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_btds piri bn Wis \isfd, tris trbs afiaisab absirrdnnd abn s`stbhi y ab nis pdnt`fisab `kkdvif`k

Bn irtfund ikin`zi, absab bn hirfd ab nds s`stbhis rbj`dkinbs ab `kkdvif`k, ni bvdnuf`k bx-pbr`hbktiai pdr bn s`stbhi ab `kkdvif`k visfd y sus pdnt`fis ab `kkdvif`k absab ni pubs-ti bk hirfci ab bstis i fdh`bkzds ab nds ids 37 cisti ni iftuin`aia, y ni pds`f`k rbnit`viqub a`fcd s`stbhi prbsbkti fdk rbnif`k i nds pisbs y rbj`dkbs ab ni RB-?:. Fdhd fdksb-fubkf`i ab bnnd, sb `abkt`l`fik uki sbr`b ab rbtds tiktd bk hitbr`i ab bstritbj`i ab `kkdvi-f`k fdhd bk nds jrikabs t`pds ab prdonbhis qub uki pdnt`fi ab `kkdvif`k abob itbkabr5abo`n`aiabs bk nds fdhpdkbktbs abn s`stbhi, bk nis `ktbrrbnif`dkbs bktrb tinbs fdhpdkbktbsy bk su fipif`aia piri a`vbrs`l`firsb y kd qubair itripiad bk lbkhbkds ab ndfm-`k .

Obrr`muktzimd brrbj`d-s`stbhirbk pbktsihdnabik d`kirr`tur`m, irt`munu cdkbm Busmin Iutdkd-h`i Brm`abjdmd obrr`muktzimd s`stbhim bti pdn`t`mbm izmbk c`ru cihirmiabtik, pdn`t`mi cdr`bm37md cihirmiairbk cis`brik io`ik eirr` z`rbkbt`m, `zikaimd bodnuz`di iztbrtzbk au. Ciniobr, ir-t`munu cdkbtik inabritu bj`tbk ai obrr`muktzimd s`stbhi cdr` BO-?:md cbrr`inab bti brrbj`dbti-mdbm`k, cirbk pds`z`d brnit`odi eim`tbmd ishdz. Izmbk`m, iurrbmdik d`k cirtuz, Busmin Iutdkd-h`i Brm`abjdirbk obrr muktzimd bstritbj`irimd zb`k a`rbk brrdkmim `abkt`l`mitzbk a`ri bti oi`tiobrb obrr`muktzimd pdn`t`mim iurrb bj`k obcir a`bk s`stbhirbk c`ru cutsbj`tbb`5 obrr`muktzimds`stbhirbk dsiji`btik bjdk ai`tbzmbbk icuntisukb`, s`stbhimd dsiji`bk irtbmd cirrbhik pd-orbz`ir`, bti a`obrts`l`mitzbmd bti tbmkdndj`i bti prdaumtu zicirrbtik mit`jituti bz jbna`tzbmdji`tisuk`m bz zitbir`.

Z`tc`k tcb jbkbrin lrihbwdrm dl rbj`dkin `kkdvit`dk systbhs, tc`s pipbr ikinysbs tcb fcikjbs

dvbr t`hb `k tcb Oisqub `kkdvit`dk systbh ika `ts `kkdvit`dk pdn`f`bs s`kfb `ts `kfbpt`dk `k tcbbirny 9037s, ika fdhpirbs tcb Oisqub `kkdvit`dk systbh w`tc tcdsb `k pnifb `k tcb fduktr`bsika rbj`dks dl tcb BR-?:. Is i rbsunt, i kuhobr dl fcinnbkjbs irb `abkt`l`ba w`tc rbjira td tcb`kkdvit`dk stritbjy ldr tcb Oisqub Fduktry, w`tc rbjira td tcb hiedr prdonbhs tcit `kkdvit`dkpdn`fy hust iaarbss5 wbimkbssbs `k tcb fdhpdkbkts dl tcb systbh, `k tcb n`kms obtwbbk tcdsbfdhpdkbkts ika `k tcb io`n`ty dl tcb systbh td a`vbrs`ly sd is kdt td ob trippba `k i ndfm-`kprdfbss.

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H`mbn Kivirrd Irikfbju`Rk`vbrs`aia ab Abustd, @\F-Drmbstri

ka`fb

9. @ktrdauff`k fdkfbptuin5 nds s`stbhis rbj`dkinbs ab `kkdvif`k?. Bvdnuf`k abn s`stbhi visfd ab `kkdvif`k absab 90376. Bn s`stbhi ab kkdvif`k visfd5 pbrspbft`vi fdhpiriai iftuin1. Ni pdnt`fi ab f`bkf i, tbfkdndji b `kkdvif`k bk bn Wis \isfd

2. _bsuhbk y fdkfnus`dkbs_blbrbkf`is o`on`djrl`fis

Winioris fnivb5 s`stbhi rbj`dkin ab `kkdvif`k, Wis \isfd, pdnt`fi ab `kkdvif`k, obkfchirm`kj, s`stbhi f`bktl`fd,s`stbhi tbfkdnj`fd, ijbktbs ab @+A, fbktrds tbfkdnj`fds.Mbywdras5 rbj`dkin `kkdvit`dk systbh, Oisqub Fduktry, `kkdvit`dk pdn`fy, obkfchirm`kj, sf`bkt`l`f systbh,tbfckdndj`fin systbh, _&A ijbkts, tbfckdndj`fin fbktrbs.

K. ab fnis`l`fif`k EBN5 D93, D69, D66, D16, _99.

9. @KQ_DARFF@K FDKFBWQRIN5 NDV V@VQBHIV _BJ@DKINBVAB @KKD\IF@K

Ni rbfupbrif`k ab fdhpbtbkf`is y ni pubsti bk hirfci blbft`vi ab uk Jdo`brkdrbj`dkin bk bn Wis \isfd i fdh`bkzds ab nds 37 fd`kf`ab bk bn t`bhpd fdk uk rbfd-kdf`h`bktd jbkbrin`ziad ab bfdkdh`stis, jbjrilds y uroik`stis ab qub nds hdab-nds ab absirrdnnd rbj`dkin cisti bktdkfbs hikbeiads (`ksp`riads hiydrhbktb bk ni

tbdri ab ni ndfin`zif`k d bk ni nj`fi ab nds hdabnds ab nds pdnds ab frbf`h`bktd)cioik dlrbf`ad rbsuntiads `ksit`sliftdr`ds. Bk rbspubsti i bsi fr`s`s, bk a`fci afi-ai fdh`bkzik ipirbfbr a`st`ktis bsfubnis d iprdx`hif`dkbs qub bklit`zik ni `hpdr-tikf`i ab nds liftdrbs bkajbkds y ab ni `kkdvif`k bk nis `k`f`it`vis ab absirrdnnd5 bnJ_BH@ (jrupd ab `kvbst`jif`k sdorb bnh`nbu `kkdvitbur ), nds a`str`tds `kaustr`inbs,ni bsfubni fin`ldrk`iki ab jbdjrili bfdkh`fi, ni fdrr`bktb lrikfbsi ab nds s`stbhisprdauft`vds ndfinbs, nds bkldqubs n`jiads i nds s`stbhis ab `kkdvif`k (visb piriuki rbv`s`k ab tinbs fdrr`bktbs, Hdunibrt y Vbm`i, ?776).

Bktrb tdais bsis fdrr`bktbs ciy uki qub, tiktd bk trh`kds ifiah`fds fdhd abipn`fif`k bk pdnt`fis pon`fis, ci prbvinbf`ad5 ni ab nds s`stbhis rbj`dkinbs ab `kkdvi-f`k (Kivirrd, ?797). Iukqub nds pr`hbrds a`sbds abn s`stbhi ab `kkdvif`k qub bh-prbkabk nds jdo`brkds visfds sdk oistiktb prijht`fds y hs `ksp`riads bk bxpbr`bk-

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H@MBN KI\I__D I_IKFBJR@

f`is `ktbrkif`dkinbs qub bk absirrdnnds tbr`fds (Hdsd, 9000), i hba`ai qub sb ivikzibk ni ldrhin`zif`k ab uki pdnt`fi f`bktl`fi y tbfkdnj`fi bk bstb tbrr`tdr`d vi cif`k-adsb hs pinpionb ni `hprdkti abn bkldqub ab nds s`stbhis rbj`dkinbs ab `kkdvif`k,

tiktd bk nds pnikbs y pdnt`fis qub sb pdkbk bk hirfci pdr bn Jdo`brkd visfd fdhd bknds ikn`s`s qub sdorb bn fisd visfd sb vik rbin`zikad. Bk blbftd, fdhd sb sbini bk ni@ktrdauff`k in khbrd sdorb s`stbhis rbj`dkinbs ab `kkdvif`k rbf`bktbhbktb puon`-fiad pdr Bmdkdh`iz , `kvbst`jiadrbs visfds fdniodrirdk bk doris fnivb bk bn absirrdnndab bstb bkldqub (bspbf`inhbktb, Fddmb, Jhbz Rrikji y Btxboirr`i, 900:)= injukds abnds iutdrbs `ktbrkif`dkinbs hs abstifiads sb dfupirdk bspbfl`fihbktb abn fisd vis-fd (pdr bebhpnd, Fddmb y Hdrjik, 9003= Qatn`kj y Miulhikk, 9000)= y nis pr`kf`pi-nbs iprdx`hif`dkbs qub, absab iutdrbs ndfinbs, sb cifbk in s`stbhi visfd ab `kkdvif`k,tiho`k obobk ab bnni (Jhbz Rrikji bt in., 9000 y ?777= Nivi y Dnizirk, ?777=

Nivibt in., ?777= Oubsi, ?779= Hdsd y Dnizirk, ?779= Kivirrd y Oubsi, ?776= Jdo`br-kd \isfd, ?772= Ijuiad, ?773= Oiydki bt in . ?770= Kivirrd, ?770i y ?797).

Fiob bktbkabr uk s`stbhi rbj`dkin ab `kkdvif`k fdhd `ktbjriad pdr5 9) uk suo-s`stbhi ab jbkbrif`k y a`lus`k ab fdkdf`h`bktd d `klribstrufturi ab ipdyd rbj`dkin(niodritdr`ds ab `kvbst`jif`k pon`fds y pr`viads, uk`vbrs`aia, fbktrds ab ldrhif`kfdkt`kui)= ?) uk suos`stbhi ab bxpndtif`k ab fdkdf`h`bktd d bstrufturi ab prd-auff`k rbj`dkin (bhprbsis)= 6) uk suos`stbhi pdnt`fd ab drjik`zif`dkbs juobrki-hbktinbs y ijbkf`is ab absirrdnnd rbj`dkin= 1) uk hirfd sdf`d-bfdkh`fd y funturin= y2) uk fdkeuktd ab n`jizdkbs fdk dtrds s`stbhis rbj`dkinbs, kif`dkinbs y jndoinbs pirini triksh`s`k ab fdkdf`h`bktd (Qatn`kj y Qr`ppn, ?772). In `juin qub sufbab bk nifdrr`bktb hs jbkbrin ab nds s`stbhis ab `kkdvif`k bk ni qub injukds fdkf`obk bn s`s-tbhi ab `kkdvif`k bk uk sbkt`ad hs rbstr`ft`vd (bstd bs, fbktrkadsb bk nis drjik`-zif`dkbs b `kst`tuf`dkbs hs n`jiais i uk t`pd ab `kkdvif`k tbfkdnj`fi, qub absfiksibk uk fdkdf`h`bktd ab oisb f`bktl`fi) y dtrds bk uk sbkt`ad hs ihpn`d (bstd bs, ioir-fikad tiho`k i drjik`zif`dkbs b `kst`tuf`dkbs n`jiais i dtrds t`pds ab `kkdvif`k y ifdkdf`h`bktds oisiads bk ni prft`fi) (Nukavinn, ?77:= y Ebksbkbt in ., ?77:), tiho`kbk bn ho`td ab nds s`stbhis rbj`dkinbs ab `kkdvif`k sb bkfubktrik fdkfbpf`dkbs qubiodraik stds absab uki v`s`k ihpn`i d rbstr`ft`vi (Iscb`h y Fdbkbk, ?77

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_BQDV WI_I BN WIV \IVFD, Q_IV Q_BV AFIAIV AB ABVI__DNND ABN V@VQBHI P AB NIV WDNQ@FIV AB @KKD\IF@K

?772), in qub rbfurr`rbhds hs iabniktb piri ni bvinuif`k ab nis pdnt`fis ipn`fi-ais bk bn Wis \isfd, bs iqun qub a`st`kjub bktrb linnds bk nds fdhpdkbktbs abn s`s-tbhi, linnds bk nis `ktbrrbnif`dkbs bktrb nds fdhpdkbktbs y linnds ab ni a`kh`fi abn

s`stbhi (ab ndfm-`k d triks`f`k).Wdr nt`hd, piri bn ikn`s`s ab uk s`stbhi ab `kkdvif`k rbsunti iprdp`iad a`st`k-

ju`r bktrb `ka`fiadrbs ab`kput y abdutput = y, i su vbz, abktrd ab nds abdutput , bktrbnds hs a`rbftihbktb n`jiads i ni `kkdvif`k y nds rblbr`ads i nds blbftds bfdkh`fdsqub ab a`fci `kkdvif`k sb jbkbrik (Irukabn y Cdnnikabrs, ?773).9 Fdk rbnif`k i bs-tds nt`hds, tin fdhd sbinik Nukavinnbt in. (?770), bn ikn`s`s abn s`stbhi ab `kkdvi-f`k abob n`jirsb in abn absbhpbd bfdkh`fd, pubs ni lukf`k nt`hi abn s`stbhi ab`kkdvif`k kd bs hix`h`zir ni fikt`aia ab `kkdvif`k s`kd bn o`bkbstir bfdkh`fd (yab dtrd t`pd), y bn ikn`s`s ab nds s`stbhis ab `kkdvif`k abob dfupirsb ab fhd t`bkbnujir ni `kkdvif`k, pbrd tiho`k ab fhd sti bs triksldrhiai bk absbhpbd bfd-kh`fd. Wbrd, fdhd Baqu`st (?773) `ka`fi, tihpdfd abob fdkluka`rsb bn ikn`s`s abns`stbhi ab `kkdvif`k fdk bn ab tdad bn s`stbhi bfdkh`fd y ciy qub tbkbr bk fubktiqub bk bn absbhpbd bfdkh`fd kd snd bst `klnuybkad ni `kkdvif`k.

Qris bsti orbvb `ktrdauff`k fdkfbptuin, piri s`tuir bn hirfd absab bn qub sbiodrairk nds ikn`s`s bhpr`fds pdstbr`drbs, bk bn ipirtiad sbjukad tritirbhds abni bvdnuf`k ab nds pr`kf`pinbs `ka`fiadrbs ab`kput y dutput abn s`stbhi ab `kkdvi-f`k absab 9037 cisti ni iftuin`aia. Bk bn tbrfbr ipirtiad prdfbabrbhds i uk ikn`s`s

fdhpiriad, fdk dtrds pisbs y fdk nis rbj`dkbs burdpbis, ab ni pds`f`k qub prbsbktibn Wis \isfd bk ni iftuin`aia. Bk bn fuirtd fiptund tritirbhds ab nis pdnt`fis y bs-tritbj`is ab `kkdvif`k sbju`ais pdr bn Jdo`brkd \isfd piri `kf`a`r sdorb bn s`stbhiab `kkdvif`k. P, bk uk qu`ktd y nt`hd ipirtiad, blbftuirbhds uk rbsuhbk y bx-triff`k ab fdkfnus`dkbs.

?. B\DNRF@K ABN V@VQBHI \IVFD AB @KKD\IF@K ABVAB 9037

?.9. @ka`fiadrbs ab`kputs ab `kkdvif`k

Vdk bsfisds nds `ka`fiadrbs ab `kkdvif`k a`spdk`onbs piri sbr`bs c`str`fis nir-jis, y nd sdk hufcd hs ik nds rblbr`ads i ho`tds rbj`dkinbs. I bsd sb abob qubbk bstb ipirtiad aba`fiad i ni bvdnuf`k hdstriai pdr bn s`stbhi visfd absab 9037cisti ni iftuin`aia nis fdhpirif`dkbs ab nds aitds abn Wis \isfd sb rbin`fbk fdkpisbs, y kd fdk rbj`dkbs, tin fdhd sbri hs iprdp`iad. Wdr dtrd niad, aiad qub bkdtrds irtfunds abn hdkdjrl`fd sb ikin`zik injukis vir`ionbs rbnif`dkiais fdk ni `k-

9 Bk ni n`tbrituri `kjnbsi fdk lrbfubkf`i sb rbsbrvi bn trh`kddutput piri nds `ka`fiadrbs ab rbsuntiads`kkdviadrbs, y nds trh`kdsdutfdhb b `hpift piri nds ab nds blbftds bfdkh`fds. Bs hs, injukds rb-sbrvik bn trh`kddutfdhb piri rblbr`rsb in blbftd a`rbftd ab ni `kkdvif`k bk ni hirfci bfdkh`fi abnijbktb `kkdviadr= y bn abhpift , piri rblbr`rsb in blbftd hs jndoin y nirjd bk bn fdkeuktd ab ni bfdkd-hi d ab ni sdf`baia.

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kdvif`k, hb rbh`t`r bk tinbs fisds i tinbs trioieds sinvd qub ciyi bk a`fci vir`i-onb injd bspbf`inhbktb rbnbviktb piri bn ikn`s`s ab ni `kkdvif`k.?

Kubstrd pr`hbr `ka`fiadr ab `kput `kkdviadr sbr ni tisi ab `kvbrs`k. Kd tdaiift`v`aia `kvbrsdri fdkst`tuyb uki ift`v`aia `kkdviadri, f`brtihbktb. Wbrd fdhdsbini ni n`tbrituri ab `kkdvif`k (visb, pdr bebhpnd, Vh`tc ?779), ni `kkdvif`kpiri sbr nnbviai i fiod kdrhinhbktb rbqu`brb uki `kvbrs`k ab fip`tin y ni hiydriabn jistd ab `kkdvif`k ab nis bhprbsis fdrrbspdkab hs i fdhpris ab hiqu`kir`iqub i ift`v`aiabs ab @+A. Bk tin hba`ai, s` sb a`spdkb ab ni ldrhif`k oruti ab fi-p`tin absijrbjiai pdr t`pd ab prdauftds, ni pirtb fdrrbspdka`bktb i prdauftds hb-tn`fds y hiqu`kir`i (bk pdrfbktieb abn W@O) pubab fdkst`tu`r uki iprdx`hif`k ini ift`v`aia `kkdviadri oisiai bk fdhpri ab hiqu`kir`i qub rbin`zi uk tbrr`tdr`d.Qinbs aitds cik s`ad bst`hiads piri nis fdhuk`aiabs iutkdhis bspidnis pdr bn@kst`tutd \inbkf`ikd ab @kvbst`jif`dkbs Bfdkh`fis (@\@B) y sb bkfubktrik a`spd-k`onbs piri nds pisbs burdpbds y BB.RR. bk ni oisb Ihbfd.

Bk ni RB-9? bstk fdhprbka`ads nds pisbs ab ni RB-92, bxfbptd Jrbf`i, Nuxbh-ourjd y Vubf`i, piri nds qub ni oisb Ihbfd kd prdpdrf`dki aitds piri tdads nds idsab ni sbr`b.

I pirt`r ab bnnds sb ci bniodriad bn jrl`fd k. 9 qub hubstri, bk pr`hbr nujir,bn fnird blbftd qub bn f`fnd bfdkh`fd bebrfb bk bstb t`pd ab `kvbrs`k5 tisis oieis(9037-31), tisis intis (9032-09), tisis oieis (900?-0:), tisis intis (9003-?779) y tisishdabriais (?779-?77

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_BQDV WI_I BN WIV \IVFD, Q_IV Q_BV AFIAIV AB ABVI__DNND ABN V@VQBHI P AB NIV WDNQ@FIV AB @KKD\IF@K

Jrl`fd k. 9. @K\B_V@K O_RQI BK W_DARFQDV HBQN@FDV P HIYR@KI_@I(bk pdrfbktieb abn W@O)

BB.RR.

RB-9?

Bspii

W\

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