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PROJECT TITLE;IMPROVEMENT
STRENGTH IN MUD BRICKS BY USI
STRAW AND COW DUNG AS STABILIZE
CASE STUDY; BWAWANI - MOROGORO
NAME; AGREY J. MAO
ADM NO; 100101P7283
COURSE; BUILDING AND CIVIL ENGINEERING
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INTRODUCTION.
Mud made bricks have been used for a long time sinChrist and continues to be used even nowadays. The macontributing to their use in construction of houses includescost and easy preparations. They are affordable to maspecifically those living in rural areas and some in urban areas
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PROBLEM STATEMENT;
A large practiced cutting of trees done by low life people at for the purpose of supporting the mud walls results into defo
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OBJECTIVES OF THE PROJECT
GENERAL OBJECTIVE
To replace the use of poles into strengthened mud bricks. SPECIFIC OBJECTIVE
To suggest the proper procedures of manufacturing mud br
To classify soil according to specification.
To determine the strength of stabilized bricks.
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EXPECTED OUTCOME;
The expected outcome of the project is to provide the report improve the strength of mud bricks by using stabilizers and toenvironment from being destroyed.
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METHODOLOGY;
Literature review Data collection
Field observation
Sampling
Test
Data analysis
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LITERATURE REVIEW;
Mud made bricks (unburnt bricks) are fire free bricks, made of a mixtumud, sand (river silts), binding materials (such as dung and straw) and w
binding materials depend on the availability and cost. These types of brnormally allowed to dry for 25 days or more. These were one of the oldmost common building materials known.
Soil is all deposits of all materials on the earth crust that are created by and erosion of underlying rocks.
The strength of mud made bricks is dependent on the material properticontent unit is one of the materials which influence the strength of mudmore than any other while too much sand has little effects on strength obricks.
Soil stabilization is the process of treating the soil so as to improve its psuch as its strength and durability
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STABILIZERS USEDMostly used stabilizers are such as:
Straw
Cow dung Rice husk ash
Fibrous binder
Cement
lime
Dry dung collected from nearby farm was sieved using rabbit wieliminate stalks and other course impurities like gravels.Straw collected must be prepared to be as small particles as pos
mixing in raw brick.
(5% to 47% by volume to be added in raw brick).
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Effects of stabilizers on bricks
When these stabilizers are used it will save with the following To keep bricks from cracking as they dry during the curing p
Help bricks stand up better if the form is removed immediatmake the next brick.
Reduces weight of mud bricks
Reduces the swelling and shrinkage effects of water
It also increases strength
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Material properties of mud bricks,
Most of the materials used in the manufacture of bricks are low plwith low sulfate and chloride levels and large variation in the organic c
Due to differences in shrinkage characteristics of clay, dimensional meshow considerable variation 6.5% to just over 10% linear shrinkage.
Net bulk density unit was around 2000kg/m3
compressive strengths of the units were determined with accordan
molded and the values of 1.5N/mm2 to 2.25N/mm2 were recorded.
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Procedure to be followed before manufac
of mud bricks;I. The soil to be used must be tested to verify the proportion
especially the amount of fine clay.
II. Proper preparation of stabilizers to be added.
III. The required procedures must be followed to get a good mudrelevant strength.
IV. Using appropriate mixing ratio required for mud bricks .
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Procedures for preparation of mud brick
I. Prepare convenient amount of clay soil depending on the nee
II. Mix with river silt and any other binding materials like strdung.
III. Add amount of water and mix together to get a workable past
IV. Press the mixture into a mould prepared (the size of mould dthe size of bricks needed)
V. Using an area prepared, go and remove the mud brick from tVI. Let them dry into an air for about 25 days or more before it ca
Immediately after releasing the mud brick from the mould, dodirect sun rays into them (shade them) until when settled.
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The picture below shows the prepared
bricks
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SOIL CLASSIFICATION(GRADING)
A particle size distribution analysis is a necessary classification tein that it present the relative proportions of different sizes of parFrom this it is possible to determine whether the soil consists of
predominantly gravel, sand, silt, or clay sizes and, to a limited exof these size ranges is likely to control the engineering propertie
1. Calculate the percentage retained on each sieve
For example
2. Percentage retained on 14mm sieve
=mass of 14 mm sieve100m1
3. Percentage passing= (100%-percentage retained for each sieve
4. Percentage of fines is found after having the percentage passingtable.
LIQUID LIMIT (LL)
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LIQUID LIMIT (LL)
The liquid limit is the empirically established moisture content atsoil passes from the liquid state to plastic state. This method covdetermination of liquid limit of a sample on its natural state, or s
which the material retained on 425mm test sieve.
PLASTIC LIMIT (PL)
The Plastic limit is the empirically established moisture content asoil becomes too dry to plastic. The Plasticity Index is the differethe Liquid Limit and Plastic Limit. The Plasticity Index is the range
content in which a soil is Plastic; the finer the soil, the greater thindex.
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Characteristics of mud bricks Longevity; Mud bricks are the milds oldest building unit match and st
of time, thesebricks have strength and durability if manufactured careful.
Energy efficiency; Mud bricks houses are buffer to extremely of weath
summer and winter. Aesthetics and acoustic; Mud bricks are blends with the environment
absorb sounds and reduces echo.
Easy to lay; Whether a professional brick layer or a novice, mud brickslay, normally bricks are of the same materials as the motor, in fact varmud bricks walls give its character.
Environmental Sound; Mud bricks are environmentally sound choice
from natural materials and requires little energy to produce it. Also thdried and simply manufactured.
Fire resistance; typically earth walls are thick and slow to heat up. A s(150mm to 250mm) thick, mud brick wall has 4 hours fire rating. That hours to intense fire to transfer throughout the brick.
Economical; Mud bricks are considerable cost savings in building as thgenerally built as a single skin structure and also are load bearing. Theeliminate the need for a timber framework, insulation, paint and savin
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DATA COLLECTION
Site visit
Sampling- about 60kg of soil sample were collected from the
including soil stabilizers and Six samples of bricks were manuf
laboratory tests
Data collection was involves the process of doing the followinlaboratory tests,
Soil classification (GRADING) Compressive strength test
Atterberg limit tests
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SOIL CLASSIFICATION RESULTS
BS TEST SIEVEMass of pan
+ soilMassretained
Mass
retained
+correction value % retained
Total %passing
Mass of Pan 229.0
4.75mm 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0
3.35mm 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0
2mm 229.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 100.0
1.18mm 230.7 1.3 1.3 0.6 99.4
600micron 263.3 34.3 34.1 15.6 83.8
425micron 278.1 49.1 48.8 22.4 61.4
300micron 273.1 44.1 43.8 20.1 41.3
212micron 271.9 42.9 42.6 19.5 21.8
150micron 251.7 22.7 22.6 10.4 11.4
63micron 245.2 16.2 16.1 7.3 4.1
Passing 238.0 9.0 8.9 4.1 0.0Total 219.7 218.3 100.0
CRUSHING RESULTS
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CRUSHING RESULTSSample 1- no addition of stabilizer
Sample 2- 12% of straw added in the soil
Sample 3- 12% of cow dung added in the soil
Brick No. Mass Dimension Volume Area Density Compression
force
(kg)
A
(mm)
B
(mm)
C
(mm) (mm3) (mm2) (kg/m3) (kN)
1
6.628 220 170 95 3553000 37400 1.865 115
2 6.809 220 170 95 3553000 37400 1.916 110
3 6.910 220 170 95 3553000 37400 1.941 125
Atterberg test results
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Atterberg test resultsBelow are the results obtained for LL, PL, PI and SL
LL (%) =41 PI (%) =20
PL (%) =21 SL (%) =11LIQUID
LIMIT
PLASTIC LIMIT
Tin No. 5 29 54 56 7 68
Mass of wet
soli + tin
57.3 64.8 72.7 84.5 38.0 38.9
Mass of dry
soil + tin
50.3 54.6 59.9 67.7 36.3 37.4
Mass of Tin 31.1 28.9 29.2 30.2 29.2 29.4
Mass of
moisture
7.0 10.2 12 .8 16.8 1.7 1.5
Mass of dry
soil
19.2 25.7 30.7 37.5 7.1 8.0
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DATA ANALYSIS
GRAIN SIZE DISTRIBUTION SOIL CLASIFICATION
SIEVE SIZE (mm) USCS
3.35 0.0 % gravel 12
2.00 100 % sand 84
1.18 99 % fines 4
0.60 84 LL % 41
% PASSING
0.42 61 PL % 21
0.30 41 PI % 20
0.21 22 LS % 11
0.15 11
0.06 4
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According to Unified Soil Classification System of (BS 5930:1plasticity chart (USCS) the soil classified is inorganic clays, sisandy clays of low plasticity CL.
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The bar chart below showing the relationship of compressiv(N/mm2) before and after addition of stabilizers (12% by vol
Before addition of stabilizer. (2.8N/mm2)
12% addition of cow dung (3.0N/mm2)
12% addition of straw (3.2N/mm2)
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REFERENCE
Brantley, R. B. (1996).Building Materials Technology.
Campbell, J. a. (2003).A World History, Thames and Hudson.New York.
Duggal, S. (n.d.). Building Construction Materials.
Minke, G. H. (2006). Building with earth,Design and Technology of a sustainable A
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