PRINCIPIOS FÍSICOS EN ULTRASONOGRAFÍA Eva Acuña Ahumada Matrona Ecografista.
Principios Físicos
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Transcript of Principios Físicos
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Principios Físicos
Lic. Sergio L. MosconiFUESMEN-CNEA
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Modelos Atómicos
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Estructura Atómica
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Est
ruc t
ura
Nuc
lear
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Tabla Periódica
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Isótopos, Isóbaros e Isótonos
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Tabla de Nucleídos (núcleos livianos)
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Unidades de Energía
MKS: Joule = Kg m / seg2
CGS: ergio = g cm/ seg2
eV = electron VoltKeV = 1000 eVMeV = 1000000 eVGeV = 1000000000 eV
1 eV = 1.602 *10-19 Joules
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Interacciones nucleares
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Interacciones
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Átomo de Hidrógeno
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Átomo de Hidrógeno
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Átomo de Hidrógeno
n=6 ,l=4 ,m=1 n=3 ,l=2 ,m=0
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Modelos nucleares
• Modelo de la gota.• Modelo de partículas independientes:
– Números mágicos: 2, 8, 20, 28, 50, 82, 126, ...• Modelo colectivo.
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Modelos Nucleares
• M(Z,A) = MN + Z me – B(Z) masa del átomo
• M(Z,A) = ZMp + N Mn – B(Z,A) masa del núcleo
• B(Z,A) = ZMp + N Mn – M(Z,A) energía ligadura
• B / A Energía ligadura por nucleón• Sn(A,Z) = B(Z,A) – B(A-1,Z)
= M(A-1,Z) – M(A,Z) + Mn
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Energía de ligadura
B/A(MeV)
Sn(MeV)
131Xe
8.41
6.6
132Xe
8.42
8.9
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Energía de ligadura
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Ley Semiempírica de Masas
• M(Z,A) = ZMp + N Mn – A + A2/3 + (A – 2Z)2 / A + Z2/ A1/3 + (A,Z)
12 A1/2 MeV para A par, Z impar y N impar
(A,Z) = 0 para A impar -12 A1/2 MeV para A par, Z par y N
par
= 15.8, = 17.8, = 23.75 y = 0.71
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• M(Z,A=cte) = a – bZ + dZ2
Donde a = A Mn c2 – A + A2/3 + A
b = 4 + (Mn - Mp) c2
d = 4 / A + / A1/3
• Zmin= b/2d
Ley Semiempírica de Masas
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Decaimiento y
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Decaimiento
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Decaimiento
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Decaimiento y
77 32Ge 77
33As + e- + e + 2.72 MeV-
-
77
34Se + e- + e + 0.68 MeV 77
36Kr 77 35Br + e+ + + 2.89 MeV
+
+
77
34Se + e+ + + 1.36 MeV
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67Ga 68Ga
69Ga
67Zn
68Zn
69Zn
66Cu
67Cu
68Cu
Decaimiento y
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- : M(Z,A) > M(Z+1,A) Q = M + : M(Z,A) > M(Z-1,A) + 2 me Q = M - 2 me c2
• CE: M(Z,A) + me > M(Z-1,A) + Be Q = M - Be
Decaimiento y
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Decaimiento
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Decaimiento
• M(Z,A) > M(A-4, Z-2) + M(2,4).
209 83Bi 205
81Te + + 3.11 MeV
Q > 4 MeV
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Decaimiento
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Modelo partículas independientesPotencial de Wood-Saxon
Interacción spin-órbita
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Decaimiento
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Fusión Nuclear
14.1 MeV
3.5 MeV
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Fusión
Nuclear Fusion has the potential to produce large amounts of power without radioactive by-products. In this experiment energy equivalent to 1MW was produced for 2 seconds (1991)
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Fusión
• M(Z1,A1) + M(Z2,A2) > M(Z,A)
p + p 2H + e + + 0.42 Mevp + 2H 3He + + 5.49 Mev
2H + 3H 4He + n + 17.58 Mev
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Fisión Nuclear
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Fisión
• B(Z,A) < B(Z1,A1) + B(Z2,A2) inestable, con Z=Z1+Z2 y A=A1+A2
• B(Z,A) > B(Z1,A1) + B(Z2,A2) estable
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Tabla de Nucleidos
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Tabla de Nucleidos
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Tipos de Radiación
Protones
Neutrones
Partículas Alfa
Electrones
Positrones
Neutrinos
Rayos Gamma
Rayos X
quarks
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Radiación Electromagnética
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Desintegración Radiactiva
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Desintegración Radiactiva
-dN(t) = N(t) = A(t) dtActividad o ritmo de desintegración de la población de átomos N al instante t.
N(t) = No e-t
A(t) = Ao e-t = Ao e-0.693t/T
T = 0.693 / tiempo en el cual N(t) = No/2
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Desintegración radiactiva
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Unidades de Actividad
MKS: Becquerel= Bq = desintegraciones / segKBq = 1000 BqMBq = 1000000 Bq
Curie = CimCi = 0.001 CiCi = 0.000001 Ci
1 mCi = 37 MBq
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Cadena deDesintegración RadiactivaNatural
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Decaimiento en serie
N1
N2
N3
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Decaimiento en serie
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GeneradorMo99-Tc99m
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Aniquilación
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Creación de pares
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Efecto Fotoeléctrico
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Efecto Compton
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Bremsstrahlung
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Producción de rayos X
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Tubo generador de rayos X
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Emisión de rayos X
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Atenuación
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Dosimetría
•Ionizacion.
•Radiación Ionizante.•Directamente ionizante.•Indirectamente ionizante.
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Exposición
X = dQ / dm
[X] = Coulomb / Kg[X] = Röntgen
1 R = 2.58 10-4 Coulomb / Kg
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Dosimetría
Dosis Absorbida (DT) = T / mT
[DT] = Joules / Kg = Gray (Gy)1 rad = 0,01 Gy = 1 cGy
Dosis Equivalente (HT ) = WR .DT,R
HT = R WR .DT,R
[HT] = Joules / Kg = Sievert (Sv)1 rem = 0,01 Sv = 1cSv
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Factores de Ponderación de la Radiación
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Dosimetría
Dosis Efectiva (E ) = T WT .HT
= T WT R WR .DT,R
[E] = Joules / Kg = Sievert (Sv)1 rem = 0,01 Sv = 1cSv
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Factores de Ponderación de los Tejidos
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Detectores Gaseosos
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Dosis absorbida (rad) = f Exposición (R)
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Detector de centelleo
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Dosímetros Termoluminiscentes (TLD)
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TLD
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TLD
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TLD
Rayos-X Rayos-Gamma Partícula-Beta Neutrones
Energía Mínima Detectable: 5kev 5kev 100kev 250kev
Rango de Dosis: 10mRem -1000R
10mRem -1000R 10mRem - 1000R 10mRem-1000R
Rango de Energía 5kev - 10Mev 5kev - 10Mev 100kev -1000MeV
250kev -100MeV
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Principios Físicos
Lic. Sergio L. MosconiFUESMEN-CNEA