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Dr. Jeremy WingateCopyright Forest Research and University of Surrey 2008
Potential of non-activated
charcoals for
land remediation
9th
September 2008
Dr. Jeremy R. Wingate
Jeremy R. Wingate*, Helen Sneath, Tony Hutchings and Frans de Leij.
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Dr. Jeremy WingateCopyright Forest Research and University of Surrey 2008
Use of charcoal in soi l What is known?
Improved water holding
capacity
Reduced leaching ofnutrients
Research has demonstrated the following benefits of biochar
amendments to soils:
Increased soil pH
Increased soil microbialrespiration
All lead to increased soil quality and plant growth
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Dr. Jeremy WingateCopyright Forest Research and University of Surrey 2008
Use of charcoal in soi l What is new?
By manipulation of beneficial characteristics biochar can be
used as a remediation amendment for: -
Metal sorption
Organic sorption
Introduction of beneficial bacteria
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Dr. Jeremy WingateCopyright Forest Research and University of Surrey 2008
Sorption of metals by charcoals
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Dr. Jeremy WingateCopyright Forest Research and University of Surrey 2008
Charcoals for metal sorption
Charcoals produced from different source materialsdiffer tremendously in sorption capacity
Source Material
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Dr. Jeremy WingateCopyright Forest Research and University of Surrey 2008
Highly sorbent charcoals can bind a range of metal ions
Charcoals for metal sorption
Metal Type
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Dr. Jeremy WingateCopyright Forest Research and University of Surrey 2008
Metal sorption is by cation exchange and surface precipitation
Charcoals for metal sorption
Cation Exchange Capacity (cmol+ kg-1) EDX Surface Mapping
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Dr. Jeremy WingateCopyright Forest Research and University of Surrey 2008
Metal concentration MAC[mg kg-1] [mg kg-1]
Arsenic 34470 12Copper 1641 63 - 91Cadmium 813 1 - 22Lead 189 70 - 600Chromium 34 64 - 87
Application: Reduction of eco-toxicity in m ine spoil
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Dr. Jeremy WingateCopyright Forest Research and University of Surrey 2008
Sunflower growth
is increased Symptoms of toxicityare reduced
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Dr. Jeremy WingateCopyright Forest Research and University of Surrey 2008
Charcoal reducing metal availability and increases colony
forming soil microbe counts
Effects on metal Leaching Effects on microbialcommunity
Charcoal Amendment (Percentage Weight) Charcoal Amendment (Percentage Weight)
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Dr. Jeremy WingateCopyright Forest Research and University of Surrey 2008
Bacterial colonisation of charcoal
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Dr. Jeremy WingateCopyright Forest Research and University of Surrey 2008
Problems w ith soil inoculation
Can be expensive
Effects can be temporary
May not be effective at all
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Dr. Jeremy WingateCopyright Forest Research and University of Surrey 2008
Charcoal provides a huge surface area for bacterial colonisation
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Dr. Jeremy WingateCopyright Forest Research and University of Surrey 2008
Charcoals continuous structure allows for huge bacterialcolonisation irrespective of particle size
Effect of particle size on bacterial colonisation
Charcoal Particle Size
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Dr. Jeremy WingateCopyright Forest Research and University of Surrey 2008
Charcoals hygroscopic properties protect bacteria fromdesiccation allowing extended survival rates
Bacterial surv ival in charcoal @ 20oC and 60% RH
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Dr. Jeremy WingateCopyright Forest Research and University of Surrey 2008
Colonised charcoal for
degradation of organic contaminants
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Dr. Jeremy WingateCopyright Forest Research and University of Surrey 2008
Soaked in specific vitamin and mineral solution
Impregnated with diesel
Seeded with natural bacterial communitiesIncubated to encourage diesel degraders
Coarse sand spiked with 10000 ppm diesel (1%)
Charcoal bioreactors added at 5% v/v
Application: Degradation of diesel in arti ficial sandsystems
Manufacture
Experimental Design
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Dr. Jeremy WingateCopyright Forest Research and University of Surrey 2008
Degradation of Diesel
Diesel degradation rates are increased 5 fold
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Dr. Jeremy WingateCopyright Forest Research and University of Surrey 2008
Release of bacteria from charcoal with differentsizes over timeRelease of bacteria from charcoal
Bacteria are readily released from inoculated charcoal
Smaller particle sizes show increased release
Bacteria can colonise the surrounding soil
Soil texture effects bacterial movement from charcoal particles
If environment is suitable, colonisation of the w iderenvironment can take place
No need to rely on a perfectly distributed inoculum
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Dr. Jeremy WingateCopyright Forest Research and University of Surrey 2008
In Conclusion
Certain charcoals show huge sorption capacities to cationic metals
Metal contaminated spoil can be remediated leading to increasedmicrobial activity and plant growth
Certain charcoals can be colonised by > 109 cfu g-1
Colonising bacteria can be selected for specific applications
Degradation of diesel is increased by over 5x when using charcoal
bioreactors
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Dr. Jeremy WingateCopyright Forest Research and University of Surrey 2008
What next?
Two Patents filed
Currently running field trials using a DTi Technologygrant
Looking to secure charcoal supplies to specificrequirements
Setting up a spin-out company C-Cure Solutions Ltd.
Can now offer consultancy on applicability of soiladditive-remediation solutions
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Dr. Jeremy WingateCopyright Forest Research and University of Surrey 2008
This research was sponsored by the
Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC - UK)
Sustainable Urban Brown field Regeneration: Integrated Management consortium (SUBR:IM)
Department for Business, Enterprise and Regulatory Reform (BERR)
Acknowledgements
Tony Hutchings (Forest Research)
Dr Frans de Leij (Uni of Surrey)
Dr R. van Herwijnen (Forest Research) Helen Sneath (Uni of Surrey)
Nick Kirwan (Aspire Defence Ltd) Ryan Wilson (Uni of Sheffield)
Jessica Bastock (Uni of Sheffield) Maria Romero (Uni of Sheffield)
Contact Details Jeremy Wingate
Tony Hutchings (Forest Research)
Dr Frans de Leij (Uni of Surrey)
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