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..22,, 11, , 22, , 11
, , , ,, ,
,, ,,
, , , ,
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() ()
.
2002 E2009 LA E
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() , (BB), C
.
() ()
;
;
;
;
;
;
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DEAD AAEE CHICE: G ED
.
.
() ()
( )
( ) .
:
CHAGE F FAILE DALIIE:
.
EFI EFFECIEE EAE:
( )
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1.
() ()
;
,
(1
)
2.
C ED (.. , );
I D A
ED ;
1
IDA
1
(1
)
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() ()
L (L) ED (.., ,
);
;
;
C , :
,50( 50% )
L
,84
,16
1
2
=
D
3.
,50
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.81
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4
0.5 = ,50
.
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 10
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
.
.
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() ()
1616
= 8484
=
4.
( ) .
01 0 1 2 3 4
=
()
B
0.5
,5050
=
,5050
=
,50
()
.
50=1 .
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L B . (1992) A . (1992)
1/3 ( ) ( ):
C E C ( EA 1991);
(ACI 31889)
(1/3 )
( )
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( )
() ()
%% % % % % % % % % %
%
()
F
%% % % % % % % % % %
%
()
F
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( )
() ()
% % % % % % % % % % %
%
F
()
% % % % % % % % % % %
%
F
()
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( )
() ()
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0.4 3.2=
B13B12B11
B23B22B21
B33B32B31
5.49
C12C11 C14
C22C21 C23 C24
C32C31 C33 C34
3.66
3.66
3.66
D1
D3
D2
C13
J11
J21
J31 J32 J33 J34
J22
J12
J23
J13
J24
J14
5.49 5.49
1
1
D
B
= =
0= B (=0.8)
= 0.4 (1=0.670)
/ / /
3 88 36046 351 144183 702 288365
2 75 25106 30 1 100423 601 200847
1 43 22921 173 91685 346 183371
= 1.6 (1=0.404) = 3.2 (1=0.321)
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.20
200
400
600
800
C .
B
0.102 0.183
0.4=
1.6=
3.2=
;
A .
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= + +
0.0035 =
0.04 =
0 12 = =
0.42 = 0.5 =
C ( )
ED C L
L1:
L2:
L3:
L4:
L6:
. (1994)
. (1995, 1997)
( ) ( )
B
J /
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B13B12B11
B23B22B21
B33B32B31
5.49
C12C11 C14
C22C21 C23 C24
C32C31 C33 C34
3.66
3.66
3
.66
D1
D3
D2
C13
J11
J21
J31 J32 J33 J34
J22
J12
J23
J13
J24
J14
5.49 5.49
0 1 20
0.02
0.04
0.06
12
0.5 1.5
0 0.5 1 1.5 20
20
40
60
80
1
C (=1.6)
B (=1.6)
C12
C13
=0.4=1.6
=3.2
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 30
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
D1
F , . .
F ,
C12 .
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:
;
( ).
= 1.6, ( 50) . F ,
(
C12 )
I
B
[]
16
[]
50
84
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D
I D
G ED
0
1
5
4
3
2
0 0.4 0.8 1.2 1.6 2.4 2.8 3.22.0
:
G ED 50=1
A ED
.
[]
. (E.E..D 2012)
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!
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1
1
11
=
1
0 0
0
+=
+
1
1+
1
1
..
A .
E 1: A ( )
()
= =
E 2:
E 3:
( )
1
=1
=
E 4: (,,)
0
0
=
+ D
0
B
0
E
BB
0 0
D
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F (K . 2006) (HA) IDA
E ( F 2006)
C
H
C C 02
F (2001)
0.12 0.014 = +
0.3
0.5
,1 ,2
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
C 1/
EJ
E IDA
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