Ricoeur: creatividad, simbolismo y metáfora

8/2/2019 Ricoeur: creatividad, simbolismo y metfora

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_KVD SABGFVS:

BSFKUAXAEKE$ RALCGDARLG Q LFUHGSK

ANUSGEVBBAGN

_kvd Sabgfvs$ vng ef dgr lr efrukbkegr hadrghgr efd ra`dg ]]$ nkba fn Xkdfnbf$ baveke

efd rvefruf hsknbr$ fn ;1;2 q lvsa fn lkqg efd 3??6$ k dgr 13 kgr. Rv gcsk bgnruauvqf vng

ef dgr df`kegr lr bglpdfugr q lr sabgr {vf mk sfbacaeg fd pfnrks hadgrhabg kbuvkd.

Sfbugs ef dk Vnaxfsraeke ef Nknufssf q psghfrgs fn dk Rgscgnk$ q fn dkr Vnaxfsraekefr ef

Dgxkank q ef Bmabk`g$ rv nglcsf kdbknz bfdfcsaeke lvneakd pgs rv eadkukek q psfrua`agrk

gcsk$ efnusg ef dk {vf rf efcf efrukbks dk Hadgrghk ef dk xgdvnuke$ {vf anbdvqf fd fruveag ef dk

Ralcdabk efd lkd$ ef sfdfxknuf alpgsuknbak sfrpfbug ef rv ufgsk ef dgr rlcgdgr. Gusgruf}ugr alpgsuknufr {vf psgevbf dk anbfrknuf dkcgs ef rv pfnrklafnug rgn: Uaflpg q nksskban9

Dk Lfuhgsk xaxk9 R larlg bglg gusg9Hsfve: vnk anufspsfukban ef dk bvduvsk. Fd ugukd ef rvr

pvcdabkbagnfr kdbknzk k usfbf xgdlfnfr q kpsg}alkeklfnuf rfufbafnugr ksubvdgr.;

Rvr anxfrua`kbagnfr pksufn efd sfbgngbalafnug ef dkr hadgrghkr efd pkrkeg$ k dkr bvkdfr

kbbfef q sfkbuaxk kd bgnukbug bgn nvfxgr psgcdflkr. Fn sfdkban bgn dk marugsak ef dk hadgrghk

frukcdfbf vnk eakdbuabk fnusf anngxkban q uskeaban. Sabgfvs pafnrk {vf dk uskeaban hadgrhabk

rdg pvfef rf`vas xaxk fn uknug q fn bvknug rgcsf fddk rf sfkdabf vnk sfkpsgpakban bsfkegsk$

vnk anngxkban ef rfnuaeg. Dk marugsak ef dk hadgrghk efcf rfs sfxaraukek bgnuanvklfnuf.

_fsg$ keflr$ fd pfnrklafnug hadgrhabg efcf anbvsragnks hvfsk ef rv psgpag ufssaugsag$ pgsfjflpdg$ fn fd eglanag ef vnk efufslankek bafnbak$ g fn fd ef bafsugr psgcdflkr kbuvkdfr$

efref dgr bvkdfr rf mk ef mkbfs vnk dfbuvsk bsfkegsk$ uknug ef fddgr bglg ef rv pkrkeg. 3 Dk

kbuaxaeke frpfbvdkuaxk f anxfrua`kuaxk ef Sabgfvs sfbfpbagnk gusgr earbvsrgr$ fru kcafsuk k dk

kdufsaeke ra`nahabkek pgs dkr guskr pgrabagnfr$ egbusankr g lgegr ef f}psfran dan`ruabk.

Dk psgdhabk gcsk ef _kvd Sabgfvs kcksbk vnk xkruk frhfsk ef uflkr f anufsfrfr$ frug fr$

anbvsragnk fn dgr lr eaxfsrgr bklpgr efd earbvsrg bafnuhabg q hadgrhabg: hadgrghk knkduabk

efd dfn`vkjf$ rflauabk$ ufgsk daufsksak$ ufgskr ef dk marugsak$ ufgskr ef dk kbban$ ufgsk bsuabk$

uabk$ efsfbmg$ prabgdg`k$ frusvbuvskdarlg$ ufgdg`k$ fruveagr ccdabgr$ marugsak ef dkr sfda`agnfr$

hfnglfngdg`k q mfslfnvuabk.2Ng gcruknuf ukd eaxfsraeke ef an{vafuvefr f anxfrua`kbagnfr fnukn eahfsfnufr sfkr$ dk hadgrghk ef fruf anufdfbuvkd pgdahkbuabg q usknrearbapdanksag rf efrkssgddk

efref dk hfnglfngdg`k$ dk bvkd kbuk bglg fjf xfsufcskegs ef ugek rv uskqfbugsak ef

pfnrklafnug.

; Bh. LGSKUKDDK$ Uglr Eglan`g. _kvd Sabgfvs -;1;2,3??6!: Lflgsak$ sfbvfseg q k`skefbalafnug. Fn:muup: '' . vnfe.fr ' epugWhal ' xhfn 'anx Hfn5'. Lkszg ' 3??89 q CKDZFS$ Bkslfn. Vn mkbfegs efrlcgdgr. Fn: Dk Nkban$ Cvfngr Kasfr$ ;1=2.3

Bh. LGSKUKDDK$ Uglr Eglan`g. Ksu. baukeg.2 Bh. KZGHFAHK RNBMFZ$ Qgnnmq. Vugpk f Aefgdg`k: Vn kbfsbklafnug efref fd pfnrklafnug ef _kvdSabgfvs. Fn: muup:''.aubs.kb.bs'sfxarukbglvnabkbagn'XgdW;3WN3W3??3'_kvdsabgfvs.mul. Lkszg ' 3??8.


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_ksfbafsk {vf nan`vnk dnfk hadgrhabk mvcafrf efjkeg ef rfs ufnaek fn bvfnuk$ ef rfs

kcgsekek g bgngbaek pgs Sabgfvs k dk mgsk ef sfhdf}agnks rgcsf efufslankegr uflkr. K uskxr

ef vn fruadg rgcsag q lfrvskeg$ q sfrpfuvgrg efd pfnrklafnug ef dgr gusgr kvugsfr$ f}pgnf

Sabgfvs vn bgngbalafnug bkra efrlfrvskeg$ kcksbkegs ef f}ufnrgr lcaugr ef bgssafnufr quf}ugr.5 Dk klpdauve ef rv gcsk q rv pfnrklafnug$ rvlklfnuf sfhdf}axg$ lfevdgrg q psghvneg$

ukd xfz ng frun rgcsfpkrkegr pgs nan`n gusg pfnrkegs ef dk kbuvkdaeke.6 _fsg rv pgraban$

hsfnuf k dkr pgruvskr bgnhsgnukekr$ fr ef lfeakban$ ef sfrpfug ef dk kdufsaeke$ ef anufnug ef

bgnbadakban kd`g {vf kd`vngr mkn fnufneaeg bglg fbdfbuabarlg,$ kbuauvefr psgpakr ef vn

mglcsf kpkragnkeg pgs fd bgngbalafnug q pgs eaxfsrkr psgcdfluabkr$ {vf cvrb fnbgnusks k

uskxr efd eadg`g bgn dkr eahfsfnufr pgrabagnfr fdflfnugr pksk kbuvks q lgeahabks dk sfkdaeke q

pksk bgnuskssfruks fd lkd {vf dk khfbuk.8 Ef km {vf rf pvfek efbas$ bgn Lnabk Bsk`ngdana {vf

dk hadgrghk ef _kvd Sabgfvs ukd xfz sfpsfrfnuf vng ef dgr lgegr lr klpdagr q eakdg`knufr efd

pfnrks bgnuflpgsnfg.0 Fn fhfbug$ dk `fnakdaeke ef Sabgfvs rf hvnek fn fd mfbmg ef {vf pfrfk ufnfs bfsufzkr psghvnekr$ eakdg`k bgn ugegr$ pvfr anufnuk vnas dk pdvskdaeke ef earbvsrgr$ dk

lvduapdabaeke ef hsk`lfnugr bgn {vf rf pgnf fn bgnukbug fn rv eadkukek uskqfbugsak ef

anek`kban q sfhdf}an. Rv hadgrghks anufnuk kslgnazks pfnrklafnugr gpvfrugr ,pfsg ng pgs fddg

bgnraefskegr lvuvklfnuf f}bdvqfnufr$ rang$ pgs fd bgnusksag$ kcafsugr vngr k gusgr, fn vn

anufsbklcag fnsa{vfbfegs {vf bvdlank fn vnk bgnjvnban sfbgnbadakegsk f anuf`skegsk.=

Sabgfvs pgnf fn fxaefnbak dk lvduabvduvskdaeke fn dk {vf fd mglcsf rf mkbf k r larlg$ fn dk

{vf lgefdk rv rfs$ fn dk {vf rf hgslk. Q fn skzn ef frug$ psgpgnf dk ugdfsknbak$ dk kbfpukban

efd gusg q ef dg gusg$ pfsg ng fn vn bdalk ef aneahfsfnbak$ rang$ pgs fd bgnusksag$ fn vn lcaug

{vf psglvfxf fd fnbvfnusg.1

Fd hadrghg hsknbr efrukbk$ fn dk fnusfxaruk {vf df mabafsk Bkslfn Ckdzfs$ fd pkpfd

anuf`skegs ef dkr eaxfsrkr aefkr q bgnbfpbagnfr {vf efrflpfk dk alkànkban bsfkegsk$ {vf

kbuk bglg fjf ef ugek hgslvdkban ralcdabk q dan`ruabk q$ pgs bgnra`vafnuf$ fn frusfbmk

xanbvdkban bgn dk pgafrar efd ralcgdarlg.

Fn dk anufspsfukban ef dgr rlcgdgr sfdaàgrgr q luabgr$ ef dgr rlcgdgr efd anbgnrbafnuf$

ef dgr uf}ugr q lfuhgskr$ dk hfnglfngdg`k rvfdf bgnxfsuasrf fn vn anrusvlfnug kv}adaks$ fn vn

an`sfeafnuf ef dk mfslfnvuabk9 ran flcks`g$ ng pgs fddg Sabgfvs$ dk vcabk fn vn dv`ks

rfbvneksag;? fn rvr psgbfrgr ef sfhdf}an f anxfrua`kban. Dk hfnglfngdg`k ef Sabgfvs

sfbvpfsk dk ealfnran gnugdàbg,lfukhrabk$ q$ kralarlg$ rf bgnxafsuf fn vnk lfugegdg`k {vf

pfslauf psfruks kufnban kd bksbufs larufsagrg ef dk sfkdaeke.

5 Bh. BSK@NGDANA$ Lnabk. _kvd Sabgfvs$ vnk hadgrghk efd eadg`g. Fn: muup:'' .hbf.bgl.ks''efukddfrdacsg.krp7AED


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Fn vnk pgnfnbak ef ;106$ Sabgfvs bgnbacf k dk hfnglfngdg`k bglg vnk bgneaban psfxak

anearpfnrkcdf pksk bvkd{vafs mfslfnvuabk. Ef km {vf rf psgnvnbaf k hkxgs ef dk hslvdk

vnauksak$ qk hkladaks efref Mfaef``fs$ ef vnk hfnglfngdg`k mfslfnvuabk.;; Fn rv gcsk Efd

uf}ug k dk kbban$ Sabgfvs f}pdabk fd anjfsug ef dk mfslfnvuabk$ mfsfekek ef Rbmdfafslkbmfs$Eadumfq$ Mfaef``fs q @keklfs$ fn dk hfnglfngdg`k ef Mvrrfsd$ krfnukek fn dk uskeaban

sfhdf}axk {vf rf sflgnuk$ fnusf gusgr$ k Iknu q Efrbksufr. Fn frf fnrkqg f}pgnf dgr kpgsufr ef

fruk uskeaban k dk mfslfnvuabk: dk psalkbk efd uflk ef dk bglpsfnran ef r9 dk bvfruan efd

rfnuaeg9 dk cr{vfek ef vnk hvneklfnukban dualk$ fub. Dk mfslfnvuabk$ pgs rv pksuf$ kkef k

dk hfnglfngdg`k dk bgnhfran ef dk gpkbaeke ef dk bgnbafnbak ef r pksk r larlk9 dk nfbfraeke

ef eks vn `skn sgefg pgs fd lvneg ef dgr ra`ngr$ rlcgdgr q ngslkr q pgs ugekr dkr gcskr ef dk

bvduvsk pksk kdbknzks dk bglpsfnran ef dg {vf fr fd mglcsf. Sabgfvs xkdgsk fnhuabklfnuf dgr

earbvsrgr gusgr$ dk pkdkcsk gusk$ dk kdufsaeke9 rf xkdf ef dgr egnfr ef dk bvduvsk pksk pfnfusks

fn fd larufsag ef dg mvlkng. Ng rf {vfek rdg bgn dk hadgrghk. Rv pfnrklafnug rf kdalfnuk efhvfszkr gpvfrukr$ pkskejabkr$ ef eahbad fnrklcdkjf. Dk mfslfnvuabk k`sf`k uklcan k dk

hadgrghk ef Mvrrfsd dk aefk ef dk hanauve ef dk bglpsfnran q efd bgnhdabug ef dkr

anufspsfukbagnfr {vf rf `fnfsk fn frk hanauve.

Dk vnan ef dk mfslfnvuabk bgn dk hfnglfngdg`k eag dv`ks k vnk usknrhgslkban

psghvnek ef dk dualk9 pfsg frk usknrhgslkban ng psgevjg vnk svpuvsk fn dk uskeaban

hfnglfngd`abk9 pgs fd bgnusksag$ Sabgfvs rf bgnxfnba bkek xfz lr$ k dg dks`g ef rv dkcgs

anufdfbuvkd$ ef dk hadakban sfhdf}axk q hfnglfngd`abk ef dk mfslfnvuabk.;3

;. BSFKUAXAEKE

;.;._guabk

;;PKDEFNHFDR$ Cfsnmkse. Ef Mvrrfsd k Efssaek9 anusgevbban k dk hfnglfngdg`k. Uske. Pgdh`kn`Pf`rbmfaefs. Sfx. Ubnabk Jgkn,Bksdfr Ldabm. Cksbfdgnk$ _kaer Acsabk$ ;1109 p. =?9 q Kpvnufr ef bdkrf: qkbaukegr.;3 Bh. SABGFVS$ _kvd. Kvugbglpsfnran f marugsak. Fn: BKDXG LKSUANFZ. -Bglp.!Dgr bklangr ef dkanufspsfukban. r'Ekugr cacdag`shabgr9p. 259 q Kpvnufr ef bdkrf: qk baukegr.


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Sabgfvs rf psgpvrg fdkcgsks vnk pguabk;2 ef dkr f}pfsafnbakr ef bsfkban q sfbsfkban$

pguabk {vf bgnruauvask vnk xfsekefsk hadgrghk ef dk Uskrbfnefnbak. _fsg$ ra cafn nvnbk ddf` k

bgnbsfuks fruf psgqfbug$ rvr gcskr Dk ralcdabk efd lkd$ Dk lfuhgsk xaxk$ q Uaflpg q

nksskban kdvefn fn lvbmgr krpfbugr k ukd psgqfbug$ fn uknug anxfrua`kn dkr lduapdfrlgekdaekefr ef dg {vf lr uksef ddklksk vnk bsfkban sf`vdkek$ dk bvkd rf mkddk alpdabkek

fn dgr `sknefr laugr rgcsf fd gsa`fn efd lkd$ fn dkr lfuhgskr pguabkr q fn dkr anusa`kr

nksskuaxkr.;5

Dk pguabk fr vnk earbapdank efrbsapuaxk {vf kdvef$ ukd bglg dg aneabk rv skz `saf`k

-hkcsabkban ef kd`g {vf sfrvduk rfs eahfsfnuf ef rv kvugs!$ kd bksbufs psgevbuaxg ef

kd`vngr uapgr ef earbvsrg -ran earuan`vas fnusf psgrk q pgfrk! q uklcan efd ralcgdarlg.

Sabgfvs sfbgngbf fn dgr rlcgdgr vnk ran`vdks pgufnbak ef anxfnban g bsfkban$ fr efbas$ ef

psgevbban ef rfnuaeg$ ef anngxkban rflnuabk$ dk bvkd alpdabk k rv xfz vnk hvnban

mfvsruabk$ {vf fr vn pgefs ef efrbvcsalafnug g anxfnban ef skr`gr aneaugr ef dk sfkdaeke$ efkrpfbugr ankveaugr efd lvneg.

Dk pguabk$ kralarlg$ sfxfdk vnk hvnban bfnuskd efd dfn`vkjf: dk hvnban ef lfeakban$

{vf rf bvlpdf efnusg ef usfr lcaugr sfdkbagnkdfr: fnusf fd mglcsf q fd lvneg$ fnusf fd mglcsf

q fd mglcsf$ q fnusf fd mglcsf q rv r larlg. Dk psalfsk lfeakban pvfef efnglanksrf

sfhfsfnbak$ dk rf`vnek$ eadg`g$ q dk ufsbfsk$ sfhdf}an. Dk pgufnbak mfvsruabk efd

dfn`vkjf kbuk$ fnugnbfr$ fn dgr usfr sefnfr: fd ef dk sfhfsfnbak$ fd efd eadg`g q fd ef dk

sfhdf}an. _gs fddg$ rf pvfef efbas {vf fd dfn`vkjf usknrhgslk ralvdunfklfnuf dk xaran efd

lvneg$ fd pgefs ef bglvnabkban q dk bglpsfnran {vf bkek vng uafnf ef r larlg. Dk pguabk

;2 Vnk sfhdf}an psgpak$ bsfkegsk$ fn fruf bkrg$ kbfsbk ef dk bsfkban q sfbsfkban bvduvskdfr g ksuruabkr.Dk pkdkcsk pguabk psgxafnf efd xfscg `saf`g {vf gsa`anksaklfnuf ra`nahab mkbfs$ hkcsabks$

psgevbas q lvq psgnug pkr k {vfsfs efbas bsfks$ q dvf`g sfpsfrfnuks kd`g g k kd`vafn ksuruabklfnuf9 lrpsfbarklfnuf$ bsfks kd`g lfeaknuf dk pkdkcsk$ rafneg fd psgbfrg ef ukd bsfkban dk pgfrk -?!.

Efd pgfuazks$ dk pgfrk q dg pguabg rf gbvpksgn bgn ran`vdks efukddf _dkun q Ksaruufdfr. _dkun f}pvrg eaxfsrkraefkr rgcsf dk pgfrk q dgr pgfukr. Bgnbaca dk pgfrk$ fn uslangr `fnfskdfr$ bglg vnk kbuaxaeke bsfkegsk$ {vfalpdabkck g kd lfngr kr efck rfs, vnk alaukban -!$ kvn{vf fnufneafneg ruk bglg vnk pksuabapkbanfn fd lvneg ef dkr Aefkr$ {vf fsk fd lvneg ef dg xfsekefsklfnuf sfkd. Frug bgnxfsuk k dk pgfrk fn vnk frpfbaf efrkcaevsk ef bksbufs sfpsfrfnukuaxg$ earuanuk ef dk rkcaevsk fn rfnuaeg frusabug {vf psgxfnk efd bgngbalafnug efdkr Aefkr. Fn uknug f}psfran ef cfddfzk$ dk pgfrk$ keflr$ fsk kd`g usknraeg ef dg rfnracdf$ pfsg raflpsf {vf frg

rfnracdf efjksk usknrdvbas g usknrpksfbfs dg anufda`acdf. Bvkneg dgr pgfukr ng fdf`kn fd gcjfug kefbvkeg pkskdk alaukban$ dk pgfrk ng fsk dg {vf efck rfs. K frgr pgfukr _dkun dgr ddkl lfnuasgrgr$ lkdgr pgfukr q fr kfddgr k dgr {vf rf psgpvrg f}pvdrks ef dk Sfpcdabk aefkd.

Ksaruufdfr$ pgs rv pksuf$ usku fd uflk ef dk pgfrk g dg pguabg$ q rvr eaxfsrkr hgslkr$ fn rv gcsk_guabk. Fnfddk$ bgnbacf k dk pgfrk bglg alaukban$ fn fd rfnuaeg ef sfpsfrfnukban ef dkr kbbagnfr mvlknkr pgs lfeag efddfn`vkjf. Efnusg ef dkr f}psfragnfr pguabkr$ anbdvqf fruf hadrghg dk fpgpfqk$ dk usk`feak$ dk bglfeak$ fdeauasklcg$ fub.$ rafneg ugekr fddkr hgslkr ef alaukban. Dg pguabg ng anbdvqf dkr ksufr pdruabkr$ pfsg r dk lrabkanrusvlfnukd q dk eknzk. -Bh. HFSSKUFS LGSK$ Jgr. Eabbagnksag ef Hadgrghk. 3 sfalp.ef dk 6 fe. CvfngrKasfr$ Rveklfsabknk$ ;10;. U.AA$ pp. 55;,5539 q SGRR$ P. E. Ksaruufdfr. Uske. Eaf g H. _s. Cvfngr Kasfr$Rveklfsabknk$ ;1609 p. 212!. Ksaruufdfr f}pgnf fn dk baukek gcsk dkr earuanukr hgslkr ef f}psfran {vf dbgnraefsk pguabkr: Dk fpgpfqk$ q -...! dk usk`feak$ dk bglfeak dg larlg {vf dk pgfrk eauaslcabk q dkr lr ef dkrgcskr pksk hdkvuk q buksk$ ek dk bkrvkdaeke ef {vf ugekr fddkr rgn -...! sfpsgevbbagnfr pgs alaukban.-KSARUUFDFR. _guabk. Uske.$ Anusge.$ q Ngukr ef Jvkn Ekxae @ksbk Ckbbk. L}abg$ Vnaxfsraeke Nkbagnkd

Kvunglk ef L}abg$ ;1589 p. ;!.;5 Bh. SABGFVS$ _kvd.Kvugcag`skhk anufdfbuvkd. Uske. _kusabak Paddrgn. Cvfngr Kasfr$ Nvfxk Xaran$ ;1109 p.3=.


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efrbsacf blg fd ralcgdarlg$ kd psgevbas rfnuaeg$ kbsfbafnuk dk f}pfsafnbak mvlknk$ k uskxr ef

dk usapdf lfeakban ef dk sfhfsfnbak$ fd eadg`g q dk sfhdf}an.;6

Fn egr fnrkqgr anbdvaegr fn Fd bgnhdabug ef dkr anufspsfukbagnfr: Dk frusvbuvsk$ dk

pkdkcsk$ fd kbgnufbalafnug q Dk bvfruan efd rvjfug: fd efrkhg ef dk rflagdg`k$ rf sfxfdk fdanufsr ef Sabgfvs fn fd hfnlfng ef dk anngxkban rflnuabk$ ef dk psgevbban ef vn rfnuaeg

nvfxg k uskxr efd dfn`vkjf.

Dk bsfkuaxaeke fr vn psgcdflk bfnuskd fn fd pfnrklafnug ef _kvd Sabgfvs. Bgn rvr psgpakr

pkdkcskr f}psfrk fnDmarugasf bgllf sbau fu bgllf pskua{vf: La nabg psgcdflk efref {vf

bglfnb k sfhdf}agnks fr dk bsfkuaxaeke. Dk bgnraefs efref fd pvnug ef xaruk ef dk prabgdg`k

aneaxaevkd fn lar psalfsgr uskckjgr rgcsf dk xgdvnuke$ efrpvr fn fd pdkng bvduvskd bgn fd

fruveag ef dgr ralcgdarlgr.;8 Vng ef dgr gcjfuaxgr bfnuskdfr ef Sabgfvs fr sfbgnha`vsks dk

f}pfsafnbak$ kbuvks bsfkegsklfnuf rgcsf dk sfkdaeke$ rgcsf dk xaek q dk rgbafeke$

bgnuskssfrukneg fd lkd {vf dkr khfbuk.

3. FD LVNEG EF DGR RLCGDGR

3.;.Dk Ralcdabk efd Lkd

Fn dgr fnrkqgr rgcsf fd pfnrklafnug ef Mvrrfsd$ Sabgfvs uglk earuknbak efd bgnbfpug ef

bgnbafnbak ef r anlfeakuk$ easfbuk$ fr efbas$ efd rvpvfrug bgln k Mvrrfsd q k Efrbksufr

kbfsbk ef dk anlfeakufz$ dk usknrpksfnbak q dk kpgeabuabaeke efd Bgàug$ pvfr xf dk nfbfraeke ef

psfruks kufnban k dgr ra`ngr q k dkr gcskr efd lvneg ef dk bvduvsk bglg xk pksk dg`sks fdbgngbalafnug efd rfs efd mglcsf. Fd rvjfug$ pksk Sabgfvs$ ng rf bgngbf k r larlg

easfbuklfnuf$ rv kvugbgngbalafnug fru lfeakuazkeg pgs dgr ra`ngr {vf dkr `sknefr bvduvskr

alpsalfn fn rv lflgsak q fn rv alkànksag. Fn skzn ef frug$ ddfxk k bkcg vn dks`g efrxg$ fn

rvr anxfrua`kbagnfr rgcsf fd qg g rgcsf fd rvjfug$ pgs fd gscf ef dgr rlcgdgr q dgr laugr

fdkcgskegr pgs dkr bvduvskr lr alpgsuknufr.;0 Fn dgr kgr rfrfnuk$ rv mfslfnvuabk rf mkddk

bfnuskek fn dgr rlcgdgr$ pvfr rugr fnbafsskn ukd pdfnauve ef dfn`vkjf q rfnuaeg {vf

bgnruauvqfn pksk fruf kvugs vn pvnug ef pksuaek psaxadfàkeg pksk fd pfnrks hadgrhabg. Dgr

rlcgdgr f}psfrkn aefkr q ra`nahabkegr fn hgslk ef fna`lk$ q bgn fddgr anufnuk Sabgfvs

ksuabvdks dk sfhdf}an skbagnkd.;= Fd psgpraug ef fruf kvugs fr pfnrks k pksuas ef dk ralcdabk$lr psfbarklfnuf$ ef vn bglpdfjg ef rlcgdgr {vf bgnruauvqfn dk ralcdabk efd lkd.

Sabgfvs kcgsek fruk ralcdabk pksk anxfrua`ks fd uflk ef dgr rlcgdgr$ pvfr dk larlk

fnbafssk dkr f}psfragnfr ralcdabkr lr fdflfnukdfr$ lr knua`vkr$ {vf sfpsfrfnukn dk

f}pfsafnbak efd lkd$ efd lkd pkefbaeg g bglfuaeg pgs fd mglcsf. Fn fruf rfnuaeg$ vng ef dgr

;6 Bh. ,,,,,,,,,,,,,.Fevbkban q _gduabk9 ef dk Marugsak _fsrgnkd k dk Bglvnan ef Dacfsukefr. r' Uske. CvfngrKasfr$ Egbfnbak$ ;1=59 pp. 3;,33.;8 _SFZ DXKSFZ$ La`vfd n`fd. Pfcbsfkuaxaeke q bgnrusvbuaxarlg. Fn: Sfxaruk fn Dnfk KSFNGUFBM.Fnfsg ' 3??6. muup:'' .ksfngufbm.gs`'3??6'sfxvfWfcWbsfkuaxaufW3??6'. Lkzg ' 3??8.;0

Bh. SABGFVS$ _kvd.Kvugcag`skhk anufdfbuvkd. Gp. bau.$ p. 23.;= Bh. ,,,,,,,,,,,,,.Kvugcag`skhk anufdfbuvkd. Gp. bau.$ p. 28 fAnusgevbban k dk ralcdabk efd lkd. Uske. LkskUfsfrk Dk Xkddf q Lksbfdg _sfz Saxkr. Cvfngr Kasfr$ Dk Kvsgsk$ ;108$ p. 36 k 30.


6/20

8

rlcgdgr lr ksbkabgr fr fd ef dk lknbmk.;1 _fsg$ pgs {v Sabgfvs rf anufsfrk pgs fd psgcdflk

efd lkd7

Fd uflk efd lkd fr fd pvnug ef pksuaek kd larlg uaflpg {vf dk gbkran pksk uskuks dk

bvfruan ef dgr rlcgdgr q ef dk mfslfnvuabk. Dgr rlcgdgr {vf bgnbafsnfn k dk nkuvskdfzk efdlkd ng rgn lfsgr rlcgdgr fnusf gusgr$ rgn$ pksk fruf kvugs$ rlcgdgr psaxadfàkegr.

_ksk sfrpgnefs k dk psf`vnuk hgslvdkek lr kssack fr anufsfrknuf mkbfs vnk csfxf

anbvsran fn dk bgnbfpban knusgpgdàbk {vf Sabgfvs f}pgnf$ hvneklfnukdlfnuf$ fn Dg

xgdvnuksag q dg anxgdvnuksag$ bgnbfpban {vf sfxfdk fd dv`ks bfnuskd {vf uafnfn fn fd

pfnrklafnug ef fruf kvugs dk bvfruan mvlknk$ dk pkskegjk xaxafnuf {vf fr fd mglcsf q fd

rfnuaeg ef rv f}arufnbak. Fd mglcsf fru bgnruauvaeg pgs frusvbuvskr ef pkraxaeke q ef kbuaxaeke.

Dk pkraxaeke fr dg gusg {vf fru fn l$ fr dk bksnkdaeke {vf da`k kd mglcsf kd bgrlgr q {vf dg

bgdgbk fn rauvkbagnfr {vf ng fda`f xgdvnuksaklfnuf$ rauvkbagnfr fn dkr {vf rf mkddk anlfsrg ran

mkcfsdg efbaeaeg d larlg. Dk pkraxaeke fr dg {vf rf ek fn l ran l9 dk pdkukhgslk hanaukefref dk {vf fd rfs mvlkng kbuk fn fd lvneg$ fd bgnjvnug ef lguaxkbagnfr {vf fd larlg ng

fda`f dacsflfnuf9 fn guskr pkdkcskr$ dgr krpfbugr anxgdvnuksagr ef rv xaek: fd nkbalafnug$ dk xaek$

fd anbgnrbafnuf$ fd bksbufs. Fd rvjfug fr$ fn fruf rfnuaeg$ vn qg efpfneafnuf$ pvfr ng rf mkbf

rgdg k r larlg$ rang {vf fr rgdaeksag ef vn bgrlgr$ pksuabapk ef vnk bvduvsk$ ef vn dfn`vkjf$

ef vn efufslankeg bgnuf}ug marusabg. Fd qg raflpsf nfbfrauk rfs kqvekeg pgs gusg$ sf{vafsf ef

dk kdufsaeke.

Sabgfvs efrkssgddk vnk knusgpgdg`k hadgrhabk {vf anufnuk bgnxfsuas fn vnk gnugdg`k

hvneklfnukd knkdazkneg dkr frusvbuvskr bgnruauvuaxkr efd rfs mvlkng$ kd bvkd$ pgs gusk pksuf$

bgnbacf bglg vnk ugukdaeke bgnbsfuk$ pvfr k Sabgfvs df anufsfrk fd rvjfug pfsrgnkd$ fd rvjfugmarusabg$ bksnkd$ dk ugukdaeke {vf mab fu nvnb fr bkek rfs mvlkng. Fd psgcdflk pksk d ng fr {v

fr fd mglcsf rang {van rgq qg larufsagrk bvfruan k eadvbaeks q {vf mkq {vf pdknufks ef vnk

lknfsk psfbark,. Fd qg aneaxaevkd fr vn fna`lk$ rv f}arufnbak fr vnk knglkdk skeabkd fn fd

vnaxfsrg9 fr dacfsuke fnbksnkek$ bknuaeke assfdfxknuf$ pfsg ran flcks`g$ anrvruauvacdf9 rvpsflk

alpsgckcadaeke fn bvknug kd mfbmg ef f}aruas$ ef mkcfs nkbaeg. _fsg$ keflr$ fd qg fr vn

kbgnufbalafnug9 ng vn fjflpdks lr ef dk frpfbaf$ vn bkrg lr ef rfs mvlkng$ pvfr bgn bkek

vng nkbf dk anruknbak ef dk ngxfeke$ q bkek vng fr psgevbug ef dk bsfkuaxaeke ef dk nkuvskdfzk$

efd bgrlgr$ ef dg Uskrbfnefnuf f$ anbdvrg$ ef dk ef rv psgpag rfs.

Frf rvjfug$ {vf fn rvr ealfnragnfr ef kbuaxaeke fr psgqfbug$ efbaran$ frhvfszg$ alpvdrg

xgdvnuksag q bgnrfnualafnug k dg anxgdvnuksag kcrgdvug$3? k dg {vf fru ekeg qk q ng rf pvfef

bklcaks$ ng uafnf rdg vnk ealfnran frpasauvkd$ rang uklcan vnk pksuf bgspgskd q$ ra cafn fn

;1 Dk lknbmk $ fn dk {vf Sabgfvs sfbgngbf vnk `skn sa{vfzk ef ra`nahabkban$ sfpsfrfnuk dk alpvsfzk psgpak ef dgbgspgskd q rfnracdf. Fd laug shabg mkcdk efd bvfspg bglg efd fdflfnug alpvsg$ fn fd {vf fd kdlk pvsk fanlgsukd, rf mkddk psaragnfsk q efd bvkd anufnuk dacfsksrf sfkdazkneg ugeg uapg ef sauvkdfr ef pvsahabkban. Frukralcdabk ef dk lknbmk kdvef k dk f}ufsagsaeke q pgrauaxaeke efd lkd$ kd mfbmg ef {vf fd lkd -fd bvfspg$ bsbfd quvlck efd kdlk! fr kd`g {vf fru pvfrug fn dk f}arufnbak$ fru qk kdd$ bgnruauvqfneg dg anxgdvnuksag$ dg {vf fdmglcsf ng mk fdfàeg9 pfsg {vf dg rfevbf$ dg uafnuk k sfbgssfs fd bklang mkbak dk bkek. -Bh. SABGFVS$ _kvd.

Anusgevbban k dk ralcdabk efd lkd. Gp. bau.$ pp. 31,2?!.3? Bgnrfnualafnug {vf k xfbfr rf bgnxafsuf fn sfbmkzg$ fn ng kbfpukban ef dg {vf rf mk sfbacaeg ef dk nkuvskdfzk qdk rgbafeke$ `fnfsnegrf kr vnk kbuauve ef sfrfnualafnug sfrpfbug ef ugeg dg f}arufnuf.


7/20


8/20

=

bgnxafsuf fn vn rfs lksbkeg pgs fd hskbkrg$ pgs dk hkddk fn fd anufnug ef bgnbadaks rv hanauve q

bgnuan`fnbak bgn rv krpaskban k dk anhanauve.38

Bgn fd bgnbfpug ef dkcadaeke g hskàdaeke$ Sabgfvs xanbvdk dk pgracadaeke kdgjkek fn fd rfs

efd mglcsf ef gcsks lkd$ dk gbkran ef dk bkek. Fruf bgnbfpug ef dkcadaeke uklcan kdvef kdk zgnk q frusvbuvsk ef lfngs sfrarufnbak {vf fn frf rfs ghsfbfn vn pvnug xvdnfskcdf kd lkd.30

Ran flcks`g$ dk pgracadaeke ef bkfs kn ng bgnruauvqf dk efrxakban g ef`fnfskban ef dg

gsaànksag g ef dg ngslkd fn {vf bgnraruf fd lkd3=9 fr efbas {vf dk hskàdaeke mvlknk ng ckruk

pksk f}pdabks fd mfbmg sfkd ef bglfufs fd lkd. Fnusf dk dkcadaeke$ bglg lfsk pgracadaeke ef bkfs

q dk bkek fhfbuaxk g dk bglaran bgnbsfuk efd lkd mkq vn kcarlg$ vnk bfrvsk {vf rdg pvfef

rkdxksrf bgn vn rkdug$ vn rkdug {vf bgnruauvqf vn fna`lk.31 _ksk rkcfs blg fd mglcsf mk

ekeg fd rkdug mkbak fd lkd fr nfbfrksag anxfrua`ks blg mk gbvssaeg fruf mfbmg$ bgn dg bvkd rf

ddf`k kd uflk efd gsa`fn efd lkd.

Dk sfhdf}an knusgpgdàbk ddf`k mkruk dkr bgneabagnfr {vf mkbfn pgracdf fd rkdug9 rfefuafnf fn dk zgnk knufsags k ruf. Frug f}a`f$ fnugnbfr$ pksk fnufnefs fd lglfnug efd rkdug$

flpsfnefs vnk nvfxk svuk$ kpdabks vnk sfhdf}an ef nvfxg fruadg2?$ q bgn frf han psfruks

kufnban k dgrrlcgdgr efd lkd lfeaknuf dgr bvkdfr dk bgnbafnbak sfbgngbf frf lkd$ fr efbas$

mkbf dk bgnhfran efd larlg.2;

Rvs`f ef fruf lgeg vnk `safuk lfugegdàbk$ vnk frbaran fnusf dk hfnglfngdg`k ef dk

dkcadaeke q dk ralcdabk efd lkd$ barvsk {vf rf bgssfrpgnef bgn fd makug {vf rfpksk fn fd larlg

rfs efd mglcsf dk pgracadaeke ef dk bvdpk$ dk pgracadaeke ef bkfs$ ef dk bkek fhfbuaxk.

Fd skzgnklafnug$ pgs bgnra`vafnuf$ mkcs ef eks vn `skn sgefg pgs dk ralcdabk efd lkd$

f}psfrkek fn eaxfsrgr laugr$ pksk sfanuf`sks hankdlfnuf dkr fnrfknzkr ef frk ralcdabk k vnkknusgpgdg`k xfsekefsklfnuf hadgrhabk.23 Fd bglafnzg efd lkd$ bvfruan raflpsf fna`luabk$

mk raeg f}pdabkeg ralcdabklfnuf k uskxr ef eaxfsrgr laugr$ fr efbas$ k uskxr ef vnk

skbagnkdaeke laug,pguabk.

Dk anusgevbban kd uflk efd lkd alpdabk$ fnugnbfr$ kbfsbksrf k dgr earbvsrgr {vf dg mkn

uflkuazkeg. Ng mkq baxadazkban {vf ng rf mkqk gbvpkeg ef fruf uflk. Qk fn dgr pvfcdgr

psalauaxgr q knua`vgr rf mk f}psfrkeg earbsfuklfnuf$ k lgeg ef rv`fsfnbak$ lr {vf ef

khaslkban bgnbsfuk q psfbark$ dg {vf fr fd lkd fn r larlg$ fn dgr sfdkugr luabg,ralcdabgr.

38 Bh. Ace.$ pp. 3;3$ 333$ 335$ q Kpvnufr ef bdkrf: qk baukegr.30 Bh. SABGFVS$ _kvd.Hanauve q bvdpkcadaeke. Gp. bau.$ p. 336.3= Fd lkd rf gsaànk fn dk macsqr$ q fn dk bkpkbaeke alkànkuaxk efd mglcsf. Ng rf anusgevbf fn dk xaek mvlknk fnskzn ef dk bgspgskdaeke$ rang pgs dk ealfnran ef anhanaug {vf khfbuk k dkr pkragnfr q {vf `fnfsk dkr klcabagnfrefrlfeaekr ef pgefs$ ef sa{vfzkr$ ef `dgsak$ fub. Sabgfvs ddklk k frug dk lkdk anhanauve$ rvrufnukek fn dkrgcfscak efd mglcsf {vf {vafsf vnk kvugpgraban skeabkd.

Dk hkduk fr vn kbgnufbalafnug {vf rf gsaànk fn dkr hvnbagnfr rvpfsagsfr efd mglcsf9 gbvssf pgs fd dkeg ef dg`sknef efd aneaxaevg. Fr fn sfdkban bgn dgr krpfbugr lr psglanfnufr$ lr rgcsfrkdafnufr ef dk pfsrgnk$ {vf rf

psgevbf dk ufnukban {vf bgnevbf k dk hkduk. ruk psgxgbk vn xkbaklafnug ef dkr frusvbuvskr lr cvfnkr9 bgnruauvqfvnk lkdxfsrkban pkskrauksak ef dg cvfng. -Kpvnufr ef bdkrf: qk baukegr!.31 Bh. SABGFVS$ _kvd.Hanauve q bvdpkcadaeke. Gp. bau.$ pp. 335$ 338.2?

Ace.$ p. 335.2; Bh. Ace.$ p. 335.23 Bh. Ace.$ pp. 335,336.


9/20

1

Fr pgs fddg {vf dk hadgrghk efcf pksuas ef dg {vf fd mglcsf qk efrbvcsa fn rv f}pfsafnbak efd

lkd q {vf kpksfbf pdkrlkeg fn dgr sfdkugr luabgr$ fn dkr `sknefr ugukdazkbagnfr bvduvskdfr.

Hsfnuf kd larufsag efd lkd$ dk hfnglfngdg`k rf efcf usknrhgslks fn mfslfnvuabk$ pvfr fr

psfbarg pgnfsrf fn bgnukbug bgn gusgr dfn`vkjfr$ bgn guskr f}pfsafnbakr q rlcgdgr$ {vf mkn efrfs fnjvabakegr$ anufspsfukegr$ xkdgskegr.22 Dgr rlcgdgr rgn fd dfn`vkjf assfflpdkzkcdf k uskxr

efd bvkd fd mglcsf mk f}psfrkeg rv sfbgngbalafnug$ rv bgnhfran efd lkd efref dkr pgbkr lr

knua`vkr. Sabgfvs khaslk$ fn fruf rfnuaeg {vf:

Ng mkq$ fn fhfbug$ vn dfn`vkjf easfbug$ ng ralcdabg$ efd lkd pkefbaeg$ rvhsaeg g bglfuaeg.Qk rfk {vf fd mglcsf rf sfbgngzbk k r larlg bglg sfrpgnrkcdf g bglg xbualk ef vn lkd {vf dganxaruf$ dg f}psfrk efref fd psanbapag fn vnk ralcdabk.25

Fd sfbgssaeg k uskxr ef dgr rlcgdgr ng psfrvpgnf$ pksk Sabgfvs$ kcknegnks dk uskeaban

ef skbagnkdaeke sa`vsgrk {vf knalk k dk hadgrghk efref dgr `saf`gr na uklpgbg f}pgnfs vn rkcfs

{vf rfk psgevbug ef kd`n uapg ef anuvaban alkànkuaxk. _gs fd bgnusksag$ ef dg {vf rf uskuk fr

ef fdkcgsks bgnbfpugr {vf pfslaukn dk bglpsfnran q {vf frun gs`knazkegr rf`n vn gsefn

rarufluabg$ pksk usknrlauas pgs lfeag ef dkr bgnrusvbbagnfr ef dk skzn dk sa{vfzk ef

ra`nahabkeg {vf psfbfea efref lvq knua`vg k ugek fdkcgskban skbagnkd$ pvfr ugeg hvf eabmg

knufr ef dk hadgrghk$ pgs ra`ngr q pgs fna`lkr.26

3.3.Nkuvskdfzk f Anufspsfukban ef dgr Rlcgdgr

Fd vrg ef rlcgdgr sfraef hvneklfnukdlfnuf fn dk pfbvdaksaeke rfnracdf q frpasauvkd efd

mglcsf$ {vf uafnf dk nfbfraeke ef eks hgslk anuvauaxk k dg rvpskrfnracdf q ef mkbfs pkufnuf dg

{vf ng pvfef rfs gcjfug ef f}pfsafnbak anlfeakuk. Dgr rlcgdgr hgslkn pksuf efd dfn`vkjf

mvlkng. Bgnruauvqfn vn uapg ef dfn`vkjf {vf efrflpfk vnk hvnban frfnbakd fn dk

bgnha`vskban efd lvneg q fn dk bglvnabkban fnusf dgr mglcsfr$ pvfr xvfdxfn psfrfnuf k dk

bgnbafnbak dg {vf lkufsakdlfnuf fru kvrfnuf.28

Sabgfvs earuan`vf fnusf rlcgdgr ef psalfs `skeg$ bgnruauvaegr k pksuas ef dk f}pfsafnbak

ef dk nkuvskdfzk q knufsagsfr k ugek fdkcgskban luabk$ ufgdàbk g hadgrhabk$ q dgr rlcgdgr

luabgr$ lvbmg lr ksuabvdkegr f anbdvaegr fn vn sfdkug$ bgn pfsrgnkjfr$ dv`ksfr q uaflpgr

hkcvdgrgr.Fd rlcgdg fr vn ra`ng {vf$ bglg ugeg ra`ng$ kpvnuk lr kdd ef dk bgrk k dk {vf fd larlg

rf sfhafsf. Fd ra`ng fr vnk bgrk {vf mkbf bgngbfs k gusk$ kd sfpsfrfnuksdk fn xasuve ef vnk

bgssfrpgnefnbak knkdàbk fnusf fd ra`nahabknuf q fd ra`nahabkeg. _fsg ng ugeg ra`ng fr rlcgdg$

pvfr dgr ra`ngr ubnabgr rgn usknrpksfnufr$ f}psfrkn rdg dg {vf ra`nahabkn ef psalfsk

anufnban. Dgr ra`ngr ralcdabgr$ fn bklcag$ uafnfn vn rfnuaeg psalfsg$ daufskd$ pkufnuf$ {vf

22Bh.Kpvnufr ef bdkrf: qk baukegr.25SABGFVS$ _kvd.Anusgevbban k dk ralcdabk efd lkd. Gp. bau.$ p. 30.26 Ace.$ p. 26.28

Bh. @GNZKDFZ GDAXFS$ Kefdkaek F.Dkr bgnbfpbagnfr bdrabkr efd uaflpg: uaflpg bbdabg q uaflpg danfkd.Uskckjg ef Anxfrua`kban pksk dkr Cfbkr ef _sf q _gr,@skeg gugs`kekr pgs dk Rfbsfuksk @fnfskd ef Bafnbak qUbnabk ef dk VNNF$;113,;115. Aneaug9 pp. 2;,23.


10/20

;?

bgnevbf pgs xk ef dk knkdg`k k vn rf`vneg rfnuaeg$ {vf fru dkufnuf$ {vf ng rf lvfrusk

kcafsuklfnuf. Fd rlcgdg$ fnugnbfr$ fr egnknuf$ fr ekegs ef vn rf`vneg rfnuaeg$ eahfsfnuf efd

daufskd$ q dk sfdkban knkdàbk fnusf dgr egr rfnuaegr ng pvfef rfs gcjfuaxkek na pvfef rfs

bglpsfneaek anufdfbuvkdlfnuf.20

Dk frusvbuvsk rflnuabk efd rlcgdg rf efhanf$ fnugnbfr$ pgs vn egcdf rfnuaeg2=: vn

rfnuaeg daufskd$ vrvkd$ bgssafnuf$ {vf `vk fd efxfdklafnug efd rf`vneg rfnuaeg$ kd {vf

fhfbuaxklfnuf kpvnuk fd rlcgdg k uskxr efd psalfsg.21 Fr efbas {vf fd ra`nahabkeg easfbug$

anlfeakug$ rf mkddk sfhfsaeg knkdàbklfnuf k vn rf`vneg rfnuaeg {vf pvfef rfs kpsfmfneaeg

rdg k uskxr efd psalfsg. Fruf psalfs rfnuaeg bgnevbf$ lr kdd ef r larlg$ mkbak fd rf`vneg$

{vf rf pgesk ddklks knkdg`keg$ pgs fruks da`keg pgs knkdg`k kd psalfsg. Fd ra`nahabkeg

psalksag bgssfrpgnef k dk bgrk bgnbsfuk {vf kbuk bglg rlcgdg9 pfsg frf ra`nahabkeg

pkufnuf f anufdaàcdf ef psalfsk anufnban ksskrusk kd ra`nahabkeg rfbvneksag$ k vn rfnuaeg lr

nualg$ ng anlfeakuklfnuf fxaefnuf {vf efcf pgefs rfs efxfdkeg pksk ddf`ks k dg ralcgdazkeg.5?Q fr fn frf rf`vneg naxfd ef ra`nahabkban egnef rf mkddk dk sa{vfzk ank`gukcdf efd rlcgdg$ fn

xasuve ef dk eaxfsraeke ef bgnufnaegr {vf fnbafssk.

Fd rlcgdg$ k eahfsfnbak efd ra`ng {vf alpdabk vnk bgnxfnban kscausksak pgs dk bvkd rf

sfdkbagnk vn ra`nahabknuf bgn dg ra`nahabkeg$ ng fr jklr bglpdfuklfnuf kscausksag q$ pgs fddg$

ng fr xkbg$ pvfr rvcraruf raflpsf vn svealfnug ef sfdkban nkuvskd fnusf fd ra`nahabknuf q dg

ra`nahabkeg.5;

Dgr rlcgdgr$ aefkban alkànksak ef dk sfkdaeke$ efrflpfkn vn pkpfd frfnbakd fn dgr

laugr.53

Dvar Bfnbaddg mkcdk ef dgr laugdg`flkr pksk sfhfsasrf k dkr vnaekefr ralcdabkr efnkuvskdfzk luabk$ fr efbas$ k dgr rlcgdgr luabgr. _ksk fruf kvugs$ dgr laugdg`flkr

bgnruauvqfn vnk bdkrf ef rlcgdgr {vf$ k eahfsfnbak ef dkr pkdkcskr$ dgr uslangr ubnabgr q gusg

uapg ef ra`ngr bvqg xkdgs f}psfraxg rf ek rdg efnusg efd lksbg aeagluabg sfrpfbuaxg q ef

kbvfseg bgn vn bea`g bgnxfnbagnkdlfnuf fdfàeg,$ rgn anefpfneafnufr ef dk bgnxfnban.52

Bglg eabf Bfnbaddg$ fd pfnrklafnug ralcdabg mkbf frukddks dk sfkdaeke anlfeakuk.55 K

uskxr ef dgr rlcgdgr rf kcsfn dgr bknkdfr ef bglvnabkban bgn vnk rf`vnek sfkdaeke$ bgn

dg sfkd,efrbgngbaeg anlknfnuf q uskrbfnefnuf k dk xfz k dkr hgslkr xaracdfr,$ bgn dg

rgcsfnkuvskd.56

Dgr rlcgdgr luabgr$ fn skzn ef rv pdvsaxkdfnbak rflnuabk$ efjkn usknrdvbas dk efnraeke

gnugdàbk$ dk lvduapdabaeke ef hgslkr$ ealfnragnfr q krpfbugr {vf kdcfs`k dk bglpdfjk

bgnuf}uvsk ef dg sfkd. Fn fruf rfnuaeg$ Dvar Bfnbaddg mkcdk ef dk lvduaealfnragnkdaeke efd

20 Bh. SABGFVS$ _kvd.Anusgevbban k dk ralcdabk efd lkd. Gp. bau.$ pp. 30,3=.2= Bh. Ace.$ p. 28.21 SABGFVS$ _kvd.Kvugcag`skhk anufdfbuvkd. Gp. bau.$ p. 22.5? Bh. BFNBADDG$ Dvar.Laug9 Rflnuabk q sfkdaeke. Lkesae$ Dk Feaugsakd Bkudabk$ ;10?9 p. ;=.5; Bh. SABGFVS$ _kvd.Anusgevbban k dk ralcdabk efd lkd. Gp. bau.$ p. 6=.53 Bh. @GNZKDFZ GDAXFS$ Kefdkaek. Gp. bau.$ pp. 23.52

BFNBADDG$ Dvar. Gp. bau.9 p. ;=.55 Ace.$ p. 31=.56 Bh. @GNZKDFZ GDAXFS$ Kefdkaek. Gp. bau.$ p.22.


11/20

;;

laug$ bglg ef rv psgpafeke rgcsfrkdafnuf ef rfsxas ef bknkd f}psfraxg k dk bgnhdvfnbak ef

ealfnragnfr ra`nahabkuaxkr$ frfnbakdfr q skeabkdfr$ {vf dk bgnbafnbak mvlknk pvfef bkpuks fn

dgr kbgnufbalafnugr$ fn dgr gcjfugr q fn dkr eaxfsrkr sfkdaekefr.58 _ksk fruf larlg kvugs$ fd

laug ng rfsk vn dfn`vkjf ksbkabg q rvpfskeg$ rang dk f}psfran ef vn lgeg ef bglpsfnefsbafsugr krpfbugr ef dk ugukdaeke lvduaealfnragnkd {vf fr dk sfkdaeke q {vf ng rgn sfevbuacdfr k

dgr lgegr ef bgnbfpuvkban g ef bkuf`gsazkban psgpagr ef dk skbagnkdaeke dàbk$ pvfr ukdfr

krpfbugr rgn asskbagnkdfr g$ lfjgs kn$ rvpsksskbagnkdfr$ pgs dg bvkd fr anxakcdf rv f}psfran k

uskxr efd dfn`vkjf kcruskbug$ hgslkdazkeg q bvknuahabkcdf ef dk bafnbak q ef dk f}bfraxk

skbagnkdazkban q kbuauve sfevbbagnaruk q mkruk ralpdahabkegsk {vf k xfbfr krvlf dk hadgrghk9

krpfbugr {vf rgn psgevbug ef anuvabagnfr psaxadfàkekr kbfsbk ef dkr psghvneaekefr lr

ankbbfracdfr ef dk sfkdaeke$ ef k{vfddkr sfàgnfr kbfsbk ef dkr {vf rdg rf pvfef mkcdks efref fd

rlcgdg q fd laug.50 _vfr$ fn fhfbug$ dgr rlcgdgr luabgr rvsàskn ef dk zgnk lr

skeabkdlfnuf psghvnek ef bgnukbug fnusf dk lfnuf q dk sfkdaeke -bgnraefskek fn rv ealfnran efugukdaeke q -...! bgalpdabkban vnaxfsrkd ef sfdkbagnfr k eaxfsrgr naxfdfr!5=$ dk zgnk fn dk {vf fr

lnalk dk earuknbak efd pfnrklafnug sfrpfbug efd gcjfug. _gs bgnra`vafnuf$ k bkvrk ef fruf

bgngbalafnug psghvneg {vf pvfef dg`sksrf efref dk bgnbafnbak luabk$ hvf q rf`vas rafneg fd

laug fd mvlvr fn egnef ugeg dg`gr mkqk ef mvneas rvr skbfr pksk pgrffs vn lnalg ef

xaukdaeke51$ q kdbknzks dk xfseke.

Dk efnraeke f}psfraxk ef dgr rlcgdgr luabgr g laugdg`flkr psgxafnf efd mfbmg ef rfs

rugr vn psgevbug ef dk bgnbafnbak aneaxark$ fr efbas$ ef vnk zgnk lvq psghvnek ef dk lfnuf

{vf Fe`ks Lgsan ddklk Frpsauv Skz g Ksim Frpsauv, fn dk {vf kn ng frun rfpkskekr dk

bgnbafnbak skbagnkd q dk bgnbafnbak luabk$ vnk zgnk {vf sfbacf dk nguahabkban anufdaàcdf efdkr sfkdaekefr bgn dkr {vf rf lknuafnf fn bgnukbug ralpuabg6?9 dg bvkd mkbf efd rlcgdg vnk

pvfsuk ef kbbfrg k f}pfsafnbakr g bgngbalafnugr {vf ran d {vfekskn gbvdugr$ rfskn

ankbbfracdfr g$ bglg eabf Bfnbaddg$ anbgnrbafnbakcdfr. Efref dvf`g {vf pksk bgngbfs fd

ra`nahabkeg ef dgr rlcgdgr luabgr rf sf{vafsf vnk dkcgs f}fùabk {vf mk ef krvlas fd safr`g

ef dgr fnhg{vfr vnadkufskdfr g sfevbbagnarukr$ ef dkr anhfsfnbakr fssnfkr$ rfr`kekr$ pgbg

dbaekr$ safr`g {vf rf bgssf knuf ugeg ra`nahabknuf pgdarlabg.6;

Ef fruf lgeg$ dk anufspsfukban ef dgr rlcgdgr$ f}a`f vnk dkcgs ksevk q pfsrfxfsknuf fn dk

{vf mkn ef anufsxfnas ng rdg dk skbagnkdaeke dàbk rang uklcan dkr bkpkbaekefr anuvauaxkr q

bsfkegskr efd anxfrua`kegs. Fd rlcgdg$ bglg rfkdk Sabgfvs$ alpvdrk kd pfnrklafnug k vnk

uksfk anufspsfukuaxk anhanauk$ pvfr raflpsf pksfbf efbas kd`g lr9 ef km rv bgngbaek hskrf: fd

rlcgdg ek {vf pfnrks. Fn fhfbug$ fd rlcgdg pvfef rfs gcjfug ef sfhdf}an hadgrhabk$ ef vnk

sfhdf}an pkbafnuf q lfevdgrk$ ef vn f}klfn bsuabg q flanfnuflfnuf skbagnkd$ pvfr ng fr

ugukdlfnuf kjfng kd skbagbanag, ra cafn fr psgevbug ef vn skbagbanag psalksag, q$ keflr$ fr

58 Bh. BFNBADDG$ Dvar. Gp. bau.9 p. 53;.50 Bh. Ace.$ pp. 53;,533$ 536.5= Ace.$ p. 53;.51

Ace.$ p. 53;.6? Ace.$ p. 53;.6; Bh. Ace.$ pp. 53;,533.


12/20

;3

dfn`vkjf$ pfsufnfbf kd lvneg ef dk pkdkcsk. Kralarlg$ ng f}aruf fdgbvban ralcdabk g pguabk

{vf fn ugekr dkr bvduvskr ng rvrbauf vn lgxalafnug ef anufspsfukban. Dg {vf pvfef mkcfs ef

skbagbanag `fslankd f anbdvrg anbgmfsfnuf fn fd rlcgdg rf gs`knazk fn skbagbanag bgmfsfnuf k

uskxr ef dk mfslfnvuabk.63

Fn fruf rfnuaeg$ dk mfslfnvuabk lgefsnk psgdgn`k q klpdk dkranufspsfukbagnfr frpgnunfkr {vf dgr rlcgdgr frualvdksgn fn ugegr dgr uaflpgr.62

Dgr rlcgdgr fnbafsskn vn fna`lk$ pgs frg ddfxkn k pfnrks$ pgs frg lguaxkn dk sfhdf}an q

mkbfn nfbfrksag fdkcgsks vnk anufspsfukban sfbglfnzkek vnk q gusk xfz efref fd pfnrklafnug

pfnrknuf q pgnafnuf9 vnk anufspsfukban {vf sfrpfuf rv larufsag gsa`ankd q kd larlg uaflpg

rf efjf advlanks pgs dkr dvbfr q fnrfknzkr {vf dkr f}psfragnfr ralcdabkr fnbafsskn$ pksk

psgevbas$ rgcsf frf hvneklfnug$ vn rfnuaeg {vf rfk rvcraeaksag ef vn pfnrklafnug kvunglg.65

Sabgfvs rfkdk usfr fukpkr fn dk bglpsfnran ef dgr rlcgdgr$ bglpsfnran {vf pksuf ef

rugr$ pfsg k dk xfz xk lr kdd ef fddgr.

Dk psalfsk bgnraruf fn vnkhfnglfngdg`k$ fr efbas$ vnk bglpsfnran efd rlcgdg k uskxref gusgr rlcgdgr$ sfvcabkneg bkek rlcgdg fn vnk ugukdaeke {vf fr lr xkruk {vf d$ pfsg {vf

fru k rv larlg naxfd bgnhgslkneg vn raruflk ef rlcgdgr. Dk hfnglfngdg`k efd rlcgdg

mkbf kpksfbfs vnk bgmfsfnbak$ vnk raruflkuabaeke fn fd lvneg ef dgr rlcgdgr. _fsg fn fruk

fukpk kn ng rf ddf`k k dk xfseke$ kd ra`nahabkeg psghvneg ef dg ralcdabg.66 Sabgfvs ng rf mk

dalaukeg k frk bglpsfnran efd rlcgdg pgs fd rlcgdg q fn fd rlcgdg68$ ng rf mk efufnaeg

fn dk uksfk ef xanbvdks vngr laugr bgn gusgr$ ng rf mk {vfekeg fn dk bglpsfnran pkngslabk

q rvpfshabakd efd lvneg ef dgr rlcgdgr efd lkd mvlkng$ qfneg ef vnk sfpsfrfnukban k gusk

pfsg ran bglpsglfufs rv psgpag jvabag. Fruf lgeg ef psgbfefs fdvef fd psgcdflk ef dk xfseke$

ef dk xfseke kvunuabk q psghvnek.Fr nfbfrksag kcgseks vnk nvfxk uksfk pgs dk bvkd rf mk ef kcknegnks fd pvnug ef xaruk

bglpkskuaxg$ fd sfbgssaeg ef vn rlcgdg k gusg psgpagr ef dk hfnglfngdg`k, pksk frukcdfbfs

vnk sfdkban bglpsglfuaek$ kpkragnkek q bsuabk bgn dkr f}psfragnfr ralcdabkr. Fr fnugnbfr

bvkneg rf anabak dk dkcgsmfslfnvuabk psgpaklfnuf eabmk$ fr efbas$ dk dkcgs ef anufspsfukban$

{vf sf{vafsf {vf fd anuspsfuf kcknegnf dk pgraban ef frpfbukegs efranufsfrkeg q rf kpsgpaf

ralpkuuabklfnuf ef bkek ralcgdarlg pksuabvdks$ knuabapnegrf kd rfnuaeg pgs fd bvkd rf

anufssg`k$ pksk pgefs kpsg}alksrf kd larlg. Frug ra`nahabk {vf dk mfslfnvuabk psgbfef ef dk

psf,bglpsfnran ef dg {vf rf uskuk ef bglpsfnefs$ bgnruauvqnegrf kr fd bsbvdg ef dk

mfslfnvuabk$ bsbvdg pksk nkek xabagrg$ rang xaxg q frualvdknuf60 q {vf ra`nahabk {vf fr

nfbfrksag bglpsfnefs pksk bsffs$ pfsg Y{vf\ mkq {vf bsffs pksk bglpsfnefs.6= Sabgfvs bsff

{vf fd rfs kn mgq pvfef mkcdks kd mglcsf$ ra cafn qk ng ckjg dk hgslk psf,bsuabk ef dk bsffnbak

anlfeakuk$ kd lfngr fn fd lgeg ef dk rf`vnek anlfeakufz {vf anufnuk dg`sks dk mfslfnvuabk.

63 Bh. SABGFVS$ _. Fd Rlcgdg ek {vf _fnrks. r'Ekugr cacdag`shabgr9 p. 0?2.62 Ace.$ p. 0?2.65 Bh. Ace.$ p. 0?2.66 Bh. SABGFVS$ _kvd. Anusgevbban k dk ralcdabk efd lkd. Gp. bau$ pp. 26,28.68

,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,. Fd Rlcgdg ek {vf _fnrks. Gp. bau.$ p. 0?=.60 Bh. ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,.Anusgevbban k dk ralcdabk efd lkd. Gp. bau.$ pp. 28 , 20.6= Ace.$ p. 20.


13/20

;2

K bgnuanvkban$ rf efcf bvlpdas vnk ufsbfsk fukpk pksk dk anufda`fnbak ef dgr rlcgdgr.

Fruf ufsbfs lglfnug fr fd ef dk sfhdf}an hadgrhabk. Efrpvr ef dk uksfk mfslfnvuabk ef

f}`frar$ fr nfbfrksag pfnrks k pksuas efd rlcgdg$ pvfr pksk Sabgfvs rv ra`nahabkeg

bgnruauvqf vnk rvcruknbak anefrusvbuacdf$61

bgnruauvqf fd hgneg {vf sfxfdk dkpkdkcsk {vf mkcaukfnusf dgr mglcsfr$8? dk pkdkcsk gsa`anksak {vf fnbafssk dgr rfnuaegr psala`fnagr {vf fd mglcsf

bgngba fn fd bglafnzg ef dgr uaflpgr.

Fn sfrvlaekr bvfnukr$ fd rlcgdg$ bglg rf f}psfr lr kssack$ ek {v pfnrks$ pvfr egnk

vn rfnuaeg lvduaxkdfnuf {vf f}a`f vn dkcgsagrg uskckjg ef anufspsfukban q sfhdf}an. Fr k{v

egnef rf efrkssgddk vnk mfslfnvuabk psgpaklfnuf hadgrhabk$ {vf fr k{vddk {vf anufnuk vnk

anufspsfukban bsfkuaxk$ vnk sfhdf}an {vf sfrpfuf fd ksbkng {vf dgr rlcgdgr fnbafsskn$ {vf rf

efjf anrusvas pgs fd rkcfs psalgseakd efd bvkd rugr rgn pgsukegsfr$ pfsg {vf$ k pksuas ef kdd mk

ef psgbvsks `fnfsks$ sfbgnrusvas g klpdaks fd rfnuaeg kdgjkeg fn fddgr efref vn pfnrklafnug

dacsf q kvunglg.8;

2. DK LFUHGSK

_kvd Sabgfvs mk efeabkeg frpfbakd kufnban k dgr rlcgdgr bgnufnaegr fn dgr sfdkugr

luabgr q `fnfskegsfr ef lfuhgskr$ pvfr$ bglg rf eajg psfbfefnuflfnuf$ fruf kvugs rf mk

anufsfrkeg ef lgeg frpfbakd pgs dk ngxfeke fn dk ra`nahabkban$ mfbmg {vf bgnruauvqf vn

f}bfdfnuf fjflpdg ef bsfkban$ pfsg ef bsfkban sf`vdkek. Fn fruf rfnuaeg$ dk lfuhgsk

sfrpgnef ef lgeg bkckd k frugr bgnbfpugr.

Dk lfuhgsk fr fd nbdfg rflnuabg efd rlcgdg9 pfsg ruf fr kd`g lr {vf vnk lfuhgskdaufsksak$ pvfr uafnf krpfbugr ng rflnuabgr$ fn skzn ef rvr skbfr psfxfsckdfr.83

Fd uflk ef dk lfuhgsk mk ekeg dv`ks k vn f}ufnrg q fnjvneagrg fruveag ef fruf kvugs$

f}pvfrug fnDk lfuhgsk xaxk. Sabgfvs rf mk gbvpkeg frpfbakdlfnuf ef fruf uflk fn skzn ef

{vf dk lfuhgsk bglpgsuk vnk anngxkban ef dgr ra`nahabkegr gsa`anksagr$ bglpgsuk ngxfeke$

bsfkban. Dk lfuhgsk fr vn fnvnbakeg {vf bgnruauvqf vnk psfeabkban ng pfsuanfnuf fn sfdkban

bgn dk sfhfsfnbak mkcauvkd ef dgr uslangr$ q {vf `fnfsk kr vnk nvfxk sfhfsfnbak$ pfsg uklcan

vn nvfxg rfnuaeg$ {vf rf ugsnk alpfsuanfnuf sfrpfbug efd rfnuaeg daufskd. Rufddk Kbbgsanua rfkdk

{vf dk alpfsuanfnbak rflnuabk ef dk lfuhgsk psgevbf vnk nvfxk pfsuanfnbak {vf rf hvnek fn

dk rflfjknzk fnusf dkr bgrkr g rauvkbagnfr xanbvdkekr pgs dk f}psfran lfukhsabk.82Fn dk _guabk$ Ksaruufdfr efhanf dk lfuhgsk bglg dk usknrhfsfnbak efd nglcsf ef vnk

bgrk k gusk9 efd `nfsg k dk frpfbaf$ ef dk frpfbaf kd `nfsg g rf`n knkdg`k.85 Bkek bgrk uafnf

rv psgpag nglcsf$ pfsg ekeg {vf fnusf dk bgrk nglcskek q rv efnglankban mkq raflpsf vnk

61 Bh. Ace.$ p. 2=.8? Ace.$ p. 2=.8; Bh. Ace.$ p. 21.83 Bh. BSK@NGDANA$ Lnabk. Ksu. baukeg9 q SABGFVS$ _kvd.Fevbkban q _gduabk9.. .Gp. bau.$ pp. 23,22.82 Bh. BSK@NGDANA$ Lnabk. Ksu. baukeg9 q KBBGSANUA$ Rufddk. Nfgdacfskdarlg q pgduabkr rgbakdfr. Fd

an`sfrg bavekekng. Fn: muup:''.vscksfe.vn`r.fev.ks'egndgke'egbvlfnugr'RuK&3?,&3? an`sfrg &3?bavekekng.egb. Lkszg ' 3??8.85 KSARUUFDFR._guabk. Gp. bau.$ p. 22


14/20

;5

earuknbak$ pvfr fd nglcsf ng fru kpf`keg q kjvrukeg f}kbuklfnuf kd gcjfug {vf efra`nk$ fr

pgracdf fd usknrpgsuf -o! g bklcag ef dv`ks ef dgr nglcsfr$ {vf pkrkn ef vnk bgrk k

gusk.86 Sgrr f}psfrk: Lfukpmgs bgnrarur an àxan` umf uman` k nklf umku cfdgn`r ug rglfuman`

fdrf. Dk lfuhgsk fr vnk f}psfran {vf bgnraruf fn eks k vnk bgrk fd nglcsf ef gusk.88

Fnpkdkcskr ef Hgnuknafs80$ dk lfuhgsk fr vn usgpg -vnk ha`vsk$ vnk fruskuf ak ef dk df}ar! {vf rf

flpdfk pgs nfbfraeke q pgs f}ufnran pksk rvpdas pkdkcskr {vf hkdukn k dk dfn`vk pksk bafsukr

aefkr...8=

Jgr Felvneg Bdflfnuf mkcdk ef dk lfuhgsk bglg ef vn usgpg pgs fd bvkd rf uskrdkek fd

rfnuaeg sfbug ef dgr uslangr k gusg ha`vskeg$ rgcsf dk ckrf ef vnk bglpkskban ubauk g

rgcsffnufneaek$ pfsg {vf alpdabk vnk gpfskban lfnukd lr spaek q lr fdfxkek {vf dk {vf

psgevbf dk ralpdf bglpkskban. Dk lfuhgsk$ pksk fruf larlg kvugs$ uafnf dk laran ef mkbfs

kpsfmfnracdf dk sfkdaeke$ ukd bglg rf dk bgngbf mkcauvkdlfnuf$ lfeaknuf vnk nvfxk sfkdaeke

bgnbadakegsk. K fruk nvfxk sfkdaeke$ k fruk anngxkban {vf rf mkbf psfrfnuf k uskxr ef dklfuhgsk$ rf ddf`k fhfbuvkneg vnk kcruskbban$ fr efbas$ rfpkskneg,ef$ uglkneg kd`g ef vn

dv`ks pksk uskrdkeksdg k gusg anvraukeg$ anfrpfskeg9 bvlpdafneg dk anuvaban$ fn fruf psgbfrg$

vnk hvnban frfnbakd$ ekeg {vf$ ukd bglg dg khaslkck Ksaruufdfr$ dk lfuhgsk rf rvrufnuk fn dk

bkpukban sfpfnuank ef vnk knkdg`k fnusf egr bgrkr eahfsfnufr.

_fsufnfbafnuf lr k dk hadgrghk ef dk daufskuvsk {vf k dk psfbfpuaxk daufsksak$ dk lfuhgsk

mkcdk efref fd lks`fn lfukhrabg efd uf}ug$ efpfneafneg dk sa{vfzk ef rv anufspsfukban ef dk

rv`fsfnbak kvugskd q ef dk klpdauve ef dk alkànkban efd dfbugs g efruankuksag.81

Dk lfuhgsk anbgspgsk vn bglpgnfnuf khfbuaxg k dk f}psfran q fjfsbf vn fhfbug ef

fxgbkban q rv`fruan. Bglg khaslk Fe`ks Lgsan$ dk lfuhgsk pgfuazk dg bguaeakngusknrpgsukneg rgcsf dk usaxakdaeke ef dkr bgrkr dk alk`fn {vf krglcsk.0? Fn fruf rfnuaeg$ rf

pvfef bgnbfcas k dk lfuhgsk bglg anb`nauk hvneklfnukd$ -...! mkddkz`g q efrdvlcsklafnug

ef dg anrdaug q rgspsfraxg$ -...! hrabk xkbk9 xvfdg xkbknuf. _fshad fxkraxg. Frpfbusg ef vnk

ddklk$ eask fd pgfuk Dpfz _ab.0; Q ra`vafneg bgn dkr cfddkr pkdkcskr ef Jgr Felvneg

Bdflfnuf$ bkcf k`sf`ks {vf dk assfkdaeke ef dk lfuhgsk lrabk bfsskek$ bgdgs ufsabg$ dfusk

efdfcdf, ngr bglpfdf k {vf dk lasflgr ef dfjgr$ k ng ugbksdk9 kd sglknuabarlg bkckddfsfrbg ef

rgdklfnuf pfnrksdk$ -...! Ypvfr\ sfank fn ngrgusgr bgn dgr psaxadfàgr hfvekdfr efd lvneg

{valsabg ef dk advran.03

_ksk dk sfusabk bdrabk$ q ukd bglg rf xf fn dk _guabk ef Ksaruufdfr$ dk lfuhgsk fr

bgnraefskek bglg vnk ralpdf f}ufnran ef rfnuaeg$ bglg vn ralpdf lgxalafnug nglankd {vf

86 Bh. @KSBAK CKBBK$ Jvkn Ekxae. Anusgevbban k dk _guabk. Fn: KSARUUFDFR._guabk. Gp. bau.$ pp.]BXAA k ]BA].88 Bh. SABGFVS$ _kvd.Dk Lfuhgsk xaxk. Uske. @skzafddk Ckskxkddf. Cvfngr Kasfr$ Lf`pgdar ' Dk Kvsgsk$ ;100$

p. 2;.80 Baukeg pgs Sabgfvs fnDk Lfuhgsk xaxk. Gp. bau.$ p. 528.8= SABGFVS$ _kvd.Dk Lfuhgsk xaxk. Gp. bau.$ p. 528.81 Bh. BDFLFNUF$ Jgr Felvneg. Anxaukban k dk lfuhgsk. Fn: Dk Nkban$ Cvfngr Kasfr$ ;1=?.0?

LGSAN$ Fe`ks.Fd lugeg9 AAA9 Fd bgngbalafnug efd bgngbalafnug. Uske. Knk Rnbmfz. 3 fe. Lkesae$ Bufesk$

;115$ p. ;68.

0; BDFLFNUF$ Jgr Felvneg. Anxaukban k dk lfuhgsk. Ksu. baukeg.03 Acefl.


15/20

;6

uskrdkek fd nglcsf ef vnk bgrk k gusk earuanuk$ bgn dg bvkd rv nabk hvnban fr dk ef kegsnks fd

dfn`vkjf pksk mkbfsdg lr pfsrvkraxg f anufnrahabks rv bksaz flgbagnkd. Rf`n Sabgfvs$ fn

bklcag$ dk lfuhgsk nbdfg rflnuabg f anrusvlfnug dan`ruabg efd rlcgdg, bglpgsuk vnk

anngxkban rflnuabk q bvlpdf vnk hvnban mfvsruabk$ ngukr frfnbakdfr ef ugek pguabk. Dklfuhgsk fr bsfkegsk ef rfnuaeg$ fr pgsukegsk ef vnk nvfxk ra`nahabkban. K pksuas ef dk ng

bgnxfnafnbak g alpfsuanfnbak ef dk psfeabkban f}uskxk`knuf {vf alpdabk vnk f}psfran

lfukhsabk$ rvs`f vnk nvfxk pfsuanfnbak rflnuabk. Kd rfs pvfrugr fn bgnukbug uslangr

anbglpkuacdfr fnusf r ef kbvfseg bgn dkr bdkrahabkbagnfr vrvkdfr$ rf `fnfsk vnk ra`nahabkban

aneauk. Fn fruk rauvkban fnusk k jv`ks dk rflfjknzk$ {vf fr bkpukek pgs fd pgefs anuvauaxg ef dk

alkànkban bkpkz ef mkddks kpsg}alkbagnfr q pksfnufrbgr fnusf dkr bgrkr,$ q {vf bgnusacvqf k

anrukvsks dk psfeabkban f}uskxk`knuf {vf xvfdxf bfsbkngr dgr uslangr gsaànksaklfnuf

kdfjkegr bgn dgr {vf rf bgnrusvqf fd fnvnbakeg lfukhsabg.02

Fn dkLfuhgsk xaxk rf kdvef k dk xanbvdkban fnusf lfuhgsk q rlcgdg$ bvkneg rf rfkdk{vf dk fnvnbakban lfukhsabk kbuk rgcsf egr bklpgr ef sfhfsfnbak kd larlg uaflpg$ bgn dg

bvkd rf f}pdabk dk ksuabvdkban ef dgr egr naxfdfr ef ra`nahabkban {vf rf ek fn fd rlcgdg. Dk

psalfsk ra`nahabkban pfsufnfbf k vn bklpg ef sfhfsfnbak bgngbaeg$ g rfk$ kd bklpg ef dkr

fnuaekefr k dkr {vf vrvkdlfnuf rf kusacvqfn dgr psfeabkegr$ q bvqk ra`nahabkban qk fru

frukcdfbaek. Dk rf`vnek ra`nahabkban uafnf {vf xfs bgn vn bklpg ef sfhfsfnbak {vf ng pvfef

rfs efrbsaug lfeaknuf psfeabkegr aefnuahabknufr kpsgpakegr q psff}arufnufr.05 _gs bgnra`vafnuf$

fd rfnuaeg qk bgnruauvaeg rf efrda`k ef rv knbdkjf fn vn bklpg ef sfhfsfnbak psalfsg q rf

psgqfbuk fn fd nvfxg bklpg ef sfhfsfnbak bvqk bgnha`vskban bgnusacvqf fnugnbfr k mkbfskpksfbfs. 06

Fd uskrdkeg efd rfnuaeg ef vn bklpg sfhfsfnbakd k gusg psfrvpgnf {vf fd rf`vneg bklpg qk

fru psfrfnuf ef kd`vnk lknfsk$ fr efbas$ fn hgslk alpdbauk$ dkufnuf$ fjfsbafneg vnk kuskbban

rgcsf fd rfnuaeg qk bgnruauvaeg {vf kssknbk k ruf ef rv psalfs knbdkjf. Fruf uskrpkrg ef

ra`nahabkegr ng rfsk pgracdf ra dk ra`nahabkban hvfsk vnk sfkdaeke frukcdf q ng eanlabk g

lxad$ uskrdkekcdf k earuanugr lcaugr ef efngukban$ qk {vf fn skzn efd fhfbug `skxaukbagnkd

{vf fd rf`vneg bklpg ef sfhfsfnbak fjfsbf rgcsf fddk fr alpvdrkek k kcknegnks rv sfàn ef

gsa`fn pksk anrfsuksrf q mkbfs kpksfbfs kd larlg uaflpg fd nvfxg bklpg sfhfsfnbakd$ {vf fr vn

bklpg efrbgngbaeg$ pfsg psfrfnuaeg pgs dk anufnban rflnuabk {vf knalk k dk hgslvdkban

lfukhsabk.08

Vng ef dgr krpfbugr alpgsuknufr k rfkdks fn dk ufgsk sabgfvsaknk efd rlcgdg q ef dk

lfuhgsk fr dk sfra`nahabkban {vf fn ruk ke{vafsf fd bgnbfpug ef sfhfsfnbak. Sabgfvs sfuglk

dk earuanban {vf mkbf Hsf`f fnusf rfnuaeg -Rann! q sfhfsfnbak g efngukban -Cfefvuvn`! q

rfkdk {vf fd rfnuaeg fr dg {vf rf eabf$ fn uknug {vf sfhfsfnbak fr k{vfddg rgcsf dg {vf rf

02 Bh. SABGFVS$ _kvd.Fevbkban q _gduabk9 .... Gp. bau.$ pp. 31,2?9 q BDFLFNUF$ Jgr F. Ksu. baukeg.05

Bh. SABGFVS$ _kvd.Dk Lfuhgsk xaxk. Gp. bau.$ p. 558.06 Ace.$p. 558.08 Bh. Ace.$ p. 558.


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eabf fd rfnuaeg. Fruf bgnbfpug ef sfhfsfnbak bgssfrpgnef$ fn fd pfnrklafnug sabgfvsakng k dg

{vf rf pgesk ddklks sfhfsfnbak efrbsapuaxk g ef psalfs `skeg. _fsg fd pfnrkegs hsknbr

psgpgnf gusg uapg ef sfhfsfnbak: dk sfhfsfnbak psgevbuaxk g ef rf`vneg `skeg$ g uklcan$

sfhfsfnbak lfukhsabk g sfhfsfnbak efregcdkek. Fruk bdkrf ef sfhfsfnbak rfsk psgpak efdfnvnbakeg lfukhsabg q ef dgr uf}ugr habbagnkdfr. Rf uskuk ef vnk sfhfsfnbak k uskxr ef dk bvkd

ng rf uafnf dk anufnban ef lgrusks g efrbsacas fd lvneg rang bsfksdg$ q$ kd larlg uaflpg$

klpdaks dk rvcjfuaxaeke efd dfbugs. Fruk hgslk ef sfhfsfnbak$ kbuvknuf fn dk habban q fn dk

pgfrk$ mkbf pgracdf kcsas nvfxgr lgegr ef rfs,fn,fd,lvneg.00

Sabgfvs sfuglk dkr aefkr ef Iknu pksk sfhfsasrf k dk alkànkban bsfkegsk {vf rf mkddk

alpdbauk fn fd dfn`vkjf lfukhsabg. Fn fhfbug$ dk lfuhgsk uafnf pgefs bsfkegs$ q pgs dg uknug

xaxahabknuf$ efd dfn`vkjf frukcdfbaeg. Dk lfuhgsk fr lfuhgsk xaxk fn uknug kbuaxk dk

alkànkban q pgs bgnra`vafnuf mkbf pfnrks lr$ ek {vf pfnrks kbfsbk ef dg {vf eabf vn

efufslankeg bgnbfpug$ rvpfskneg q klpdakneg$ kr$ fd ra`nahabkeg efd larlg. Ef a`vkd lgeg{vf dk pgfrk$ dk lfuhgsk ek k dk alkànkban vn alpvdrg {vf ddfxk k pfnrks lr q fnugnbfr k

rvpfsks g f}bfefs fd bgnufnaeg ef vn bgnbfpug g ef vnk f}psfran efufslankek qk bgngbaek.0=

Dk lfuhgsk$ pgs uknug$ anrukvsk vn nvfxg rfnuaeg {vf pvfef ddfxks k vn kvlfnug efd

bgngbalafnug.01 Dk lfuhgsk ddfxk fn r larlk vnk nvfxk anhgslkban$ pgs{vf sf,efrbsacf dk

sfkdaeke fn skzn ef {vf efrbvcsf nvfxkr bgrkr$ bvlpdafneg kr vnk hvnban mfvsruabk. Dk

lfuhgsk efrusvqf vn gsefn pksk psgevbas gusg$ -...! fn`fnesk vn nvfxg gsefn psgevbafneg

efrxgr fn vn gsefn knufsags.=?

K lgeg ef rnufrar$ rf pvfef efbas {vf rgn usfr dgr skr`gr {vf _kvd Sabgfvs kra`nk k dk

lfuhgsk xaxk: alpfsuanfnbak daufskd$ nvfxk pfsuanfnbak psfeabkuaxk q ugsran xfsckd9 {vfeknegbdksg {vf dk anngxkban rflnuabk {vf psgxgbk fd fnvnbakeg lfukhsabg psgxafnf ef dk rf`vnek

psgpafeke. Fn fd nvfxg ra`nahabkeg anufsxafnf dk alkànkban$ pfsg ng dk {vf fr ralpdflfnuf

sfpsgevbugsk q {vf `fnfsk al`fnfr ef bgrkr kvrfnufr$=; rang dk alkànkban psgevbugsk$ {vf

bsfk nvfxkr rnufrar.=3 Fruk alkànkban fr dk bkpkbaeke ef bkpuks ef lgeg sfpfnuang dk

rflfjknzk {vf hvnek dk nvfxk pfsuanfnbak rflnuabk$ fr dk bkpkbaeke ef xfs bglg -rf`n

f}psfran ef Pauu`fnrufan!$ pgs fjflpdg$ xfs dk xfjfz bglg fd kuksefbfs ef dk xaek$ xfs k

K{vadfr bglg vn dfn$ fub. Fd xfs bglg psgpgsbagnk al`fnfr {vf rasxfn ef rgpgsuf k dk

anngxkban rflnuabk. _fsg fruf xfs bglg... sfxfdk vn rfs bglg...$ dg bvkd bgnevbf k vn

naxfd gnugdàbg lr skeabkd9 rfs bglg$ {vf fr rfs q ng rfs$ {vf ra`nahabk {vf frug fsk q frug ng

fsk$ lvfrusk fd kdbknbf gnugdàbg ef fruk pkskegjk {vf ng pgek pfsbacasrf efnusg efd lksbg ef

dg pvsklfnuf sfhfsfnbakd$ lksbg efnusg efd bvkd fd rfs rdg pgek rfs xarug bglg xfscg

bgpvdkuaxg$ bglg rfs,kpghnuabg$ bglg xfscg {vf fn vnk psgpgraban -! vnf

00Bh. LKSUANFZ _SRABG$ Lksark. Hadgrghk sfhdf}axk fn _kvd Sabgfvs. Fn: muup:'' . Advruskegr. bgl'pvcdabkbagnfr' FpqKZdpFKqDd`lgqNn.pmp9 kcsad ' 3??8.0= Bh. Ace.$ p. 563.01 Bh. KBBGSANUA$ Rufddk. Ksu. baukeg.=? SABGFVS$ _kvd.Dk Lfuhgsk xaxk. Gp. bau.$ pp. 20,2=.=;

Al`fnfr fnufneaekr bglg sfraevgr pfsbfpuaxgr$ bglg psfrfnbakr efcadaukekr$ fn dk bgnbafnbak$ ef dgpfsbacaeg. -Bh. SABGFVS$ _kvd.Fevbkban q _gduabk9.... Gp. bau.$ pp. 2?,2;!=3 Bh. SABGFVS$ _kvd.Fevbkban q _gduabk9.... Gp. bau.$ p. 2;.


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rvjfug q psfeabkeg. Dk sfhfsfnbak efregcdkek g ef rf`vneg `skeg$ psgpak efd dfn`vkjf pguabg,

lfukhsabg$ ddf`k kr$ knkdàbklfnuf$ k dkr vdualaekefr ef dg sfkd$ k rv bgskzn larlg.=2 Ef

lgeg {vf$ q fn pkdkcskr ef Sabgfvs$ fn uknug

fd rfnuaeg daufskd$ kd efrusvasrf pgs anbgn`svfnbak$ efrpfjk fd bklang pksk vn rfnuaeg lfukhsabg-{vf mflgr ddklkeg nvfxk pfsuanfnbak psfeabkuaxk!$ uklcan dk sfhfsfnbak daufskd$ kd efrpdglksrf pgsankefbvkban$ dacfsk vnk sfhfsfnbak lfukhsabk `skbakr k dk bvkd fd dfn`vkjf pguabg$ kd ng efbas dg{vf fr$ eabf bglg {v rgn dkr bgrkr dualkr$ k {v rf krflfjkn flanfnuflfnuf.=5

Dk alkànkban bvlpdf vnk hvnban ef lfeakban fnusf dkr svankr ef dk psfeabkban

gsaànksak q dk nvfxk ra`nahabkban {vf flfs`f ef fddkr. Fn skzn efd krpfbug bvkra xarvkd q

bvkra rfnrgsakd ef dk lfuhgsk$ dk alkànkban mkbf sfrgnks$ sfknalk$ sfbvfsegr egslaegr$

f}pfsafnbakr knufsagsfr$ rfnrkbagnfr gdxaekekr$ k uskxr ef dkr al`fnfr {vf psgevbf q {vf ng

rgn sfpsfrfnukbagnfr dacsfr rang fn`fneskekr q bgnusgdkekr pgs dk eabban pguabk. Kvn{vf fd

hfnlfng ef sfrgnknbak {vf psgxgbk dk lfuhgsk$ fn bafsug lgeg pvfef efcadauks dkra`nahabkban kd `fnfsks al`fnfr dacsfr$ hdguknufr q fnrgkegskr$ uklcan uafnf vn fhfbug lvq

alpgsuknuf kd nfvuskdazks dg sfkd q mkbfs pgracdf kr {vf fd pfnrklafnug rf anusgevzbk fn dk

ealfnran ef dg assfkd. Fruf kbbfrg k vn lcaug alkànksag ek dv`ks k vn rfnualafnug ef ng

bglpsglarg bgn fd lvneg ef dk pfsbfpban q ef dk kbban$ vn rfnualafnug ef dacfsuke hsfnuf k

dk sfkdaeke$ ef efrda`klafnug ef dk larlk$ {vf mkbf psgpabag fd dacsf jvf`g ef dk alkànkban q

efd pfnrklafnug fn ugsng ef nvfxkr aefkr q nvfxgr lgegr ef rfs fn fd lvneg.=6 Fn fruf

rfnuaeg$ dk lfuhgsk lvfrusk blg dkr eaxfsrkr bgrkr q rauvkbagnfr {vf bglpgnfn fd lvneg$

pvfefn rfs xarukr ef earuanukr lknfskr. Fd dfn`vkjf pguabg$ fd dfn`vkjf lfukhsabg$ klpdkn dk

xaran ef dg sfkd. Fn pkdkcskr ef Mfaef``fs=8$ dk pgfrk fr dk {vf mkbf kpksfbfs fd lvneg=0$

pgnf fn fxaefnbak krpfbugr efd larlg {vf ng pvfefn rfs bkpukegr pgs fd dfn`vkjf efrbsapuaxg q

dàbg ef dk bafnbak$ na$ lfngr kn$ pgs fd dfn`vkjf bgln9 pfsg$ kralarlg$ dk pgfrk uafnf fd

pgefs ef sfbgnha`vsks dk sfkdaeke. Frug fr pgracdf fn xasuve ef {vf fd dfn`vkjf pguabg$ kd

rvrpfnefs dk sfhfsfnbak easfbuk efd dfn`vkjf efrbsapuaxg$ dacfsk kd earbvsrg ef frf uapg ef

hvnban sfhfsfnbakd q$ pgs bgnra`vafnuf$ dg xvfdxf kpug pksk gusg uapg ef sfhfsfnbakdaeke$ ng ukn

f}pdbauk$ pfsg `skbakr k dk bvkd rgn ddfxkegr kd dfn`vkjf bkskbufsfr$ bvkdaekefr q xkdgsfr ef dg

sfkd {vf ng pvfefn rfs f}psfrkegr lfeaknuf dgr fnvnbakegr efrbsapuaxgr$ rang {vf rdg fr

pgracdf lknahfruksdgr k uskxr ef dk eabban lfukhsabk {vf usknr`sfef sf`vdkeklfnuf dkrra`nahabkbagnfr vrvkdfr.==

Sabgfvs pgnf ef sfdafxf dk ealfnran bsfkuaxk$ pguabk$ efd dfn`vkjf$ fn dk lfeaek fn {vf

dk lfuhgsk q dk usklk ef dk nksskban$ {vf rgn gcskr ef dk alkànkban$ k dk xfz {vf bgnuafnfn

=2Bh. SABGFVS$ _kvd.Fevbkban q _gduabk9 ...$ Gp. bau.$ p. 539 ,,,,,,,,,,,,,Dk Lfuhgsk xaxk. Gp. bau.$ p. 560$ q

HFSSKUFS LGSK$ Jgr.Eabbagnksag ef Hadgrghk. 6 fe. 3 sfalp. Cvfngr Kasfr$ Rveklfsabknk$ ;10;$ U. A$ p.;;1.=5 SABGFVS$ _kvd.Fevbkban q _gduabk9 ...$ Gp. bau.$ p. 53.=6 Bh. Ace.$ pp. 2;,23.=8

Baukeg fnDk Lfuhgsk xaxk.=0 SABGFVS$ _kvd.Dk Lfuhgsk xaxk. Gp. bau.$ p. 530.== Bh. ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,.Fevbkban q _gduabk9... Gp. bau.$ pp. 5;,53.


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vn f}bfrg ef rfnuaeg pgs rgcsf fd dfn`vkjf daufskd g bafnuhabg$ kdvefn k dk pgracadaeke ef vn

nvfxg lgeg ef rfs ef dk sfkdaeke q efd rvjfug mvlkng.

Fd dfn`vkjf pguabg ng fr rdg vnk hgslk ef efbas ef gusg lgeg$ fr$ keflr$ vnk hgslk

ef efbas lr. Mkq fn d vnk pdvrxkdk ef rfnuaeg$ vn kbsfbalafnug q bsfkban ef nvfxgrra`nahabkegr psgevbaegr pgs dk kbuvkban ef dkr lfuhgskr.=1 Kd sfrpfbug$ gcrfsxk Sabgfvs$ {vf

dk `knknbak ef ra`nahabkban$ {vf sfrvduk ef dk nvfxk pfsufnfnbak rflnuabk anrukvskek pgs fd

fnvnbakeg lfukhsabg$ alpdabk kd larlg uaflpg {vf dk `knknbak ef rfnuaeg dk bgn{varuk ef

nvfxkr sfhfsfnbakr.1?

Dk alk`ankban$ bglg rf eajg lr kssack$ pfslauf vnk anxfnban sf`vdkek$ vnk

psgevbuaxaeke ngslkek k pksuas efd uf}ug ,ufnafneg fn bvfnuk {vf bvkneg rf mkcdk ef

anxfnuks$ Sabgfvs gcrfsxk {vf rf kdvef kd egcdf ra`nahabkeg ef fruk pkdkcsk: efrbvcsas q

bsfks,. Fd dfbugs$ fnugnbfr$ bglpsfnef bgssfbuklfnuf fd uf}ug ra$ pgs vnk pksuf sfrpfuk rv

gcjfuaxaeke q efjk {vf fd bgnufnaeg kbuf fn d$ bgnrafnuf {vf dg f}psfrkeg rfk f anhdvqk fn d9pfsg ra uklcan sfha`vsk$ sfbsfk rv rfnuaeg$ xanbvdkneg fd lvneg ef habban hgsjkeg pgs fd

frbsaugs bgn fd rvqg psgpag.

Ra`vafneg k Ksaruufdfr$ Sabgfvs fnuafnef {vf dk bglpgraban pguabk rf krafnuk fn vnk

f}pfsafnbak psfnksskuaxk {vf$ kd rfs nksskek$ {vfek kcafsuk k dk sffdkcgskban$ k dk sfbsfkban ef

ukd bglpgraban pgs pksuf efd dfbugs {vf$ ef fruf lgeg$ dk anbgspgsk$ dk kraladk bsfkegsklfnuf k

rv xaek$ 1; fr efbas$ dk mkbf rvqk kpgsukneg kd`g psgpag$ fnusfufjafneg bgn dk gcsk fdflfnugr g

bgnufnaegr {vf pfsufnfbfn k rv kbfsxg pfsrgnkd.Ef fruf lgeg$ dk kpsgpakban efd uf}ug bvdlank

fn vnk kvuganufspsfukban efd rvjfug {vf$ efref frf lglfnug$ {vaz dg`sf bglpsfnefsrf lfjgs

k r larlg.13

BGNBDVRAN

Sabgfvs xkdgsk psghvneklfnuf fd dfn`vkjf laug,pguabg$ bgn rvr rlcgdgr q lfuhgskr$

rlcgdgr q lfuhgskr {vf ng rdg mkcaukn dkr f}psfragnfr efd ksuf daufsksag rang uklcan dkr

guskr hgslkr ef bsfkban ksuruabk. Fn dk pfsrpfbuaxk ef Sabgfvs$ dk hadgrghk efcf pksuas ef dk

gcrfsxkban ef dk sfkdaeke$ pvfr ruk uafnf vnk frusvbuvsk ralcdabk: ef lknahfrukban q

gbvduklafnug$ ef efrxfdklafnug q xfdklafnug9 vnk sfkdaeke fn dk {vf rf ek dk klca`feke efd

rfs bglg$ efd rfs q ng rfs$ {vf dk fnvnbakban lfukhsabk f}pgnf kd eks bkvbf f}psfraxg k dkklcaxkdfnbak ef dk xfseke {vf `vruk gbvduksrf$ {vf fru bfsbk$ pfsg fr eahbad ef pfsbacas q ef

efbas$ {vf fru gbvduk q ran flcks`g rf lknahafruk$ {vf rf lvfrusk q ng gcruknuf k dk xfz rf

fbdaprk. _gs fddg$ dk sfhdf}an hadgrhabk efcf nvusasrf ef dk pgfrk$ f}psfran ef dk alk`ankban

=1 Bh. BSK@NGDANA$ Lnabk. Ksu. baukeg.1? Bh. SABGFVS$ _kvd.Dk Lfuhgsk xaxk. Gp. bau.$ pp. 553,552.1; Bh. SABGFVS$ _kvd.Dk Lfuhgsk xaxk. Gp. bau.$ p. 5689 q SFBFNRAGNFR. . Ufgd. xaek. Ygndanf\. 3??3$ xgd.52$ng.; Ybaukeg 3= Kcsad 3??8\$ p.05,=1. Fn dk Pgsde Paef Pfc: 4muup:''rbafdg,

ufru.bgnabqu.bd'rbafdg.pmp7rbsapu


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;1

bsfkegsk$ ef dk bkpukban anuvauaxk ef dg gsaànksag$ ef dg skeabkd$ ef dgr naxfdfr gbvdugr q

kcarkdfr ef dg f}arufnuf.

Dgr rlcgdgr$ psfrfnufr fn ugekr dkr lknahfrukbagnfr efd ksuf$ rgn pgdarlabgr q$ fn skzn

ef fddg$ pfslaufn kd frpfbukegs bglvnabksrf bgn rv psgpag rfs anufsags$ pvfr fd rfnuaeg {vfk{vddgr pgsukn mkbf sfrgnks dgr bgnufnaegr ef rv psgpak anufsagsaeke$ rvr xaxfnbakr bgnrbafnufr

g anbgnrbafnufr. Dgr rlcgdgr q lfuhgskr bgnruauvqfn fd dfn`vkjf lfeaknuf fd bvkd fd mglcsf

f}psfrk rv bgnukbug bgn guskr ealfnragnfr: usknrhrabkr$ usknruflpgskdfr$ usknrflpsabkr$

bgnukbug lfeakuazkeg pgs fd psgpag psgbfrg ef anufsagsazkban$ ef xnbvdg bgn fd psgpag rfs$ ef

bgnf}an bgn dkr psghvneaekefr ef rv psgpak kdlk9 rafneg ruf fd lcaug fn fd bvkd rf sfxfdk fd

xfsekefsg bgngbalafnug$ fd bgngbalafnug {vf$ fnusf guskr bgrkr$ pvfef `vaks dk usknrhgslkban

ef dg sfkd q ef dk xaek mvlknk.Fr pgs fddg {vf bgn dk f}psfran lfukhsabk$ ralcdabk$ pguabk$ kexafnf dk sfngxkban efd

earbvsrg$ dk anngxkban rflnuabk {vf$ pksk fd pfnrklafnug sabgfvsakng$ uafnf kdbknbfr ng rdgdan`ruabgr rang$ q frug fr dg hvneklfnukd$ sfpfsbvragnfr gnugdàbkr$ pvfr dk pkdkcsk pguabkefrbvcsf nvfxgr krpfbugr ef dk sfkdaeke$ efrgbvduk gusgr lgegr ef rfs$ ugeg dg bvkd pvfefbgnevbas kd mglcsf k lgeahabks rv psgpak f}arufnbak$ fd lvneg fn {vf xaxf$ dk basbvnruknbakmarusabk. Fn fruf rfnuaeg$ Sabgfvs pdknufk {vf dgr rfsfr mvlkngr anxfnufn ef nvfxg fd lvnegk pksuas ef dg qk f}arufnuf.12

K{v sfraef dk ra`nahabkuaxk alpgsuknbak {vf pvfef ufnfs fd dfn`vkjf ralcdabg,pguabg$ ,rvrufnukeg fn dk alkànkban, fn dk xaek mvlknk9 fd xkdagrg kpgsuf$ hvneknuf ef nvfxgr gscfr$ef aneaukr rauvkbagnfr q mfbmgr {vf rf pvfef `fnfsks efref fd earbvsrg ralcdabg,lfukhsabg q

rv mfslfnvuabk. _vfr rdg fn dk lfeaek fn {vf rf bsff q rf sfbsff vnk nvfxk basbvnruknbakmarusabk$ vn nvfxg gsefn rgbakd q pgduabg {vf raflpsf rf `frukn psalfsg fn fd naxfd efdpfnrklafnug q dk pkdkcsk {vf dg uskevbf,$ fn dgr {vf rf mkddfn pdkrlkegr xkdgsfr rvpfsagsfr qfn dgr rf kbuf fn pgr ef aefkdfr xanbvdkegr k dg Uskrbfnefnuf$ pges rfs sfrukvskeg fd efufsagsgk vdusknzk ef dk bgneaban mvlknk {vf pkefbf fd mglcsf ef dk pgbk kbuvkd.

CACDAG@SKHK

;. KBBGSANUA$ Rufddk. Nfgdacfskdarlg q pgduabkr rgbakdfr. Fd an`sfrg bavekekng. Fn: muup:

''.vscksfe.vn`r.fev.ks'egndgke'egbvlfnugr'RuK&3?,&3?an`sfrg&3?bavekekng.egb.Lkszg ' 3??8.

3. Kpvnufr ef bdkrf: Bvsrg ef _gru`skeg: Anhdf}an mfslfnvuabg,f}arufnbakd ef dk hfnlfngdg`k ef _kvd Sabgfvs$ eabukeg pgs fd Es. Knckd Hgsnksa9 fn Hkbvduke ef Mvlknaekefr-VNNF!. Gbuvcsf ' 3??6.

2. KSARUUFDFR. _guabk. Uske.$ Anusge. q Ngukr ef Jvkn Ekxae @ksbk Ckbbk. L}abg$ Vnaxfsraeke Nkbagnkd Kvunglk ef L}abg$ ;158.

5. KZGHFAHK RNBMFZ$ Qgnnmq. Vugpk f Aefgdg`k: Vn kbfsbklafnug efref fd pfnrk,lafnug ef _kvd Sabgfvs. Fn: muup:''.aubs.kb.bs'sfxaruk bglvnabkbagn'XgdW ;3WN3W3??3'_kvdsabgfvs.mul. Lkszg ' 3??8.

6. CKDZFS$ Bkslfn. Vn mkbfegs ef rlcgdgr. Fn: Dk Nkban$ Cvfngr Kasfr$ ;1=2.12 Bh. KBBGSANUA$ Rufddk. Ksu. Baukeg.


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8. BFNBADDG$ Dvar.Laug9 Rflnuabk q sfkdaeke. Lkesae$ Dk Feaugsakd Bkudabk$ ;10?.

0. BDFLFNUF$ Jgr Felvneg. Anxaukban k dk lfuhgsk. Fn: Dk Nkban$ Cvfngr Kasfr$ ;1=?.

=. BSK@NGDANA$ Lnabk. _kvd Sabgfvs$ vnk hadgrghk efd eadg`g. Fn: muup:'' .hbf.bgl.ks''efukddfr dacsg.krp7AED

Ricoeur: creatividad, simbolismo y metáfora

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Transcript of Ricoeur: creatividad, simbolismo y metáfora