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GBI 353
Botani Tumbuhan Tinggi (3 SKS)Drs. Endang Dayat, M.Si.Drs. Didi Jaya Santri, M.Si.
Program Studi Pendidikan Biologi
Fakultas Keguruan dan Ilmu Pendidikan
Universitas Sriwijaya
2005
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Meristem Batang
Meristemmerupakan pusat pembelahan
sel mitosis yang menghasilkan jaringan
tumbuhan
Meristem apicalatau terminalmenghasilkan jaringan akardan taruk
yang merupakan dua sistem organ pada
tumbuhan berpembuluh
Structures dan terminologi botani baik
vegetatif maupun reproduktifberhubungan dengan produk meristem
taruk apikal, dan pola aktivitasnya
menentukan kerangka dasar organisasi
struktural tumbuhan (see OSU Botany
300, for more detail).
Batang
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As indicated by both size and longevity of some vascular plants, theapical meristem is indeterminate. Its activity of producing cells, orlaying the bricks of the plant body, can continue indefinitely.
The apical shoot meristem also has the capability to producesecondary centers of meristematic activity, lateral meristems. The
lateral meristems provide a structural groundplan for mapping theangiosperm shoot.
The position of lateral or axillary meristems, as either lateral buds orsecondary shoots and often subtended (positioned beneath) by aleaf, is known as a node.
Shoot tissue that extends between these points is knowned as theinternode
Batang
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Batang Aside from the lateral meristem, another
secondary meristematic product of theshoot meristem - the vascular cambium- is significant. This is a column ofdividing cells that produces vasculartissue (xylem and phloem).
Since meristematic activity of the
vascular cambiumvaries according toavailable resources and conditions duringthe growing season, its product - wood -often takes the form of 'annual rings'.
Angiosperms with an active vascularcambium are 'woody' and those taking atree-like form (single stem greater than 4-5 m in height) are arborescentwhereaswoody angiosperms with a shrub-likeaspect (more than 1 shoot, less than 4-5m) are fruticose.
Most angiosperms lack a vascularcambium, i.e., they are non-woody herbs
or herbaceous.
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Both woody and herbaceous angiosperms can showindeterminate apical meristem activity and a perenniallifestyle. Herbaceous perennials living in temperate or seasonableparts of the world sacrifice 'above ground' tissue during thedifficult season but often retain dormant meristems andphotosynthate in a tough, underground structure known as a
caudex. However, most herbaceous flowering plants are annuals in that
they show an annual cycle of seed germination, vegetativegrowth, and reproduction with the next generation passing the'difficult' annual period (Winter, dry season) within the seed orfruit.
Some angiosperms dedicate a full growing season to vegetativegrowth, sequester photosynthate - often in undergroundstructures - through the difficult season and invest this in areproductive effort at the start of the second year. Thesebiennialsare often found at the market (carrot, onion, etc.)because we harvest the saved resource prior to its 'intended'use by the plant.
Life Style
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Many herbaceous angiosperm genera of central Texas includespecies with varying 'life styles' (annual, binnual, perennial) and thiscan be a factor or 'key character' for identification.
Thus, it is important to insure that the sample collected includes a'below ground' component.
Also, terms are discrete and biological variation can be continuousand, as a result, difficult to define using specificterms. Consequently, 'bridging' terms can be applied.
The term suffrutescent, for instance, denotes an herbaceousperennialthat shows some woodytendencies, usually at the base.
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Pohon Herba daun lebar
Herba daun sempitPerdu
Sukulen
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The stem 'caul-' refers to the primary product of the terminalmeristem, the shoot. Caulescentdenotes a 'normal' shoot withnodes and discernable internodes. Acaulescent, on the other hand,descibes a situation where the internodes are reduced and, as aresult, this shoot is compressed to the point that the plant looks'stemless', such as head lettuce (Lactuca- Asteraceae) and
cabbage (Brassica- Brassicaceae). Terms relating to variousadaptive permutations of the shoot include: Erect- 'normal' growth toward the sun
Prostrate- a horizontal shoot, flush to the ground
Decumbent- a horizontal shoot, but not flush to the ground - the tipspoint upward
Caespitose- producing clustered, multiple shoots forming tufts orcushions
Scandent- twining, climbing - vine-like
Scapose- acaulescent but producing an erect, leafless flowering stalk(scape) - Taraxacum off ic inale
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Rhizome- horizontal, elongate andunderground, often thick and fleshy (herbaceousperennial are sometimes rhizomatoussee:Cyperus- Cyperaceae)
Corm- vertical, compressed and underground,often thick and fleshy (herbaceous perennial)
Bulb- acaulescent with expanded, fleshy leafbases (Onion - Al l ium- Liliaceae)
Function modifications of the shoot include:
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Tuber- thick and fleshy and usuallyunderground, like a rhizome, butcompressed - via reduction of the internodes- and enlarged as a water/photosynthate
storage structure (Potato - Solanum-Solanaceae)
Stolon- horizontal, above-ground, oftenrooting at the nodes - strawberry (Fragaria-Rosaceae) and St. Augustine grass
(Stenotaphrum
- Poaceae) arestoloniferous.
Thorn- a hard, sharp-pointed modified shoot(Honey locust - Gleditsia-Caesalpiniaceae)
http://www.csdl.tamu.edu/FLORA/tfplab/veg13.jpghttp://csdl.tamu.edu/FLORA/tfplab/veg12.jpghttp://www.csdl.tamu.edu/FLORA/fa03/fa03067.jpghttp://www.csdl.tamu.edu/FLORA/fa03/fa03067.jpghttp://csdl.tamu.edu/FLORA/tfplab/veg12.jpghttp://www.csdl.tamu.edu/FLORA/tfplab/veg13.jpg8/10/2019 BTT Morfologi Vegetatif
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Another feature of the shoot that can beused as a key character is the nature ofthe central tissue or pith.
The pith is normally present as soft,
uniform tissue (continuous), but thiscan be intersected by discs of moredense tissue (diaphragmed) with, insome cases, the 'pithy' soft tissueabsent (chambered).
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Daun Their structure and position on the stem also provides a rich suite of
taxonomic characters. The fossil record suggests that the first angiosperms had simple,
alternate, entireleaves.
STRUCTURE: (overview) Simple- blade a single, undivided structure - example
Compound- blade divided into substructures (leaflet), each with
its own stalk (petiolule)
Pinnately Compound- leaflets arranged along a main axis (rachis) -
example
'Even' = no terminal leaflet,
'Odd' with a terminal leaflet
Bipinnately Compound- as above but leaflets compounded -
example
Palmately Compound- leaflets with petiolules attached to a single
point - example
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Alternate- a single leaf at the node
Opposite- two leaves at the node, each usually subtending
(immediately below and close to) a lateral bud or shoot
Whorled orverticillate - more than two leaves at the node
Rank - when applied to leaves, denotes rows of leaves along the
shoot
Decussate- four ranked or opposite leaves alternating at right
angles to those above and below Cauline - leaves are those associated with the central shoot
Fascicled- closely clustered or grouped
PHYLLOTAXY (overview)
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Structural features of a simple leaf, as depictedabove include the stalk (petiole) which is usuallyattached to the shoot at the node, subtending(attached beneath) the lateral meristem, andoften with a distinctive basal enlargement
(pulvinus). Foliar or leaf-like appendages that are not similar
to the typical photosynthetic leaf, but occur onthe plant, often in association with flowers orinflorescences, are known as bracts.
When they are associated with the petiole base,
often flanking it at the node, they are calledstipules.
Significant indentations in the leaf blade tissueare called sinuses.
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Linear- long and narrow with nearly parallel sides
Lanceolate- Lance-shaped, tapering from a broad base to an apex;
much longer than wide Oblong- long and wide with nearly parallel sides
Elliptical- football (American) shaped - a flatten circle, usually morethan twice as long as wide
Ovate- egg-shaped with the broadest part toward the base (notethat obovate is the reverse relative to the point of petiole attachmentto the blade)
Cordate- heart shaped with a basal sinus
LEAF BLADE SHAPES General (overview)
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Sagittate- basal lobes pointed back toward the petiole- arrowhead shaped
Auriculate- with ear-lobe like appendages at the base Petiolate- with a petiole (three of the overview images)
Sessile- petiole reduced - the leaf blade appears to beattached to the stem
Hastate- basal lobes pointing outward relative to thelong axis of the blade
Oblique dasar daun tidak simetris bilateral
LEAF BLADE SHAPES Basal Lobing (overview)
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Deltoid- triangular
Peltate- shield shaped with the petiole not attached at the
blade margin Reniform- kidney shaped
Daun
LEAF BLADE SHAPES panjang x lebar (overview)
Palmate Pinnate
Divided (also 'parted' (almost divided) and
'pinnatifid' (pinnately parted)
LEAF BLADE lobing (overview)
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Dichotomous- equal bifurcation or forking, more common in
ferns and gymnosperms
Palmate- the main veins radiating from the point of petiole/bladejunction
Pinnate- a central 'mid-vein' or -mid-rib' with with lateral veins
arising along its length
Parallel- veins running side by side without intersecting - typical
of monocots Reticulate- typical pattern of dicots with intersecting network of
veins
LEAF BLADE Venation (overview)
M f l i V if
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Acuminate- tapering gradually to a prolonged point
Acute- ending at a point that is less than a right angle -distinct/sharp (not acuminate)
Obtuse - with a blunt or rounded tip Cuspidate- tipped with a sharp and rigid point
Mucronate- tipped with a small, pointed extension of the mid-rib
Truncate- cut squarely across the apex
Retuse- having a shallow notch at the apex Emarginate- also notched at the apex, mid-way between
Retuse and Cordate
Cordate- a deep notch at the apex, found in an obcordate leaf
LEAF BLADE Tips (overview)
M f l i V t tif
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Entire- no indentations, lobes, or teeth - smooth
Serrulate- small, marginal teeth pointing toward the blade apex
Serrate- marginal teeth pointing toward the blade apex (saw-like) Doubly serrate- with both small and larger serrations
Dentate- marginal teeth point outward
Spinose-dentate- as above with the teeth point-tiped
Crenate- with low rounded or blunt teeth
Crenulate- with small, low rounded or blunt teeth Undulate- a slightly wavy margin
Broadly crenate - intermediate between undulate and sinuate
Sinuate- deeply wavy margin
LEAF BLADE Margins (overview)
M f l i V t tif
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Puberulent- minutely pubescent (covered with short, softtrichomes
Stellate- with star-shaped trichomes
Tomentose- woolly in appearance, densely matted, softtrichomes
Glandular- with glands (trichomes with secretory function )
Hirsute- long shaggy trichomes, often stiff or bristly to the touch
Surface Feature - Trichomes (overview)
M f l i V t tif
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Scabrous- thin, membranous, dry and often rough
Strigose- stiff hairs appressed and all pointing in one direction
Villous- dense covering of long, fine, soft trichomes Pilose- scattered covering of long, fine, soft trichomes
Glabrous- no trichomes - smooth surface
Surface Feature - Trichomes (overview)
M f l i V t tif
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Glaucous- have a waxy bloom(photo)
Coriaceous- a rough, leathery texture
Tap- the central or primary root that enlarges and grows downward
- typical of dicots (photo)
Fibrous- thread like, often tough root system - typical of monocots
(photo)
Adventitious- developing from something other than the root
meristem or radical(photo)
Surface Feature - Other (overview)
Root Meristem (overview)
M f l i V t tif
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Pedicel- stalk of an individual flower if part of an inflorescence(cluster of flowers)
Peduncle- stalk of an inflorescence or that of a solitary flower
Calyx - lower-most whorl of floral appendages (made up ofsepals)
Corolla- next flora whorl or series of appendages up from thecalyx (made up of petals)
Perianth- term applied to the non-reproductive floralappendages
Androecium- above the corolla and the first reproductivewhorl (composed of stamens)
Androperianth - terms applied to perianth and androeciumcombined
Gynoecium- last of the series of appendages and positionedabove the others (composed of carpels)
Reproductive Structure (overview)
Morfologi Vegetatif
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