Presentation UNGS

8/3/2019 Presentation UNGS

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BOOK REVIEW

Prof. ZiauddinAhmad

Published in

1996

KIJ

Pakistans


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SCIENTIFIC PROGRESS IN ISLAMTOWARDS WORLD CIVILIZATION


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TOPICS TO DISCUSS

1) Scientific Progress

2) The Science of Arabic Numbers

3) Medicine and Surgery 4) Eminent Medical Specialists

5) Hospitals and Medical Colleges

6) Science of Chemistry

7) Science of Geology

8) Science of Geography


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-BATTANI

(868-929 C.E.)

Battani was a famous astronomer, mathematician andastrologer.

Known as Albategnieus in West.

His well-known discovery is the remarkably accuratedetermination of the solar year as being 365 days, 5hours, 46 minutes and 24 seconds, which is very close to

the latest estimates. He found that the longitude of the sun's apogee had

increased by 16 47' since Ptolemy.

Al-Battani determined with remarkable accuracy the

obliquity of the ecliptic, the length of the seasons and thetrue and mean orbit of the sun.


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THE SCIENCE OF ARABICNUMERALS

One of the great centers of learning was Baghdad,where Arab, Greek, Persian, Jewish, and other scholarspooled their cultural heritages and where in 771 anIndian scholar appeared, bringing with him a treatise onastronomy using the Indian numerical system.

Until that time the Egyptian, Greek, and other culturesused their own numerals in a manner similar to that ofthe Romans. Thus the number 323 was expressed likethis:

- Egyptian 999 nn III

- Greek HHH III

- Roman CCC XX III


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Al-Khwarizmi introduced the Indian system of numerals (nowgenerally known as Arabic numerals).

Photo:

From top - Modern Arabic(western);

Early Arabic (western);

Arabic Letters (used asnumerals);

Modern Arabic (eastern);

Early Arabic (eastern);


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-KHAWARIZMI

(770 - 840 C.E.)

Al-Khwarizmi was an Islamic mathematician, astronomerand geographer who wrote on Hindu-Arabic numerals

1st gave the digits the value of position - among the first touse zero as a place holder in positional base notation.

Muslim West (Spain & North Africa)- circle as zero (0)

Muslim in the East( Baghdad and the adjoining lands)- symbolof dot for zero

The very name Algebra has been derived from his famous

book Al-Jabr wa-al-Muqabilah and can be considered as thefirst book to be written on algebra.

He also perfected the geometric representation of conicsections and developed the calculus of two errors, whichpractically led him to the concept of differentiation.

He introduced decimal system and developed at length


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MEDICINE AND SURGERY

The origins of Islamic medicine can be traced back

to the time of Muhammad, and a significant numberof hadiths concerning medicine are attributed tohim.

Several Sahaba are said to have been successfully

treated of certain diseases by following the medicaladvice of Muhammad.

The three methods of healing mentioned by himwere :-

1) Honey,

2) Hijama (wet cupping), and

3) Cauterization, though he was generally opposed to

the use of cauterization unless it "suits the ailment.


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AL-RAZI

(864-930 C.E.)

Razi was a Hakim, an alchemist and a philosopher.

Known as Rhazes in West.

His al-Judari wal Hasabah was the first treatise onsmallpox and chicken-pox, and is largely based onRazi's original contribution:

Al-Hawi was the largest medical encyclopediacomposed by then.

He also tried proposed remedies first on animals inorder to evaluate in their effects and side effects.

He was also an expert surgeon and was the first touse opium for anesthesia.

One of his books called Kitab-al-Asrardeals with the

ABU ALI AL HUSSAIN IBN


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ABU ALI AL-HUSSAIN IBN

ABDALLAH IBN SINA

( 980 1037 C.E. )

Known as Avicenna in West.

He was the most famous physician,philosopher, encyclopaedist, mathematicianand astronomer of his time.

His major contribution to medical science washis famous book al-Qanun, known as the"Canon" in the West.

His important original contribution includessuch advances as recognition of thecontagious nature of phthisis and tuberculosis;distribution of diseases by water and soil, andinteraction between psychology and health.

In addition to describing pharmacological

methods, the book described 760 drugs andbecame the most authentic materia medica of


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- -ZAHRAWI

(936-1013 C.E.) Known as Abulcasis in West.

He was an Andalusian Arab physician andis considered the greatest medievalsurgeon to have appeared from the IslamicWorld, and the father of modern surgery.

His greatest contribution to history is theKitab al-Tasrif.

His influential al-Tasrif introduced hisfamous collection of over 200 surgicalinstruments.

The surgical instruments he inventedinclude the first instruments unique towomen, as well as the surgical uses ofcatgut and forceps, the ligature, surgicalneedle, scalpel, curette, retractor, surgical

spoon, sound, surgical hook, surgical rod,specula, bone saw, and plaster.


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PediatriciansIn his book: Al-qanun fit-tibb (the canons ofMedicine)-discuss in detail thediseases of children

EMINENT MEDICAL SPECIALISTS

Ibn Sina(Avicenna)

OPHTHALM

OLOGISTs

Al-Haytham(Al-

Hazen)

The founder of modern

physiological optics.Theory of vision

1st scientist recognizegravity as force- laterdevelop by Newton


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Jabir Ibn Hayyan

(Geber)

the discovery of mineral and othersacids

developed aqua regia to dissolvegold

PHARMACO

LOGISTS

ANATO

MISTSFamous book: Tashrih-bit- TasweerRecognized : pulsation of arteriesdepended on pulsation of heart.

Mansur Ibn

1st chap: osteology

2nd chap: nervous systemand its gross anatomy withgreat dexterity.3rd chap: muscles of human

body4th chap: veins

Famous book:

Kitab al-rahmah (book ofMercy)

Kitab-al-tanji (ofconcerntration)


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DERMATO

LOGISTSWrote book on Smilax, ChoubChini (China Root)

Successfully in treatment ofvarious skin diseases.Had ever cured certain types ofcancer.

DENTAL SURGEONS &

GYNECOLOGIST

Abul Qasim Al-Zahrawi

(abulcasis)Scientifically set on artificialtooth in place of a diseasesone.

Disscuss oral deformities,dental arches & formation oftartar.Used gold and silver to bindloose toothBook: Al-Tasrif

Skillfully performed majoroperation with cautery andknife

Imamuddin

Ahmad


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Pioneer of hospitality

First aid station

Mobile clinics

City hospitalMental hospital

Jail hospital

Female hospital


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Hospital + medical colleges

Qualified physicians were allowed topractice

Hospital + libraries

Free of charge treatment

ase s on s am c


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ase s u y on s am chospital

AL MANSOURIHOSPITAL"The greatest and mostmagnificent of all was thefamous Mansouri Hospital in

Cairo. completed in 1284A.D.. which WllS endowedwith an income of $100,000a year contained fou greatcourts each with its fountainin the center, separatewards for each disease,lecture rooms, an outpatientdepartment with

arrlmgements to visit


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Science of Chemistry

The Muslim contribution of the fieldof chemistry & physics is greatlyinfluenced on modern chemistry.

Julius Ruska says Arabic Alchemyhas developed so much & in soperculiar a way beyond that of the

GreeksThe increase in the number of

artificially prepared substances &the perfection of methods handeddown from the Greeks are the


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Jabir ibn Hayyan

Well known as Geber & flourished inKufah.

Acted on the assumption that base

metals (tins, leads iron, copper)could be transmuted into gold orsilver by means of mysterious

substance. Emphasized on the importance of

experimentation & made adistinctive advance in theory &ractice of chemistr .


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Jabir ibn Hayyan (contd)

He acquainted Europe with thealchemy of the Orient & was theforerunner of modern chemistry.

The writings of Jabir on alchemywere translated into Latin duringthe Middle Ages.

A deep study of some works of Jabirproves that he recognised moreclearly and stated more definitelythe importance of experiment otherthan an other earl chemists.


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Ar-Razi

He was the Persian physician.

Excels in clear description ofchemical process and & apparatus.

He was the first one who introducedchemical preparation into thepractice of medicine.

Gives a list of the apparatus used inChemistry. Consists of:

1) instruments used for melting

metals.


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Later, Muslims chemists Ibn Umail,

Al- Tughni & Abdul Qassim madesome progress & wrote severalbooks on chemistry.

They gave to the West severalchemical terms which have passedfrom Jabirs Arabic writing throughLatin & European languages & are

generally used in modern chemistrywith great advantage. Their Arabicorigin recognisable.


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Science of geography

Muslims geographers are aware ofthe idea of the sphericity of the earth.

Determine size of the earth and its

circumferenceAssumption :

the earths form: spherical


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Navigation andcommerceMagnetic needle (Mariners

compasses)

Practical use of magnetic needle : to

help them navigate ships on thehigh seas.

Western: invention of magnetic

needle is from Chinese.George Sarton: magnetic needle

was credited by the Chinese to

foreigners (Muslims)


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Maps

Most scholars of geography includedmaps in their works.

reveal a tendency to represent the

coast line and the rivers underconventionalised forms

Al-Birunis Kitab Kitab al_hind-

given a wonderful round map of theworld.


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Inventions andmechanical contrivances


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