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ACE
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ta je PLC ?
PLC je mikroprocesorski ureaj kojim se mogurealizovati upravljake, logike i sekvencijalne strukture,
koji zamenjuje relejna kola, vremenske relea, brojae i
analogne kontrolere.
PLC neprekidno proverava svoje ulaze i menja stanja
izlaze po apliciranom algoritmu.
Razvoj PLC, zapoet 1960-ih godina, pratio je zahteve
industrije sve do dananjice.
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VentilRadni fluid
Senzor
0.00 Kg
Signal senzora
Vaga
Analogni ulazni
signal
Bocana traciOtvoriventil
Izlazni signal
1.50 Kg1.00 Kg0.50 Kg0.50 Kg1.00 Kg1.50 Kg0.00 Kg
Boca
puna
PLCPLC
ta je PLC ?
Programibilni Logiki
Kontroler
Mozak svake maine
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VentilRadni fluid
Senzor
Vaga
Zatvori
ventil
Izlazni signal
0.00 Kg1.50 KgPLCPLC
ta je PLC ?
Programibilni Logiki
Kontroler
Mozak svake maine
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VentilRadni fluid
Senzor
0.00 Kg
Signal senzora
Vaga
Analogni ulazni
signal
Boca natraciOtvoriventil
Izalazni signal
1.50 Kg1.00 Kg0.50 Kg0.50 Kg1.00 Kg1.50 Kg0.00 Kg
Boca
puna
PLCPLC
ta je PLC ?
Programibilni Logiki
Kontroler
Mozak svake maine
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ta je PLC ?
IN CPU Memory OutHuman Machine Interface
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Is a lamp an input or an output?
What about a temperature sensoris it an input or an
output?
Is a switch an input or an output?
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Kako radi ?
PLC sadri 3 softverske komponente
Korisnika aplikacija
Operativni sistem
Bootstrap
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Kako radi ?
Bootstrap program je osnovna rutina koja omoguava
uitavanje operativnog sistema.
Bootstrap program je softver koji je trajno instalisan na
PLC Flesh memoriji.N
jega upisuje proizvoa i korisnik gane moe menjati .
Prilikom izvravanja Bootstrap rutine, prepoznaje se
samo prvi serijski port PLC-a na baud rate od 9600.
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Kako radi ?
Korisnika aplikacija
Operativni sistem
Bootstrap
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Kako radi ?
Operativni sistem PLCa je program koji koordinira
harverske resurse PLCa sa elementima korisnike
aplikacije.
Operativni sistem moe biti inoviran (update).
Operativni sistem korespondira sa aplikacijom preko
skupa sistemskih operanada (SB, SI, SL i SDW).
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Kako radi ?
Korisnika aplikacija
Operativni sistem
Bootstrap
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Kako radi ?
A PLC works in application scans.
On every scan, the PLC checks the entire application,
and according to the Inputs and the logic, updates theOutputs.
The time it takes a PLC to scan the entire application is
called the PLC Scan time.
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Call Sub x Call Sub y
Call Sub a
Ret
The PLC reads inputs from base and expansions
Writes to physical outputs and updates CANbus
Runs the HMI (including routines)
Handles Communication
Runs Ladder program
Ret
Ret Ret
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What do you think ?
Can a change in the Scan time affect the performance
of the machine?
When a PC is on-line with a PLC, it can see the values
stored in the PLCs memory. At what stage in the Scan
do you think the values are determined?
In working with subroutines, do you think the Scan time
of the PLC is constant?
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Kako radi ?
When we talk of the time it takes the PLC to execute apending operation, we have to take 3 parts into
consideration:
The time it takes it to run the logic
The time it takes the Output to actuallyaffect the machine
The time it takes the PLC to know the
Input exists
The response time
of the system
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Kako radi ?
In order to allow some operations tohappen faster and decrease the response
time, the user can include Interrupts in the
Scan.
An Interrupt is a routine that will run at
every given time and allow the user to update
the status of specific Inputs and Outputs.
Working with Interrupts reduces the timedelays in the system and can improve results
when needed.
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What do you think ?
Does an Outputs hardware type influence the response
time?
How can we make one part of the application run faster
than the others?
Can a change in the status of an Input be shorter than
the Scan time and still be recognized?
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Ladder logic
The Unitronics Ladder logic tools
were build following the IEC 1131.6
In order to understand this standard
we need to know two things:
The Ladder editor is build out ofNets. Every Net should contain one
Rung.
The status of the elements in a
Net is determined according to the
status of them in the beginning ofthe Net.
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Ladder logic
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Ladder logic
Lets try to change the elements in the electric
circuit using Ladder Logic elements:
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Ladder logic
Lets try to change the elements in the electric
circuit using Ladder Logic elements:
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Ladder logic
Introduction: Basic LadderE
lements
Contact
A Contact is a representation of an Input
signal that we want to use as a energizing
condition for the rest of the Ladder net.
When the element linked to the Contact is
ON, we say that the Contact is closed. The
closed Contact allows the current to pass
through it.
The Contact can be linked toInputs,internal relays (MB), Timers, Counters, SBs
and Outputs.
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Ladder logic
Contacts can also come in other forms.
One of the most common forms is the
Inverse Contact.
Inverse Contacts energize the net when
the element linked to it is OFF (logic 0).
Inverse Contacts are also called
Normally Closed Contacts.
Introduction: Basic LadderElements
Contact
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Ladder logic
Two more types of frequently used
Contacts are Positive and Negative
Transitions.
A Positive (or negative) Transition
Contact is used to make sure something will
happen for only one scan.
A Positive Transition Contact is activated
when the element rises from OFF to ON,while a Negative Transition Contact is
activated when the element turns from ON
to OFF.
Introduction: Basic LadderElements
Contact
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Ladder logic
CoilCoil
A Coil is a result of the rung. If all the
elements prior to the Coil are ON (logic 1)
the Coil will be energized. Once there wont
be a path of true conditions, the status of
the Coil will also change to logic 0 (low).
A Coil can be linked to Outputs, internal
coils and SBs.
Due to the way a PLC scans, a directCoil should be called only once in the
program.
Introduction: Basic LadderElements
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What do you think ?
Make the same Output turn ON only when you press
two keys at the same time.
Lets do a simple application that turns an output ON
when you press one of the keys on the PLC.
Now, make the Output turn ON when you are not
pressing any key.
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Ladder logic
You may need to latch the status of a
Coil, to make it stay in its current status
even if the conditions prior to it change. Wecan use the Set command for this purpose.
Once a Set command is given, the Coil
will stay ON till the next Reset command is
given.
Set\Reset commands
Introduction: Basic LadderElements
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What do you think ?
Pressing a key will turn the Output ON. The Output
should stay ON till you press a second (different) key.
Try to turn the Output ON and OFF using just one key
(pressing once will turn it ON and pressing it again will
turn the Output OFF).
Advanced
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Ladder logic
Timers
A Timer is a Coil that you energize, and
after a specified amount of time (Timers
preset) the Timers Contact turns ON(usually).
There are several types of timers:
On delay Timer
Timer accumulatedTimer extended
Introduction: Basic LadderElements
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Ladder logic
On Delay TimerAccumulated TimerTimer extended
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What do you think ?
Pressing a key will turn an Output ON and OFF in cycles
of 5 seconds. Pressing the key again will stop it.
Pressing a key once will make the Output turn ON for 10
seconds.
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Ladder logic
DataTypes
There are some more data types in the
PLC beside the bits, the Inputs and the
Outputs.
Those data types are called, in general,Registers.
Some of the registers are Integers, some
are Long Integers, and some are Double
Words.
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Ladder logic
What is a Register
MI MLDW
-32768 to 32767-2147483648 to 2147483647
0 to 4294967296
0
1
23
4
5
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Ladder logic
A register is a sum of bits. An Integer
contains 16 bits, a Long Integer contains 32
bits, and the same goes for a DW which
contains 32 bits and is unsigned.
What is a Register
15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
V l
Sign
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Ladder logic
The value stored in a register is always binary
but it can be viewed in different ways.
The most common view of a register value is
decimal, but sometimes Hexadecimal is also very
useful.
1 111 110 0 11 1100 00
1x2^0+1x2^1+1x2^2+1x2^3+1x2^4+1x2^5+1x2^6+1x2^7+1x2^8+1x2^9+1x2^10+0x2^11+0
x2^12+0x2^13+0x2^14+0x2^15=1023=3FF
What is a Register
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Ladder logic
What is a register
The value stored in a register can also be a
representation ofASCII characters. In this case,
every character is placed in a byte which is actually
8 bits of data. This is also true when we talk of a
string, which is a sum of registers holding a set ofcharacters.
Characters in a register are read right to left (low
to high).
Mi 1 Mi 2Mi 0
31 34 33 36 3532 123456
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What do you think ?
In what format is the number FF (Binary, Decimal or
Hexadecimal)?
How many bytes are in a MI?
What is the biggest number one can store in a MI?
How many bits are in a MI?
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Ladder logic
Analog Values
The best example for using registers is
when we want to measure analog values in
the PLC.
Analog values are stored in registers and
evaluated according to their resolution.
If we have an analog input that gives10
bit resolution, it means that the value in the
register linked to this input will be in the
range of 0-2^10 or 0-1023 digits.
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Ladder logic
In order to add the analog reading to the
control system, we have functions that can
compare values, do math calculations and
move data (store).
Those functions and more can be linked
to any type of register.
Analog Values
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What do you think ?
Add to this application that the Output will turn ON only if
the value is in range for more than 10 sec.
Lets write a small application that compares the analog
input to Min and Max values (constant set points) and
turns an Output ON when the reading is between them.
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ACE
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