Tesis Prototipo (Jorge)
Transcript of Tesis Prototipo (Jorge)
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REPÚBLICA BOLIVARIANA DE VENEZUELA
INSTITUTO UNIVERSITARIO POLITÉCNICO
“SANTIAGO MARIÑO”
EXTENSIÓN VALENCIA
ELABORACIÓN DE UN PROTOTIPO VARIADOR DE FRECUENCIA PARAEL CONTROL DE VELOCIDAD DE MOTORES TRIFÁSICOS CON UN
MÁXIMO DE 2HP EN LA AGRÍCOLA LAS CLAVELLINAS C.A.DEL GRUPO PROAGRO/PROTINAL C.A.
Trabajo E!"#$a% &" Gra&o !r""'(a&o #o)o r"*+$$(o !ar#$a%!ara o!(ar a% T,(+%o &" I'-"'$"ro E%"#(r$#$(a.
Autor /or-" Go'01%"0Tutor !"!#$%&"o Or%a'&o Mo'ro2
Va%"'#$a3 /+'$o 4567REPÚBLICA BOLIVARIANA DE VENEZUELA
INSTITUTO UNIVERSITARIO POLITÉCNICO
“SANTIAGO MARIÑO”
EXTENSIÓN VALENCIA
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DEDICATORIA
$8
ELABORACIÓN DE UN PROTOTIPO VARIADOR DE FRECUENCIA PARAEL CONTROL DE VELOCIDAD DE MOTORES TRIFÁSICOS CON UN
MÁXIMO DE 2HP EN LA AGRÍCOLA LAS CLAVELLINAS C.A.
DEL GRUPO PROAGRO/PROTINAL C.A.
Trabajo E!"#$a% &" Gra&o !r""'(a&o #o)o r"*+$$(o !ar#$a%!ara o!(ar a% T,(+%o &" I'-"'$"ro E%"#(r$#$(a.
Autor /or-" Go'01%"0
Tutor !"!#$%&"o Or%a'&o Mo'ro2
Va%"'#$a3 /+'$o 4567
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A D$o3 '+"(ro #r"a&or !or &ar'o %a 8$&a3 %a 9or(a%"0a 2 !or
a#o)!a:ar)" "' #a&a !ao &"% #a)$'o !ara %%"8ar a #+%)$'a#$;' "("
(ra2"#(o.
To&a r"a%$0a#$;' <+)a'a " <a#" $")!r" !o$b%" !or %a a2+&a &"
)+#<o “o(ro” *+" !ar($#$!a' "' "%%a &$r"#(a o $'&$r"#(a)"'(".
E(" (rabajo "(1 &"&$#a&o a )$ !a&r"3 )$ <"r)a'o3 2 a)$-o3 &"
*+$"'" a#r$9$*+= "% ($")!o *+" <+b" &" #o)!ar($r #o' "%%o3 !ara &"&$#ar%o
a "(" !ro2"#(o &" "(+&$o.
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"!"ra'0a $")!r"3 *+" "(" a#r$9$#$o r"8$"r(a "' b"'"9$#$o !ara (o&o.
AGRADECIMIENTOS
A-ra&"0#o a D$o To&o!o&"roo !or $%+)$'ar)" "% #a)$'o a "-+$r 2
*+" $")!r" "(1 #o')$-o "' %o b+"'o 2 obr" (o&o "' %o )a%o
)o)"'(o.
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a &"%a'(" 2 obr" (o&o !or %a !a#$"'#$a #o' %a *+" )" <a a!o2a&o.
Ta)b$=' *+$$"ra ">!r"ar )$ a-ra&"#$)$"'(o3 a (o&o %o !ro9"or" *+"
9or)aro' !ar(" &" "(" !ro#"o &" 9or)a#$;' 2 "' "!"#$a% a %o I'-"'$"ro
Ro&o%9o G$%3 !or br$'&ar)" + a!o2o3 #o'9$a'0a3 #o%abora#$;' 2
#o'o#$)$"'(o.
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!ara *+" #a&a +'a &" %a a#($8$&a&" r"a%$0a&a "' "(" !ro2"#(o "
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#o)!a:"ro &" #%a"@
Lo +$"ro )+#<o.ÍNDICE GENERAL
!!.DEDICATORIAS@@@@@@@@@..@@@@@@@@@@@@@@.............
$$$
AGRADECIMIENTOS@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@..@............
$8
INDICE GENERAL@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@.
@...........
8
LISTA DECUADROS@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@...........
8$
LISTA DE FIGURAS@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@..@...........
8$$
LISTA DEECUACIONES@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@............
8$$$
RESUMEN@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@..........
$>
INTRODUCCIÓN@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@
...........
6
CAPÍTULO
I. EL PROBLEMA@@@@@@@@@.@@@@@@@@..@..@@............
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Co'(">(+a%$0a#$;' &"% Prob%")a@@@@@@...@..............@..@@..........
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Obj"($8o &" %a I'8"($-a#$;'@@@@@@@@@.@@@...@..
@@..........
General @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@.@.....@@..@.........
Específicos@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@.@@@@.@.........
/+($9$#a#$;' &" %a I'8"($-a#$;'@@@@@..@@@@@@@.......@..........
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II. MARCO REFERENCIAL@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@..@..........
A'("#"&"'(" &" %a I'8"($-a#$;'@@@@@@@@.@@@@.@@...........Ba" T";r$#a@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@.....@@...........Ba" L"-a%"@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@...@@..........D"9$'$#$;' &"T=r)$'o@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@...........
III. MARCO
METODOLÓGICO@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@...........
Mo&a%$&a& &" %a I'8"($-a#$;'.@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@.........D$":o &" %aI'8"($-a#$;'@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@.............Pob%a#$;' 2 M+"(ra@@@@@@..@@@@@@@@@@@@.................
Población@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@..@@............
Muestra@..@@@@@@@@@@@...@@@@@@.........@.@.........
T=#'$#a " I'(r+)"'(o &" R"#o%"##$;' &" Da(o@.............@@...........
a" &" %a I'8"($-a#$;'@@@@@..@@@@@@@@@@..@@..........IV. RESULTADOS
a"I@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@..........a" II@.
@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@............a" III@@@.
@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@...........a" IV@@@@@.
@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@..........
Co'"(u)&o'*) + R*"o%*'#!"&o'*)
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Co'#%+$o'"@@@@@.@@@@@@@@@@@@...@@@[email protected]"#o)"'&a#$o'"@@@@@@@@@@@@@@...@@@@@............
REFERENCIAS BIBLIOGRÁFICAS,,,..,,,..........,,,,,,.,,..
A'*-o),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,..........,,,,,,,,,,...
A'">o A@@@@@.@@@@@@...@@@@@@@@@@..@.............
A'">o B@@@@@@@@@@@.@...@@@@@@@@@..@@...........
A'">o C@@@@@@@@@@@@@@...........@@@@@..@@........... A'">o D@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@..@@@@....@@...........
A'">o E@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@...@@@@@@...........
A'">o @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@...@@@@@...........
LISTA DE CUADROS
No. !!6 Par1)"(ro !ara %a 8ar$a#$;' &" %a 8"%o#$&a& &"% )o(or &"
$'&+##$;'?6
4?7
F6566646?
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66766
6F64546444?44744
LISTA DE FIGURAS
No. !!6 V$(a "' #or(" &" +' )o(or ja+%a &" ar&$%%a@@@@@@@... 644 Ro(or bob$'a&o@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@.. 6?? Ro(or ja+%a &" ar&$%%a@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@. 6 C+r8a #ara#("r,($#a !arH8"%o#$&a& !ara (o&a %a 9r"#+"'#$a 6
7 D"8a'a&o "(a(;r$#o &" &o !o%o !ara #a)b$o &" !o%o@. 45 D"8a'a&o &" 4 a !o%o )"&$a'(" !o%o #o'"#+"'("@. 46 C$r#+$(o E*+$8a%"'(" &"% "(a(or &" +' )o(or &" $'&+##$;'@ 4F or)a &" o'&a &" +' )o&+%a&or !or a'#<o &" !+%o@@.. ?7
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LISTA DE ECUACIONES
No. !!
F
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RESUMEN
E% !r""'(" Trabajo E!"#$a% &" Gra&o3 ">!o'" "% &$":o 2 #o'(r+##$;'&" +' !ro(o($!o 8ar$a&or &" 9r"#+"'#$a !ara "% #o'(ro% &" 8"%o#$&a& &")o(or" (r$91$#o #o' +'a !o("'#$a )1>$)a &" 4 <! #o)!%")"'(a&o #o' %a9+'#$o'a%$&a& &" #o'8"r($&or &" 9a"3 !"r)$($"'&o "% 9+'#$o'a)$"'(o +' )o(or (r$91$#o "' +' $($o *+" ;%o ($"'" "r8$#$o "%=#(r$#o )o'o91$#o3 #ao &" %aa-r,#o%a La C%a8"%%$'a C.A. +b$#a&a "' "% )+'$#$!$o M$ra'&a &"% "(a&oCarabobo. E% "(+&$o )"(o&o%;-$#o3 "(a #o'#"!(+a&o bajo +' !ro2"#(o &"%($!o 9a#($b%"3 #o' ba" "' %o "(+&$o &o#+)"'(a% 2 &" #a)!o. E% (rabajo"(1 "(r+#(+ra&o "' #+a(ro a"3 "' %a a" I " r"a%$0; "% &$a-';($#o &" %a$(+a#$;' !r""'(" "' %a a-r,#o%a La C%a8"%%$'a C.A. r"a%$0a'&o +' "(+&$o&" %a #ara#("r,($#a &" %o )o(or" &" $'&+##$;' a%%, +($%$0a&o %a a" II
$'#%+2; "% a'1%$$ &"% &$a-';($#o a'("r$or 2 "% &$":o !or o9(Jar" 2 %a$)+%a#$;' #o)!+(a#$o'a% &" %a "(a!a &" !o("'#$a3 #o'(ro% " $'8"ror CCHCA &"% !ro(o($!o 8ar$a&or &" 9r"#+"'#$a %a a" III #o'$($; "' "% &"arro%%o9,$#o &"% &$!o$($8o3 $'#%+2"'&o (o&o %o &"(a%%" #o)o %o &$a-ra)a &"#o'">$;'3 !%a'o "%=#(r$#o &"% "*+$!o3 a, #o)o %a #ara#("r,($#a 9,$#a&"% 8ar$a&or &" 8"%o#$&a&3 %a a" IV3 " r"a%$0a "% "(+&$o (=#'$#o 2"#o';)$#o !ara &"("r)$'ar $ %a $)!%")"'(a#$;' &"% "*+$!o 8ar$a&or &"
REPÚBLICA BOLIVARIANA DE VENEZUELA
INSTITUTO UNIVERSITARIO POLITÉCNICO
“SANTIAGO MARIÑO”
EXTENSIÓN VALENCIA
ELABORACIÓN DE UN PROTOTIPO VARIADOR DE FRECUENCIA PARAEL CONTROL DE VELOCIDAD DE MOTORES TRIFÁSICOS CON UN
MÁXIMO DE 2HP EN LA AGRÍCOLA LAS CLAVELLINAS C.A.DEL GRUPO PROAGRO/PROTINAL C.A.
Autor /or-" Go'01%"0
Tutor !"!#$%&"o Or%a'&o Mo'ro2
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8"%o#$&a& " 8$ab%" !ara %a a-r,#o%a La C%a8"%%$'a C.A.3 " !ro#"&" a9or)+%ar %a #o'#%+$o'" 2 r"#o)"'&a#$o'" &" %a ">!"r$"'#$a r"a%$0a&a&+ra'(" "% &"arro%%o &"% !r""'(" (rabajo.
D*)"r&tor*) Var$a&or &" 9r"#+"'#$a3 )o(or (r$91$#o3 ja+%a &" ar&$%%a.
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INTRODUCCIÓN
U'a &" %a !r$'#$!a%" )1*+$'a "%=#(r$#a *+" <a #a+a&o +' -ra'
$)!a#(o "' "% )o&o &" 8$&a &" %a <+)a'$&a& " "% )o(or "%=#(r$#o. E(" <a!o&$&o $)!%$9$#ar 2 &"arro%%ar "' -ra' )"&$&a %a !r$'#$!a%" a#($8$&a&"
<+)a'a #o)o o'K %a !ro&+##$;' &" a%$)"'(o3 #+$&a&o &" %a a%+& 2 "%
(ra'!or(". S$' ")bar-o3 "(" &"arro%%o " !o$b%" -ra#$a a %a #o'(r$b+#$;'
&" %a "%"#(r;'$#a $"'&o '"#"ar$a !ara #o'(ro%ar %o )o(or". E(a a!ar(" &"
<a#"r o("'$b%" "% 9+'#$o'a)$"'(o &" %o )o(or" "%=#(r$#o (a)b$=' a)!%,a
+ ra'-o &" a!%$#a#$o'"3 )"jora'&o %a #a%$&a& 2 &"")!":o.
E !or "(o *+" " "'#+"'(ra "'(r" %a $'&+(r$a )$'"ra3 a-r,#o%a3
!"*+"ra3 a%$)"'(ar$a3 !a!"%"ra3 (">($%"3 *+,)$#a "'(r" o(ra. U'o &" %o
"#(or" &o'&" "% )o(or "%=#(r$#o <a -a'a&o )a2or $)!or(a'#$a "' + +o3
" "% "#(or a-ro!"#+ar$o3 &o'&" -ra#$a a %a r"&" "%=#(r$#a " !o$b%" %a
+($%$0a#$;' &" "(o 2 %a 8"ra($%$&a& *+" o9r"#"' !ara &$8"ro 9$'".
a8or"#$"'&o a %a -ra'&" ")!r"a &"% !a, *+" +a' ("#'o%o-,a )o&"r'a
"' + !ro#"o !ro&+#($8o3 2 ($"'"' #a!a#$&a& !ara a&*+$r$r '+"8a
("#'o%o-,a #o'9or)" a %a a)!%$a#$;' &" %a &")a'&a !ro&+#($8a. S$' ")bar-o3
+'a -ra' #a'($&a& &" ")!r"a &" "(" ($!o " #ara#("r$0a' !or "% bajo '$8"%&" a+(o)a($0a#$;' &" + !ro#"o %a #+a%" %a %%"8a a "r )"'o
"9$#$"'(". Ta% " "% #ao &" %a a-r,#o%a La C%a8"%%$'a C.A. +b$#a&a "' "%
)+'$#$!$o M$ra'&a &"% E(a&o Carabobo3 &o'&" +'a &" + !r$'#$!a%"
a#($8$&a&" " %a #r,a &" a8" &" #orra%3 "' #o'8"'$o #o' %a ")!r"a
Proa-roPro($'a% C.A. U'o &" %o )a2or" $'#o'8"'$"'(" "' %a !ro&+##$;'
a8,#o%a " "% #o'(ro% &" %a (")!"ra(+ra 2 %a <+)"&a& &"'(ro &" %o #orra%"
*+" a%b"r-a' a %a a8"3 "(o " <a#" #o' "% +o &" 8"'($%a&or" a##$o'a&o
!or )o(or" "%=#(r$#o3 !ara "%%o " <a#" '"#"ar$o "% #o'(ro% &" %a 8"%o#$&a&
&" "(o )o(or"3 &" a#+"r&o a %a #o'&$#$o'" r"*+"r$&a3 a&")1 "%
"r8$#$o "%=#(r$#o "' %a a-r,#o%a La C%a8"%%$'a C.A. " )o'o91$#o <a#$"'&o
$)!o$b%" +($%$0ar )o(or" (r$91$#o #o' )"jor &"")!":o. r"'(" a "(a
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!rob%")1($#a " !r""'(a +' 1r"a &" o!or(+'$&a& !ara $)!+%ar "% &"arro%%o
&" ("#'o%o-,a &" bajo #o(o3 *+" !"r)$(a #o'(ro%ar %a 8"%o#$&a& 2 +($%$0ar
)o(or" "%=#(r$#o (r$91$#o a !ar($r &" +' "r8$#$o )o'o91$#o $' '"#"$&a&
&" )o&$9$#ar %a r"&" "%=#(r$#a3 #o' "% +o &" +' !ro(o($!o 8ar$a&or &"9r"#+"'#$a !ara "% #o'(ro% &" 8"%o#$&a& &" )o(or" (r$91$#o <a(a +'
)1>$)o &" 4 <! "' %a a-r,#o%a La C%a8"%%$'a C.A.
Para +'a )"jor #o)!r"'$;' &"% "(+&$o3 "% )$)o " &$8$&" "' #+a(ro
#a!,(+%oK
Ca!,(+%o IK "% r"9"r$&o a %a #o'(">(+a%$0a#$;' &"% !rob%")a 2 abar#a +
j+($9$#a#$;'3 %o obj"($8o -"'"ra%" 2 "!"#,9$#o3 *+" )ar#ara' "% #a)$'o a
"-+$r "' "% &"arro%%o &"% "(+&$o.Ca!,(+%o IIK " &"#r$b"' %o a'("#"&"'(" &" $'8"($-a#$;'3 <a#$"'&o
r"9"r"'#$a a %o (rabajo r"%a#$o'a&o #o' "% 1r"a &" "(+&$o 2 a!or(" *+"
%o )$)o r"!r""'(a' !ara "(a $'8"($-a#$;'3 a, #o)o " &"9$'$r1' %a
ba" (";r$#a *+" !"r)$($r1' #o)!r"'&"r %a #ara#("r,($#a &"% "(+&$o3 &"
$-+a% 9or)a " &"9$'"' %o (=r)$'o b1$#o3 a, #o)o %a ba" %"-a%" *+"
+("'(a' "(a $'8"($-a#$;'.
Ca!,(+%o IIIK E(" #a!,(+%o " &"(a%%a %a 9or)a "' %a *+" " r"a%$0ar1 %a
$'8"($-a#$;'3 "(" #a!,(+%o #o'($(+2" "% )ar#o )"(o&o%;-$#o "' "% #+a% "
&"#r$b" %a )"(o&o%o-,a a +($%$0ar3 %a )o&a%$&a& &" $'8"($-a#$;'3 "% ($!o &"
$'8"($-a#$;'3 %a !ob%a#$;' 2 )+"(ra "' "(+&$o3 %a 9a"3 (=#'$#a "
$'(r+)"'(o &" r"#o%"##$;' &" &a(o ")!%"a&a !ara r"a%$0ar %a )$)a.
Ca!,(+%o IVK E' "(" #a!,(+%o " !%a)a "' &"(a%%" %a 9a" o "(a!a !or
%a #+a%" (ra'#+rr$; "% &"arro%%o &" %a $'8"($-a#$;'3 #o)!r"'&" "j"#+#$;'
&" %a 9a" &" $'8"($-a#$;'3 &"&" "% "(+&$o o &$a-';($#o &"% !rob%")a3
a'1%$$3 &$":o &" %a !ro!+"(a o o%+#$;' a% !rob%")a a, #o)o %a9a#($b$%$&a& "#o';)$#a3 (=#'$#a 2 o!"ra($8a3 "% a'1%$$ #o(o b"'"9$#$o3 %a
#o'#%+$o'"3 r"#o)"'&a#$o'"3 $'#%+2"'&o %o a'">o #orr"!o'&$"'(".
CAPÍTULO I
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EL PROBLEMA
Co't*-tu!(&!"&0' #*( ro1(*%!
E% "r <+)a'o "' + a)!%$a b*+"&a "' %a )"jora ("#'o%;-$#a <a
r"a%$0a&o -ra'&" $'8"'(o3 %o #+a%" <a' $&o 9+'&a)"'(a%" "' %a
r"8o%+#$;' $'&+(r$a% #o)o !or "j")!%o3 "% )o(or a 8a!or "% #+a% 9+" "% !r$)"ro
"' "r $'8"'(a&o 2 +($%$0a&o "' &$#<a r"8o%+#$;' !"ro "j"r#,a +' -ra'
"9+"r0o !or %a !"ro'a !ara )a'("'"r%o 9+'#$o'a'&o <ab,a *+" a%$)"'(ar%o
#o' #arb;' "% #+a% '"#"$(aba &" (rabajo 9+"r(" !or !ar(" &"% <+)a'o3 "
$&"aro' %o )o(or" &" #o)b+($;' $'("r'a3 $"'&o "(" &" )"'or (a)a:o 2#o' )a2or r"'&$)$"'(o. Co' %a %%"-a&a &" %a "%"#(r$#$&a& +r-$"ro' '+"8a
("#'o%;-$#a 2 &" a%%, %a +($%$0a#$;' &" )o(or" &" $'&+##$;' (a'(o &"
#orr$"'(" &$r"#(a DC #o)o &" #orr$"'(" a%("r'a AC %o #+a%" "ra' )1
"#o';)$#o3 #o)!a#(o 2 r"*+"r,a' &" )"'or )a'("'$)$"'(o <$0o +'a
a%("r'a($8a 9a#($b%" !ara %a $'&+(r$a. Lo )o(or" "%=#(r$#o ($"'"' +' -ra'
#a)!o &" a!%$#a#$;'3 "!"#$a%)"'(" "' "% "#(or $'&+(r$a%3 #o)o $'&+(r$a
!"a&a3 !"(ro*+,)$#a3 )"(a%r-$#a3 a+(o)o8$%,($#a 2 )+#<a )1.
Lo )o(or" "%=#(r$#o <a' -a'a&o )a2or" a!%$#a#$o'" "' o(ro
"#(or" "#o';)$#o &o'&" -ra#$a a %a %%"-a&a &" %a r"&" "%=#(r$#a "
<a#" !o$b%" "% +o &" %o )o(or"3 +'o &" "(o #ao " %a $'&+(r$a
a-ro!"#+ar$a3 "(" " "% "#(or #o)!+"(o !or %a a-r$#+%(+ra 2 %a #r,a &"
"!"#$" a'$)a%" &o'&" "% %a 8"'(aja *+" o9r"#"' %o )o(or" "%=#(r$#o
<a' $&o &" -ra' b"'"9$#$o !ara "% "#(or. Lo )o(or" &" $'&+##$;' &" ja+%a
&" ar&$%%a o' +'o &" %o ($!o )1 +a&o "' "(" "#(or $'&+(r$a%. S$ b$"' "%
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8$"ro' "' %a '"#"$&a& &" +($%$0ar #o'(ro%" &" 8"%o#$&a& "' &$#<o )o(or"3
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$)+%" "% 9+'#$o'a)$"'(o ;!($)o &" %a "(a!a &" !o("'#$a3 "% #$r#+$(o
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. E($)ar %a 9a#($b$%$&a& (=#'$#a 2 "#o';)$#a &" %a "%abora#$;' &" +'
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!ro!or#$o'a' %o 8ar$a&or" &" 8"%o#$&a&3 2 #o'o#"r %a !o$b$%$&a&" *+"
br$'&a' !ara !o&"r #o'(ro%ar a 8o%+'(a& %a 9r"#+"'#$a &" a%$)"'(a#$;' &" +'
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8"'(aja *+" $)!%$#a "% +o &" )o(or" (r$91$#o3 "(o " (ra&+#" "' %a
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-ara'($0a'&o %a 8$&a 2 "% b$"'"(ar &" %o a'$)a%"3 !ara +!%$r %a &")a'&a
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r"+%(a&o 2 #o'#%+$o'" &" "(a $'8"($-a#$;' $r8a' &" #o)!%")"'(o a %a
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CAPÍTULO II
MARCO REFERENCIAL
E +'a &" %a 9a" )1 $)!or(a'(" &" +' (rabajo &" $'8"($-a#$;'3
#o'$(" "' &"arro%%ar %a ("or,a *+" 8a a 9+'&a)"'(ar "% !ro2"#(o #o' ba"
a% !%a'("a)$"'(o &"% !rob%")a *+" " <a r"a%$0a&o. E(" #o'$(" "' b+#ar
%a 9+"'(" &o#+)"'(a%" *+" !"r)$(a' &"("#(ar3 ">(ra"r 2 r"#o!$%ar %a
$'9or)a#$;' &" $'("r= !ara #o'(r+$r "% )ar#o (";r$#o !"r($'"'(" a% !rob%")a
&" $'8"($-a#$;' !%a'("a&o.
A't*"*#*'t*) #* (! I'3*)t&4!"&0'
Lo a'("#"&"'("3 o' (o&o a*+"%%o (rabajo &" $'8"($-a#$;' *+"
!r"#"&"' a% *+" " "(1 r"a%$0a'&o3 !"ro a&")1 -+ar&a' )+#<a r"%a#$;'
#o' %o obj"($8o &"% "(+&$o *+" " abor&a. E &"#$r3 o' %o (rabajo &"$'8"($-a#$;' r"a%$0a&o3 r"%a#$o'a&o #o' "% obj"(o &" "(+&$o !r""'(" "' %a
$'8"($-a#$;' *+" " "(1 <a#$"'&o. E' %o $-+$"'(" !1rra9o " &"#r$b"'
a%-+'o a'("#"&"'(" 8$'#+%a&o #o' "% (")a &" "(+&$o.
M"%='&"0 /. 456. R"a%$0; !ara + (rabajo "!"#$a% &" -ra&o +'a
$'8"($-a#$;' *+" %%"8a !or (,(+%o S&%u(!"&0' #* u' 3!r&!#or #* 3*(o"&#!#
*' u' %otor #* &'#u""&0' tr&68)&"o 9!)t! : 9; !(&%*'t!#o or u'! r*#
%o'o68)&"! #* <2= 3o(t&o) "' "% I'($(+(o U'$8"r$(ar$o Po%$(=#'$#o “Sa'($a-o
Mar$:o” "% #+a% ">!r"a + obj"($8o 9+'&a)"'(a% " $)+%ar +' 8ar$a&or !ara
&" 8"%o#$&a& "' +' )o(or &" $'&+##$;' (r$91$#o #o' +'a !o("'#$a <a(a &"
P3 "% #+a% !o&r1 a%$)"'(ar" &" +'a r"& )o'o91$#a #o' +'a ("'$;' &" 645
8o%($o3 #a!a0 &" #o'(ro%ar %a 8"%o#$&a& &"% )o(o &"&" "% arra'*+"
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<a(a + 8"%o#$&a& 'o)$'a% )a'("'$"'&o "% (or*+" '"#"ar$o "' "% $(")a3 a(ra8= &" +' $'8"ror #o' !+%o )o&+%a&o 2 +' #o'(ro% &" !o("'#$a. E% "(+&$o
)"(o&o%;-$#o3 "(a #o'#"!(+a&o bajo +' !ro2"#(o &"% ($!o 9a#($b%"3 #o' ba"
"' %o "(+&$o &o#+)"'(a% 2 &" #a)!o. E% (rabajo "(1 "(r+#(+ra&o "'
9a" %a !r$)"ra !"r)$(" &$a-'o($#ar %a #ara#("r,($#a 2 9+'#$o'ab$%$&a& "'
%o 8ar$a&or"3 $'8"ror" CCHCA 2 )o(or" &" $'&+##$;'3 %a #+a% o' %a ba"
&" "(+&$o %a "-+'&a 9a" " r"9$"r" a% &$":o &"(a%%a&o &" %o &$a-ra)a
&" #o'">$;'3 !%a'o "%"#(ro)"#1'$#o &" %o "%")"'(o a'("r$or)"'("
'o)bra&o 3 a, #o)o %a #ara#("r,($#a 9,$#a "' %o 8ar$a&or" &"
8"%o#$&a& %a ("r#"ra 9a" "(1 r"%a#$o'a&a #o' %a $)+%a#$;' &"% 8ar$a&or
!%a'("a&o3 a, #o)o %o !ro#"&$)$"'(o '"#"ar$o !ara + !+"(a "'
)ar#<a3 9$'a%)"'(" " %%"-a a %a #+ar(a 9a" &o'&" " !%a)a' %o a!"#(o
"#o';)$#o &"% 8ar$a&or a, #o)o %a j+($9$#a#$;' !ara + $)!%")"'(a#$;'.
E(" "(+&$o -+ar&a )+#<a r"%a#$;' #o' %o obj"($8o &" "(a
$'8"($-a#$;' "' %o *+" #o'#$"r'" a %o 9+'&a)"'(o (";r$#o *+" o'
b1$#o !ara #o)!r"'&"r "% !rob%")a !%a'("a&o (a%" #o)o %a 'o#$o'" 2#o'#"!(o r"%a#$o'a&o #o' %o 8ar$a&or" &" 9r"#+"'#$a3 + !r$'#$!$o &"
9+'#$o'a)$"'(o 2 + a!%$#a#$;' a, #o)o (a)b$=' ($"'" +' 8,'#+%o #o' %o
)o(or" "%=#(r$#o3 a!or(a'&o $'9or)a#$;' obr" + "%")"'(o 2
9+'#$o'a)$"'(o b1$#o &"% #o'(ro% &" 8"%o#$&a& &" "(o.
R"'a(o /. 456?. R"a%$0; +'a T"$ !ara o!(ar !or "% T,(+%o &" I'-"'$"ro
E%"#(r;'$#o ($(+%a&a D&)*>o * &%(*%*'t!"&0' #* u' 3!r&!#or #* 3*(o"&#!#
#* 1!o "o)to !r! u' %otor tr&68)&"o #* &'#u""&0' #* ?9"' %a
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$'&+##$;' 2 %a !r$'#$!a%" (=#'$#a &" #o'(ro% &" )o(or" *+" ">$("' "' %a
a#(+a%$&a&. E' ba" a %o r"*+"r$)$"'(o &" "9$#$"'#$a 2 bajo #o(o
"#o-$"ro' "% )o&"%o )1 a&"#+a&o. U'a 8"0 &"9$'$&a %a #ara#("r,($#a
&"% 8ar$a&or 2 %a %;-$#a &" #o'(ro%3 r"a%$0aro' $)+%a#$o'" !ara #orroborar
*+" %a "(a!a &$":a&a "(=' 9+'#$o'a'&o &" a#+"r&o a %o "!"ra&o.
L+"-o &" a"-+rar )"&$a'(" $)+%a#$o'" *+" (o&o "% "*+$!o 9+'#$o'a &"
a#+"r&o a %o "!"ra&o3 !ro#"&$"ro' a $)!%")"'(ar "% 8ar$a&or 2 a'a%$0ar "' "%
%abora(or$o #a&a +'a &" %a "(a!a !ara #o'(ra(ar %a $)!%")"'(a#$;' 8"r+
%a $)+%a#$o'".
E% (rabajo r"a%$0a&o !or R"'a(o /. -+ar&a r"%a#$;' #o' %a !r""'("
$'8"($-a#$;' &a&o *+" " %%"8; a #abo %a #o'(r+##$;' 2 !o("r$or
$)!%")"'(a#$;' &" +' 8ar$a&or &" 8"%o#$&a& !ara +' )o(or &" <! %o *+" "
&" -ra' +($%$&a& 2a *+" !"r)$(" &"9$'$r %a "(a!a 2 !ro#"&$)$"'(o !ara#o'(r+$r +' 8ar$a&or &" 9r"#+"'#$a " $)!%")"'(ar "(" !ara -ob"r'ar %a
8"%o#$&a& &" +' )o(or (r$91$#o.
C1ra(" O. V$%%a#, . 4566. R"a%$0aro' +'a ("$ &" -ra&o !ara %a "#+"%a
+!"r$or !o%$(=#'$#a &" C<$)bora0o *+" ($"'" #o)o (,(+%o D&)*>o +
"o')tru""&0' #* u' %0#u(o "o' 3!r&!#or #* 6r*"u*'"&! !r! *( "o'tro(
#* 3*(o"&#!# #* %otor*) !)&'"r0'&"o) !u(! #* !r#&((! tr&68)&"o) !r! *(
(!1or!tor&o #* "o'tro( &'#u)tr&!( "' &o'&" " <a &$":; 2 #o'(r+$&o +'
);&+%o #o' 8ar$a&or &" 9r"#+"'#$a !ara "% #o'(ro% &" 8"%o#$&a& &" )o(or"
a$'#r;'$#o ja+%a &" ar&$%%a (r$91$#o !ara "% %abora(or$o &" Co'(ro% I'&+(r$a%3
*+" !"r)$(" %a 8ar$a#$;' &" 8"%o#$&a& &" %o )o(or" "%=#(r$#o. Co' "("
"*+$!o " !o&r1' r"a%$0ar %a r"!"#($8a !r1#($#a 2 !r+"ba &" #o'(ro% &"
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8"%o#$&a&3 *+" $'(r+$r1 a %o "(+&$a'(" &" 9or)a (=#'$#a3 &"arro%%a'&o +&"(r"0a $'("%"#(+a%" 2 a, "r a!%$#a&a "' "% #a)!o !ro9"$o'a%.
E% #o'("'$&o &" "(" !ro2"#(o br$'&a +' a!or(" r"%a#$o'a&o #o' %o
9+'&a)"'(o b1$#o obr" "% #o'(ro% &" 8"%o#$&a& &" +' )o(or (r$91$#o &"
$'&+##$;'3 "' "!"#$a% "' %o *+" r"!"#(a a %o "%")"'(o "%"#(r;'$#o
#o'($(+($8o &" +' 8ar$a&or &" 8"%o#$&a& !ara !ro#"&"r #o' + #o'(r+##$;'.
B!)*) t*0r&"!)
E(a "(a!a " %a "%abora#$;' #o'#"!(+a% &"% !rob%")a. E' =% a!ar"#"' %a
&"9$'$#$o'" &" %a 8ar$ab%" #o'(")!%a&a "' "% !rob%")a 2 "' %o obj"($8o
&" $'8"($-a#$;'3 2 &" %o (=r)$'o #%a8" *+" 8a' a "r +a&o #o' )a2or
9r"#+"'#$a. Ta%" &"9$'$#$o'" " <a#"' &" a#+"r&o a %a &"9$'$#$o'"
!ro!+"(a !or o(ro $'8"($-a&or" 23 "' #ao (a%3 a %a ("or,a "' %a *+" "
a!o2a %a $'8"($-a#$;'.
Motor #* &'#u""&0'
E% )o(or &" $'&+##$;' o' +' ($!o &" )o(or &" #orr$"'(" a%("r'a "' "% *+"
%a #orr$"'(" "%=#(r$#a &"% ro(or '"#"ar$a !ara !ro&+#$r (or$;' " $'&+#$&a !or
$'&+##$;' "%"#(ro)a-'=($#a &"% #a)!o )a-'=($#o &" %a bob$'a &"% "(a(or3
Por %o (a'(o +' )o(or &" $'&+##$;' 'o r"*+$"r" +'a #o')+(a#$;'
)"#1'$#a a!ar(" &" + )$)a ">#$(a#$;' o !ara (o&o o !ar(" &" %a "'"r-,a
(ra'9"r$&a &"% "(a(or a% ro(or3 #o)o "' %o +'$8"ra%"3 DC 2 )o(or"
-ra'&" ,'#ro'o . E% )o(or &" $'&+##$;' 'o '"#"$(a "#ob$%%a '$ #o%"#(or3
+ ar)a&+ra " &" !%a#a &" )"(a% )a-'"($0ab%" 8"r 9$-+ra 6.
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E% "'($&o a%("r'o &" #$r#+%a#$;'3 &" %a #orr$"'(" "' %a "!$ra &"% "(a(or -"'"ra +' #a)!o )a-'=($#o -$ra(or$o *+" arra(ra %a !%a#a &" )"(a%
)a-'"($0ab%" 2 %a <a#" -$rar.
So' %o &" )a2or +o "' %a $'&+(r$a3 !or %o (a'(o o' %o *+" )a2or
a'1%$$ )"r"#"'. C+a'&o a!%$#a)o +'a #orr$"'(" a%("r'a a +' "(a(or3 "
!ro&+#" +' #a)!o )a-'=($#o -$ra(or$o3 "(" #a)!o &" a#+"r&o a %a %"2"
&" $'&+##$;' "%"#(ro)a-'=($#a3 $'&+#" #orr$"'(" "' %a bob$'a &"% ro(or 2
"(a !ro&+#"' o(ro #a)!o )a-'=($#o o!+"(o "-' %a %"2 &" L"'0 2 *+"
!or %o )$)o ($"'&" a "-+$r%o "' + ro(a#$;' &" (a% 9or)a *+" "% ro(or
")!$"0a a -$rar #o' ("'&"'#$a a $-+a%ar %a 8"%o#$&a& &"% #a)!o )a-'=($#o
-$ra(or$o3 $' *+" "%%o %%"-+" a !ro&+#$r". S$ +#"&$"ra3 &"jar,a &" !ro&+#$r"
%a 8ar$a#$;' &" 9%+jo $'&$!"'ab%" !ara %a $'&+##$;' &" #orr$"'(" "' %a bob$'a
&"% $'&+#$&o.
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Figura 1.V&)t! *' "ort* #* u' %otor !u(! #* !r#&((!. +"'("K M1*+$'a E%=#(r$#aC<a!)a'.
D"!"'&$"'&o &"% ($!o &" ro(or ("'")o &o ($!o &" )o(or"
a$'#r;'$#o (r$91$#oK
a. Mo(or a$'#r;'$#o &" ro(or bob$'a&o
b. Mo(or a$'#r;'$#o ($!o ja+%a &" ar&$%%a
!. Motor !)&'"r0'&"o #* rotor 1o1&'!#o
S+ #ara#("r,($#a !r$'#$!a% " *+" "' "% ro(or " a%oja +' #o'j+'(o &"
bob$'a *+" a&")1 " !+"&"' #o'"#(ar a% ">("r$or a (ra8= &" a'$%%o
ro0a'(" #o)o %o )+"(ra %a 9$-+ra 4.
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Co%o#a'&o r"$("'#$a 8ar$ab%" "' "r$" a %o bob$'a&o &"% ro(or "#o'$-+" +a8$0ar %a #orr$"'(" &" arra'*+". D" %a )$)a )a'"ra3 -ra#$a a
+' #o'j+'(o &" r"$("'#$a #o'"#(a&a a %o bob$'a&o &"% ro(or3 "
#o'$-+" r"-+%ar %a 8"%o#$&a& &"% "j". U' &"(a%%" $'("r"a'(" " *+" %a
8"%o#$&a& &"% "j" '+'#a !o&r1 "r +!"r$or *+" %a 8"%o#$&a& #orr"!o'&$"'("
$ "% )o(or 9+"ra ,'#ro'o.
S" +($%$0a "' a*+"%%o #ao "' %o *+" %a (ra')$$;' &" !o("'#$a "
&")a$a&o "%"8a&a a !ar($r &" 455 WJ 2 " '"#"ar$o r"&+#$r %a #orr$"'("
&" arra'*+". Ta)b$=' " +($%$0a "' a*+"%%o #ao "' %o *+" " &""a
r"-+%ar %a 8"%o#$&a& &"% "j".
Figura 2.Rotor 1o1&'!#o. +"'("K M1*+$'a E%=#(r$#a C<a!)a'.
1. Motor !)&'"r0'&"o t&o !u(! #* !r#&((!
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La &$9"r"'#$a #o' "% )o(or &" ro(or bob$'a&o " *+" "% ro(or &" "("3 "(19or)a&o !or +' -r+!o &" barra &" a%+)$'$o o &" #obr" "' 9or)a $)$%ar a% &"
+'a ja+%a &" ar&$%%a. La )a2or !ar(" &" %o )o(or"3 *+" 9+'#$o'a' #o'
#orr$"'(" a%("r'a AC !or + $-%a "' $'-%= &" +'a o%a 9a"3 ($"'"' "%
ro(or &" ($!o ja+%a &" ar&$%%a.
E' + 9or)a $'(a%a&a3 " +' #$%$'&ro )o'(a&o "' +' "j". I'("r'a)"'("
#o'($"'" barra #o'&+#(ora %o'-$(+&$'a%" &" a%+)$'$o o &" #obr" #o'
+r#o 2 #o'"#(a&o j+'(o "' a)bo ">(r")o !o'$"'&o "' #or(o#$r#+$(o %o
a'$%%o *+" 9or)a' %a ja+%a. La ba" &"% ro(or " #o'(r+2" &" +' a!$%a&o
<$"rro &" %a)$'a#$;'.
U' "*+")a $)!%$9$#a&o &"% )$)o " 8" a #o'($'+a#$;' "' %a 9$-+ra ?.
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Figura 3.Rotor !u(! #* !r#&((!. +"'("K M1*+$'a E%=#(r$#a C<a!)a'. C+a'&o "(" ro(or "(1 "'(r" &o !o%o &" #a)!o "%"#(ro)a-'=($#o *+"
<a' $&o )a-'"($0a&o !or +'a #orr$"'(" a%("r'a3 " $'&+#" +'a 9.".). "' %a
"!$ra &" %a ja+%a &" ar&$%%a3 +'a #orr$"'(" )+2 -ra'&" %a r"#orr" 2 "
!ro&+#" +' 9+"r(" #a)!o *+" #o'(rarr"(a a% *+" <a !ro&+#$&o %a #orr$"'("
%"2 &" L"'0. A+'*+" "% ro(or !+"&a #o'(rarr"(ar "% #a)!o &" %o !o%o
"(a#$o'ar$o3 'o <a2 ra0;' !ara *+" " )+"8a "' +'a &$r"##$;' + o(ra 2 a,
!"r)a'"#" !ara&o. E $)$%ar a% )o(or ,'#ro'o "% #+a% (a)!o#o " arra'#a
o%o. Lo *+" " '"#"$(a " +' #a)!o ro(a(or$o "' %+-ar &" +' #a)!o a%("r'o.
Lo ro(or" &" ja+%a &" ar&$%%a r"a%" o' )+#<o )1 #o)!a#(o *+" "%
&" %a 9$-+ra ?. ($"'"' +' '#%"o &" <$"rro %a)$'a&o.
D*)(&!%&*'to
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La 8"%o#$&a& &" -$ro &"% ro(or &"b" "r )"'or *+" %a 8"%o#$&a& &"% 9%+jo
)a-'=($#o3 !+"(o *+" $ (+8$"ra' %a )$)a 8"%o#$&a&3 %a barra &"% ro(or 'o
#or(ar,a' %a %,'"a &" 9%+jo 23 !or (a'(o3 'o " "'-"'&rar,a "' "%%a %a 9+"r0a
"%"#(ro)o(r$0 9.".).3 r"+%(a'&o *+" %a #orr$"'(" "' "% ro(or "r,a '+%a.
D"b$&o a %a r"$("'#$a #o' "% a$r" 2 a% ro0a)$"'(o3 "% ro(or 'o %%"-a a a%#a'0ar
%a )$)a 8"%o#$&a& *+" "% 9%+jo. a "a &$9"r"'#$a " %" &"'o)$'a
&"%$0a)$"'(o.
E"u!"&0' <
D;'&"K
s:
deslizamiento (adimensional)ns :velocidad sincronica (rpm )
nm : velocidad mecanica (rpm )
P!r %otor
E% !ar )o(or o (or*+" " "% )o)"'(o &" 9+"r0a *+" "j"r#" +' )o(or obr"
"% "j" &" (ra')$$;' &" !o("'#$a. La !o("'#$a &"arro%%a&a !or "% !ar )o(or
" !ro!or#$o'a% a %a 8"%o#$&a& a'-+%ar &"% "j" &" (ra')$$;'3 8$'$"'&o &a&a
!orK
E"u!"&0' 2
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ns−¿nm
ns
P= M ∗ω
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S$"'&oK
P: la potencia en vatios (w)
M: el par motor en (N.m)
ω : es la velocidad angular (en rad/s)
P!r #* 4&ro
E% 8a%or &"% !ar &" -$ro &"% )o(or 8$"'" &a&o !orK
E"u!"&0' @
S$"'&oK
T : torque ( N . m ) . K :constanta.
∂ : flujo magneticodel campo giratorio ( web ) . I r : intensidad decorriente del rotor ( mp ) .
C!r!"t*r5)t&"! #* 6u'"&o'!%&*'to #*( %otor #* &'#u""&0'
E% 9+'#$o'a)$"'(o &" +' )o(or3 "' -"'"ra%3 " baa "' %a !ro!$"&a&"
"%"#(ro)a-'=($#a &" %a #orr$"'(" "%=#(r$#a 2 %a !o$b$%$&a& &" #r"ar a !ar($r &"
"%%a3 +' #a)!o )a-'=($#o -$ra(or$o *+" $'&+#" +' )o8$)$"'(o &" ro(a#$;'.
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T =¿ K ¿ ∂ ¿ I r
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S$ +' )o(or &" $'&+##$;' #o)"r#$a% &" ja+%a &" ar&$%%a " <a#" arra'#ar #o' "%8o%(aj" 'o)$'a% "' %a ("r)$'a%" &" %,'"a &" + "(a(or &"arro%%ar1 +' !ar
&" arra'*+" *+" <ar1 *+" a+)"'(" + 8"%o#$&a&. A% a+)"'(ar + 8"%o#$&a& a
!ar($r &"% r"!oo3 &$)$'+2" + &"%$0a)$"'(o 2 + !ar &$)$'+2" <a(a "%
8a%or "' "% *+" " &"arro%%" "% !ar )1>$)o.
Lo !ar" &"arro%%a&o a% arra'*+" 2 a% 8a%or &"% &"%$0a)$"'(o *+"
!ro&+#" "% !ar )1>$)o a)bo ">#"&"' a% !ar a!%$#a&o a %a #ar-a. Por %o
(a'(o %a 8"%o#$&a& &"% )o(or a+)"'(ar13 <a(a *+" "% 8a%or &"% &"%$0a)$"'(o
"a (a' !"*+":o *+" "% !ar *+" " &"arro%%a " r"&+0#a a +' 8a%or $-+a% a%
!ar a!%$#a&o !or %a #ar-a. E% )o(or #o'($'+ar1 (rabaja'&o a "(a 8"%o#$&a& 2
8a%or &" "*+$%$br$o &"% &"%$0a)$"'(o <a(a *+" a+)"'(" o &$)$'+2a "% !ar
a!%$#a&o.
Arr!'u* #* u' %otor tr&68)&"o #* &'#u""&0'
S" &"'o)$'a arra'*+" &" +' )o(or a% r=-$)"' (ra'$(or$o "' "% *+" ""%"8a %a 8"%o#$&a& &"% )$)o &"&" "% "(a&o &" )o(or &"("'$&o <a(a "% &"
)o(or -$ra'&o a %a 8"%o#$&a& &" r=-$)"' !"r)a'"'(".
So' '"#"ar$o %o arra'#a&or" !ara %$)$(ar %a #orr$"'(" &" ar)a&+ra *+"
9%+2" #+a'&o "% )o(or " #o'"#(a3 !+" "' "% )o)"'(o &" arra'*+" %a
#orr$"'(" *+" a%#a'0a "% )o(or &" $'&+##$;' #o'"#(a&o &$r"#(a)"'(" " &"
a F 8"#" %a #orr$"'(" &"% )$)o a !%"'a #ar-a3 2 a+'*+" !+"&" "r &" #or(a
&+ra#$;'3 !ro&+#$r,a obr"#ar-a "' %a %,'"a 2 #o'"#+"'(")"'(" #a,&a &"
8o%(aj" &" )+#<a $'#$&"'#$a "' %a r"&.
M$to#o #* !rr!'u*
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!. Arr!'u$ #&r*"to #* (! r*#K o%o 8a%$&o "' )o(or" !"*+":o1. Arr!'u* %*#&!'t* &')*r"&0' #* r*)&)t*'"&! *' *( rotor o%o
8a%$&o !ara )o(or" &" ro(or bob$'a&o 2 a'$%%o ro0a'(".". Arr!'u* "o' r*)&)t*'"&! *' *( *)t!tor K !ro#"&$)$"'(o !o#o
")!%"a&o #o)o r")"&$o &" +r-"'#$a.#. Arr!'u* *)tr*((!tr&!'4u(o "% )=(o&o )1 bara(o +($%$0a&o #+a'&o
" &$!o'" &" ("r)$'a%" "' "% )o(or.*. Arr!'u* "o' !utotr!')6or%!#or r"&+##$;' &" %a ("'$;' &+ra'("
"% arra'*+" )"&$a'(" a+(o(ra'9or)a&or.
6. Arr!'u* "o' !rr!'"!#or*) *)t8t&"o) )"&$a'(" +' "*+$!o"%"#(r;'$#o )+2 +a&o "' %a a#(+a%$&a&.
Fu'#!%*'to) 18)&"o) )o1r* *( "o'tro( #* 3*(o"&#!# #* u' %otor
tr&68)&"o #* &'#u""&0'
E% )o(or &" #orr$"'(" a%("r'a3 a !"ar &" "r +' )o(or rob+(o3 &" !o#o
)a'("'$)$"'(o3 %$8$a'o " $&"a% !ara %a )a2or,a &" %a a!%$#a#$o'"$'&+(r$a%"3 ($"'" "% $'#o'8"'$"'(" &" "r +' )o(or r,-$&o "' #+a'(o a %a
!o$b$%$&a& &" 8ar$ar + 8"%o#$&a&. La 8"%o#$&a& &"% )o(or $'#r;'$#o &"!"'&"
&" %a 9or)a #o'(r+#($8a &"% )o(or 2 &" %a 9r"#+"'#$a &" a%$)"'(a#$;'.
C;)o %a 9r"#+"'#$a &" a%$)"'(a#$;' *+" "'(r"-a' %a #o)!a:,a &"
"%"#(r$#$&a& " #o'(a'("3 %a 8"%o#$&a& &" %o )o(or" a$'#r;'$#o "
#o'(a'("3 a%8o *+" " 8ar," "% ')"ro &" !o%o3 "% &"%$0a)$"'(o o %a
9r"#+"'#$a.
Co'tro( #* 3*(o"&#!# %*#&!'t* *( "!%1&o *' (! 6r*"u*'"&! #*
!(&%*'t!"&0'
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A% #a)b$ar %a 9r"#+"'#$a "%=#(r$#a a!%$#a&a a% "(a(or &"% )o(or &" $'&+##$;'3%a 8"%o#$&a& &" ro(a#$;' &" + #a)!o )a-'=($#o #a)b$ar1 "' !ro!or#$;'
&$r"#(a a% #a)b$o &" %a 9r"#+"'#$a "%=#(r$#a 2 "% !+'(o &" 8a#,o obr" %a #+r8a
#ara#("r,($#a !arH8"%o#$&a& #a)b$ar1 #o' "%%a. La 8"%o#$&a& &"% )o(or "'
#o'&$#$o'" 'o)$'a%" " %%a)a 8"%o#$&a& ba". S" !+"&" aj+(ar %a
8"%o#$&a& &"% )o(or !or "'#$)a o !or &"bajo &" %a 8"%o#$&a& ba"3 +($%$0a'&o
Co'(ro% &" 9r"#+"'#$a 8ar$ab%"3 #o)o " !+"&" 8"r "' %a 9$-+ra. &o'&" %a
8"%o#$&a& ba" "6F55 r.!.).
Figura 4K Cur3!) "!r!"t*r5)t&"!) !r3*(o"&#!# !r! to#!) (!) 6r*"u*'"&!). +"'("KM1*+$'a "%=#(r$#a C<a!)a'.
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C!%1&o #*( '%*ro #* o(o)
E>$("' &o )=(o&o $)!or(a'(" !ara #a)b$ar "% ')"ro &" !o%o "' +'
)o(or &" $'&+##$;'K
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A #o'($'+a#$;' " &"#r$b"' a%-+'o &" %o !"r$9=r$#o *+" #o' )a2or 9r"#+"'#$a " "'#+"'(ra' "' %o )$#ro#o'(ro%a&or".
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&a(o &"% ">("r$or o "#r$b$r "' "%%o &"&" "% $'("r$or &"% )$#ro#o'(ro%a&or3 "%
&"($'o <ab$(+a% " "% (rabajo #o' &$!o$($8o $)!%" #o)o r"%=3 LED3 o
#+a%*+$"r o(ra #oa *+" " %" o#+rra a% !ro-ra)a&or.
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"'#o'(rar &$!o$($8o *+" o%o ($"'"' (")!or$0a&or" &" +' (a)a:o o #o'
)1 9r"#+"'#$a #o' a)bo ($!o &" r"-$(ro &" #o'("o.
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)$#ro#o'(ro%a&or" $'#or!ora' +' #o'8"ror a'a%;-$#oH&$-$(a%3 "% #+a% "
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)"&$a'(" +' )+%($!%">or.
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La r"o%+#$o'" )1 9r"#+"'(" o' F 2 65 b$(3 *+" o' +9$#$"'("!ara a!%$#a#$o'" "'#$%%a. Para a!%$#a#$o'" "' #o'(ro% " $'(r+)"'(a#$;'
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)$#ro#o'(ro%a&or" [a'a%;-$#o[. Ta)b$=' " !o$b%" #o'"#(ar +' #o'8"r($&or
">("r'o3 "' #ao &" '"#"$&a&.
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)$#ro#o'(ro%a&or3 'or)a%)"'(" "' 9or)a &" UART U'$8"ra% A2'#<ro'o+
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R"#"$8"r Tra')$(("r &"!"'&$"'&o &" $ !"r)$("' o 'o "% )o&o $'#r;'$#o &"
#o)+'$#a#$;'. E% &"($'o #o)' &" "(" !"r$9=r$#o " %a #o)+'$#a#$;' #o'
o(ro )$#ro#o'(ro%a&or o #o' +'a PC 2 "' %a )a2or,a &" %o #ao <a2 *+"
a-r"-ar #$r#+$(o ">("r'o !ara #o)!%"(ar %a $'("r9a0 &" #o)+'$#a#$;'. La
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*+" )+#<a !"ro'a " r"9$"r"' a %a UART o USART #o)o !+"r(o "r$" RSH
4?43 !"ro "(o #o'($(+2" +' "rror3 !+"(o *+" "(" !"r$9=r$#o " !+"&"
+($%$0ar !ara $'("r#o'"#(ar &$!o$($8o )"&$a'(" o(ro "(1'&ar" &"
#o)+'$#a#$;'. E' a!%$#a#$o'" $'&+(r$a%" " +($%$0a !r"9"r$b%")"'(" RSHF7
!or + +!"r$or a%#a'#" "' &$(a'#$a3 8"%o#$&a& 2 r"$("'#$a a% r+$&o.
SPIK "(" ($!o &" !"r$9=r$#o " +($%$0a !ara #o)+'$#ar a% )$#ro#o'(ro%a&or
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)"&$o &" +'a $'("r9a0 )+2 "'#$%%a. a2 o%o +' 'o&o #o'(ro%a&or *+"
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&$r"#(a !or )"&$o &" o!(oa#o!%a&or" .
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Co)!+"r(a "%"#(r;'$#a +($%$0a&a "' a!%$#a#$o'" "' %a *+" "% 8o%(aj" 'o
+!"ra %o 455V 2 " '"#"ar$a +'a a%(a 9r"#+"'#$a &" #o')+(a#$;' &" <a(a
655`0. E(" &$!o$($8o " )+2 +($%$0a&o !or + baja !=r&$&a "'
#o')+(a#$;' 2 !or + 91#$% #o'(ro% !or +' !"*+":o 8o%(aj" 2 #ar-a3 %o *+"
9a#$%$(a + "'#"'&$&o 2 a!a-a&o. S+ r"!r""'(a#$;' "*+")1($#a " %a *+" ")+"(ra a #o'($'+a#$;'3 &o'&" %a #orr$"'(" 9%+2" &"&" "% “Dra$'” <a#$a "%
“So+r#"”3 -ra#$a a %a #a!a &" ($!o “N” -"'"ra&a !or %a !o%ar$0a#$;' &" “Ga("”
F&4ur! @K S,)bo%o "%=#(r$#o 2 #ara#("r,($#a $H8 &" +' MOSET. Fu*'t*
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+%o4.!&9
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b%o*+"o &" a%(o 8o%(aj"3 &" <a(a 7`V a 9r"#+"'#$a )"'or" a 655`03
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!"r)$($"'&o + +o "' a!%$#a#$o'" &" !o("'#$a &"&" 9ra##$o'" &" `]<a(a M].
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<((!K#a(ar$'a.+&%a!.)>+&%a(a%"&o#+)"'(o%")<"r'a'&"09#a!$(+%o
?.!&9
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"(r+#(+ra *+" #o)!o'"' "% ("r#"r "%"#(ro&o &" #a&a +'o %%a)a&o “&ra$'” 2
“#o%%"#(or”3 r"!"#($8a)"'(". E(o !ro8o#a *+" "% 8o%(aj" "' "(a&o "'#"'&$&o
&"% MOSET "a )a2or a% &"% IGBT3 !or "(a ra0;' 2 !or + "(r+#(+ra
$'("r'a &" )a2or (a)a:o3 +' IGBT &" %a )$)a &$)"'$o'" *+" +'
MOSET !+"&" )a'"jar #orr$"'(" 2 8o%(aj" )a2or". S$' ")bar-o3 !or
"(a #ara#("r,($#a +9r" )a2or" !=r&$&a "' %a #o')+(a#$o'".
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">#"%"'(" #a!a#$&a& &" b%o*+"o !ara #orr$"'(" &$r"#(a " $'8"ra.
Pro&+#(o &" %a #orr$"'(" r"$&+a%" "' "% #o%"#(or3 !"r,o&o ),'$)o &"
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#o')+(a#$;' &" +' IGBT " &"% or&"' &" %o 2 %a &" +' MOSET &"%or&"' &" '. Por %($)o3 +' IGBT !+"&" b%o*+"ar" &"b$&o a %a "(r+#(+ra &"%
($r$(or PNPN *+" !o"" $'("r'a)"'(".
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($r$(or PNPN *+" !o"" $'("r'a)"'(".
A #o'($'+a#$;'3 " )+"(ra +' r"+)"' &" %a #o)!ara#$o'"K
T!1(! < R"+)"' #o)!ara($8o IGBT3 MOSET 2 B/T
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C&r"u&to) #* D&)!ro !r! Co%u*rt!) #* Po#*r
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9or)a "' *+" " "'(r"-a %a ":a% &" #o')+(a#$;' "' %a #o)!+"r(a “Ga("”.
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!or*+" "(" %($)o !o"" $'("r$or)"'(" +' MOSET3 !or %o *+" $r8" !ara
a)ba ("#'o%o-,a.
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*+" a#($8a "% Ga("3 &"("r)$'a' %a )1>$)a 9r"#+"'#$a a %a #+a% !+"&"
#o')+(ar "% &$!o$($8o. E>$("' (r" #o'&"'a&or" !ar1$(o 'o %$'"a%" 2
&"!"'&$"'(" &"% 8o%(aj"3 #o)o " )+"(ra "' %a $-+ra 7. E% "'#"'&$&o 2
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!ara #a%#+%ar %a 9+"'(" *+" "'(r"-ar1 %a ("'$;' &" #o')+(a#$;'.
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F&4ur! . Ca!a#$(a'#$a !ar1$(a MOSET. IGBT #o' &$o&o $'8"ro Fu*'t*
La r"$("'#$a ">("r'a "r$"3 "'(r" %a #o)!+"r(a &"% MOS 2 "% #$r#+$(o &"
&$!aro3 ($"'" +' $)!or(a'(" "9"#(o "' "% #o)!or(a)$"'(o &$'1)$#o. U'ar"$("'#$a baja #ar-ar1 2 &"#ar-ar1 "(a #a!a#$(a'#$a &" "'(ra&a &" 9or)a
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"' %a #o)!+"r(a &"% MOS.
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++a%)"'(" %$)$(a&a !or %a #ara#("r,($#a &" r"#+!"ra#$;' &"% &$o&o $'8"ro3
*+" !o""' %a )a2or,a &" %o );&+%o IGBT 2 MOSET3 !or %o *+" %a
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&$":a&a !ara #a&a a!%$#a#$;'3 2a *+" &"!"'&"' &$r"#(a)"'(" &" %a !o("'#$a&" (rabajo.
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("'$o'" 2 #orr$"'(" !"%$-roa3 !or*+" =(o %($)o !o""' +' a)!%$o
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T!1(! 2 Da(o &" r"9"r"'#$a !ara +' #$r#+$(o S'+bb"r
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CAPÍTULO III
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+ba'ar &$9$#+%(a&" 2o %%"8ar a #abo $'8"($-a#$o'" 9+(+ra.F!)* ?. E)t&%!r (! 6!"t&1&(&#!# t$"'&"! + *"o'0%&"! #* (! *(!1or!"&0'
#* u' rotot&o 3!r&!#or #* 6r*"u*'"&! !r! *( "o'tro( #* 3*(o"&#!# #*
%otor*) tr&68)&"o) #* u' %8-&%o #* 2 9.
E' "(a #+ar(a 9a" &"% !ro2"#(o " r"a%$0ara +' "(+&$o "' "% 1)b$(o
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(=#'$#o 2 "#o';)$#o *+" !o'-a &" )a'$9$"(o %a 9a#($b$%$&a& &"% 8ar$a&or &"
8"%o#$&a&.
R*6*r*'"&!) B&1(&o4r86&"!)
C<a!)a'3 S. /. M1*+$'a E%=#(r$#a.4&a."&. M=>$#oK M#GraJH$%%3 4557.
E'r,*+"03 G. . Ma'+a% &" E%"#(r$#$&a& I'&+(r$a% II3 R"!ara#$;' &" Mo(or"
E%=#(r$#o. M=>$#oK L$)+a3 6.
$(0-"ra%&3 A. E. M1*+$'a E%=#(r$#a. E&$(or$a% M# GraJH$%%. M=>$#o. 6F.
WooJ3 I. Co'(ro% &" Mo(or" E%=#(r$#o I'&+(r$a%". E&$(or$a% M# GraJ $%%.
M=>$#o. 6F.WooJ3 I. M1*+$'a E%=#(r$#a 2 Tra'9or)a&or". 4&a."&. M=>$#oK Pr"'($#"
a%%. 6?.
Ro%&1'3 V$%or$a /o=. Mo(or" E%=#(r$#o A+(o)a($)o &" Co'(ro%. E&$(or$a%
Para'$'9o. Ma&r$&. 6F.
S)"a(o'3 R. ]. Mo(or" E%=#(r$#o3 S"%"##$;'3 Ma'("'$)$"'(o 2 R"!ara#$;'.
4&a."&. M=>$#oK M#GraJH$%%3 455.
U'$8"r$&a& Sa'($a-o Mar$:o 455. Ma'+a% &" Trabajo E!"#$a% &" Gra&o.
Cara#a3 V"'"0+"%aK A+(or.
]$%&$( T. Co'(ro% &" Mo(or" I'&+(r$a%". E&$(or$a% L$)+a. M=>$#o. 6F6.
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CAPÍTULO IV
RESULTADOS
M*%or&! D*)"r&t&3!
E% obj"($8o !r$)or&$a% &"% (rabajo " r"a%$0ar +' #o'(ro% &" 8"%o#$&a& &" +'
)o(or (r$91$#o &" $'&+##$;' #o' !o("'#$a )1>$)a &" 4 <!3 &$":a'&o 2
$)+%a'&o +' );&+%o &" #ara#("r,($#a a!%$#ab%" "' %a $'&+(r$a3
!"r)$($"'&o +' a)!%$o ra'-o &" #o'(ro% &" 8"%o#$&a&.
S+ &"arro%%o " j+($9$#a !or %a '"#"$&a& &" +' #o'(ro% a&"#+a&o &"
)a*+$'ar$a $'&+(r$a% or$"'(a&o a% +o "9$#$"'(" &" "'"r-,a3 #o)o (a)b$='
9a#$%$(ar "% &"arro%%o &" %a a+(o)a($0a#$;' #+a'&o " r"*+$"ra "% +o &"
)o(or" &" $'&+##$;'.
D+ra'(" %a %($)a &=#a&a "% ")!%"o &" "(" ($!o &" )o(or" " <a
$'#r")"'(a&o !or "% bajo #o(o "' )a'("'$)$"'(o *+" r"!r""'(a' a %a$'&+(r$a3 &" "(a )a'"ra "% &"arro%%o &" + #o'(ro% " 9+'&a)"'(a%.
E% 8ar$a&or &" 9r"#+"'#$a a "r &$":a&o b+#a &ar +' !ao )1 "' "("
#a)!o3 %o-ra'&o )"jor" #ara#("r,($#a "' "% ($!o &" #o'(ro% 2 )a2or
9a#$%$&a& "' + )a'"jo.
E% +o &" (=#'$#a "!"#$a%" #o)o %a Mo&+%a#$;' !or A'#<o &" P+%o
S$'+o$&a% SP]M -ara'($0a +' (rabajo "9$#$"'(" &"% )o(or &$)$'+2"'&o "%
"9"#(o obr" %a #a%$&a& &" "'"r-,a <a#$a "% )"&$o ">("r'o3 a!"#(o *+" #a&a
&,a (o)a )a2or $)!or(a'#$a.
A #o'($'+a#$;' " &"(a%%a' %a 9a" )"(o&o%;-$#a *+" $'("r8$"'"' #o)o
ba" "' "% %a "%abora#$;' &" +' !ro(o($!o 8ar$a&or &" 9r"#+"'#$a !ara "%
#o'(ro% &" 8"%o#$&a& "' )o(or" (r$91$#o #o' +' )1>$)o &" 4<!.
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F!)* I D&!4'o)t&"!r (! )&tu!"&0' !"tu!( u* )* r*)*'t! r*)*"to !
(! '*"*)&#!# #* u)o + "o'tro( #* %otor*) tr&68)&"o) *' (! !4r5"o(! L!)
C(!3*((&'!) C.A.; ut&(&!'#o (!) t$"'&"!) #* r*"o(*""&0' #* &'6or%!"&0'.
A #o'($'+a#$;' " !ro!or#$o'a %a $'9or)a#$;' b1$#a 2 '"#"ar$a a#"r#a
&"% %+-ar 2 "% #ao &" "(+&$o3 #o)o %o " %a +b$#a#$;'3 %a 9+'#$;' *+" a%%, "
#+)!%"3 %o "%")"'(o *+" $'#%+2" 2 %a $'("ra##$;' "'(r" "%%o3 #o' "% 9$' &"
#o'o#"r %o a!"#(o -"'"ra%" &"% !rob%")a3 (o&o "(o <a#$"'&o +o &"
(=#'$#a *+" !"r)$(a' r"#o!$%ar (o&a %a $'9or)a#$;' '"#"ar$a a% ($")!o *+"
" ">!%ora' %a #o'&$#$o'" a#(+a%" a (ra8= &" %a ob"r8a#$;' &$r"#(a.
A4r5"o(! L!) C(!3*((&'!) C.A.
Ub$#a&a "' "% )+'$#$!$o M$ra'&a &"% "(a&o Carabobo3 " +'a -ra'ja
&"&$#a&a "' -ra' !ar(" a %a #r,a &" a8" &" #orra%3 !ro!$"&a& &" %a ")!r"a
Proa-roPro($'a% C.A. #+"'(a #o' 44 -a%!o'" !ara %a #r,a 2 !ro&+##$;' &"
!o%%o. Ta% #o)o " a!r"#$a "' %a 9$-+ra >>.
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Figura xx. Gr!'! L!) C(!3*((&'!) C.A. +"'("K Goo-%" Ma!.
La A-r,#o%a La C%a8"%%$'a C.A. &"&$#a + a#($8$&a&" a %a #r,a &" !o%%o
!ara %a 8"'(a3 #a&a -a%!;' !+"&" #o'("'"r +' !ro)"&$o &" 64.555 a8" &"
#orra%. Co)o " ob"r8a "' %a 9$-+ra >>.
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Figura xx. Cr5! #* o((o) *' (! 4r!'! L!) C(!3*((&'!) C.A. +"'("K A+(or.
S&)t*%! *($"tr&"o #* !(t! t*')&0'
La A-r,#o%a La C%a8"%%$'a C.A.3 !or "'#o'(rar" "' +'a 0o'a r+ra% &"%
)+'$#$!$o M$ra'&a &"% "(a&o Carabobo3 #+"'(a #o' +' $(")a &"
&$(r$b+#$;' "%=#(r$#o )o'o91$#o3 " a%$)"'(a&a !or +'a r"& &" )"&$a
("'$;' #o' &o #o'&+#(or" a +'a ("'$;' &" 6?.F55 Vo%($o3 (a% #o)o "
)+"(r" "' %a 9$-+ra >>.
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Figura xx. S&)t*%! #* #&)tr&1u"&0' *' %*#&! t*')&0' #* (! 4r!'! L!) C(!3*((&'!) C.A.
+"'("K A+(or.
S&)t*%! *($"tr&"o *' 1!! t*')&0'
E% $(")a "%=#(r$#o &" baja ("'$;' "' &" %a A-r,#o%a La C%a8"%%$'a C.A.
"(1 #o'($(+$&o !or (r" #o'&+#(or" &o 9a" 2 +' '"+(ro3 #o' +'a
("'$;' &" 64545 Vo%($o3 "% #+a% "(1 &$(r$b+2" "%"#(r$#$&a& a (o&o %o
-a%!o'" ">$("'(" "' %a -ra'ja3 !ara %a a%$)"'(a#$;' &" %o "*+$!o #o)o
)o(or" 2 bo)ba "%=#(r$#a. Cab" &"(a#ar *+" "(" " +' $(")a
)o'o91$#o3 2 o%o !"r)$(" a%$)"'(ar #ar-a &" "(" ($!o. Co)o "
&")+"(ra "' %a 9$-+ra >>.
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Figura xx. S&)t*%! %o'o68)&"o *' 1!! t*')&0' #* (! 4r!'! L!) C(!3*((&'!) C.A.
+"'("K A+(or.
E(" $(")a " a%$)"'(a &" (ra'9or)a&or" )o'o91$#o3 %o #+a%"
"(1' #o'"#(a&o a %a r"& &" )"&$a ("'$;'3 !"r)$($"'&o ob("'"r +' $(")a
"%=#(r$#o #o' &o 9a" 2 +' '"+(ro #o)' %a &$9"r"'#$a &" !o("'#$a% "'(r"
%a &o 9a" " &" 45 Vo%($o3 2 "'(r" 9a" 2 '"+(ro " &" 645 Vo%($o3 %o
-a%!o'" " "'#+"'(ra' &$(r$b+$&o "' !ar" 2 o' a%$)"'(a&o !or +'(ra'9or)a&or &" 47 `VA3 #o)o " a!r"#$a "' %a 9$-+ra >>.
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Figura xx. Tr!')6or%!#or %o'o68)&"o *' (! 4r!'! L!) C(!3*((&'!) C.A. +"'("K A+(or.
Motor*) *($"tr&"o) *' (o) 4!(o'*)
La A-r,#o%a La C%a8"%%$'a C.A. +($%$0a )o(or" )o'o91$#o !ara
a##$o'ar %o 8"'($%a&or" "' %o -a%!o'" *+" #o'($"'"' a %a a8"3 "(o
8"'($%a&or" o' &" +)a $)!or(a'#$a3 2a *+" !"r)$("' "% #o'(ro% &"
(")!"ra(+ra &"'(ro &" %o r"#$'(o. Ma'("'$"'&o a, +' a)b$"'(" 9r"#o3 *+"
"8$(a %a a9$>$a 2 a + 8"0 %a )+"r(" &"% a'$)a% !or #o'"#+"'#$a &"% #a%or.
V"r 9$-+ra >>.
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Figura xx. V*'t&(!#or *' u' 4!(0' #* (! A4r5"o(! L!) C(!3*((&'!) C.A. +"'("K A+(or.
Ca&a -a%!;' !o"" 64 8"'($%a&or"3 &$(r$b+$&o a %o %ar-o &"% r"#$'(o3
!ara +'a )"jor #$r#+%a#$;' &"% a$r". Lo )o(or" +($%$0a&o !ara "(o
8"'($%a&or" o' )o'o91$#o3 "(o 9+'#$o'a' a +'a ("'$;' &" 45 Vo%($o3
2 ($"'"' +'a !o("'#$a &" 6 P.
F!((!) #* %otor*)
D"b$&o a %a a'($-d"&a&3 2 "% +o !ro%o'-a&o &" %o )o(or" "%=#(r$#o
)o'o91$#o !ara -ara'($0ar %a 8$&a &" %o !o%%o "' %o -a%!o'"3 "(o <a'
!r""'(a&o 9a%%a3 "'#o'(r1'&o" )+#<o &" "%%o $'o!"ra($8o3 "'(r" "(a
9a%%a %a )1 #o)' " +' #or(o#$r#+$(o "' %a #o'">$;' &" %a 9a" a%
&"8a'a&o &"% "(a(or. Co)o " a!r"#$a "' %a 9$-+ra >>.
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Figura xx. F!((! *' u' %otor #* (! A4r5"o(! L!) C(!3*((&'!). +"'("K A+(or.
L&%&t!"&o'*) #* (! ro#u""&0'
E% !ro)"&$o &" a8" *+" !+"&" a%)a#"'ar +' -a%!;' " &" 64.555
a'$)a%"3 !"ro &"b$&o a %a 9a%%a o#+rr$&a "' %o )o(or" &" %o
8"'($%a&or" 2 %a $'o!"ra($8$&a& &" )+#<o &" "(o3 "' %a A-r,#o%a La
C%a8"%%$'a C.A. " o!(; !or r"&+#$r %a !ob%a#$;' &" a8" &"'(ro &" #a&a
-a%!;' 2a *+" %o 8"'($%a&or" "' "r8$#$o 'o !+"&"' )a'("'"r %a
(")!"ra(+ra a&"#+a&a !ara a%b"r-ar %o 64.555 !o%%o3 "(o (ra" #o)o
#o'"#+"'#$a3 +'a )"r)a "' %a !ro&+##$;' 2 !or #o'$-+$"'(" +'a r"&+##$;'&" $'-r"o "#o';)$#o !ara %a -ra'ja3 a&")1 &" %a !=r&$&a &" -ra'
#a'($&a& &" a8" a #o'"#+"'#$a &" %a a%(a (")!"ra(+ra. V"r 9$-+ra >>.
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Figura xx. V*'t&(!#or 6u*r! #* )*r3&"&o *' u' 4!(0' #* (! A4r5"o(! L!) C(!3*((&'!).
+"'("K A+(or.
E' "% #+a&ro >> " a!r"#$a' +'a r"#o%"##$;' &" %o )o(or" *+"
!r""'(a' a8"r,a "' %o &$($'(o -a%!o'".
Cu!#ro --
Motor*) A3*r&!#o) *' (! A4r5"o(! L!) C(!3*((&'!) C.A.
Motor*) A3*r&!#o) C!u)! #* (! A3*r5!
6? Cor(o#$r#+$(o "' "(a(or
6F Ro&a)$"'(o &"9"#(+oo
Co't&'u!"&0' Cu!#ro --
a%%a "' "% #o'&"'a&or
F P=r&$&a &" a$%a)$"'(o!ota" Da(o (o)a&o !or "% a+(or "' %a A-r,#o%a La C%a8"%%$'a C.A.
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N*"*)&#!#*) #* (! A4r5"o(! L!) C(!3*((&'!) C.A.
La $(+a#$;' a#(+a% &" %a A-r,#o%a La C%a8"%%$'a C.A. r"*+$"r" &" %a
)o&"r'$0a#$;' &" %o $(")a &" #o'(ro% &" a)b$"'(" &"'(ro &" %o-a%!o'"3 *+" !"r)$(a' )a'("'"r "' +' ra'-o &"("r)$'a&o %a (")!"ra(+ra3
"% 9%+jo &" a$r" 2 %a <+)"&a&.
A&")13 " '"#"ar$o "% r"")!%a0o &" %o )o(or" "%=#(r$#o
)o'o91$#o +a&o a#(+a%)"'(" "' %o -a%!o'"3 !or )o(or" (r$91$#o
*+" o9r"#"' )"jor" 8$r(+&"3 (a%" #o)oK
6H S$)!%$#$&a& 2 rob+("0 "' + #o'(r+##$;'3 %o *+" " +'a 8"'(aja
"' +' a)b$"'(" &" -ra' #o'(a)$'a#$;' #o)o %o -a%!o'".4H So' )"'o #o(oo &"b$&o a %a a+"'#$a &" "#ob$%%a3
#o')+(a&or" 2 a'$%%o #o%"#(or".
?H So' !r1#($#a)"'(" %$br" &" )a'("'$)$"'(o.
H Lo )o(or" (r$91$#o ($"'"' +'a a%(a "9$#$"'#$a 2 b+"' 9a#(or &"
!o("'#$a.
7H No r"*+$"r"' &" "*+$!o a&$#$o'a%" !ara + arra'*+"3 #o)o %o
#a!a#$(or" "' %o )o(or" )o'o91$#o.
H U' )o(or (r$91$#o " )1 #o)!a#(o 2 "9$#$"'(" *+" +'o
)o'o91$#o &"% )$)o 8o%(aj" 2 !o("'#$a.
Mo#*r'&!"&0' #* (o) 4!(o'*) "o' )&)t*%!) #* !%1&*'t* "o'tro(!#o
E(" ($!o &" $(")a !ro8"" a %a a8" &" +' #%$)a +'$9or)" 2 a&"#+a&o
&+ra'(" #+a%*+$"r =!o#a &"% a:o3 <a#$"'&o +o &" "*+$!o #o)oK
8"'($%a&or"3 <+)"&"#"&or"3 #a%"9a##$;' o "'9r$a)$"'(o "(o !"r)$("#o'(ro%ar 8ar$ab%" #o)o %a (")!"ra(+ra3 %a <+)"&a&3 %a 8"'($%a#$;' 2 "% 9%+jo
&" a$r" %$)!$o3 %a $%+)$'a#$;' 2 o(ro.
Para %a A-r,#o%a La C%a8"%%$'a C.A. %a 8ar$ab%" )1 $)!or(a'("
a#(+a%)"'(" " "% #o'(ro% &" %a (")!"ra(+ra 2 &"% a$r"3 "(o " %%"8a a #abo
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)"&$a'(" "% +o &" %o 8"'($%a&or"3 !or %o (a'(o3 !ara r"a%$0ar %a
)o&"r'$0a#$;' r"*+"r$&a !or %a a-r,#o%a " '"#"ar$o !o&"r #o'(ro%ar %a
8"%o#$&a& &" %o )o(or" "%=#(r$#o *+" a##$o'a' %o 8"'($%a&or"3 &" 9or)a
*+" " aj+(" a %a (")!"ra(+ra 2 "% 9%+jo &" a$r" a +' '$8"% a&"#+a&o.
F!)* II A'!(&!r (o) #!to) r*"o(*"t!#o) #*( #&!4'0)t&"o !r!
ro"*#*r "o' *( #&)*>o or )o6t!r* #* u' rotot&o 3!r&!#or #*
6r*"u*'"&! #o'#* )* )&%u(* *( 6u'"&o'!%&*'to 0t&%o #* (!) *t!!) #*
ot*'"&!; *( "&r"u&to #* "o'tro( + *( &'3*r)or CCCA.
E% &"arro%%o &" "(a 9a" !"r)$(" #o'o#"r &" 9or)a or&"'a&a 2$(")1($#a %a &"9$#$"'#$a 2 a'o)a%,a *+" !r""'(a %a a-r,#o%a La
C%a8"%%$'a C.A. r"!"#(o a% +o &" %o )o(or" "%=#(r$#o.
R*)u%*' #* #!to) o1t*'&#o).
A #o'($'+a#$;' " r"+)"' %a '"#"$&a&" "' %a a-r,#o%a La C%a8"%%$'a
C.A. a, #o)o (a)b$=' %a 9a%%a <a%%a&a &+ra'(" "% &"arro%%o &" %a !r$)"ra
9a" 2 "r1 "% !+'(o &" !ar($&a !ara "% !o("r$or &"arro%%o &" +' !ro(o($!o
8ar$a&or &" 9r"#+"'#$a.
D* (!) 6!((!) *' (o) %otor*) %o'o68)&"o)
Lo )o(or" )o'o91$#o $'(a%a&o "' %o -a%!o'" &" %a A-r,#o%a La
C%a8"%%$'a C.A. ($"'"' )+#<o a:o "' 9+'#$o'a)$"'(o3 $' '$'-' ($!o &"
)a'("'$)$"'(o 2 bajo #o'&$#$o'" &" a%(a #o'(a)$'a#$;'3 %o *+" <a
!ro8o#a&o 9a%%a "' )+#<o &" "%%o3 &"j1'&o%" $'o!"ra($8o. V"r 9$-+ra >>.
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Figura xx. Tot!( #* %otor*) *' (! A4r5"o(! L!) C(!3*((&'!) C.A. +"'("K A+(or.
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Figura xx. C!u)!) #* (!) 6!((!) *' %otor*) %o'o68)&"o). +"'("K A+(or.
Co)o !+"&" ob"r8ar"3 +'a -ra' #a'($&a& &" )o(or" " "'#+"'(ra'
9+"ra &" "r8$#$o3 &"b$&o a &$9"r"'(" ($!o &" 9a%%a.
Pro#u""&0' #* o((o)
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Ca&a -a%!;' !"r)$(" a%b"r-ar +' !ro)"&$o &" 64.555 !o%%o3 $'
")bar-o3 &"b$&o a %a #ar"'#$a &" +' $(")a ;!($)o !ara "% #o'(ro% &"
(")!"ra(+ra &"'(ro &" %o r"#$'(o a #o'"#+"'#$a &" %o )o(or"
)o'o91$#o &a:a&o3 %a !ro&+##$;' " <a &$)$'+$&o3 !ara "8$(ar %a )+"r("&" %a a8" !or a%(a (")!"ra(+ra.
S&)t*%! #* "o'tro( #* !%1&*'t*
La a-r,#o%a La C%a8"%%$'a C.A. r"*+$"r" &" +' $(")a &" #o'(ro% &"
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!or %o (a'(o o' %o )1 a&"#+a&o !ara "r +($%$0a&o "' %o $(")a &"
8"'($%a#$;' &"'(ro &" %o -a%!o'".
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#o'8"'$"'#$a.
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C%a8"%%$'a C.A. " %a #ar"'#$a &" +' $(")a "%=#(r$#o (r$91$#o !ara a%$)"'(ar %a #ar-a &" "(" ($!o3 2 a&")1 %a $'(a%a#$;' &" ba'#o &"
(ra'9or)a&or" (r$91$#o +!o'" +' #o(o a&$#$o'a% a% &" %a !ro!$a
$'(a%a#$;' &"% $(")a !ara "% #o'(ro% &" a)b$"'(" &"'(ro &" %o -a%!o'".
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Protot&o 3!r&!#or #* 6r*"u*'"&!
E% )$)o #o'$(" "' "% &$":o &" +' &$!o$($8o "%"#(r;'$#o &"($'a&o a
8ar$ar %a 8"%o#$&a& &" -$ro &" +' )o(or "%=#(r$#o (r$91$#o3 )"&$a'(" %a8ar$a#$;' &" %a 9r"#+"'#$a &" %a ("'$;' a!%$#a&a3 !"r)$($"'&o (a)b$=' %a
ob("'#$;' &" +'a ("'$;' &" a%$&a (r$91$#a a !ar($r &" +'a "'(ra&a
)o'o91$#a.
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#*( rotot&o 3!r&!#or #* 6r*"u*'"&!.
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&" !ro2"#(o &" #o'(r+##$;' &" "*+$!o "%"#(r;'$#o "' (o&a + "(a!aK
&$":o3 $)+%a#$;'3 &"!+ra#$;' 2 #o'(r+##$;'. Co' %a <"rra)$"'(a Pro("+ "%
!ro#"o !ara #o'(r+$r +' "*+$!o "%"#(r;'$#o baa&o "' +' )$#ro!ro#"a&or
*+"&a &"9$'$&o #o' %a $-+$"'(" "(a!a. V"r $-+ra XX.
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Figura 5 Et!!) #* #*)!rro((o "o' Prot*u). +"'("K Ma'+a% Pro("+.
E% !r$)"r !ao #o'$($r1 "' r"a%$0ar "% &$":o &"% !%a'o "%=#(r$#o &"%
#$r#+$(o *+" " &""a r"a%$0ar3 #o' #o)!o'"'(" )+2 8ar$a&o3 &"&"
$)!%" r"$("'#$a3 <a(a "% +o &" )$#ro!ro#"a&or" o
)$#ro#o'(ro%a&or"3 $'#%+2"'&o 9+"'(" &" a%$)"'(a#$;'3 -"'"ra&or" &"
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A #o'($'+a#$;' " !r""'(a "% &"arro%%o &"% &$":o a (ra8= !or o9(Jar"
&"% #$r#+$(o "%=#(r$#o &"% !ro(o($!o 8ar$a&or &" 8"%o#$&a&.
D&!4r!%! #* 6(uo #*( 6u'"&o'!%&*'to #*( 3!r&!#or #* 6r*"u*'"&!.
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D&)*>o #*( "&r"u&to *(*"tr0'&"o.
E% &$":o &"% #$r#+$(o !ara "% !ro(o($!o 8ar$a&or &" 9r"#+"'#$a "(+8o
baa&o "' (r" "(a!a3 "(a!a &" !o("'#$a3 "(a!a &" #o'(ro%3 2 "(a!a &"%
$'8"ror CCHCA.
A(&%*'t!"&0' #*( rotot&o
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)o'o91$#a &" 645 Vo%($o "' #orr$"'(" a%("r'a.
R*"t&6&"!"&0' ACDC.
La !r$)"ra !ar(" "' "% &$":o &"% #$r#+$(o &"% 8ar$a&or &" 9r"#+"'#$a#o'$(" "' %a #r"a#$;' "' "% o9(Jar" Pro("+ &" +' !+"'(" r"#($9$#a&or3 *+"
!"r)$(a %a #o'8"r$;' &" #orr$"'(" a%("r'a a #orr$"'(" #o'($'+a. V"r $-+ra
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Figura 5 Pu*'t* R*"t&6&"!#or *' Prot*u). +"'("K Pro("+.
Et!! #* Co'tro(.
E' "(a "(a!a " &o'&" " <a#" !o$b%" #o'(ro%ar %a 9r"#+"'#$a 2 %a
-"'"ra#$;' &" +'a o'&a (r$91$#a a (ra8= &" "%")"'(o #o)o
)$#ro#o'(ro%a&or".
M&"ro"o'tro(!#or PIC. E "% "%")"'(o *+" !"r)$(" "j"#+(ar %a
$'(r+##$o'" 2 #o)a'&o #ar-a&o "' %a )")or$a &"% )$)o 2 !r"8$a)"'("
!ro-ra)a&o !ara "j"r#"r %a 9+'#$o'" &""a&a3 "' "(" #ao %a 9+'#$;' &"
-"'"ra#$;' &" !+%o "%=#(r$#o !ara %a #r"a#$;' &" %a o'&a (r$91$#a
$'+o$&a%3 2 a&")1 %a 9+'#$o'a%$&a& &" 8ar$a#$;' &" 9r"#+"'#$a !ara "%
#o'(ro% &" 8"%o#$&a& &" )o(or" "%=#(r$#o. V"r $-+ra >>.
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Figura 5 M&"ro"o'tro(!#or PIC *' Prot*u). +"'("K Pro("+.
G*'*r!"&0' #* o'#! tr&68)&"!.
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La -"'"ra#$;' &" +'a o'&a (r$91$#a " r"a%$0a #o' "% )$#ro#o'(ro%a&or
PIC3 *+" "'8,a !+%o a %a #o)!+"r(a &" %o MOSET3 !"r)$($"'&o "% !ao
&" #orr$"'(" a (ra8= &" "%%o -"'"ra'&o a, +'a o'&a (r$91$#a. V"r $-+ra
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Figura 5 O'#!) 4*'*r!#!) ! !rt&r #* %&"ro"o'tro(!#or PIC. +"'("K Pro("+.
V!r&!"&0' #* 6r*"u*'"&!.
E% )$#ro#o'(ro%a&or PIC (a)b$=' o9r"#" %a #a!a#$&a& &" #o'(ro%ar %a
9r"#+"'#$a "' %a ":a% &" a%$&a &"% !ro(o($!o3 !or )"&$o &" %a r"a%$0a#$;' &"+'a !ro-ra)a#$;' !r"8$a3 %o *+" !"r)$(" a + 8"0 #o'(ro%ar %a 8"%o#$&a& &"
-$ro &" +' )o(or (r$91$#o.
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E>$(" +'a -ra' 8ar$"&a& &" )o(or" &" #orr$"'(" a%("r'a (r$91$#o "' "%
)"r#a&o3 a, #o)o 8ar$a&or" &" 8"%o#$&a&. E &" r"a%(ar *+" =(" "*+$!o
" &$":a !ara 8ar$ar %a 8"%o#$&a& a +' )o(or &" $'&+##$;' (r$91$#o3 2 'o a +'
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!o("'#$a3 &" +' )1>$)o &" 4 <!.
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!ara )a'"jar -ra'&" '$8"%" &" #orr$"'("3 + 9+'#$;' "' "% !ro(o($!o
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$'&+##$;' (r$91$#o. V"r $-+ra >>.
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Figura 5 Pu*'t* H "o' MOSFET. +"'("K Pro("+.
Et!! #*( &'3*r)or CCCA.
D+ra'(" "(a "(a!a "% !ro(o($!o !+"&" #o'8"r($r #orr$"'(" #o'($'+a "'
#orr$"'(" a%("r'a3 "(o " <a#" #o' "% obj"($8o &"% ")!%"ar %a )o&+%a#$;' &"
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#+a'&o %a #o)!+"r(a &" +' MOSET " a#($8a&a !or "% )$#ro#o'(ro%a&or
PIC.
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