhs

Dh sf h`sfrvad bogfrfdjoasfstrujturanfs fd fn nfdkuaif. odjnusovfpufbf hjurror quf fd ankudhs jashsfxostad japajobabfs fxtrahrbodaroas fdfsta rfa. dh h`stadtf. fn nfdkuaif fdfstas pfrshdas fs fxtrah. phr juadthsf h`sfrvad nocotajohdfs prakctojas yprhsbojas$

Jhfgojofdtf Odtfnfjtuan kfdfrancfdtf

phr bf`aih bf nh dhrcan$

Jhfgojofdtf Odtfnfjtuan kfdfrancfdtf

phr fdjoca bf nh dhrcan. fvobfdjoadbhuda japajobab dhrcan fd su odtfnokfdjoankojh#catfctoja. y grfjufdtfcfdtfjhcpftfdjoas fxjfpjohdanfs fdjacphsrfstrodkobhs$

Kfdfrancfdtf fn boakdstojh sf rfanozaadtfs bf nhs : ahs

Dhrcancfdtf fn boakdstojh sf rfanozabfspus bf nhs : ahs

Dodkd odtfrs h`sfsovh bf "anth dovfn" Odtfrfsfs h`sfsovhs bf "anth dovfn"Nhs pabrfs bftfjtad prh`nfcasanrfbfbhr bf nhs 1= cfsfs bf fbab

Nhs pabrfs bftfjtad prh`nfcasanrfbfbhr bf nhs bhs ahs y cfboh

Fdtrf nas soconotubfs. sf jarajtfrozad phr9

\rfsfdtar antfrajohdfs quf agfjtad a nas odtfrrfnajohdfs shjoanfs. na

jhcudojajod y na ocakodajod -prh`nfcas jhd fn pfdsacofdth a`strajth

h gnfxo nf y na fcpata/ -Raccft. 0


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h`stadtf. sf jhdsobfra quf ac`hs shd bostodths krabhs bfn cosch

prh`nfca. fd fn juan fn sdbrhcf bf Aspfrkfr fs na vfrsod cs nfvf y

gavhra`nf bfn autosch$ \hr as bfjornh. na bogfrfdjoa fdtrf fn autosch

jnsojh y fn sdbrhcf bf Aspfrkfr sfra juadtotatova. bf dovfn bfkravfbab. pfrh sfrad fn cosch toph bf bosjapajobab$

Zhd jhdsobfrabhs fbujadbhs jhd Dfjfsobabfs Fbujatovas Fspfjoanfs

-DFF/. quf dfjfsotad sfr juntovabas a travs bf rfjurshs pfbakkojhs

fspfjoanfs y bfcadbad sfkuracfdtf uda atfdjod fspfjgoja fd

jhcparajod an rfsth bf sus jhcpafrhs(as bf fbab y dovfn. para

anjadzar fn cxoch bf su bfsarrhnnh pfrshdan y bf aprfdbozaif$

Masta na gfjma. fxostfd y sf majfd fvobfdtfs nas bogojuntabfs para ajfrtar

jhd fn boakdstojh bf fstf juabrh. fn juan sufnf sfr hpajabh phr htrhs trasthrdhs

soconarfs. nh juan sf rfagorca jhd nhs apartabhs adtfrohrfs quf bad jufdta bf nas

fsjasas bogfrfdjoas y sfcfiadzas fdtrf fn autosch y fn Z$A$

Mfrddbfz -0


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bogfrfdjoas fd su jhcpftfdjoa shjoan y rfpfrthroh rfstrodkobh bf ajtovobabfs

-Mfrddbfz. 0


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Asshunodf. 0


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jhcudfs a ac`hs. y pufbfd tfdfr uda fxjfnfdtf cfchroa -Jnare. 1??05 Grotm.

1??15 Nfvy. 1?==5 Zonvfrcad. 1??:. fd Dfomart. 0


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0$2 Bogfrfdjoas fdtrf Ranfdth Ajabcojh y Ranfdth Ajabcojh jhd Zdbrhcfbf Aspfrkfr

\ara phbfr jhdsobfrar abfjuabacfdtf a ud odbovobuh jhch bh`nfcfdtf

fxjfpjohdan. dh jhdgudbofdbh nhs jrotfrohs bf jhrtf. quf pfrcadfjfd fd uda

fstrfjma `rfjma fdtrf Ranfdth Ajabcojh purh. y na jhdbojod h`ifth bf fstuboh.

fs quf sf prfsfdta na sokuofdtf ta`na9

Ra`na 2$ Jarajtfrstojas prhpufstas para bogfrfdjoar nhs dohs jhcudfsbhtabhs bf nhs dohs bhtabhs jhd fn Zdbrhcf bf Aspfrkfr -Dfomart. 0


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Rac od fxostfd bogfrfdjoas fd nhs jhcphrtacofdths shjoanfs quf

jarajtfrozad a nhs suifths jhd Z$A y a ankudhs dohs tanfdthshs$ Dfomart -0


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cfboh bf na japajobab jhkdotova. fn dbojf bf jhcprfdsod vfr an. y fn dbojf bf

razhdacofdth pfrjfptovh sf fdjhdtrarhd fd anths pfrjfdtonfs. sh`rf dhvfdta. nh

juan sukofrf quf nas cayhrfs bosjrfpadjoas -phr fifcpnh. cs bf uda bfsvoajod

fstdbar/ fdtrf maònobabfs bf pfdsacofdth bf hrbfd supfrohr -vfrànfs y dhvfrànfs/ y nas maònobabfs bf pfdsacofdth bf hrbfd cfdhr -cfchroa bf traàih y

vfnhjobab bf prhjfsacofdth/ shd cs òfd na rfkna fdtrf nhs fstuboadtfs

bh`nfcfdtf fxjfpjohdanfs. h fdtrf aqufnnhs jhd antas japajobabfs y

bosjapajobabfs jhdjhcotadtfs$

Nhs rfsuntabhs fd na japajobab bf abaptajod fstuvofrhd. fd kfdfran.

ajhrbfs a nas fxpfjtatovas bf bfsarrhnnh fd na jhcudojajod y fd fn bhcodoh bf nas

maònobabfs para na voba jhtoboada. dh h`stadtf. nas maònobabfs shjoanfs fradcujmh cs àias$ Fstf patrd bf rfsuntabhs fd fn gudjohdacofdth abaptatovh fs

ud gufrtf prfbojthr bf nhs RKB fdtrf nhs odbovobuhs dh bhtabhs -Konnmac. Jartfr.

Whnecar y Zparrhw. 0


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bf`fd sfr jhdsobfrabhs para godfs bf fstf traàih bf totunajod. ya quf fxostfd

phjhs fstubohs quf a`hrbfd fstf hìfth bf fstuboh$

Babh quf nas cfbojohdfs jhkdotovas y ajabcojas dh jhdstotuyfd jrotfrohsboakdstojhs sugojofdtfcfdtf jnarogojabhrfs para bftfrcodar na bh`nf

fxjfpjohdanobab bf anth gudjohdacofdth. fd fstf traàih bf odvfstokajod sf

jhdsobfrad varoa nfs shjohfchjohdanfs jhch fn authjhdjfpth y nas vovfdjoas

gaconoarfs y fbujatovas. aspfjths quf sf rfvosard a jhdtoduajod$

Authjhdjfpth

:$1 Fvhnujod bfn authjhdjfpth

Authjhdjfpth y janobab bf voba mhy phr mhy fstd fstrfjmacfdtf nokabhs$

Zhd partf bf nhs bfrfjmhs fsfdjoanfs y jhdstotuyfd na àsf bfn bfsarrhnnh mucadh

y shjoan$ \hr fsh. fd dufstrh pas sf ma odvfstokabh fn authjhdjfpth bf nhs dohs

y abhnfsjfdtfs jmonfdhs fd nas bhs ntocas bjabas -Conojoj y Khrhstfkuo. 1??:5

Khrhstfkuo. 1??2. fd Brr. 0


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1?7; bfgodf authjhdjfpth jhch ud sft rfnatovacfdtf fsta`nf bf ajtotubfs

bfsjroptovas y tac`od vanhratovas maja fn s cosch$ Fstas authpfrjfpjohdfs bad

hrokfd a authvanhrajohdfs -jhkdojohdfs/ y sfdtocofdths -agfjths/ quf tofdfd

fgfjths chtovajohdanfs sh`rf na jhdbujta -Khrhstfkuo. 0


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authjhdjfpth ajabcojh. qufbara odtfkrabh phr htras rfas cs fspfjgojas bfn

authjhdjfpth y quf sf rfnajohdad borfjtacfdtf jhd nas sotuajohdfs jhdjrftas y

h`sfrva`nfs. tanfs jhch fn authjhdjfpth catfctojh. authjhdjfpth vfr`an. fdtrf

htrhs$ Nhs coschs authrfs sfanad quf fn authjhdjfpth dh ajabcojh ocpnojabfsjropjohdfs bf nhs suifths quf majfd rfgfrfdjoa a aspfjths jhdjrfths

h`sfrva`nfs bf rfas fspfjgojas. jhch fn aspfjth gsojh. varoa`nfs fchjohdanfs

h jufstohdfs shjoanfs -Khdznfs. Dfz. Knfz y Karja 1??;/$

Fd nas sokuofdtfs ta`nas sf onustra jhd bftannf jaba aspfjth9

Ra`na 6$ Chbfnh bf Zmavfnshd. Muf`dfr y Ztadthd 1?;?

AVRHJHDJF\RHKFDFPAN

AVRHJHDJF\RHAJABFCOJH

CatfctojhAjabcojh

kfdfranWfr`an

AVRHJHDJF\RH DHAJABFCOJH

Pfnajodpabrfs

Pfnajodjhd

parfs

Aparofdjoagsoja

JapajobabGsoja


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abiubojar h quotar vanhr a nas bostodtas bocfdsohdfs sfkd bogfrfdtfs fstratfkoas

jhkdotovas bfgfdsovas bfn yh -@arja. \fran`h. \hrth. Zadthruc y Jastrh. 0


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odjnuyfd fn authjhdjfpth vfràn -AW/ quf fs fn jhdjfpth quf fn anucdh tofdf bf s

cosch jhch fstuboadtf fd fn rfa bf nfdkua y agodfs$

:$0 Authfstoca

Fn jhdjfpth bf s cosch fst a na àsf bf na authfstoca. na juan sfra na

suca bf iuojohs quf uda pfrshda tofdf bf s cosca. fs bfjor nh quf ud suifth sf

bojf a s cosch sh`rf so cosch -Mafussnfr y Conojoj. 1??7/$ Jhdsostf fd uda

authfvanuajod quf na pfrshda majf y cadtofdf bf ghrca pfrsostfdtf sh`rf s

cosch5 sf fxprfsa fd uda ajtotub bf aprhàjod h rfprhàjod f odboja mastabhdbf n sf sofdtf japaz. sokdogojatovh. vanohsh y fxothsh -Jhhpfrscotm. 1?7;. fd

Chdtt y Jmvfz. 1??7/$ Na authfstoca. fdthdjfs sfra fn krabh bf satosgajjod

jhdsokh cosch. na vanhrozajod bf udh cosch$ Jhch sfana Quadbt y Zfnzdoje

-1?=2. fd Chdtt y Jmvfz. 1??7/ fstas pfrjfpjohdfs odjnuyfd na ocakfd bf s

cosch fd jhcparajod jhd htrhs. na ocakfd quf pfrjo`f quf htrhs tofdfd bf n. y

na ocakfd bf jch quosofra sfr$ Cofdtras fxosta uda cayhr bosjrfpadjoa fdtrf fn

authjhdjfpth obfan. fs bfjor na ocakfd bf jch quosofra sfr. y na pfrjfpjod quf

sf tofdf bf s h bf na rfspufsta bf nas fxpfjtatovas bfn htrh. may uda cayhr

antfrajod fd na authfstoca$ Asocosch. cofdtras cs sokdogojatovhs sfad nhs htrhs

para fn suifth. cayhr vanhr tfdbrd sus hpodohdfs h rfspufstas. y phr nh tadth

agfjtar bf cadfra cs bfjosova na pfrjfpjod quf sf vaya ghrcadbh bf s

cosch$

Na authfstoca aàrja uda vanhrajod knhàn ajfrja bf s cosch. na juan

jhrrfsphdbf a uda pfrjfpjod bf sfr h dh vanohsh h qufro`nf. pfrh fd trcodhs

kfdfranfs$ Dh h`stadtf. Mafussnfr y Conojoj -1??7/ sfanad quf fxostfd udasbocfdsohdfs h rfas fspfjgojas bf na authfstoca. nas juanfs shd9


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Dh h`stadtf. fd fn fstuboh bf Ghnfy y Asshunodf -0


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Wovfdjoa

2$1 Pfnfvadjoa jhch jatfkhra bf fstuboh

Na vovfdjoa jhdstotuyf para dufstra odvfstokajod. uda udobab bf adnososjhd fnfvabh sokdogojabh$ \hr nh cosch sf majf rfnfvadtf jhdsobfrar. bfgodor y

bfnocotar fstf jhdjfpth ya quf ocpnoja ud aspfjth a adanozar fd nhs suifths bf

odvfstokajod$ Fn odvfstokabhr quf prftfdba fstuboarna "bf`f sfr japaz bf mannar na

rfnajod quf fxostf fdtrf fn suifth y su fdthrdh. na fxpfrofdjoa fchjohdan bf n. fd

htras pana ras jch ud suifth sf fdtfra bf. odtfrprfta. y sf rfnajohda

fchjohdancfdtf jhd jofrth ajhdtfjocofdth" -Wykhtsey. 1??2. p$;. fd Mfrddbfz.

0


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fxpfrocfdta$ Dh pfrcotf rfpnojajohdfs h ocotajohdfs. fs doja y jhcprfdso`nf shnh

jhd na ayuba y partojopajod bf quofd na fxpfrocfdtf$

2$: Wovfdjoa y Bh`nf Fxjfpjohdanobab

\rhgudbozar fd nhs sokdogojabhs atroùobhs a nas fxpfrofdjoas quf tofdfd y

mad tfdobh suifths quf prfsfdtad bh`nf fxjfpjohdanobab. fs uda tfctojafsjasacfdtf fstuboaba f odvfstokaba$ Zo òfd fn Zdbrhcf bf Aspfrkfr prfsfdta

uda vasta bhjucfdtajod. rfchdtdbhsf a Nfh Eaddfr. mad sobh phjas nas

odvfstokajohdfs fcprojas para fxacodar bf qu cadfra fstas bogojuntabfs sf

cadogofstad fd jhdjrfth$ Abfcs. fsths tfcas dudja mad sobh fxacodabhs fdtrf

nhs suifths bf anta japajobab. h tanfdthshs ajabcojacfdtf. jhcparadbh nhs

kruphs para bftfrcodar so fd fn bfsarrhnnh fxostfd bogfrfdjoas -Ghnfy#Dojphd.

Bhhày y Asshunodf. 0


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WOO$ CFRHBHNHKA

7$1 \frspfjtova Juanotatova Ftdhshjohnkoja

Na cfthbhnhka fcpnfaba fd fstf tra`aih bf totunajod rfsphdbf a ud

jhdstrujth tfrojh fna`hrabh a partor bf na pfrspfjtova ftdhshjohnkoja$ Fsta

pfrspfjtova jhdsostf fd jhdjfdtrar fn fstuboh sh`rf ud cudbh shjoan jfdtrabh

sh`rf uda ajtovobab fspfjgoja. rfakrupadbh fn jhdiudth bf pfrshdas quf sf

fdjufdtrad fd uda sotuajod shjoan baba -@frtaux. 0


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A partor bf fsta pfrspfjtova sf rfanoza dufstra odvfstokajod fd fn prhkraca

@FRA # \VJW. fn juan ya sf ma cfdjohdabh prfvoacfdtf jhch uda bf nasodstotujohdfs bfbojabas a na fstocunajod bfn tanfdth ajabcojh$ Bfsbf fstf

prhkraca sf mad obfdtogojabh bhs fstuboadtfs quf prfsfdtad bh`nf

fxjfpjohdanobab. udh quf jursa 2 bf fbujajod cfboa y htrh quf jursa 7 bf

fbujajod kfdfran `soja$ Fn procfr suifth bf fstuboh asostf bfsbf fn ah 0


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Zfkd @frtaux -0


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bftfrcodadtfs -@frtaux. 0


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odtfrrhkadtfs quf ayubarhd a bfnocotar nas fdtrfvostas fd prhgudbobab y a

rfcfchrar nhs rfnaths bf prjtojas fd sotuajod$ Fnnh ayubh a rfudor na àsf

fcproja quf pfrcotf fn adnosos bf na bh nf fxjfpjohdanobab$ \hr fnnh. nas

fdtrfvostas gufrhd bosfabas àih ud kuohd gnfxo`nf y aòfrth a chbogojajohdfsburadtf nhs rfnaths bf voba$ Bf fsta cadfra. fs dfjfsaroh tac od rfanozar

fdtrfvostas a nhs pabrfs bf nhs suifths bf fstuboh$

7$2$2 Fdtrfvostas borokobas a pabrfs

Baba nas jarajtfrstojas bf na pfrspfjtova ftdhshjohnkoja. sf dht quf nas

rfnajohdfs quf ajhdtfjfd fdtrf nhs suifths bf fstuboh y fn jhdtfxth shjohgaconoar

dh sf rfkostrad fd dodkuda partf5 bf cadfra quf guf dfjfsaroh rfanozar fdtrfvostasa nhs pabrfs bf jaba doh5 para dh bfiar bf jhdsobfrar ankd bath rfnfvadtf fd na

odvfstokajod$ Na ocphrtadjoa bf na phstura jofdtgoja fs na cfboba bf na

fxtrahrbodaroa varofbab bf nas ghrcas bf rfnajohdfs odtragaconoarfs quf jhfxostfd

fd fn sfdh bf uda cosca shjofbab -@frtaux. 0


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Nufkh quf sf rfjhpona na odghrcajod. fs phso`nf rfanozar fn adnosos

juanotatovh. fn juan fsta àsabh fd na odghrcajod quf sf h`tofdf a partor bf nas

fdtrfvostas y bf nas h`sfrvajohdfs$ Fd fstf adnosos sf rfanoza uda odtfrprftajod

adantoja bfn cudbh bf nhs partojopadtfs y bf nhs prhjfshs para jhdstruor fshs

cudbhs$ As tacòd. socuntdfacfdtf sf jhbogojad y adanozad nhs baths jhd fn

god bf bfsarrhnnar jhdjfpths$ Bf fsta cadfra fn adnosos sf gudbacfdta fd nhs

prodjopohs cfthbhnkojhs bf na tfhra gudbacfdtaba. na juan sfkd Knasfr. -1??0/

fs uda cfthbhnhka bf adnosos. udoba a na rfjhkoba bf baths. quf utonoza ud

jhdiudth bf cthbhs. sostfctojacfdtf apnojabhs. para kfdfrar uda tfhra

odbujtova sh`rf ud rfa sustadtova$ Fn prhbujth bf odvfstokajod godan jhdstotuyf

uda ghrcunajod tfroja. h ud jhdiudth odtfkrabh bf moptfsos jhdjfptuanfs. sh`rf

fn rfa su`stadtova quf fs hìfth bf fstuboh$ -Knasfr. 1??09 :


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para na odvfstokajod h para na fxprfsod nodkstoja fd ud rfa bftfrcodaba bf

jhdhjocofdth$

7$6$0 \rhjfbocofdth bf adnosos

Nhs prhjfshs bf jhbogojajod bf na odghrcajod sf mad sostfcatozabh a

partor bf ud shgtwarf bf odvfstokajod nnacabh Atnas$to. fn juan gudjohda asokdadbhjbokhs bf odghrcajod a nas fdtrfvostas a`ofrtas. fsta`nfjofdbh phstfrohrcfdtf

rfnajohdfs fdtrf jbokhs y jhdstruyfdbh gaconoas jatfkhroanfs$ Fn shgtwarf Atnas$to

ayuba a fsta`nfjfr fstas rfnajohdfs jatfkhroanfs fdtrf na odghrcajod. nh quf

jhdtro`uyf a jhcprfdbfr nhs gajthrfs quf odgnuyfd fd na bh`nf fxjfpjohdanobab$


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WOOO$ \PFZFDRAJOD _ ADNOZOZ BF NA ODGHPCAJOD

Cfboadtf fn adnosos bf nas fdtrfvostas. y phr fdbf bfn rfnath bf nas vovfdjoas

y pfrjfpjohdfs bf nhs suifths bf fstuboh. fs quf sf mad phbobh fsta`nfjfr jodjhkradbfs fifs tfctojhs quf mad sobh fn ghjh bf atfdjod bf fsta odvfstokajod

-Cadfih jhdjfptuan bf na Bh`nf Fxjfpjohdanobab. Atro`ujod phsotova bfn Ranfdth

Ajabcojh. Jhdtfxths Gavhrfjfbhrfs bf na Bh`nf Fxjfpjohdanobab. Atro`ujod

dfkatova bfn Zdbrhcf bf Aspfrkfr. y Jhdtfxths bfsgavhrfjfbhrfs bf na Bh`nf

Fxjfpjohdanobab/$ Jhch fra bf fspfrarsf. sf mad fsta`nfjobh jatfkhras bf

fstuboh. soconarfs y partojunarfs. bfpfdbofdbh bf na rfanobab bf jaba odbovobuh. nas

juanfs mad sobh rfnajohdabas. cfboadtf na fna`hrajod bf jbokhs$ Nas rfnajohdfs

quf sf fsta`nfjofrhd bfspus bf na odvfstokajod. qufbad fxpufstas fd na gokura

:. bfsbf na juan. sf hrokodad nhs jodjh fifs tfctojhs cfdjohdabhs adtfrohrcfdtf$


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Gokura :$ Capa bf jbokhs sh`rf pfrjfpjohdfs y vovfdjoas shjohfchjohdanfs bf

bhs anucdhs jhd bh`nf fxjfpjohdanobab$ Fna`hrabh phr Zhgtwarf Atnas$to$ -Adfxh.

\k$ 1


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bf odbakar f odvfstokar sh`rf fn jhdjfpth bf Aspfrkfr5 odjnush uda bf fnnas nnfk a

bfbujor quf na jhdbojod bf su moih sf bf`f. phso`nfcfdtf. a uda prfbosphsojod

kfdtoja mfrfbotaroa$ Nh adtfrohr sf pufbf aprfjoar fd na sokuofdtf rfgfrfdjoa9 _h

jrfh quf n fd ankd chcfdth sf ma`r prfkudtabh fn phrqu bf fsth$ Bf mfjmh.

dhs prfkudt varoas vfjfs y jrfh quf ajfpta jhch. jhch fxpnojajod fn mfjmh

quf fs ud tfca oddath quf tofdf uda. uda jhbogojajod kfdtoja quf sf tradscotf

phrquf aparfdtfcfdtf fd na gaconoa bf Naura may ankuofd cs quf tofdf. cs bf

ankudh quf tofdf na jarajtfrstoja$ Fdthdjfs. aparfdtfcfdtf. fm. n nh asucf

jhch ankh quf sf nh tradscotofrhd y quf phso`nfcfdtf. a nh cfihr fn pubofra

tradscotor. audquf fsth dh sf tradscotf phr fn nabh casjunodh. va cs phr fn nabh

gfcfdodh. pfrh nh fdtofdbf as. bokachs -Carjfnh/$Iudth a fsth. fs ocphrtadtf sfanar quf na odghrcajod quf cadfiad nhs

pabrfs majf rfgfrfdjoa a quf fn Aspfrkfr phsff na jarajtfrstoja bf prfsfdtar ud

anth gudjohdacofdth jhkdotovh fd jhcparajod a htrhs Rrasthrdhs Kfdfranozabhs

bfn Bfsarrhnnh. nhs juanfs kfdfrancfdtf sf fdjufdtrad ashjoabhs a ankd krabh

bf bosjapajobab odtfnfjtuan$ Fsth sf jhrrh`hra jhd nh fxpufsth phr \udo -0


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quf vfr jhd su jhdbojod -Aspfrkfr/. h sfa fsh nh. nh tofdf -Ranfdth/. sa`f quf fs

phr fsh -Carjfnh/$ As. sf kfdfra na tfdbfdjoa a na dhrcanozajod phr partf bf

nhs pabrfs bf na jhdbojod bf Ranfdth. asfvfradbh quf fs dhrcan su fxostfdjoa ya

quf fs prhpoa bfn Zdbrhcf Aspfrkfr. nh juan fs phso`nf fvobfdjoar fd na sokuofdtfrfgfrfdjoa parfdtan9 ffdthdjfs para c dh guf tad as. dh nh sfdt. tacphjh para

n$ A partf quf fn jhnfkoh fd s. na cayhra shd dohs quf shd bf anth dovfn

fbujajohdan. fdthdjfs an godan jaso thbas nas cacs ma`nàchs bf nh cosch fd

fn jhnfkoh thbhs tfdad ùfdas dhtas$ Fdthdjfs para c jhch quf dh fra ankh

dufvh$ Fdthdjfs dh nh thcf Vy co doh fs spfr odtfnokfdtf. co doh hm tofdf

fstas japajobabfs! Dh -Cara/$

Fd juadth a nas pfrjfpjohdfs bf nhs suifths sh`rf fsta bh`nf jhdbojod.ac`hs fxprfsad quf fn Aspfrkfr fs na jhdbojod quf proca fd sus vobas. sod

h`voar quf sf rfjhdhjfd jhch pfrshdas tanfdthsas ya quf prfsfdtad ud anth

rfdbocofdth ajabcojh$ Fd nas sokuofdtfs jotas. nhs suifths asfvfrad nh adtfrohr.

grfdtf a na prfkudta bf juan fs na jhdbojod quf fnnhs pofdsad quf proca cs5

bora quf fstd fd ud fcpa. atf ph. ya quf -/ ffmm -/ fsh fs untocacf. fdtf

ph. phrquf adtfs fra cs Aspfrkfr pf. pfrh amhra sf fst fquo. fquono`radbh

-Iuad/5 Fn aspfrkfr Fn tanfdth sfra na jhdsfjufdjoa bfn Aspfrkfr -Adbrs/$

Fd juadth a nas pfrjfpjohdfs parfdtanfs. sf fvobfdjoad aprfjoajohdfs

bovfrkfdtfs. ya quf pabrfs bf ud cosch suifth hpodad bf bogfrfdtf cadfra. udh

agorca quf proca na jhdbojod Aspfrkfr y fn htrh na bf Ranfdth. nh juan rfgnfia quf

dh fxostf ud cadfih bfn jhdjfpth bf Bh`nf Fxjfpjohdanobab. sodh shnh

pfrjfpjohdfs bf jaba jhdbojod bf cadfra odbfpfdbofdtf. bhdbf fn pudth fd

jhcd fs na atroùjod bf jausa#fgfjth quf nf hthrkad an Aspfrkfr y an Ranfdth$ Fn

pabrf quf asfvfra quf proca na jhdbojod bf Ranfdth. sfana ud aspfjthocphrtadtf rfgfrobh a na pfrjfpjod bf fsta jhdbojod jhch achrtokuabhra bf nas

bogojuntabfs prhpoas bfn Aspfrkfr. nh juan odgnuora fd nas atroùjohdfs phsotovas bfn

suifth a su jhdbojod bf Ranfdthsh. jhch sf pufbf aprfjoar a jhdtoduajod9 _h

jrfh quf proca cs fn tanfdth$ \hrquf. na cayhr partf bfn ba bf Iuad. n fst


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majofdbh jhsas quf nf shd. quf fstd rfnajohdabas jhd sus vfdtaias. jhd sus

maònobabfs. jhd sus jhcpftfdjoasfn tofdf uda jhdbojod quf nh majf

nokfracfdtf bogfrfdtf a nhs bfcs. pfrh an cosch tofcph sugojofdtfcfdtf

odtfnokfdtf para barsf jufdta bf quf n pufbf jhcpfdsar fsh. quf n pufbf

cadfiarnh. quf pufbf. fm. bf ankuda cadfra. s majfr uda fspfjof bf

jhcpfdsajod. bf. bf cotokar fsa jhdbojod jhd htras jhsas -Carjfnh/$ Fd

hphsojod. sf rfgnfia na pfrjfpjod bf nas cabrfs bf nhs bhs suifths. bhdbf

cadogofstad quf may uda cayhr procaja bfn Aspfrkfr5 Fd fstf chcfdth. yh bora

quf fstd fquono`rabhs$ Fn Aspfrkfr fs jaba vfz cfdhs dhthroh pfrh n nf ma babh.

nf ma obh badbh cfdhs ocphrtadjoa an tanfdth -Naura/. _h jrfh quf fn aspfrkfr

proca fd n -Cara/$A partor bf fsth. sf bfsprfdbfd bhs obfas ocphrtadtfs5 na procfra fs quf sf

pufbf aprfjoar a partor bf nas vovfdjoas bf nhs suifths. quf dh fxostf ud

authjhdjfpth bf na bh`nf fxjfpjohdanobab$ Fsth phrquf fd nas vovfdjoas bf nhs

jhdtfxths gaconoarfs y shjohfbujatovhs dh sf jhdhjf fstf trcodh. y sf fxprfsad

ac`hs jhdjfpths phr sfparabh$ Na sfkudba obfa sf bfsprfdbf bf nhs coschs

rfnaths. ya quf sf sfana quf tras fn jhdhjocofdth bfn Ranfdth Ajabcojh. sf

kfdfrad jac ohs phsotovhs fd nas pfrjfpjohdfs bf s coschs$ Fn jhdtfxth

shjohfbujatovh. tras fdtfrarsf bf fsta jhdbojod. chbogoja su bosphsojod y ajtotub

majoa nhs suifths5 nhs parfs jhcofdzad a rfnajohdarsf bf cadfra bostodta. y nas

rfnajohdfs odtfr f odtra pfrshdanfs fcpofzad a rfghrcunarsf9 Nas pfrjfpjohdfs

dfkatovas prhbujth bf na jhdbojod bf Aspfrkfr. jhcofdzad a pfrcfarsf jhd nas

atroùjohdfs phsotovas bfn Ranfdth Ajabcojh. bf cadfra quf fstf sf jhdvofrtf.

jhch sf cfdjohd adtfrohrcfdtf. fd ud achrtokuabhr bf sus bogojuntabfs$ Fsta

sfkudba obfa sfr fxpnojaba. jhd cs bftannf. a partor bf na gokura 6. fd fn

sokuofdtf apartabh$

;$0 Rfdbfdjoa a uda atroùjod phsotova an Ranfdth Ajabcojh$


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Gokura 6$ Capa bf Gaconoas bf Jbokhs bf Atro`ujohdfs phsotovas a na jhdbojod bf

Ranfdth Ajabcojh$ Fna`hrabh phr Zhgtwarf Atnas$to$ -Adfxh. \k$ 110/

Bfsbf fn chcfdth fd quf ac`hs suifths shd jhcudojabhs jhch

phrtabhrfs bf na jhdbojod bf Ranfdth Ajabcojh. surkf uda fspfjof bf

fdcasjaracofdth bfn Aspfrkfr. hthrkadbh as uda atro`ujod phsotova a na

jhdbojod bf Ranfdth$ Fsth sf jhrrh`hra jhd nh fxpufsth phr @auc. Pozza y

Pfdzunno -0


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pfrspfjtova bf odtfrvfdjod y rfnajod jhd aqufn suifth. y gavhrfjfr as su

bfsarrhnnh y bfsfcpfh fsjhnar$

Zurkf na soconotub bf quf nas vovfdjoas shjohfbujatovas phsotovas. para

ac`hs suifths. sf hrokodad juadbh fn boakdstojh bf sus jhdbojohdfs gufjhcudojabh a su jhdtfxth$ A partor bf fsta fdtrfka bf odghrcajod a sus

rfspfjtovas odstotujohdfs fbujatovas. fs quf tadth parfs jhch prhgfshrfs. asucfd

uda phstura bogfrfdtf. jhcofdza na ajfptajod y dhrcanozajod bf na jhdbojod.

para odtfkrar abfjuabacfdtf a nhs suifths an jhdtfxth shjohfbujatovh fd fn juan

sf bfsfdvufnvfd$ Fs as jhch udh bf nhs pabrfs fxprfsa fsta sotuajod Nhs

jhcpafrhs ya frad kradbfs ya y fstaàd thbhs pfdbofdtfs. y am fn Adbrs fdtrh

y am nf boih quf fn tfdoa aspfrkfr. y nfs jhdt ud phjh$ _ thbhs qufbarhd.aspfrkfr. quf fs fsh. y am quofrfd majfr ankuda jhdsunta. thbhs nfvadtarhd na

cadh para sa`fr quf fra nh quf fra. am na psojnhka boih fn Adbrs nfs pufbf

fxpnojar. am fn Adbrs nfs fxpnojh quf fn tfda no`rhs so ankuofd qufra nffr no`rhs

quf nf pobofrad. as quf cujmhs jhcpafrhs nf pobofrhd no`rhs$As quf fn Adbrs

nnfv no`rhs. odjnush nas cacas cf pobofrhd para fdtfdbfr quf pasaà. y bfspus

fd na rfudod. na prhgfshra boih quf fnna qufra ma`nar jhd nhs papas tacòd . hhm

yh fstaà tad dfrvohsa -Cara/$ \hr su partf. udh bf nhs pabrfs bfn htrh suifth

cadogofsta fn jacòh phsotovh kfdfrabh tras jhcudojar a su fdthrdh su jhdbojod

fn Iuad sf ma odtfkrabh pnfdacfdtf -/ ffmm. nhs prhgfshrfs fstd jhdtfdtsochs

jhd n. tofdf acokhs -/ ccc. dh fs acokh bf thbh fn cudbh pfrh. thbh fn

cudbh nh ajfpta jhch fs -Naura/$

Rhbh fsth. fs sofcprf avanabh y shstfdobh phr nas gaconoas. nas juanfs shd

fn aphyh gudbacfdtan para nhs suifths fd fsths pfrhbhs bf tradsojod. bfsbf

jhdtfxths bfsgavhrfjfbhrfs a aqufnnhs quf ajfptad su bh`nf jhdbojod

Jhch òfd sf aprfjoa fd na gokura 6. fxostfd cujmhs gajthrfs qufjhdbojohdad fn mfjmh bf quf ud jhdtfxth sfa h sf vufnva gavhrfjfbhr bf fsta

bh`nf jhdbojod$ Iudth a nh adtfrohr. sf bfstaja na ocphrtadjoa bf na odtfrvfdjod

prhgfsohdan bf na quf mad sobh partf ac`hs suifths. na juan ma odgnuobh fd na

chbogojajod bf jhdbujtas shjoanfs. authjhdhjocofdth y cadfih bf jhdbujtas


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Gokura ;$ Capa bf Gaconoas bf Jbokhs bf Atro`ujohdfs dfkatovas a na jhdbojod

bf Aspfrkfr$ Fna`hrabh phr Zhgtwarf Atnas$to$ -Adfxh. \k$ 117/

Nas vovfdjoas gaconoarfs bfn Zdbrhcf bf Aspfrkfr sf fvobfdjoad bfsbf

ftapas prfvoas a na jhcudojajod f obfdtogojajod bfn ajfrtabh boakdstojh bf najhdbojod. ya quf fd ac`hs fstubohs bf jash sf nhkrad vosuanozar adtfjfbfdtfs

bf ud bfsarrhnnh bosjhrbadtf fd rfnajod a nh fspfrabh. bfdtrh bf nhs procfrhs

ahs bf voba$ Nh adtfrohr pufbf jhrrh`hrarsf jhd na sokuofdtf rfgfrfdjoa phr partf

bf udh bf nhs pabrfs9 -/ ffmm. chstr quf dh tfda kradbfs prh`nfcas fd nhs

patrhdfs bf aprfdbozaif pfrh s. bovfrsas rfas bf na psojhchtrojobab y bf na

kraga bf cuy bfsjfdbobas y htras cuy fnfvabas. h sfa nh quf sf nnaca ud

bfsarrhnnh bosjhrbadtf. fdthdjfs fd rfas. fd ankudas rfas fra cuy kon. cuy

rpobh. cuy vovaz y fd htras fsta`a jhd patrhdfs bf juatrh h jodjh ahs -Naura/$

Iudth jhd nh adtfrohr. sf cfdjohdad odbojohs bf na jhdbojod bf Aspfrkfr. quf sf

jhcofdzad a vosnuc rar fd ftapas prffsjhnarfs. kfdfradbh bubas f

odjfrtobuc`rfs rfspfjth a jhdbujtas prhpoas bf stf juabrh. pfrh quf fd fn


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trasthrdh fxprfsovh bfn nfdkuaif. tan y jhch nh fxprfsa na cabrf bf udh bf nhs

suifths bf fstuboh9 A vfr. fn Iuad guf ud -/ doh cuy jarohsh. shdrofdtf. bf

-/ jhch bf as jhch. kuakua obfan -/ masta pasabh nhs 0 ahs$ Jhcond jhch

fn shnh. pfrh. ffmm. fra rfkand. y nf jhst -/ sf bfchr ud phjh fd aprfdbfr a

ma`nar. fd rfnajod an prhcfboh phrquf -/ n thbh nh odbojaà nh quf dfjfsotaà y

thbh nh h`tfda y juadbh dh h`tfda nas jhsas fra japaz bf akarrar a uda pfrshda

bf na cadh y nnfvrsfna para h`tfdfr nh quf qufra. ffmm. pfrh dh ma`naà y sf

dfkaà a ma`nar. y udh nf bfja quofrfs na kannfta. fsth sf nnaca kannfta. y n dh

maja dodkd fsgufrzh phr bfjor nnfta do daba $ Ffmm. y na procfra pana`ra quf

boih. na boih a nhs bhs ahs. trfs cfsfs. quf guf akua -/_ bf am fd abfnadtf. guf

spfr rpobh su bfsarrhnnh bfn nfdkuaif y bf odjhrphrajod bf vhjaùnaroh. y yhbora quf fd ud cfs pas bf uda pana`ra a hrajohdfs jhcpnftas. pfrh s cadtfda

uda bosnanoa. cadtuvh uda bosnanoa phr varohs ahs. quf na fcpfzachs a tratar

juadbh jucpno juatrh ahs. phrquf na ghdhaubonhka dh quosh -Naura/ $ Fsth. cs

nhs boakdstojhs jhdgushs jhch fn trasthrdh sfcdtojh prakctojh y bosgasoas5

kfdfrad pfrhbhs bhdbf sf jhdjofdtozad nas jhdbujtas bogfrfdjoabhras. pfrh dh

sf rfjhdhjfd sus jausas$

Fn jhdiudth bf rfgfrfdjoas bf nhs pabrfs rfspfjth a nhs h`stjunhs fd na

obfdtogojajod bfn Zdbrhcf. sf pufbf jhrrh`hrar jhd nh fxpufsth phr Mfrddbfz

-0


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gaconoarfs jhd nhs juanfs ac`hs suifths nhkrad avadjfs. supfradbh nas bogojuntabfs

prhbujth bfn Aspfrkfr$

Bfsbf na pfrspfjtova bf nas gaconoas. fn tfdfr ud moih jhd Zdbrhcf bf

Aspfrkfr. kfdfr. fd procfra odstadjoa. sfdtocofdths bf adkustoa y tfchr phr nhquf phbra bfpararnfs fn guturh. y so sfrad fnnhs japajfs bf rfshnvfr nhs bovfrshs

h`stjunhs quf na voba jhtoboada. tadth fd na partf agfjtova. shjoan. y na`hran$

Ankudas gaconoas dfjfsotard aphyhs bf fspfjoanosta. para supfrar na dhtojoa. pfrh

cs quf daba para sh`rfnnfvar na jarka fchjohdan quf nfs kfdfra ba a ba fn

tfdfr ud moih jhd fstf sdbrhcf$ Dh h`stadtf. mhy phr mhy. na jhdbojod fst

asucoba. phr partf bf acàs gaconoas. y vfd ud guturh antacfdtf phtfdjoan jhd na

prfsfdjoa bfn Ranfdth Ajabcojh. y cadtofdfd prfsfdtf fn mfjmh bf jhdtoduar jhdna odtfrvfdjod bf fspfjoanostas. para or supfradbh nas àrrfras bfn Zdbrhcf bf

Aspfrkfr$ Fsth fs phso`nf bf aprfjoar fd na sokuofdtf rfgfrfdjoa quf majf uda bf

nas cabrfs bf ud suifth9 so. am fstd nhs cofbhs. so$ _h jrfh quf n. h sfa do

soquofra quofrh pfdsar fd fn guturh thbava bfn Adbrs$ H sfa yh nh vfh jhch

prhgfsohdan an Adbrs. so nh vfh jhch prhgfsohdan y do soquofra. do soquofra phr

fifcpnh do soquofra juadbh cf boifrhd quf n fra aspfrkf. do soquofra yh pfds

jhch co carobh. quf pfds quf jhch quf thbh sf maà ajaàbh. jhch quf fn

cudbh sf maà obh jaso. phjh cfdhs. dh para c dh$ _h sfku tfdofdbh nas

fxpfjtatovas para Adbrs phr quf fn fra tanfdthsh. fra odtfnokfdtf boif yh$ Do

soquofra nh pfds. dh nh pfds quf Adbrs dh oà a phbfr sanor abfnadtf. jhch

para c dh fra ud h`stjunh quf n maya sobh Aspfrkfr -Cara/$

Fd na ajtuanobab. ja`f cfdjohdar quf so òfd ac`hs cadtofdfd nas

atroùjohdfs dfkatovas an pfrhbh prfvoh bfn boakdstojh bf na jhdbojod. fxostfd

bogfrfdjoajohdfs. ya quf so òfd a nas vovfdjoas bf ud suifth sf atroùyfd

jarajtfrstojas dfkatovas bf jhdbojod. fd nhs rfnaths bfn htrh suifth sf sfana quffxosto ud pfrhbh bogjon. pfrh quf ya ma sobh supfrabh. tadth phr nhs aphyhs quf

rfjoò an chcfdth bf jhdhjfr su boakdstojh. jhch phr nas vovfdjoas ashjoabas a

su bh`nf jhdbojod$


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Fstas vovfdjoas. quf ghrcad partf bf jhdtfxths phjh gavhra`nfs. sfrd

bfsjrotas a jhdtoduajod a partor bf na gokura =$

;$6 Jhdtfxths bfsgavhrfjfbhrfs bf na bh`nf fxjfpjohdanobab

Gokura =$ Capa bf Gaconoas bf Jbokhs bf Jhdtfxths Bfsgavhrfjfbhrfs Bf na

Bh`nf Fxjfpjohdanobab$ Fna`hrabh phr Zhgtwarf Atnas$to$ -Adfxh. \k$ 11=/

Nhs jhdtfxths bfsgavhrfjfbhrfs ashjoabhs a na bh`nf fxjfpjohdanobab sf

pufbfd fvobfdjoar fd fn jhdtfxth shjohfbujatovh. tadth fd na rfspufsta quf

kfdfrad fd gudjod bf na jhdbojod bf Aspfrkfr jhch bf na jhdbojod bf Ranfdth$

Zfkd nhs rfnaths bf nhs pabrfs y bf nhs suifths sh`rf nhs fsta`nfjocofdths

fbujatovhs. sf fsta nfjf quf phr nh kfdfran nhs jhdtfxths dh jufdtad jhd nasmfrracofdtas dfjfsaroas para atfdbfr a nas jarajtfrstojas bf nhs dohs

bh`nfcfdtf fxjfpjohdanfs. ya quf sf sfana quf fd na jhcudobab fsjhnar fxostf

ud odabfjuabh cadfih bf kruph phr partf bf nas bhjfdtfs. y ud rfjmazh phr

partf bf nhs aphbfrabhs a na prfsfdjoa bf fsta jhdbojod$ Fsth pufbf


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\hr fdbf. fsths fdthrdhs fbujatovhs dh sf fdjufdtrad prfparabhs para

fdgrfdtar y shnvfdtar nas dfjfsobabfs fbujatovas fspfjoanfs quf sf bfsfdjabfdad

prhbujth bf na bh`nf fxjfpjohdanobab. bf cadfra quf sf tradsghrcad fd

jhdtfxths bfsgavhrfjfbhrfs$

O]$ JHDJNVZOHDFZ


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A pfsar bf fsta phsotova fxpfrofdjoa. na atfdjod a nas dfjfsobabfs fs

udotanfran. bf cadfra quf dh may fsta`nfjocofdths quf bfd uda rfspufsta odtfkran

an phbfr fstocunar acàs jhdbojohdfs$

Fd tfrjfr nukar. y baba nas vovfdjoas quf mad sobh fxprfsabas. ac`hsfstubohs bf jash prfsfdtad uda tfdbfdjoa majoa uda atroùjod dfkatova an

Zdbrhcf bf Aspfrkfr5 nh juan fst cfrcabh phr thbas nas fxpfrofdjoas dfkatovas

quf vovfdjoarhd prhbujth bf nas bogojuntabfs quf kfdfra fn trasthrdh5 y phr na ganta

bf ajfptajod quf fd ud prodjopoh fxosta fd nhs fdthrdhs shjoanfs y fbujatovhs$

Jhch juarta obfa. sf pufbf sfanar quf nhs suifths y sus pabrfs rfanozad fsta

atroùjod. ya quf na jhdbojod bf Ranfdth na sfanad jhch bogfrfdtf$ Fn tanfdth fs

pfrjoòbh phr partf bf nhs pabrfs jhch ud achrtokuabhr. ud sanvavobas bf nasbogojuntabfs quf kfdfra fn Zdbrhcf bf Aspfrkfr fd na voba bf nhs suifths. y phr nh

tadth thbas nas vovfdjoas bf nhs suifths rfnajohdabas a fsta jhdbojod tofdfd uda

atroùjod phsotova$ Fsth. ya quf tacòd ac`hs suifths sfanad ud jac oh

gavhra`nf fd su fdthrdh shjohfbujatovh tras fdtfrarsf bf fsta jhdbojod. nh quf sf

ma jhdvfrtobh fd ud gajthr odgnuyfdtf fd su authjhdjfpth y phr fdbf authfstoca.

ya quf sf sofdtfd rfspftabhs y ajfptabhs bfdtrh bf na shjofbab$

Na ntoca obfa. quf sf bfsprfdbf bf nas adtfrohrfs. fs quf sf pufbf

jhdjnuor quf dodkudh bf nhs suifths bf fstuboh. as jhch tacphjh sus gaconoas.

jhdhjfd fn trcodh bf bh`nf fxjfpjohdanobab. fn juan ocpnoja na prfsfdjoa bf bhs

jhdbojohdfs quf sf prfsfdtad bf cadfra jhdjhcotadtf. fs bfjor. dodkuda fs

jausa h jhdsfjufdjoa bf na htra$ Fsth fs phso`nf fvobfdjoarnh fd na fxpnojajod bf

nhs pabrfs sh`rf acàs jhdbojohdfs. bhdbf cadogofstad quf fn Ranfdth fs uda bf

nas jarajtfrstojas prhpoas bfn Aspfrkfr. y dh uda jhdbojod bostodta$

Bf fsta ntoca obfa. fs ocphrtadtf sfanar quf nas vovfdjoas cfdjohdabas

phr nhs pabrfs anubfd a uda bogojuntab fd fn ajfrtabh boakdstojh bf Aspfrkfr fdnhs suifths. bf cadfra quf rfnatad fxpfrofdjoas dfkatovas fd boakdstojhs f

odtfrvfdjohdfs prfvoas htrhs prhgfsohdanfs. nhs juanfs dh nhkrarhd jhdjrftar ud

ajfrtabh boakdstojh$ Asocosch. fn Ranfdth Ajabcojh ma sobh rfnajohdabh a fsta

jhdbojod. y snh sf nfs ma cfdjohdabh fn jhdjfpth bf Bh`nf Fxjfpjohdanobab an


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chcfdth fd quf sf mad kfdfrabh nhs jhdsfdtocofdths odghrcabhs bf na

partojopajod bf fsta odvfstokajod$

\rhbujth bf fsth sf pufbf jhdjnuor jhcfdtadbh fn bfsjhdhjocofdth quf

bfn jhdjfpth bf na Bh`nf Fxjfpjohdanobab. tadth fdtrf nhs prhgfsohdanfsfdjarkabhs bf atfdbfr fstas jhdbojohdfs. jhch fd nas jhcudobabfs fbujatovas$

Jhd cayhr rfnfvadjoa sf fnfva fsta odquoftub. an jhdsobfrar quf dufstrh

pas dh jufdta jhd uda nfkosnajod quf prhpojof fn aphyh a nas dfjfsobabfs bf nhs

anucdhs Ranfdthshs fd jhnfkohs rfkunarfs$ As tac`od. na jhdbojod bf Aspfrkfr

fsta jhdsobfraba bfdtrh bf nhs Rrasthrdhs bfn Fspfjtrh Autosta. sod prfsfdtar

aphyhs bogfrfdjoabhrfs$ Na Bh`nf Fxjfpjohdanobab. a bogfrfdjoa bf htrhs pasfs.

fs ud trcodh quf ad dh sf jhdhjf$Babh quf fn jhdjfpth ad fs `rfvfcfdtf jhdhjobh. y quf dfjfsota cs

odvfstokajod. fspfrachs quf fstf fstuboh bf jash odsporf a htrhs odvfstokabhrfs a

rfthcar fn tfca$ \hr fnnh. prhphdfchs trfs obfas quf bfd jhdtoduobab a aphrtar

dufvhs jhdhjocofdths bf na bh`nf fxjfpjohdanobab

Na procfra prhpufsta tofdf rfnajod jhd rfanozar uda rfvosod tfroja

fxmaustova sh`rf fn trcodh bf Bh`nf Fxjfpjohdanobab. rfnajohdaba jhd nhs

jrotfrohs boakdstojhs bfn Zdbrhcf bf Aspfrkfr y nhs jrotfrohs jhd nhs juanfs sf

jatfkhroza fn Ranfdth Ajabcojh. y vfrogojar so fs phso`nf ma`nar bf ud dufvh

jhdstrujth tfrojh. bhdbf sf odjhrphrara a fsta Bh nf Fxjfpjohdanobab na

jarajtfrstoja partojunar bf sfr uda bh`nf fxjfpjohdanobab bf anth gudjohdacofdth

jhkdotovh$ Fsth. ya quf nas nocotajohdfs prfsfdtfs fd nas ma`onobabfs shjoanfs y

fd fn gudjohdacofdth fifjutovh. prhpoas bf odbovobuhs quf prfsfdtad Zdbrhcf bf

Aspfrkfr. shd udas bf nas phjas jarajtfrstojas quf sf pufbfd cfdjohdar jhch

bogfrfdjoabhras fdtrf na jhdbojod bf sfr bh`nfcfdtf fxjfpjohdan y prfsfdtar ud

Ranfdth Ajabcojh$Nhvfjey -0


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Jastrh. C$ -0


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Ghnfy#Dojphd. C$. Bhh`ay. A$ y Asshunodf. Z$ -0


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Gokura 6$ Capa bf Gaconoas bf Jbokhs bf Atro`ujohdfs phsotovas a na jhdbojod bf

Ranfdth Ajabcojh$ Fna`hrabh phr Zhgtwarf Atnas$to


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Gokura 7$ Capa bf Gaconoas bf Jbokhs bf Jhdtfxths gavhrfjfbhrfs bf na Bh`nf

Fxjfpjohdanobab$ Fna`hrabh phr Zhgtwarf Atnas$to


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Gokura ;$ Capa bf Gaconoas bf Jbokhs bf Atro`ujohdfs dfkatovas a na jhdbojod

bf Aspfrkfr$ Fna`hrabh phr Zhgtwarf Atnas$to$


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Gokura =$ Capa bf Gaconoas bf Jbokhs bf Jhdtfxths Bfsgavhrfjfbhrfs Bf na

Bh`nf Fxjfpjohdanobab$ Fna`hrabh phr Zhgtwarf Atnas$to$


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dh fs quf nhs jurshs. h sfa. fd nhs quf fsthy sfad aùrrobhs do daba pf. frh.quozs phbrad sfr cfihrfs$

F9 AM. RV \OFDZAZ QV \HBPAD ZFP CFIHPFZ8

I9 Quoz$

F9 _. JCH NHZ CFIHPAPAZ R8. \HP FIFC\NH QV \PHKPACACFIHPAPAZ8. QV JVPZH CFIHPAPAZ8

I9 Ccc. fs quf okuan dh jhdhzjh cujmhs$

F9 QV JHZAZ MAZ RPA@AIH FD FN \PHKPACA @FRA8. A QV JVPZHZRF ODZJPO@OZRF FD FN \PHKPACA @FRA8

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F9 AM. FN COZCH Z@ABH. _ QVF JHZAZ MAZ WOZRH FD FZF JVPZHMAZRA AMHPA8

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F9 JHD [HPB8

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I9 Zo$

F9 RVZ JHC\AFPHZ ZHD ZOC\ROJHZ8. ZF NNFWAD @OFD8

I9 Zo$


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I9 Fs quf fd vfz bf iukar -/ a. dh. sf prfhjupad cs bf dufstra ghrca gsoja. nhjuan dh tfdkh prh`nfca. pfrh fs jadsabhr$

F9 FZ JADZABHP8. \VJMA ZO. \FPH MA_ QVF MAJFP AJROWOBAB GZOJA.

FZ NA OBFA$I9 Zo

F9 QV MAJFZ FD NHZ PFJPFHZ8

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F9 AM _A. \FPH ABFCZ BF \ODK#\HDK. IVFKAZ GR@HN8

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F9 AM _A. H ZFA CZ QVF IVKAP \ODK#\HDK. DH JHDWFPZAZ JHD RVZJHC\AFPHZ8

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F9 A\PHWFJMAZ \APA MAJFP FZAZ JHZAZ. FD FN ROFC\H BF NHZPFJPFHZ$

I9 Zo$

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F9 FD QV MAD WAPOABH8


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Percepciones y Vivencias Socioemocionales de Dos Alumnos Con Doble Excepcionalidad Del Programa...

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