Tema 1: Tecnologías de red.
Transcript of Tema 1: Tecnologías de red.
Transmisión de Datos Multimedia – http://www.grc.upv.es/docencia/tdm – Master IC 2007/2008
Tema 1: Tecnologías de red.
Estructura de InternetRedes “core”
SONET DWDM
Redes de acceso Redes cableadas: Ethernet et al. Redes inalámbricas: IEEE 802.11, UMTS et al.
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What’s the Internet: “nuts and bolts” view End systems
Host computerNetwork applications
Access networksLocal area networkscommunication links
Network core: routersnetwork of networks
local ISP
companynetwork
regional ISP
router workstationserver mobile
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Internet structure: network of networks
roughly hierarchical at center: “tier-1” ISPs (e.g., MCI, Sprint, AT&T, Cable and
Wireless), national/international coverage treat each other as equals
Tier 1 ISP
Tier 1 ISP
Tier 1 ISP
Tier-1 providers interconnect (peer) privately
NAP
Tier-1 providers also interconnect at public network access points (NAPs)
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Tier-1 ISP: e.g., Sprint
Sprint US backbone network
Seattle
Atlanta
Chicago
Roachdale
Stockton
San Jose
Anaheim
Fort Worth
Orlando
Kansas City
CheyenneNew York
PennsaukenRelay
Wash. DC
Tacoma
DS3 (45 Mbps)OC3 (155 Mbps)OC12 (622 Mbps)OC48 (2.4 Gbps)
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Internet structure: network of networks
“Tier-2” ISPs: smaller (often regional) ISPs Connect to one or more tier-1 ISPs, possibly other tier-2 ISPs
Tier 1 ISP
Tier 1 ISP
Tier 1 ISP
NAP
Tier-2 ISPTier-2 ISP
Tier-2 ISP Tier-2 ISPTier-2 ISP
Tier-2 ISP pays tier-1 ISP for connectivity to rest of Internet tier-2 ISP is customer oftier-1 provider
Tier-2 ISPs also peer privately with each other, interconnect at NAP
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Internet structure: network of networks
“Tier-3” ISPs and local ISPs last hop (“access”) network (closest to end systems)
Tier 1 ISP
Tier 1 ISP
Tier 1 ISP
NAP
Tier-2 ISPTier-2 ISP
Tier-2 ISP Tier-2 ISPTier-2 ISP
localISPlocal
ISPlocalISP
localISP
localISP Tier 3
ISP
localISP
localISP
localISP
Local and tier- 3 ISPs are customers ofhigher tier ISPsconnecting them to rest of Internet
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Internet structure: network of networks
a packet passes through many networks!
Tier 1 ISP
Tier 1 ISP
Tier 1 ISP
NAP
Tier-2 ISPTier-2 ISP
Tier-2 ISP Tier-2 ISPTier-2 ISP
localISPlocal
ISPlocalISP
localISP
localISP Tier 3
ISP
localISP
localISP
localISP
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Network Access Points (NAPs)
Source: Boardwatch.com
Note: Peers in this context are commercial backbones..droh
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9Source: www.lightreading.com
MCI/WorldCom/UUNET Global Backbone
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The situation in Europe
See: http://www.geant2.net/server/show/nav.1368
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Standards
Mandatory vs. voluntary Allowed to use vs. likely to sell Example: health & safety standards UL listing for electrical
appliances, fire codes Telecommunications and networking always focus of
standardization 1865: International Telegraph Union (ITU) 1956: International Telephone and Telegraph Consultative
Committee (CCITT) Five major organizations:
ITU for lower layers, multimedia collaboration IEEE for LAN standards (802.x) IETF for network, transport & some applications W3C for web-related technology (XML, SOAP) ISO for media content (MPEG)
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Who makes the rules? - ITU
ITU = ITU-T (telecom standardization) + ITU-R (radio) + development http://www.itu.int 14 study groups produce Recommendations:
E: overall network operation, telephone service (E.164) G: transmission system and media, digital systems and networks
(G.711) H: audiovisual and multimedia systems (H.323) I: integrated services digital network (I.210); includes ATM V: data communications over the telephone network (V.24) X: Data networks and open system communications Y: Global information infrastructure and internet protocol aspects
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ITU
Initially, national delegations Members: state, sector, associate
Membership fees (> 10,500 SFr) Now, mostly industry groups doing work Initially, mostly (international) telephone services Now, transition from circuit-switched to packet-switched
universe & lower network layers (optical) Documents cost SFr, but can get three freebies for each
email address
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IETF
IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force) see RFC 3233 (“Defining the IETF”)
Formed 1986, but earlier predecessor organizations (1979-) RFCs date back to 1969 Initially, largely research organizations and universities,
now mostly R&D labs of equipment vendors and ISPs International, but 2/3 United States
meetings every four months about 300 companies participating in meetings
but Cisco, Ericsson, Lucent, Nokia, etc. send large delegations
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IETF
Supposed to be engineering, i.e., translation of well-understood technology standards make choices, ensure interoperability reality: often not so well defined
Most development work gets done in working groups (WGs) specific task, then dissolved (but may last 10 years…) typically, small clusters of authors, with large peanut gallery open mailing list discussion for specific problems interim meetings (1-2 days) and IETF meetings (few hours) published as Internet Drafts (I-Ds)
anybody can publish draft-somebody-my-new-protocol also official working group documents (draft-ietf-wg-*) versioned (e.g., draft-ietf-avt-rtp-10.txt) automatically disappear (expire) after 6 months
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IETF process
WG develops WG last call IETF last call approval (or not) by IESG publication as RFC
IESG (Internet Engineering Steering Group) consists of area directors – they vote on proposals areas = applications, general, Internet, operations and
management, routing, security, sub-IP, transport Also, Internet Architecture Board (IAB)
provides architectural guidance approves new working groups process appeals
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IETF activities general (3): ipr, nomcom, problem applications (25): crisp, geopriv, impp, ldapbis, lemonade,
opes, provreg, simple, tn3270e, usefor, vpim, webdav, xmpp
internet (18) = IPv4, IPv6, DNS, DHCP: dhc, dnsext, ipoib, itrace, mip4, nemo, pana, zeroconf
oam (22) = SNMP, RADIUS, DIAMETER: aaa, v6ops, netconf, …
routing (13): forces, ospf, ssm, udlr, … security (18): idwg, ipsec, openpgp, sasl, smime, syslog, tls,
xmldsig, … subip (5) = “layer 2.5”: ccamp, ipo, mpls, tewg transport (26): avt (RTP), dccp, enum, ieprep, iptel,
megaco, mmusic (RTSP), nsis, rohc, sip, sipping (SIP), spirits, tsvwg
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RFCs
Originally, “Request for Comment” now, mostly standards documents that are well settled published RFCs never change always ASCII (plain text), sometimes PostScript anybody can submit RFC, but may be delayed by review
(“end run avoidance”) see April 1 RFCs (RFC 1149, 3251, 3252) accessible at http://www.ietf.org/rfc/ and http://www.rfc-
editor.org/
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IETF process issues
Can take several years to publish a standard see draft-ietf-problem-issue-statement
Relies on authors and editors to keep moving often, busy people with “day jobs” spurts three times a year
Lots of opportunities for small groups to delay things Original idea of RFC standards-track progression:
Proposed Standard (PS) = kind of works Draft Standard (DS) = solid, interoperability tested (2
interoperable implementations for each feature), but not necessarily widely used
Standard (S) = well tested, widely deployed
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IETF process issues
Reality: very few protocols progress beyond PS and some widely-used protocols are only I-Ds
In addition: Informational, Best Current Practice (BCP), Experimental, Historic
Early IETF: simple protocols, stand-alone TCP, HTTP, DNS, BGP, …
Now: systems of protocols, with security, management, configuration and scaling lots of dependencies wait for others to do their job
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Other Internet standards organizations
ISOC (Internet Society) legal umbrella for IETF, development work
IANA (Internet Assigned Numbers Authority) assigns protocol constants
NANOG (North American Network Operators Group) (http://www.nanog.org) operational issues holds nice workshop with measurement and “real world”
papers RIPE, ARIN, APNIC
regional IP address registries dole out chunks of address space to ISPs
routing table management
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ICANN
Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers manages IP address space (at top level) DNS top-level domains (TLD)
ccTLD: country codes (.us, .uk, …) gTLDs (.com, .edu, .gov, .int, .mil, .net, and .org) uTLD (unsponsored): .biz, .info, .name, and .pro sTLD (sponsored): .aero, .coop, and .museum
actual domains handled by registrars
Transmisión de Datos Multimedia – http://www.grc.upv.es/docencia/tdm – Master IC 2007/2008
Tema 1: Tecnologías de red.
Estructura de InternetRedes “core”
SONET DWDM
Redes de acceso Redes cableadas: Ethernet et al. Redes inalámbricas: IEEE 802.11, UMTS et al.
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IP and Traditional Transport
In the 80’s, software based routers were interconnected via relatively slow links 56K (early 80’s), to fractional T1, to full T1, to T3
This was layered over core TDM infrastructure Which was intended for voice and circuits
Generally, data folks ignored TDM folks, and vice versa
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Time Division Multiplexing
Multiplexed Bit Stream
Sum of sources = Total MUX’d bit stream
MUX TimeSlot1
TimeSlot2
TimeSlot4
TimeSlot3
TimeSlot6
TimeSlot1
TimeSlot5
TimeSlot2
SyncBit
SyncBit
Source 1
Source 2
Source 3
Source 4
Source 5
Source 6
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SONET & SDH
SONET - Synchronous Optical NETwork ANSI/Bellcore standard
SDH - Synchronous Digital Hierarchy ITU (European) standard
Both standards are practically identical Standards for a synchronous digital transmission system of
TDM traffic over fiber networks. Standards based system for data rates above a T3.
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SONET/SDH Hierarchy
STS - Synchronous Transport Signals 51.84Mbps - base level of SONET hierarchy
STM - Synchronous Transport Module 155.52Mbps - base level of SDH hierarchy Exactly equal to STS-3
STS OC STMBit Rate (Mbps)
STS-1 OC-1 51.84STS-3 OC-3 STM-1 155.52STS-12 OC-12 STM-4 622.08STS-48 OC-48 STM-16 2488.32STS-192 OC-192 STM-64 9953.28STS-768 OC-768 STM-256 39813.12
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STS/OC/STM
STS-n and OC-n are identical - OC-n names are used for optical interconnects STS-n names are used for electrical interconnects
OC-n is exactly n times the rate of an OC-1 signal. STM-1 signal is exactly 3 times the rate of an STS-1 signal STM-n is exactly n times the rate of an STM-1 signal
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ADM, Terminal, Repeater
SONET/SDH terminal - a mux/demux that creates a SONET signal and terminates paths.
SONET/SDH ADM (Add/Drop Multiplexer) - a mux/demux that can separate individual STS-n signals from a higher level signal.
SONET/SDH repeater- a physical level regenerator that also terminates section level overhead to allow section level management.
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SONET/SDH - Path/Section/Line
In Sonet/SDH systems a strong designation of levels of overhead are kept.
Section is lowest level Repeater to repeater
Line is middle layer Path is top/longest layer
from entrance to SONET system to exit of SONET system
Repeater
Add/DropMultiplexer
Add/DropMultiplexer
TerminalMultiplexer
TerminalMultiplexer
Repeater
Section Section Section Section Section
Line Line Line
Path
T3
T3
T3
T3
OC-n OC-n OC-n OC-n OC-n
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SONET/SDH - Section & Line Overhead
The section overhead is the first 3 rows of the first 3 columns (9 bytes) per frame.
The line overhead is the lower 6 rows of the first 3 columns (18 bytes) per frame.
An STS-1 frame consists of 810 bytes (octets) sent in 125µs. 810 * 8 * 8000 = 51.84Mbps
The 810 bytes are arranged as 90 columns x 9 rows 3 columns are overhead 87 columns are actual data
STS-1 Payload
87 columnsA1 A2 C1
B1 E1 F1
D1 D2 D3
H1 H2 H3
B2 K1 K2
D4 D5 D6
D7 D8 D9
D10 D11 D12
Z1 Z2 Z3
SectionOverhead
LineOverhead
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STS concatenated signals
Multiple STS-1s can be grouped together into a single higher bit rate facility.
Extra overhead bytes are ignored. Technically, any number of STS-1s can be grouped, but the
only groupings normally supported are: STS-3C, STS-12C, STS-48C
Generally a grouping must fall on a boundary of the same size inside of the OC-n carrier A STS-3C must fall on a boundary of 3 STS-12C must fall on a boundary of 12
Typically used for situations where ATM or Packets are sent over a SONET network.
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Traditional View of Routers and Links
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Terminal Multiplexer
SONET/SDHADM
SONET/SDHADM
SONET/SDHADM
SONET/SDHADM
SONET/SDHDCS
SONET/SDHDCS
SONET/SDHDCSTerminal
Multiplexer
Terminal Multiplexer
Terminal Multiplexer
Terminal Multiplexer Terminal
Multiplexer
SONET/SDHADM
SONET/SDHADM
Reality has always been more complex
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Optical Fiber Evolution
Fiber is better than copper wire Purity – low attenuation and distortion
Longer distances, lower bit error rates Higher frequency signals – massive bandwidth Different wavelengths – massive bandwidth Immunity to noise Security – difficult to tap Small size and weight
Easier installation Bundles of fibers in same space as copper wire
Multimode fiber Low cost – LEDs, not lasers Many wavelengths (modes) Dispersion – limits bandwidth and distance
Light pulses spread out Intramodal – different delay per mode Typically 2 km maximum distance
Large diameter cores – for multiple modes Initially flat profile Stepped end improves performance
Single-mode fiber One wavelength – small core Less interference and loss
Greater distance (up to 100 km) More expensive components – lasers Minimized dispersion point at 1310 nm
Not suitable for EDFA (Erbium Doped Fiber-optic Amplifier)
Non-zero dispersion shifted fiber Optimized for longer distances Optimized for higher bandwidth Minimized dispersion point shifted to 1550
nm Suitable for Erbium-based optical amplifiers Silica-based fibers have lowest attenuation at
1550 nm, not 1310
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SONET/SDH ADM SONET/SDH ADM
WDM Node WDM Node
From One Wavelength Per Fiber to Many
ADM
Single Fiber
SONET/SDH ADM
Single Fiber
Wave Division Multiplexing
OT = Optical Transponder
OT
ADM
ADM
ADM
ADM
ADM
ADM
ADM
OT
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WDM System Elements
SONET/SDH ADM
SONET/SDH ADM
SONET/SDH ADM
SONET/SDH ADM
SONET/SDH ADM
SONET/SDH ADM
= Regenerators
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TDM and WDM Relationship
1 … n
TDM generates output from sum of inputs into a single
bit stream
Laser Output
nn
1
WDM changes TDM bit stream into wavelengths between 1532 nm and
1560 nm
OT
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EDFA = Erbium Doped Fiber-optic Amplifier
Dense and Ultra Dense WDM
8
WDM 8 Lambdas
2.5 Gbps per lambda
1 1
8
EDFA = Erbium Doped Fiber-optic Amplifier
2 2
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Dense and Ultra Dense WDM
1
39
1
DWDM 40 Lambdas
40
10 Gbps per lambda
2 2
39
40EDFA = Erbium Doped Fiber-optic Amplifier
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190
UDWDM 192 Lambdas
191
40 Gbps per lambda
3
192
3
190
191
192
Dense and Ultra Dense WDM
EDFA = Erbium Doped Fiber-optic Amplifier
1 1
2 2
Transmisión de Datos Multimedia – http://www.grc.upv.es/docencia/tdm – Master IC 2007/2008
Tema 1: Tecnologías de red.
Estructura de InternetRedes “core”
SONET DWDM
Redes de acceso Redes cableadas: Ethernet et al. Redes inalámbricas: IEEE 802.11, UMTS et al.
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Los estándares 802.3 de IEEEsuplemento año descripción
802.3a 1985 Original 802.3: 10BASE-5 10BASE-2 10BROAD-36
802.3c 1986 Especificaciones de repetidores
802.3d 1987 FOIRL (enlace de fibra)
802.3i 1990 10Base-T Ethernet sobre par trenzado de cobre
802.3j 1993 10Base-F Ethernet sobre fibra
802.3u 1995 100Mbps Ethernet
802.3x e 802.3y 1997 operación full duplex
802.3z 1998 1000Base-X (Gigabit Ethernet)
802.3ab 1999 1000Base-T (GE sobre par trenzado)
802.3ac 1998 Extensiones de trama (hasta 1522 bytes) para VLANs
802.3ad 2000 link aggregation
802.3ae 2002 10 GE
802.3af 2003 PoE (Power over Ethernet). Hasta 15W
802.3ah 2004 Ethernet in First Mile
802.3an 10 Gbase-T (en draft)
Bridging en 802.1D
802.1w Cambios y mejoras en el spanning tree
802.1s Múltiples spanning trees
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IEEE 802 standard
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Estándares de ethernet sobre optico ITU-T G.7041 Generic Framing Procedure (GFP) ITU-T X.86 Link Access Protocol (LAPS) ITU-T H.707 Virtual Concatenation (VCAT) ITU-T G.7042 Link Capacity Adjustment Scheme (LCAS) Otros: IEEE 802.1X Port Based Network Access Control IEEE 802.1D Ethernet switching IEEE 802.1Q Virtual LAN (VLAN) IEEE 802.1P Priorización de tráfico a nivel 2 IETF: MPLS Multi-Protocol Label Switching IEEE 802.17 Resilient Packet Ring (RPR) Ver:
http://grouper.ieee.org/groups/802/3/ http://grouper.ieee.org/groups/802/1/
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Trama ethernet
Los datos trasmitidos se encapsulan en un contenedor, que se llama trama
Este formato de trama DEFINE Ethernet Históricamente, existen dos tipos de tramas:
»802.3 Framing usa en campo de longitud de trama (Length) despues del campo de Source Address
»Ethernet II (DIX) Framing usa(ba) el campo de tipo de trama (type) despues del campo Source Address
Ambos tipos de tramas están definidos y soportados dentro de IEEE 802.3
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Trama ethernet
El tamaño de trama varía desde 64 a 1518 Bytes, excepto cuando se usa el identificador (tag) de VLAN
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802.1Q/P
User Priority- Defines user priority, giving eight (2^3) priority levels. IEEE 802.1P defines the operation for these 3 user priority bits.
CFI- Canonical Format Indicator is always set to zero for Ethernet switches. CFI is used for compatibility reason between Ethernet type network and Token Ring type network. If a frame received at an Ethernet port has a CFI set to 1, then that frame should not be forwarded as it is to an untagged port.
VID- VLAN ID is the identification of the VLAN, which is basically used by the standard 802.1Q. It has 12 bits and allow the identification of 4096 (2^12) VLANs. Of the 4096 possible VIDs, a VID of 0 is used to identify priority frames and value 4095 (FFF) is reserved, so the maximum possible VLAN configurations are 4,094.
Length/Type- 2 bytes. This field indicates either the number of MAC-client data bytes that are contained in the data field of the frame, or the frame type ID if the frame is assembled using an optional format.
Data- Is a sequence of nbytes (48=< n =<1500) of any value. The total frame minimum is 64bytes.
Frame check sequence (FCS)- 4 bytes. This sequence contains a 32-bit cyclic redundancy check (CRC) value, which is created by the sending MAC and is recalculated by the receiving MAC to check for damaged frames.
User Priority CFI Bits of VLAN ID (VIDI) to identify possible VLANs3 1 12
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Servicios Metropolitanos
Algunos servicios son: Conectividad Internet Transparent LAN service (punto a punto LAN to LAN) L2VPN (punto a punto o multipunto a multipunto LAN to LAN) Extranet LAN a Frame Relay/ATM VPN Conectividad a centro de backup Storage area networks (SANs) Metro transport (backhaul) VoIP
Algunos se están ofreciendo desde hace años. La diferencia está en que ahora se ofrecen usando conectividad Ethernet !!
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Evolución de Ethernet
Optical EthernetEoMPLS
VPLSEoRPR
NG-SONET(EoS)Metro DWDM
Optical EthernetEoMPLS
VPLSRPR
NG-SONET(EoS)Metro DWDM
IP ADSLIP VDSLEPONEFM
Optical EthernetEoRPR
NG-SONET(EoS)
Acceso Distribución Metro Metro Core
GlobalInternet
ATMSONET/SDH
ATMSONET/SDH
ATM ADSLT1/E1
FRATM
GlobalInternet
Casa
MDU
STU
MTU
Residenci
alEm
presa
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Servicio Ethernet – Modelo de referencia
Customer Equipment (CE) se conecta a través de UNI
CE puede ser un router Bridge IEEE 802.1Q (switch)
UNI (User Network Interface) Standard IEEE 802.3 Ethernet PHY and
MAC 10Mbps, 100Mbps, 1Gbps or 10Gbps Soporte de varias clases de servicio
(QoS) Metro Ethernet Network (MEN)
Puede usar distintas tecnologías de transporte y de provisión de servicio
SONET/SDH, WDM, PON, RPR, MAC-in-MAC, QiQ (VLAN stack), MPLS
CE
CE
CE
UNI
Metro Metro Ethernet Ethernet Network Network (MEN)(MEN)
UNI
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Servicio Ethernet – Modelo (2)
Sobre el anterior modelo, se añade un cuarto ingrediente: una Ethernet Virtual Connection (EVC)
EVC: es una asociación entre dos o más UNI Es creada por el proveedor del servicio para un cliente Una trama enviada en un EVC puede ser enviada a uno o más
UNIs del EVC: Nunca será enviada de vuelta al UNI de entrada. Nunca será enviada a un UNI que no pertenezca al EVC.
Las EVC´s pueden ser: Punto a punto (E-Line) Multipunto a multipunto (E-LAN)
Cada tipo de servicio ethernet tiene un conjunto de atributos de servicio y sus correspondientes parámetros que definen las capacidades del servicio.
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Atributos de un servicio en particular Ethernet
Multiplexación de servicios Asocia una UNI con varias EVC. Puede ser:
Hay varios clientes en una sóla puerta (ej. En un POP UNI) Hay varias conexiones de servicios distintos para un solo cliente
Transparencia de VLAN Significa que proveedor del servico no cambia el identificador
de la VLAN ( el MEN aparece como un gran switch) En el servicio de acceso a Internet tiene poco importancia
“Bundling” Más de una VLAN de cliente está asociada al EVC en una UNI
Etc.
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Atributos
Atributos de UNI: identificador, tipo de medio, velocidad, duplex, etc Atributo de soporte de VLAN tag Atributo de multiplexación de servicio Bundling attribute Security filters attribute etc
Atributos de EVC: Parámetros de tráfico (CIR, PIR, in, out, etc) Parámetros de prestaciones (delay, jitter, etc) Parámetros de Clase de Servicio (VLAN-ID, valor de .1p, etc) Atributo de Service frame delivery Unicast frame delivery Multicast frame delivery etc
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Servicio Ethernet Line (E-Line)
Data
UNI
CE
CE
CE
Point-to-Point Ethernet Virtual Circuits
(EVC)
Metro Ethernet Network
1 or more UNIs
UNI
Video
IP PBX
Servers
Data
IP Voice
IP Voice
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Servicio Ethernet Line (E-Line) Una E-Line puede operar con ancho de banda dedicado ó
con un ancho de banda compartido.
EPL: Ethernet Private Line Es un servicio EVC punto a punto con un ancho de banda
dedicado El cliente siempre dispone del CIR Normalmente en canales SDH (en NGN) ó en redes MPLS Es como una línea en TDM, pero con una interfaz ethernet
EVPL:Ethernet Virtual Private Line En este caso hay un CIR y un EIR y una métrica para el soporte
de SLA´s Es similar al FR Se suele implementar con canales TDM compartidos ó con
redes de conmutación de paquetes usando SW´s y/o routers
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Servicio Ethernet LAN (E-LAN)
CE
CE
CE
Metro Ethernet Network
CE
Multipoint-to-Multipoint Ethernet Virtual Circuit
(EVC)
UNI
UNI
UNI
UNI
IP PBX
Servers
DataData
Data
IP Voice
IP Voice
IP Voice
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Servicio Ethernet LAN (E-LAN)
Una E-LAN puede operar con ancho de banda dedicado ó con un ancho de banda compartido.
EPLan: Ethernet Private LAN Suministra una conectividad multipunto entre dos o más UNI
´s, con un ancho de banda dedicado. EVPLan: Ethernet Virtual Private LAN
Otros nombres: VPLS: Virtual Private Lan Service TLS: Transparent Lan Service VPSN: Virtual Private Switched Network
La separación de clientes vía encapsulación: las etiquetas de VLAN´s del proveedor no son suficientes (4096)
Es el servicio más rentable desde el punto de vista del proveedor.
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Metro tecnologías...
Los servicios Metro Ethernet services no necesitan que toda la red de nivel 2 sea ethernet; tambien puede ser:
Ethernet over SONET/SDH (EOS) Resilient Packet Ring (RPR) Ethernet Transport Ethernet sobre MPLS
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Implementaciones de los EVC (Ethernet Virtual Conn.)
Virtual Private LAN Services (VPLS) Es un tipo de VPN de nivel 2 La red del proveedor emula
la función de un conmutador de LAN ó bridge, para conectar todos los UNI del cliente, para formar una única VLAN
Los requerimientos en el CE son distintos a los de antes
Cada PE debe actuar como un bridge de ethernet
Se puede implementar poniendo ethernet en MPLS ó bien, haciendo stack de VLAN usando Q-in-Q
Ver http://vpls.org
Transmisión de Datos Multimedia – http://www.grc.upv.es/docencia/tdm – Master IC 2007/2008
Tema 1: Tecnologías de red.
Estructura de InternetRedes “core”
SONET DWDM
Redes de acceso Redes cableadas: Ethernet et al. Redes inalámbricas: IEEE 802.11, UMTS et al.
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Taxonomy
WirelessNetworking
Multi-hop
Infrastructure-less(ad-hoc)
Infrastructure-based(Hybrid)
Infrastructure-less(MANET)
SingleHop
CellularNetworks Wireless Sensor
NetworksWireless Mesh
Networks
Car-to-car Networks(VANETs)
Infrastructure-based(hub&spoke)
802.11 802.16 Bluetooth802.11
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WLANs, El estándar IEEE 802.11 En el 1997 nace el:
IEEE Working Group for WLAN Standards:http://grouper.ieee.org/groups/802/11/index.html
Se define el MAC y tres diferentes niveles físicos, que operan a 1Mbps y 2Mbps: Infrarrojos (IR) en banda base Frequency hopping spread spectrum (FHSS), banda de 2,4 GHz Direct sequence spread spectrum (DSSS), banda de 2,4 GHz
IEEE Std 802.11a (diciembre 1999): Otro estándar de nivel físico: Orthogonal frequency domain
multiplexing (OFDM) Hasta 54 Mbps
IEEE Std 802.11b (enero 2000): Extensión de DSSS; hasta 11 Mbps
IEEE Std 802.11g (Junio 2003) Etc.
Data Link
Network
IEEE 802.2. LLCISO 8802.2
IEEE802.3
ISO8802.3
Network
DataLink
Physical
LLC
MAC
Ethernetv2.0 IEEE
802.11
ISO8802.11
http://standards.ieee.org/getieee802/802.11.html
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Arquitectura 802.11Estructura descentralizadaFlexible:
Redes pequeñas y grandes, Redes transitorias y permanentes
Control del consumo de potencia
Independent Basic Service Set (IBSS)
Componentes:Estación (STA)
Access Point (AP)
Basic Service Set (BSS)Extended Service Set (ESS)
infrastructure Basic Service Set (BSS)
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El MAC: entrega de datos fiable
CSMA/CA con binary exponential backoff
El protocolo mínimo consiste de dos tramas: DATOS+ACK
El standard propone RTS-CTS-DATOS-ACK
Point CoordinationFunction (PCF)
Distributed Coordination Function (DCF)
MAC
Servicios sin contienda Servicios con contienda
DIFS DIFS
PIFS
SIFS
ventana de contienda
defer access
busy medium
slot
Los 5 valores de timing:• Slot time• SIFS: short interframe space• PIFS: PCF interframe space (=SIFS+1slot)• DIFS: DCF interframe space (=SIFS+2slots)• EIFS: extended interframe space
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Mecanismo de detección de portadora
Se basa en el network allocation vector (NAV)
RTSDIFS
CTSSIFS
data
ACKSIFS SIFS
DIFS
NAV (RTS)NAV (CTS)
fuente
destino
otro STA
defer access
ventana de contienda
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QoS: 802.11e and WMM™
QoS needed for audio, voice, video Original Wi-Fi® didn’t have QoS IEEE 802.11e is new QoS standard
Still in process after more than 4 years Both “prioritized” and “guaranteed” QoS
WMM (Wi-Fi Multimedia) Prioritized QoS subset of 802.11e draft Widely accepted by 802.11e members Added to Wi-Fi certification in September 2004 Already included in some products
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WMM™ for Video
Source: Wi-Fi Alliance
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Bluetooth Specifications Bluetooth is a system solution comprising hardware,
software and interoperability requirements. The Bluetooth specifications specify the complete system.
De facto standard - open specifications. Two part document - Volume 1:Core and Volume 2:Profiles. Bluetooth specs developed by Bluetooth SIG.
February 1998: The Bluetooth SIG is formed promoter company group: Ericsson, IBM, Intel, Nokia, Toshiba
May 1998: The Bluetooth SIG goes “public” July 1999: 1.0A spec (>1,500 pages) is published December 1999: ver. 1.0B is released December 1999: The promoter group increases to 9
3Com, Lucent, Microsoft, Motorola February 2000: There are 1,500+ adopters
0.7 ---> 0.9 ---> 1.0A ---> 1.0B ---> 1.1 --> November 2003: release 1.2 Currently (November 2004), release 2.0
(aka EDR or Extended Data Rate) triples the data rate up to about 2 Mb/s
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release 2.0: the new partitioning
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Bluetooth usage Low-cost, low-power, short range radio a cable
replacement technology Common (File transfer, synchronisation, internet bridge,
conference table) Hidden computing (background synchronisation, audio/video
player) Future (PC login, remote control)
Why not use Wireless LANs? power cost
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Bluetooth RF 1 Mb/s symbol rate Normal range 10m (0dBm) Optional range 100m (+20dBm) Normal transmission power 0dBm (1mW) Optional transmission power -30 to +20dBm (100mW) Receiver sensitivity -70dBm Frequency band 2.4Ghz ISM band Gross data rate 1Mbit/s Max data transfer 721+56kbps/3 voice channels Power consumption 30uA(max), 300uA(standby),
~50uA(hold/park) Packet switching protocol based on frequency hop scheme
with 1600 hops/s
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Bluetooth Power Class Table
30m10m0dBm1mWClass 3
50m16m4dBm2.5mWClass 2
300m42m20dBm100mWClass 1
Range inFree SpaceExpected RangeMax Output PowerMax Output PowerPower Class
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Bluetooth Network Topology
Bluetooth devices have the ability to work as a slave or a master in an ad hoc network. The types of network configurations for Bluetooth devices can be three. Single point-to-point (Piconet): In this topology the network
consists of one master and one slave device. Multipoint (Piconet): Such a topology combines one master
device and up to seven slave devices in an ad hoc network.o Scatternet: A Scatternet is a group of Piconets linked via a
slave device in one Piconet which plays master role in other Piconet.
M
Si) Piconet (Point-
to-Point)
M
SS S
S
ii) Piconet (Multipoint)
M
S S S
M
S SMaster/Slave
iii) Scatternet
The Bluetooth standard does not describe any routing protocol for scatternets and most of the hardware available today has no capability of forming scatternets. Some even lack the ability to communicate between slaves of one piconet or to be a member of two piconets at the same time.
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Bluetooth stack: short version
RFBaseband
Link Manager
L2CAP
SDPRFCOMM
Applications
HCI
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Transport Protocol Group (contd.) Radio Frequency (RF)
Sending and receiving modulated bit streams
Baseband Defines the timing,
framing Flow control on the link.
Link Manager Managing the connection
states. Enforcing Fairness among
slaves. Power Management
Logical Link Control & Adaptation Protocol Handles multiplexing of
higher level protocols Segmentation &
reassembly of large packets
Device discovery & QoS
The Radio, Baseband and Link Manager are on firmware.
The higher layers could be in software.
The interface is then through the Host Controller (firmware and driver).
The HCI interfaces defined for Bluetooth are UART, RS232 and USB.
Source: Farinaz Edalat, Ganesh Gopal, Saswat Misra, Deepti RaoBLUETOOTH SPECIFICATION, Core Version 1.1 page 543
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Physical Link Definition Synchronous Connection-Oriented (SCO) Link
circuit switching symmetric, synchronous services slot reservation at fixed intervals
Asynchronous Connection-Less (ACL) Link packet switching (a)symmetric, asynchronous services polling access scheme
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Packet type Name Symmetric (kbps)
Asymmetric (kbps)
1 slot + FEC DM1 108.8 108.8 108.8
1 slot DH1 172.8 172.8 172.8
3 slot + FEC DM3 256.0 384.0 54.4
3 slot DH3 384.0 576.0 86.4
5 slot + FEC DM5 286.7 477.8 36.3
5 slot DH5 432.6 721.0 57.6
ACL data rates
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Single slot
Three slot
Five slot
fn fn+1 fn+2 fn+3 fn+4 fn+5
Multi-slot packets
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fn fn+1 fn+2 fn+3 fn+4 fn+5 fn+6 fn+7 fn+8 fn+9 fn+10 fn+11 fn+12
Master
Slave
Symmetric single slot
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MASTER
SLAVE 1
SLAVE 2
SLAVE 3
ACL ACLSCO SCO SCO SCO ACLACL
Mixed Link Example
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Bluetooth Connection States There are four Connection states on
Bluetooth Radio: Active: Both master and slave
participate actively on the channel by transmitting or receiving the packets (A,B,E,F,H)
Sniff: In this mode slave rather than listening on every slot for master's message for that slave, sniffs on specified time slots for its messages. Hence the slave can go to sleep in the free slots thus saving power (C)
Hold: In this mode, a device can temporarily not support ACL packets and go to low power sleep mode to make the channel available for things like paging, scanning etc (G)
Park: Slave stays synchronized but not participating in the Piconet, then the device is given a Parking Member Address (PMA) and it loses its Active Member Address (AMA) (D,I)
E
A
G
H
C
D
I
H
C
B
F
Master
Bluetooth Connection States
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Bluetooth Forming a Piconet Inquiry: Inquiry is used to find the
identity of the Bluetooth devices in the close range.
Inquiry Scan: In this state, devices are listening for inquiries from other devices.
Inquiry Response: The slave responds with a packet that contains the slave's device access code, native clock and some other slave information.
Page: Master sends page messages by transmitting slave's device access code (DAC) in different hop channels.
Page Scan: The slave listens at a single hop frequency (derived from its page hopping sequence) in this scan window.
Slave Response: Slave responds to master's page message
Master Response: Master reaches this substate after it receives slave's response to its page message for it.
Master
Inquiry
Inquiry Scan
Inquiry Response
Page
Page Scan
Slave Response
Master Response
ConnectionConnection
Slave
3
2
4
1
5
7
6
Forming a Piconet Procedures
Transmisión de Datos Multimedia – http://www.grc.upv.es/docencia/tdm – Master IC 2007/2008
Tema 1: Tecnologías de red.
Estructura de InternetRedes “core”
SONET DWDM
Redes de acceso Redes cableadas: Ethernet et al. Redes inalámbricas: IEEE 802.11, UMTS et al.
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2G: Technology Summary
TDMA: Time Division Multiple Access Standardized in 1990 as IS-54 Provides 3-6 times capacity increase over AMPS (1G) Peak data rate of 14.4kpbs (can bundle up to 8 channels) Introduced authentication and encryption for security
GSM: Global System of Mobile communications Standardized in 1992, based on TMDA technology Improved battery life over TDMA GPRS peak data rates of 140 kbps; EDGE data rates of 180kbps
CDMA: Code Division Multiple Access Standardized in 1993 as IS-95 Provides 1.5-2 times capacity increase over TDMA Peak data rate of 14.4kpbs (can bundle up to 8 channels)
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2G: Winners & Losers
TDMA Marginally better capacity than GSM, marginally worse battery
life No evolution path beyond 2G – DEAD END !!
CDMA Lots of hype on capacity, delivered on upwards of 2x capacity
improvement over TDMA/GSM Clear evolution to 3G
GSM International Roaming and Compatibility Clear evolution to 3G Defacto Global Standard
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Evolution to 3GDrivers: Capacity, Data Speed, Cost
cdmaOne
GSM
TDMA
2G
PDC
CDMA2000 1x
First Step into 3G
GPRS 90%
10%
EDGE
WCDMA
3G phase 1 Evolved 3G
3GPP CoreNetwork
CDMA2000 1x EV/DO
HSDPA/HSUPA
Expected market share
EDGEEvolution
CDMA2000 EV/DO Rev A
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Mobile Networks Evolution
GPRS
EDGE
UMTS
HSDPA
2G3G
1995 2015
4G
2005
DownloadSpeed
1-10 Mbps
250-384 kbps
90-180 kbps
40 kbps
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GSM
HLR
GSM/GPRS Radio network
BSC
2G MSC
Externalvoice
network
GMSC
Packet switched Core network
External IPnetwork
GGSNPCU
2G SGSN
GPRS
3G = new network
UMTS/HSDPARadio network
RNC
UMTS/HSDPA
3G MSC
3G SGSN
Circuit switchedCore network
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3G Network = The Future
New network No voice overload Increased capacity by Spectrum efficiency
Better performances Higher throughput Faster download (Max 384kbps) Lower latency Faster browsing
Better Services Seamless hand-over to GPRS (service continuity) New way to design applications Video
Future proof technology : HSDPA
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3G/HSDPA for business innovation
Text messagingVoice
Push emailPhoto & Picture
MessagingCustomizedinfotainment
High speed internet accessHigh speed LAN access
3G / HSDPA
Video TelephonyMobile TV
Full track musicEnhanced email
2G/EDGE
SPEED
text picture video
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…and Beyond
Technology Convergence on OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access)
WIMAX Standardized by IEEE 802.16, evolution of 802.11 (Wi-Fi) Improved bandwidth, encryption and coverage over WiFi
Theoretical peak data rates of 70Mbps (practical peak ~2Mbps) Improved QoS better enables applications such as VoIP or IPTV Ideal application is for “last mile” connectivity to the home or
business Intel plans to embed WiMAX chips as part of ‘Intel Inside’
L3GTE/HSOPA Early standardization work starts in 3GPP R8 Improved bandwidth, latency over UMTS/HSxPA Radio technology based on MIMO-OFDM, peak data rates of up
to 70Mbps Network simplification
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Market Segments
Cordless
WiMAX 16eHSDPA to OFDMEV-DO to OFDM
WiFiLocal
Fixed
Voice Broadband
Cellular
WiMAX 16dDSL / CablePOTS
802.11a/b/g802.11n MIMO
Mesh
Dialup
2.5G
Mobile
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Service ControlPresence / GLMS
Applications
R4CDMAPSTN
Media Resources
TDM & Packet Interworking
HSS/AAA
Peer IPNetwork
Access Network
IP/MPLS Core
MultimediaServices
MessagingServices
Web / WAPServices
StreamingServices
MG15000
MGCF(CS2000)
CallSession
Controller
MRF
Audio/Video
PDGWLAN
ASNCSN
ASNWiMAX
GGSN
GPRSUMTS
EASGW
ASGHSOPAOFDM/MIMO
BRAS
PDG
GGSN
ASNCSN
ASGW
Network Convergence - IMSUnlicensed Mobile Access (UMA) and the IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) -- two standard architectures under the 3GPP umbrella -- both support fixed-mobile convergence (FMC). But their approaches to FMC have little in common. UMA is a highly constrained approach to a single service -- dual-mode access to GSM networks -- while IMS is an open platform for all types of services and all types of networks. UMA offers mobile network operators (MNOs) a quick fix, but IMS promises profitable new services and sustainable growth for all service providers.
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Market Trends
Media Convergence – Multiple Play Dual Play: High-Speed Internet & Fixed Line Triple Play: Dual Play + TV Quadruple Play: Triple Play + Wireless Challenge: Consolidated Invoice and Price Points
Fixed Mobile Convergence Dual Mode connectivity
Cellular / Cordless (DECT, ADSL/Bluetooth) WLAN / WWAN
Challenge: Technology standardization MVNO – Mobile Virtual Network Operator
Wireless Service Reseller, wholesales access from wireless operators
Discount & Lifestyle MVNO’s Segment, Product, Utilization Driven Challenge: Market Saturation & Service Differentiation
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Market Trends (continued)
Multimedia – use of several media types to convey information Effective information delivery across many disciplines: art,
education, telecommunications, medicine IMS enables multimedia services for mobile users
VoIP Challenge: User Interface, Form Factor, lack of “killer app”
Presence – Always on, always connected Combine Mobility & Reachability Effectively bring Popularity of IM to mobile phones (AOL,
Yahoo!, MSN, Skype) Opportunity for standardization & interworking based on
SIP/SIMPLE Challenge: Standardization & always on connectivity