Petiard Presentation 1

8/8/2019 Petiard Presentation 1

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Could Plant Science contribute to a Sustainable Growth

of Specialty Coffee Industry?

Norman Borlaug Institute

October 27th 2010

Dr Vincent Ptiard

[email protected]


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Could Plant Science contribute to a SustainableGrowth of Specialty Coffee Industry?

Outline

Introduction

The Agro Food Chain

Challenges for the future of Tropical Commodities

Will Agro Seed Industry take up these challenges?

Intellectual Property Rights?

How Could Plant Science help?

One Example: Coffee Cup Quality

Conclusions


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NestlResearch Center2005-04-11 NRC/QS-2

TechnologyProviders

Seeds, CropProtection

GrowersPrimary

ProcessingSecondaryProcessing

Retail Consumer

Ingredients

Up-stream innovation can be valuated without vertical integration

(Virtual Vertical Integration)

Seeds

The Agro Food Chain


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Down-Stream Stakeholders were currently not Interested

in Up-Stream Stages of the Agro-Food Chain

but today:

They are increasingly concerned by sustainability for:

Securing the supply of safe and affordable raw materials,

Corporate Social Responsability,

Image and PR issues

The Agro Food Chain


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SAI Platform member companies

Campina

Consortio Int.Ortofruticoli

Danisco

Dole

Ecom

Efico

Findus

Fonterra

Friesland Foods

Groupe Danone

Kraft

McCain Europe

McDonalds

Nestl

Neumann Kaffee

Gruppe

Sara Lee

Tchibo

Unilever

Volcafe
http://www.volcafe.com/http://www.tchibo.de/http://www.campina.nl/http://www.efico.com/http://www.ecomtrading.com/http://c/http://www.kraft.com/index.htmlhttp://www.fcdf.com/


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Source: Syngenta based on FAO statistics, World Bank

1960 1980 1995 2025E

World population

Arable land per capita

0.45

ha

0.32

ha 0.27 ha

0.21

ha Arable land constant

Improved yieldrequired to meetdemand

Long-term growth

Global calorieconsumption todouble by 2025

Population increase

Calorie intakeincrease

Food requirement

Challenge of Meeting the World Food Demand


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What Challenges For Tropical Commodities?

Market demand is increasing especially for premium specialty

products

Production is increasingly competing with food and non-foodcommodities (e.g. biofuel)

Public institutions are increasingly less devoting to the R&D of

perennial tropical cash crops

No significant private sector devoted to the genetic of perennial,

tropical cash crops


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What Challenges For Tropical Commodities?

Without continuous genetic improvement, farmers will be lessinclined to continue planting traditional tropical cash crops

Without significant investment in new genetic resources, it will beimpossible to respond rapidly to new production pressures (e.g.new diseases/insects)

HOWEVER

Improving yield of tropical crops would decrease pressure on landand water resources permitting society to meet other demands

Highest value in leveraging with crop protection in tropicalcountries might bring seed industry in tropical business


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Coffee profitability isstrongly challenged by other crops

Coffee Palm oil Rubber Yield (kg/ha) 750 17100 1770

Cost of production/kg (Bath) 32.9 1.5 20.4

Cost of production/ha (Bath) 24700 26500 36150

Price/kg (Bath) 47.0 2.8 53.6

Income/ha (Bath) 35250 47280 94750

Profit/ha (Bath) 10550 20730 58600

Farmers motivation is affected by the erosion of coffee profitability

The field yield and the National production are rapidly decreasing


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0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

Profit(USD

/Ha)

2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

Year

Profitability comparison among para rubber, oil palm, coffee and

improved varieties of coffee in Thailand

Rubber

Oil Palm

Coffee

Improved var coffee


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(An Innovation Driven Business)Turn Over Worldwide = $ 42 000 M (2010)

- Field Crops = 90 %

- Vegetables = 10%

R&D expenses = 12% of Turn Over = $ 5 000 M (2010)

Look for Added Value Downstream (De-Commoditization)

Three Key Questions:

- Would Seed Industry diversify to tropical crops?

- When? On what Crops?

- Looking for what IP and Added Value?

Will Agro Seed Industry Take Up these Challenges?


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IP for New Varieties

of Tropical Crops:

Plant Breeder Rights


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Knowledge building about quality and processing driving

factors for guiding purchasing and processing,

Securing a Sustainable Supply (better profitability due to better

yield),

Development ofnew varieties for new products (new quality for

new products),

Rapid Distribution of new Varieties at an affordable Price

Traceability of raw materials

Corporate Social Responsibility, PR, Image

.

How Could Plant Science help?


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To assess Genetics / Environment / Post Harvest / Processing Interactions


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Is the variety a key element for cup quality?

Are there markers CORRELATED to cup quality characteristics?

What are the main chemicals DETERMINING cup quality?

Can we distribute optimal/improved varieties?

Can we trace coffee variety/origin up to the shelf?


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High source of diversity still not assessed in Ethiopian varieties

3 of the top 5

quality varietiesare original

Ethiopian varieties

Cultivated varieties

Ethiopian accessions

Axes 1 & 2 : 48.8

: CCC varieties


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-2.3

-1.3

-0.3

0.7

1.7

-1.8 -1.3 -0.8 -0.3 0.2 0.7 1.2 1.7

FAO-Ethio I llababor-Ethio Jimma-Ethio Kef fa-Ethio unknown-Ethio Sidamo-Ethio

Wellega-Et hio Bourbon BourbonxT ypica Cat ui Cat imorxCatui Cat imor

Int ro gressed Sarchimo r T ypica T ypica/Bourbon Hy bride de t imor

28.7%

8.2 %

Ethiopian arabica

Cultivated group


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29/10/2010 19

R2

= 0,87

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17

Observed value

Calculated

value

R2

= 0,88

2

3

4

5

6

2 3 4 5 6Observed value

Calculated

value

Robusta ArabicaOutstanding

Varieties

A ratio of Biochemicals is well correlated to cup quality but:

no cause to effect relationship;

Are there markers correlated to cup quality ?


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20020603 NRC/PS/Vp200219 20

What are the main biochemicals determining cup quality?

Two possible approaches

Biochemicals

(Metabolomics)

Genetic background

(Genomics)Sensory

(Processing)performances

1. The genetic approach

2. The biochemistry approach

2

1

3

1

3

2


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21

Discovery of Cup Quality Determinants

Biochemical QTLs are matching with sensory QTLson linkage group B.

M3720.01202911.7R1034.0

C2_At1g05385

11969913.3

12583517.0

R26424.5

12673030.9M35436.1AY22027138.8CMA10839.7R16841.4CMA27642.8M49745.1A883447.7CMA06148.9

C2_At5g2089055.6M46458.613035361.2C2_At5g2262063.412943166.4

CMA06875.0R24077.8M42885.4

12266587.4 124158B88.712416089.3CMA27190.212108694.7CFGA05497.7R21699.7123888102.1126661104.8AY2462106.0123238107.4A8792109.0120037111.5R336112.2M364116.1CMA010116.3121491116.9R26119.6123332120.4122764121.5C2_At4g01880122.6A8793131.8

A

1218760.0CMA2593.3M4814.4CMA0575.712994312.1AY242913.5

12498619.5AJ87189519.9

12368228.9C2_At3g1067030.212339135.612051738.6CMA29339.112226142.112390942.713061245.313180646.7M32948.2BAC_DK46CO2_3750.312366956.6

CMA14764.8M37165.612625070.012997271.1CMA23973.012020680.5

C2_At2g2129084.3 M43184.812007488.0CMA00289.4CMA27091.512390395.212082396.5CMA26598.8122680104.5131684106.3C2_At5g49820107.1M327108.3M472108.9122056113.8AY2464114.8124278116.0CMA298119.1M508122.1

AY2455133.4M509133.9

R14142.0

AY2462151.0CMA267152.0A8783153.2CMA031153.3R34156.7C2_At4g21800160.5

CMA233169.2

M449177.5

124754186.3124612188.7

CMA222193.6

120227197.1

AY2453202.5

123557205.8

M362210.6CMA174B212.8

Sensory

B

M3720.01202911.7R1034.0

C2_At1g05385

11969913.3

12583517.0

R26424.5

12673030.9M35436.1AY22027138.8CMA10839.7R16841.4CMA27642.8M49745.1A883447.7CMA06148.9

C2_At5g2089055.6M46458.613035361.2C2_At5g2262063.412943166.4

CMA06875.0R24077.8M42885.4

12266587.4 124158B88.712416089.3CMA27190.212108694.7CFGA05497.7R21699.7123888102.1126661104.8AY2462106.0123238107.4A8792109.0120037111.5R336112.2M364116.1CMA010116.3121491116.9R26119.6123332120.4122764121.5C2_At4g01880122.6A8793131.8

A

1218760.0CMA2593.3M4814.4CMA0575.712994312.1AY242913.5

12498619.5AJ87189519.9

12368228.9C2_At3g1067030.212339135.612051738.6CMA29339.112226142.112390942.713061245.313180646.7M32948.2BAC_DK46CO2_3750.312366956.6

CMA14764.8M37165.612625070.012997271.1CMA23973.012020680.5

C2_At2g2129084.3 M43184.812007488.0CMA00289.4CMA27091.512390395.212082396.5CMA26598.8122680104.5131684106.3C2_At5g49820107.1M327108.3M472108.9122056113.8AY2464114.8124278116.0CMA298119.1M508122.1

AY2455133.4M509133.9

R14142.0

AY2462151.0CMA267152.0A8783153.2CMA031153.3R34156.7C2_At4g21800160.5

CMA233169.2

M449177.5

124754186.3124612188.7

CMA222193.6

120227197.1

AY2453202.5

123557205.8

M362210.6CMA174B212.8

B

Comparative mapping of sensory quality and

candidate biochemicals lead to the identification of

compounds determining bitterness


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The Benefit of Vegetative versus Seed Propagation for most Cross Pollinated

Perennials

Seed derived plantation Clonal plantation

Can we distribute optimal / improved varieties?


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29/10/2010 23

Robusta Propagation in Thailand


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Under the Nescaf Plan, Nestl will distribute 220 million high-

yield, disease-resistant coffee plantlets to farmers by 2020. Thishelps farmers to rejuvenate their plantations, thus multiplying

the yield on existing land and increasing farmers income.

Through partnerships with public and private institutions in anumber of countries, including Mexico, Thailand, the Philippines

and Indonesia, Nestl has already distributed over16 millioncoffee plantlets over the past ten years.

Interview of Paul Bulcke, Nestl CEO

August 27th 2010


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25

Ristretto

Dulso do Brasil

Arabica SSR Database

Can we trace coffee variety/origin up to the shelf?


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26

D E V E L O PM E N T O F A N E W M E T H O D

Bourbon reference

Allo-pollination

Adulteration

Batches

accepted

Batches

re jec ted

High resolution melting


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Conclusions

As it has been the case for other crops,

Plant Science could take up the challenges faced

by tropical commodities from Orphan Crops such as Coffee:

BUT

Who will take them up? For the profit of whom?

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