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EXCAVATIONS IN CHIOS 1938-1955: PREHISTORIC EMPORIO AND AYIO GALA. VOLUME I
Author(s): SINCLAIR HOOD, JULIET CLUTTON-BROCK and PERRY G. BIALORSource: The British School at Athens. Supplementary Volumes, No. 15, EXCAVATIONS INCHIOS 1938-1955: PREHISTORIC EMPORIO AND AYIO GALA. VOLUME I (1981), pp. i-xxi, 1-425Published by: British School at AthensStable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/40855998.
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EXCAVATIONS
IN CHIOS
PREHISTORIC EMPORIO
AND
AYIO GALA
by
SINCLAIR HOOD
with ontributionsy
JULIET
CLUTTON-BROCK and PERRY G.
BIALOR
Volume
SUPPLEMENTARY VOLUME NO. 15
Published
y
THE
BRITISH
SCHOOL OF
ARCHAEOLOGY AT
ATHENS
THAMES AND
HUDSON
1981
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3/538
Sinclair
Hood
1981
ISBN
o
500 96017
8
Printed
n Great
Britain
t the
Alden
Press,
xford
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To the
Memory
f
Philip
Argenti,
itizen f
Chios,
nd
Benefactorfthe xcavations t
Ayio
Gala
and
Emporio,
and to that f
George
Choremis,
riend nd Benefactor
f
the
Emporio
xcavations,
and to the
many
ther
atriotic
hiots
who
oined
with
them o
help
finance he xcavations t
Emporio,
and
by
their
enerosity
ade thework
ossible,
but whowished heir ames o remain nknown
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Contents
VOLUME
I
page
Preface
ix
Acknowledgments
xi
Abbreviations
xiii
Notes
xxi
PART
I. PREHISTORIC
CHIOS
I
1. Introduction i
2.
Sites
with
Bronze
Age
or
Earlier Remains
2
PART II. AYIO
GALA
(1938)
I I
1
The Excavations
1 1
2.
The
Pottery 14
(
1
The LowerCave
1
(2)
The
Upper
ave
25
(a)
Lower evels
below
2.go
m)
25
(b)
Upper
evels
above
2.
go m)
37
3.
Other Prehistoric inds
62
(
1
The LowerCave
62
(2) TheUpper ave 65
4.
Post-Bronze
Age
Finds
73
5.
Relationship
of
Ayio
Gala with
Emporio
and Other
Areas
73
PART
III. EMPORIO
(1952-I955)
83
1. Introduction
83
(
1
History
nd aims
of
the
mporio
xcavations
83
(
2 The site
f
Emporio
84
( 3
The
prehistoric
xcavationst
Emporio
85
(4)
Prehistoric
mporio
85
2.
The Excavations
91
(
1
Area
A:
trenches
,
H,
(,R,X,XX
91
(a) Summary 91
(b)
PeriodsX-V II
94
(c)
PeriodsVII-VI and VI
V (R?
83)
104
(d)
Periods
V-IV
1 1 1
(e)
Periods
II
and
I
130
(f
Period
: thewell
1
34
(2)
Area
B:
trenches
-E
135
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vi
CONTENTS
(3)
Area C
142
(a)
C.
1. Trenches
A-NN
north
f
Area
A
143
(b)
C.
2.
Trench
E
west
f
Area
A
146
(c) C. 3. TrenchesJ andHH south fAreaA 1 6
(4)
Area
D:
soundings
n thewestern
lope
f
the
Acropolis 147
(5)
Area
E
: trials
or
tombs
150
(6)
Area
F:
soundings
n the orthern
dge f
the
Acropolis 154
3.
The
Pottery
165
(1)
Introduction
165
(2)
Neolithic
o
Early
Bronze
Age Troy
-II)
166
(a)
Fabric
166
(b)
Types
169
i.
(A)
Bowls
(types
1- 1
) 172
ii.
(B)
Jugs, Theriomorphic
Vases,
and
Tripod
Cooking
Pots
(types20-27) 185iii.
(C)
Jars
(types
30-47) 190
iv.
(D)
Miscellaneous
(types
50, 51)
198
v.
(E)
Pithoi
199
vi.
(F)
Lids and Covers
(types
60-64)
2O
vii.
(G)
Miniature
Vases
203
viii.
(H)
Bowls and
drinking
esselsof
types
not
attested
beforePeriod
I
(types
70-77)
203
ix.
(I)
Handles
and
Lugs
203
x.
(J)
Spouts
216
xi.
(K)
Bases
217
(c)
Decoration
221
(d) Imports 239
(e)
Pottery
rom
AreaA
240
i.
Periods
X-VIII
240
ii.
Periods
VII-VI
300
iii. Periods
VI/V
(R ?83)
350
iv.
Periods
V-IV
354
VOLUME II
v.
Period
III
vi.
Period II
vii.
Period
I
(the
well)
viii.
Surface
(f PotteryromAreasB-F
i.
Area
B
ii.
Area C
iii.
Area
D
iv.
Area
E
v.
Area
F
(including
Period
I)
vi.
Pottery ssignable
to
Period
I
from
Mycenaean
and
mixed
levels
n
Areas
D
and
F
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CONTENTS
vii
(3)
End
of
the
arly
Bronze
Age Troy
II-
V)
(4)
Middle
Bronze
Age Troy
VI)
(5)
Prehistoric
otteryrom
he rea
of
the
arly
Christian asilica hurch
(6)
LateBronze
Age
and
Mycenaean ottery
(a)
General
(b)
Types
(c)
Fabric
(d)
From he
emetery
Area
E)
(e)
From he
ettlement
Areas
D
and
F)
4.
Other Finds
(
1
Clay
objects
(2)
Whorls
(3)
Stone
bjects
(4)
Metal
objects
(5)
Tools
and other
bjects fbone, hell,
mber nd
aience
5.
The Animal Bones
(by Juliet Clutton-Brock)
PART
IV. THE
CHIPPED
STONE AND OBSIDIAN
INDUSTRIES OF
EMPORIO AND
AYIO
GALA
1.
Introduction
2. The
Chipped
tone
Assemblages
rom
mporio
nd from
he
LowerCave at
Ayio
Gala
(by
Perry
.
Bialor)
(
1
Emporio
(
2
TheLower
ave t
Ayio
Gala
( 3
Comparison
ith
Mykonos
ite
3.
The
Chipped
Stone
Assemblage
from he
Upper
Cave at
Ayio
Gala
PART V.
THE
CHRONOLOGICAL
POSITION OF EMPORIO AND AYIO GALA
IN
THE
NEOLITHIC AND EARLY BRONZE
AGE
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Preface
These volumes re
a
sequel
to
Greek
mporioyJohn
Boardman.
They
are
concernedwith he
excavations t
two
prehistoric
ites
t
opposite
ndsof
Chios,
t
Ayio
Gala
in
the
north,
where
the ate
MissEdithEcclesmade
oundings
n
a
pair
of aves
n
1938,
nd
at
Emporio
n
the
outh
where directed
work or heBritish chool at Athens rom
952
to
1955.
The
material rom
yio
Gala
is
divisible nto wo
hronological
roups:
n
earlier,
fwhich
Dr.
Audrey
urness
Mrs.
Ozanne)
has
already
published
careful
tudy,
nd a laterwhich
appears
to be
assignable
o the
beginning
f the
Early
Bronze
Age.
The earliermaterial
s
certainly
eolithic
n
Aegean
terms,
nd
has been
assigned y
Dr.
Furness
o
a
very arly
hase
of heAegeanNeolithic. hisassignationeems o me correct.The
great
nterest f
Emporio
s the stratified
equence
for he
early
prehistoric eriods
obtained
n
the
main
Area
A
of he xcavations. he oldest
ccupation
evels f
he itewerenot
reached
here,
ince
hey ay
below the
existing
ater able. The earliest
ottery
ecovered as
been lassified
y
ome f hose
who
have een
t s
Late Neolithic
n
Aegean
terms,
nd
that
was
my
wnview f
t t first. utfurther
tudy
f his
material as
convincedme that t
belongs
o
a
much lder
horizon,
nd
that t
goes
back
n
time efore he
arliest
ccupation
t
Ayio
Gala. It
is thereforebelieve
ssignable
o the
beginning
f
he
Early
Neolithic
n
Aegean
terms.
The bulk f he
rehistoric
aterial
ecovered
t
Emporio elongs
othese
arly
eriods,
hat
is
in
Aegean
terms)
o theNeolithic nd the
beginning
f he
Early
Bronze
Age.
This material
has beendivided
mong
en
Periods,
ased
upon majorbuilding
evelopments
n
Area
A.
The
tenPeriods
all nto ive
main
groups
which
re marked
y
distinct
hanges
n
pottery
ashions.
The firstf thesegroups PeriodsX-VIII) seems o cover relativelyarlyphaseof the
Aegean
Neolithic,
while he atest
part
of t
(PeriodVIII)
can be correlatedwith he earliest
known
hase
of
ettled
ccupation
n
the
Troad
(Beik
epe
and Kum
Tepe
I
A)
The
pottery
f
the econd
roup
Periods
VII-VI)
is
closely
elated o that fKum
Tepe
I B in
theTroad. This
second
group
PeriodsVII-VI)
appears
to
overlap
with
heend of the
Middle Neolithic
nd
part
f heLate Neolithic n theGreek
mainland.The third
roup onsisting
f
Periods
V
and
IV
with
ottery
kin
to that f he
Trojan region
eems o
fall
within
he arlier
art
of
Troy
.
The fourth
roup
Periods
II-
II)
follows
destructionfthe
Period V
settlement
y
fire. t
should
overlap
with he
ater
tages
f
Troy
I
and with
the
beginning
f
Troy
II
before
he
manufacturefwheelmade
asesthere. he fifth
roup
Period )
with
hefirst
ppearance
of
wheelmade
ottery
t
Emporio
eems o
correspond
ith
late
stage
of
Troy
I.
The
pottery
f
Ayio
Gala
and
that
of the
early
periods
t
Emporio
vidently
eflect
uite
separate raditions.hepotteryrom he wo ites s nfact odifferenthat t s hardtoestablisha
chronological
elationship
etween he two
equences.
The earliest
ottery
rom
yio
Gala,
however,
ppears
o
fall
within
eriods
X-VIII
at
Emporio;
but
occupation
ontinued
n
the
caves
there nto he ime f
Emporio
PeriodsVII-VI
and
perhaps
V-IV.
The marked
ivergences
n
the
pottery
rom hese
wo ites t
opposite
nds f
Chios
eems o
be the
ffectf ettlers
eaching
he
slandfrom
ifferent
egions
t
different
imes. he
firsto
arrive stablished
hemselves
n
the fertile
outh f
Chios
n
the
area of
Emporio.They
made
ix
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x
PREFACE
dark-surfaced
ottery
istantly
elated o
that
of theearliest orizonknown n
Anatolia
e.g.
atal
Hyk)
nd
n
Syria from
muq
Phase
A
onwards)
These
mmigrants
robably
ame
to
Chios
from he outh
r
south-east.
arlypottery
rom
aves
n
the
region
f
Antalya
n
the
southern oastofTurkeyhasfeatureseminiscentf
pottery
rom he owestevels eached
by
excavation
t
Emporio.
The
earliest
ottery
f
Ayio
Gala
on the
ther and s
red-surfaced
nd
obviously
elated o
thatknown
rom acilar n
south-western
urkey.
imilar
ottery
ppears
o have
been
noted
at
Morali
n
western
urkey
pposite
hios.
The
immigrants
hofirst
ccupied
henorth f
he
island and
settled
n
the
region
f
Ayio
Gala
may
therefore ave
reached
Chios
fromome
neighbouring
art
oftheTurkish
mainland.
The later
tages
of
the
Early
Bronze
Age,
the
period
of
Troy
III-V,
were
not
certainly
represented
t
Emporio by
architectural
emains
r
deposits
n
the
areas excavated.
But
fragments
f
potteryuggest
hat
herewas
continuity
f
occupation
t
the ite
hroughout
he
Early
nd nto
heMiddle
Bronze
Age
overlapping
ith he
pening
hases
f
Troy
VI. A
little
imported reyMinyan
ware nd some
f he ocal
matt-painted
arerecovered
t
Emporiomaybe ofMiddle BronzeAgedate;butthedecoration fmuchofthe
matt-painted
areseems o
reflect
retan
ashions fthe
arlier
art
of
the
Late Bronze
Age
(Late
Minoan
).
Therewas
some vidence or
Mycenaean
ccupation
t
Emporio
s
early
s
Mycenaean
II
B.
An
importantMycenaean
settlement
ndoubtedly
xisted there
during
the
following
Mycenaean
II C
period,
nd thiswas
finally
estroyed
rabandoned nan
advanced
phase
of
Mycenaean
II C. A
number f
omplete
rrestorable
Mycenaean
II
C
vaseswas
recovered
from his
orizon f
destructionr
abandonment.
Thesetwovolumes f
Prehistoric
mporio
nd
Ayio
Gala
were
onceived s
one,
nd the
ine
of
division
etween hem s
arbitrary.
he
pages,
text
igures
nd
photoplates,
s well
as the
pottery,
ave
thereforeeen
given
onsecutive
umbers.
Volume
I
begins
with a
survey
f
prehistoric
ites known n
Chios,
and
describes
he
excavationst
Ayio
Gala
with he
pottery
nd other
inds rom he
avesthere. t
continues ith
a discussionf he elationshipetweenhe equence tAyioGala and that tEmporio, ollowed
by
n
account f he xcavations t
Emporio,
with
report
n the
pottery
f
he
arlier
eriods
from
he
main
Area
A
there.This
brings
he
story
f
Emporio
down
to the
point
where he
settlement as
destroyed y
fire owards
he
beginning
f
the
Early
Bronze
Age
in
thetime f
Troy
.
Volume I
continues ith he
report
n the
pottery
rom rea
A
and
from ther
arts
f he
site
AreasB-F)
at
Emporio.
t
ncludes
survey
f
what s known bout
occupation
t
Emporio
in
the atest
hases
fthe
Early
Bronze
Age
and
in
theMiddle
and Late Bronze
Ages together
with
n
account
fthe
Mycenaean
pottery.
escriptions
fother
inds
part
from
ottery
re
followed
y
report
n the nimalbones rom
mporio
yJuliet
lutton-Brock,
nd
one
on
the
chipped
tone
ssemblages
rom
mporio
nd
Ayio
Gala
byPerry
ialor.Volume
I
endswith
section n the
hronologicalosition
f heChian
Neolithic nd
Early
Bronze
Agesequences
s
known rom he xcavations t Emporio ndAyioGala.
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Acknowledgments
The
work f
Miss EdithEcclesat
Ayio
Gala
(1938)
wasfinanced
y
the ate Dr.
Philip
Argenti
and
Mr.
Eumorfopoulos.
xcavations
t
Emporio
1952-55)
were made
possible
n
the first
instance
by
the
generosity
f
an
anonymous
onor.
Other
donors
who wished to remain
anonymous
were
nspired
y
his
example
to
help
finance he
excavations. and the other
members
f
the excavation
party
would like to
oin
the
Committee
f
the British chool of
Archaeology
t Athens
n
expressing
ur
deepest
ratitude
o them ll forwhat
they
id.
We are also most
eeply
rateful
othatwise nd
good
citizen f
Chios,
he ate Mr.
George
.
Choremis,
ot
only
for is
generous
inancial
upport
fthe
Emporio
xcavations rom
ear
to
year, ut lsofor is ctive nterestntheresults, hich xtended o theproblem f he ventual
housing
fthefindsna
worthy
manner. he finenew Museumwhichhas sincebeen built n
Chiostown
epresents
nobleconsummationfhisdreams.
The
soundings
t
Ayio
Gala
were made
in
1938
by
the ate Miss
Edith Eccles withthe
assistance f
Miss
Lilian H.
Jeffery,
nd Mr.
(now Sir)
David Hunt. Illness
prevented
Miss
Eccles from
eturning
o Greece
after he
war
to
complete
er work n
the
material,
nd she
kindly
nvited
me to undertake
he
publication
f
t
in
connectionwith the
excavations t
Emporio
from
952
to
1955.
t is not
possible
o list
by
name
all
thosewho
took
part
n
the
Emporio
xcavations;
ut
among
hosewho
were
n
charge
f renches
n
the
prehistoric
ector
wereMiss
Mary
Williams
now
Mrs.
William
Elliott),
Miss Rachel
Simmons
Mrs.
Sinclair
Hood),
Miss Colina
MacDougall,
Dr. Michael
Ballance,
nd
Mr
James
Mellaart.
Our
foreman
t
Emporio
was Mr. Ioannis
Theotokas,
hen
mayor
of the
neighbouring
village
f
Piryi,
without
revious xperience
f
xcavation
work,
ut a man of
great haracter,efficientn
organisation,oyal
nd shrewd.Mr.
George
aspis,
his
brother-in-law,
asoutstand-
ing among
the workmen.
Mr. Michaeli
Kokolis was
in
charge
of the
pot-washing.
ur
vase-mendernd
technician as Mr.
SteliosKatsarakis. ome
of the
pottery
rom
he
Upper
Cave at
Ayio
Gala was mended
by
Mr.
Argyri
Marinis.
All
those
who
have worked n the
rchaeology
fChios
sincetheSecond
World
War
owe
much to the
help
and
friendly
nterest f the ocal
Epimelete
f
Antiquities,
Mr.
Antonios
Stephanou,
nd
it is a
pleasure
to record
our
indebtedness
o
him in
connectionwith
the
excavations t
Emporio
wherehe was
a
frequent
nd welcome
visitor.We also
enjoyed
he
support
f the
Ephors
of
Antiquities
or
he
region
which
ncluded
Chios,
the
ate
Professor
Nicolas
Kontoleon,
nd
Mr. A.
Vavritsaswho
succeededhim.
The earlier
urvey
work t
Emporio
was done
by
the ate Mr.
David
Smollett,
ut thefinal
plans
f
he rea weremade
n
his wnclear nd
uniquely trong
nd
distinctive
tyle y
the
ate
Dr. MichaelVentris,ssisted yMrs.BettyVentris. he pottery as drawn
by
Miss
Audrey
Petty
now
Mrs.
Spencer
Corbett),
Miss
WendyBiggar Mrs.
Lardner-Dennys),
iss
Rachel
Simmons
Mrs.
Sinclair
Hood),
and Miss
Elizabeth
Crowfoot.
rawings
f he
ther inds
were
made
by
Miss
Petty
Mrs. Corbett),
MissChristine
apieha
(Mrs.
Freeman),
nd Miss
Deborah
Pawson
Mrs.
Ruscombe-King).
he
final
racings
fthe
pottery
re
mostly
hework f
Miss
ElizabethCrowfoot nd Mrs. Patricia
Clarke. Mrs.
Clarke has
also
laboured with
kill
nd
xi
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xii
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
patience
o makethefinalnk
drawings
fmost fthetrench
lans
and sections. he arduous
task f
yping
he exthas been
uccessfully
ompleted
y
Mrs. E. T.
Templeton.
Miss
Olga Krzyszkowska
as
read
through
he accounts f bone
objects
nd made some
helpfuluggestionsnconnectionwith hem.Mrs. HelenHughes-Brockaskindlynswered
questions
nd
given
dvice
nd referencesbout
pindle
whorls nd
beads,
Dr. Oliver
Dickinson
about
Minyan
ware and
ring
endants
metal
17).
I am
grateful
o
Dr. David French nd to
Dr. William
Phelps
for
ermission
o cite
their
unpublished
octoral
heses
odgedrespectively
n
the ibraries f heBritish choolofArchae-
ology
n
Athens nd the nstitute
f
Archaeology
n
London.The thesis f
Dr.
Phelps
epresents
an
mportant
ontributiono
Aegean
Neolithic tudies.
am also
obliged
o Mr.
J.
A. MacGilliv-
ray
for
llowing
me to refer o his
unpublished
ccount of
pottery
rom he
Mt.
Kynthos
settlementn
Delos,
available
n
the
ibrary
f heLondon nstitute
fClassical
Studies.
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Abbreviations
The
following
bbreviations are
used
in
addition to those current
n
BSA:
AAA
AASyr
Aberg,
Chronologie
v
Abydos
Achilleion
Alaca
1935
Alaca
1936
Alaca
1937-39
Alalakh
Alishar
927
Alishar
927
i
Alishar
928-29
Alishar
930-32
, ii,
iii
Amiran,
PHL
AntJ
Anza
Arapi
AR...
Arene andide
,
ii
Argissa
ii
AS
Athens nnals
f
Archaeology
Annales
rchologiques
rabes
yriennes
N.
Aberg,
Bronzezeitliche
nd
Frheisenzeitliche
hronologie
v: Griechen-
land
Stockholm, 933)
W.M.F.
Ptrie,
Abydos(London, 1902)
M.
Gimbutas,
Achilleion: NeolithicMound
n
Thessaly;
relimin-
aryReport n 1973 nd 197 Excavations', ournalf ieldArchaeology
1(1974) 277-3o2
R.O.
Arik,
Les
ouilles
3 laca
H'y'k:apportrliminaire
ur estravaux
n
1935 Ankara,1937)
H.Z.
Koay,
Ausgrabungen
onAlaca
H'y'k:
in Vorbericht
ber ie . .
im
Sommer
936durchgefhrten
orschungen
nd
ntdeckungenAnkara,
1944)
H.Z.Koay,
Les
fouilles
3 laca
H'y'k:
apportrliminaire
ur es travaux
en
937~I939
Ankara,1951)
L.
Woolley,
Alalakh
Oxford,
955)
E.F.
Schmidt,
he
Alishar
yk;
eason
f 927
(O.
I.
P.
vi)
(Chicago
U.P.,
1930)
H.H. von der Osten
and E.F.
Schmidt,
The
Alishar
yk:
eason
f
1927 i (O. LP. vii) (ChicagoU.P., 1932)
E.F.
Schmidt,
TheAlishar
Hyk.
easons
f
1928
nd
1929
part
(O.
I. P.
xix)
(Chicago
U.
P.,
1932)
H.H.
von der
Osten,
The Alishar
Hyk.
easons
f
1930-32
parts
i-iii
(O.I.P.
xxviii-xxx)
Chicago
U.
P.,
1937)
Ruth
Amiran,
Ancient
ottery
f
he
oly
and
Jerusalem,
969)
The
Antiquaries
ournal
M. Gimbutas
(ed.),
Neolithic
Macedonia: As
reflected
y
Excavation
t
Anza,
Southeast
ugoslavia
Los
Angeles, 1976)
H.
Hauptmann
and V.
Milojcic,
Die
Fundeder
Frhen
imini-^eit
us
der
Arapi-magula
hessalien
Bonn,
1969)
Archaeological
eportsor
.
.,
published y
the
Council
for he
Society
of Hellenic
Studies and the
Managing
Committee f
theBritish
SchoolatAthens
L.B.
Brea,
Gli Scavi
nella
Caverna elleArene
andide
Istituto
di
Studi
Liguri)
Bordighera, 946,
1956)
E.
Hanschmann
nd
V.
Milojcic, Argissa-magula
ii: Die
Frhe
nd
Beginnende
ittlere
ronzezeit
Bonn, 1976)
Anatolian
tudies
xiii
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xiv
Asea
Asine
Aspripetra
Athenian
gora
xiii
AyiaSofia
Magua
Ayios
Kosmas
Baden
Symposium
Berciu,
Contributii
Beycesultan
,
ii
BMA
Boll. d'Arte
Branigan,
Aegean
Metalwork
BRGK
Buchholz and
KarageorghisBurton-Brown
970
Byblos
CAH*
Cape
Gelidonya
Catling, Cypriot
Bronzework
Childe,
Danube
Childe,
Dawn
Childe,
New
Light
CMS
Corinthiii
Cos
Davis
and
Cherry
ABBREVIATIONS
E
J. Holmberg,
The Swedish
xcavations t Asea
in Arcadia
Lund
and
Leipzig,
1944)
O. Frdin and A.W.
Persson,Asine,
Results
f
the wedish xcavations
ig22-igso (Stockholm,
1938)
D.
Levi,
'La Grotta di
Aspripetra
a
Coo',
Annuario
iii-ix
(1925-26
pub.
1929) 235-310
S.A.
Immerwahr,
The
Athenian
gora
xiii The
Neolithic
nd
Bronze
Ages
(Princeton, 1971)
V.
Milojcic
and
others,
Magulen
um
Larisa in Thessalien
g66 (Bonn,
1976)
G.
My
onas,
Aghios
Kosmas,
n
Early
Bronze
Age
Settlementnd
Cemetery
in Attica
Princeton
U.P.,
1959)
Symposium
ber ie
Enstehung
nd
Chronologie
erBadenerKultur
Bratis-
lava: Slovak
Academy
of
Sciences,
1973)
D.
Berciu,
Contributii
a
Pr blemele
eoliticului
nRomnia n
Lumina oilor
Cercetri
Bucharest, 1961)
S.
Lloyd
and
J.
Mellaart,
Beycesultan
: The Chalcolithic
nd
Early
Bronze
Age
Levels
London,
1962);
ii:
Middle
Bronze
Age
Architecturend
Pottery
(London,
1965)
EJ. Forsdyke,
Catalogue
f
theGreek nd
EtruscanVases
n theBritish
Museum ol.
i
Part 1:
Prehistoric
egean ottery
London, 1925)
Bollettino
'Arte
K.
Branigan,
Aegean
Metalwork
f
the
Early
and
Middle
Bronze
Age
(Oxford, 1974)
Bericht
erRmisch-Germanischen
ommission
H. -G. Buchholz
and
V.
Karageorghis,
Prehistoric
reece nd
Cyprus:
n
archaeological
andbook
London, 1973)ThirdMillennium
iffusion
:
Diffusion
f
deas
Wootton,
Oxford,
1970)
M.
Dunand,
Fouilles
e
Byblos
(Paris, 1973)
Cambridge
ncient
istory
3rd edition)
G.F.
Bass,
Cape Gelidonya:
Bronze
AgeShipwreckPhiladelphia,
1967)
H.W.
Catling, Cypriot
ronzework
n the
Mycenaean
World
Oxford,
964)
V.G.
Childe,
The
Danube n
PrehistoryOxford,
1929)
V.G.
Childe,
The Dawn
ofEuropean
ivilization
6th
edition) (London,
1957)
V.G.
Childe,
New
Light
n
theMost Ancient
ast
(London,
1952)
F.
Matz and
H. Biesantz
(ed.),
Corpus
er
Mimischen
nd
Mykenischen
Siegel
-
(Berlin, 1964-
)
C.W. Biegen,H. Palmer,R.S. Young, Corinthiii TheNorth emetery
(Princeton,
1964)
L.
Morricone,
'Coo
-
Scavi e
Scoperte
nel
'Serraglio'
e
in
localit
minori
1935-1943)',
Annuario
li
(N.S.
xxxiv-xxxv)
(1972-73 pub.
1975)
139-396
J.L.
Davis and
J.F.
Cherry,
Papers
n
Cycladic
rehistory
University
f
California,
nstitute f
Archaeology, Monograph
xiv) (Los Angeles,
979)
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Dchelette
i
Dlos
xi
Dendra
NT
Desborough,
LMS
Deshayes,
Les Outils
,
ii
Drpfeld,
Alt-Ithaka
Doumas,
Burial
Habits
DS
Ehrich,Chronologies
(1965)
Elateia
Emery,
Archaic
gypt
Enkomi
i,
iii
a
ESA
Eslick
1980
Eutresis
Festos
FMP
French,
Pottery roups
French,
Thesis
Gaul,
Neolithic
ulgaria
Gawra
Gawra
i
Gazetteer1979)
Gimbutas,
Bronze
Age
Cultures
Gimbutas,
Prehistory
ABBREVIATIONS
xv
J.
Dchelette,
Manuel
d'archologie
rhistorique,
eltique
t
gallo-romaine
(2nd
edition)
i
(Paris, 1928)
A.
Plassart,
Dlos xi: Les sanctuairest es
cultes
u
Mont
CyntheParis,
1928)
A.W.
Persson,
New
Tombs
at
Dendra near Midea
(Lund,
Leipzig,
London,
Oxford
U.P.,
1942)
V.R. d'A.
Desborough,
The
Last
Mycenaeans
nd their
Successors
(Oxford,
1964)
J. Deshayes,
Les Outils e
Bronze,
e ' ndus u Danube
,
ii
(Paris, i960)
W.
Drpfeld,
lt-Ithaka
,
ii
(Munich,
1927)
Ch.
Doumas,
Early
Bronze
Age
Burial
Habits n the
Cyclades S.I.M.A.
xlviii) (Gteborg, 1977)
Ch.
Tsountas,
Ai
Trpoi'oropi/caiKpoiroXeis
Atjijltjvov
cai
UcKov
(Athens, 1908)
R.W. Ehrich (ed.), Chronologiesn Old WorldArchaeologyChicago
U.P.,
1965)
S.S.
Weinberg,
Excavations at
Prehistoric
Elateia,
1959',
Hesperia
xxxi
(1962) 158-209
W.B.
Emery,
Archaic
gypt Harmondsworth,
1961)
P.
Dikaios,
Enkomi,
Excavations
g48-igj8
(Mainz:
Philipp
von
Zabern,
1971,
1969)
Eurasia
Septentrionalisntiqua
Christine
Eslick,
'Middle Chalcolithic
Pottery
from
Southwestern
Anatolia',
AJA
lxxxiv
1980) 5-14
H.
Goldman,
Excavations
t
Eutresis n
Boeotia
Harvard
U.P.,
Cam-
bridge,
Mass.,
1
31)
L. Pernier,// alazzo minoico i Festos : Gli Strati i antichi ilprimo
Palazzo
(Rome, 1935)
A.
Furumark,
The
Mycenaean
ottery, nalysis
nd
ClassificationStock-
holm,
1
41)
D.H.
French,
Notes
on
Prehistoric
ottery
roups
rom
CentralGreece
(Athens, 1972)
D.H.
French,
Anatolia and the
Aegean
n the Third
Millennium .C.
(Cambridge
Ph.D.
Thesis,
1968)
J.H.
Gaul,
The
Neolithic
eriod n
Bulgaria American
School of Prehis-
toric
Research
Bulletin
16)
(Cambridge,
Mass.,
1948)
E.A.
Speiser,
Excavations t
Tepe
Gawra
Philadelphia,
1935)
AJ.
Tobler,
Excavationst
Tepe
Gawra
Philadelphia,
1950)
R. Hope Simpson and O.T.P.K. Dickinson, A GazetteerfAegean
Civilisation
n
the
Bronze
Age
: The Mainland
and slands
S.I.M.A. Hi)
(Gteborg, 1979)
M.
Gimbutas,
Bronze
Age
Culturesn
Central nd Eastern
urope The
Hague, 1965)
M.
Gimbutas,
The
Prehistory
f
Eastern
urope
Part
1:
Mesolithic,
eo-
lithic nd
CooperAge
Cultures n Russia and the Baltic Area
(Peabody
Museum,
Harvard
University,
ulletin
No.
20) (Cambridge,
Mass.,
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xvi
Gonia
Gournia
Greek
mporio
Hbsesti
Hacilar
,
ii
H
ama
i.
i
Hammond,
Migrations
Hennessy,
Foreign
Relations
Higgins,
Greek nd
Roman
ewellery
Hissar
Holmberg,
Neolithic
Pottery
Homolka
lasos
i
lasos ii
lasos iii
lasos
iv
Ilios
Ist.
Mitt.
Izvoare
Jacobsthal,
Greek ins
Jarmo
JFA
JNES
JRGZMainz
Judeideh
Karo,
SG
Kephala
ABBREVIATIONS
C.W.
Biegen,
'Gonia',
Metropolitan
useum tudies
ii
Part
i
(1930)
55-80
H.
Boyd
Hawes
and
others,
Gournia,
asiliki
nd
other rehistoricites n
the sthmus
f
Hierapetra
Philadelphia,
1908)
J.
Boardman,
Excavations
n Chios
1952-1955,
Greek
mporio
British
School
of
Archaeology
at
Athens,
Supplementary
Vol.
6) (London,
i967)
V.
Dumitrescu,
Hbsesti
Bucharest,
1954)
J.
Mellaart,
Excavations
t Hacilar
,
ii
(Edinburgh,
1970)
E.
Fugmann,
Hama:
fouilles
t
recherches
931-1938
i i
(Copenhagen,
1958)
N.G.L.
Hammond,
Migrations
nd nvasions
n Greecend
Adjacent
reas
(Park Ridge,
New
Jersey:Noyes
Press,
1976)
J.B.
Hennessy,
The
Foreign
elations
f
Palestine
uring
he
arly
Bronze
Age London, 1967)R.A.
Higgins,
Greek ndRoman
Jewellery
London,
1961)
E.F.
Schmidt,
Excavations
t
Tepe
Hissar
Damghan (Philadelphia,
1937)
EJ. Holmberg,
The
Neolithic
ottery
f
Mainland
Greece
Gteborg,
X964)
R.W.
Ehrich and E.
Pleslov-Stikov,
Homolka,
n Eneolithic ite
n
Bohemia
Prague,
1968)
D.
Levi,
'Le due
prime
campagne
di scavo
a lasos
(i 960-1
961)',
Annuario
xxix-xl
(N.S.
xxiii-xxiv) (1961-62)
505-571
D.
Levi,
'Le
campagne
1962-1964
a
lasos',
Annuario
liii-xliv
(N.S.
xxvii-xxviii) (1965-66) 401-546D. Levi, 'Gli scavi di lasos', Annuario lv-xlvi (N.S. xxix-xxx)
(1967-68)537-590
D.
Levi,
'lasos. Le
campagne
di scavo
1969-70',
Annuario
lvii-xlviii
(N.S.
xxxi-xxxii) (1969-70)
461-532
H.
Schliemann,
lios:
the
ity
nd
country
f
the
Trojans
London,
1880)
Istanbuler
itteilungen
R.
Vulpe,
Izvoare
Bucharest,
1957)
P.
Jacobsthal,
Greek
Pins
and
their
Connexions
ith
Europe
and
Asia
(Oxford,
1956)
R
J.
Braidwood
and
B.
Howe,
Prehistoric
nvestigations
n
raqui
Kurdis-
tan
Studies
in Ancient
and
Oriental
Civilization
no.
31) (Chicago
O.I.,
i960)Journal fFieldArchaeology
Journal
f
Near
Eastern
tudies
Jahrbuch
es
Rmisch-Germanischen
entralmuseums
ainz
RJ.
Braidwood
and
Linda
S.
Braidwood,
Excavations
n the
Plain
of
Antioch
:
The
Earlier
Assemblages,
hases
A-J
(O.I.
P.
lxi) (Chicago,
i960)
G.
Karo,
Die
Schachtgraber
on
Mykenai
Munich,
1930)
J.E.
Coleman,
Keos
i
Kephala:
a
Late
Neolithic
ettlement
nd
Cemetery
(Princeton,
1977)
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Kerameikos
Khirokitia
KKh
Kish
Korakou
Korucutepe
i
Kum
Tepe
Kutzian,
K'fs-
ultur
Kythera
Lefkandi
London IA
MacGillivray 979
Marinatos nd Hirmer
Mat.
$i
Cercetari
Maxwell-Hyslop,
Western
Asiatic
ewellery
Megiddo
Megiddo
i
Mellaart,
atal
Hy'k
Mellaart,
Neolithicear
East
Mersin
Milojcic, rgebnisse
Mochlos
Mylonas,
ircle
Myrtos
Nea
Makri
Nea Nikomedeia
Nemea
NMA
Olynthus
Orchomenos
i
ABBREVIATIONS
xvii
W.
Kraiker nd K.
Kubier,
Kerameikos: Die
Nekropolen
es
2.
bis10.
Jahrhunderts
Berlin,
939)
P.
Dikaios,
Khirokitia
OxfordU.P., 1953)KprjTLKa
poviKa
S.
Langdon,
Excavationst Kish :
7925-/924Paris, 1924)
C.W.
Biegen,
Korakou,
Prehistoricettlement
ear orinth
Boston
nd
New
York,
1921)
M.N.
van
Loon,
Korucutepe
i
(Amsterdam, 978)
J.W.
Sperling,
Kum
Tepe
in
the Troad: trial
excavation,
1934',
Hesperia
lv
1976) 305-364
I.
Kutzian,
A
K'fs-
ultur
(Budapest,
944)
J.N.
Coldstream
nd G.L.
Huxley,
Kythera
London,
1972)
M.R.
Popham
and
L.H.
Sackett,
Excavationst
Lefkandi,
uboea,
ig64~-66British
chool of
Archaeology
t
Athens)
London, 1968)
Bulletin
f
the
nstitute
fArchaeology
London
University
J.A.
MacGillivray,
Early Cycladic ottery
rom
Mt.
Kynthos
n D elos
(Edinburgh,
979)
S. Marinatos
nd M.
Hirmer,
retend
Mycenae
London,
960)
Materiale
i
Cercetari
rheologice
K.R.
Maxwell-Hyslop,
Westernsiatic
ewellery
.
3000-612
.C.
(Lon-
don,
1
71)
R.S.
Lamon and
G.M.
Shipton,
Megiddo
:
Seasons
fig2j-ig34,
trata
/-F(O.I.P. xlii)
Chicago,
1939)
G.
Loud,
Megiddo
i: Seasons
figjj-jg
(O.I.
P.
lxii)
Chicago, 1948)
J.
Mellaart,
atal
Hy'k:
Neolithic
ownnAnatolia
London,
1967)
J.
Mellaart,
The
Neolithic
f
he
ear
East
London,
1975)
J.Garstang,
rehistoricersin
Oxford, 953)
V.
Milojcic, Ergebnisse
er deutschen
usgrabungen
n
Thessalien
*953-l95%'JRGZMainZvi 1959) 1-56
R.B.
Seager, Explorations
n the
sland
f
Mochlos
Boston
nd New
York,
191
)
G.E.
Mylonas,
CO
aiKs
vko
rv
Mvktjvwv
,
i
(Athens,
972,
973)
P.
Warren,
Myrtos,
n
Early
Bronze
Age
Settlementn Crete
British
School of
Archaeology
t
Athens,
upplementary
ol.
7)
(Oxford,
1972)
D.R.
Theochares,
Nea
Makri:
eine
grosse
neolithische
iedlung
n
der Nhe von
Marathon',
AM
lxxi
1956) 1-29
RJ.
Rodden, Excavations t the
Early
Neolithic ite atNea Niko-
medeia,
Greek
Macedonia',
PPS xxviii
1962) 267-288
C.W.
Biegen,
Neolithic
Remains
at
Nemea',
Hesperia
liv
(1975)
251-279
National
Museum
n
Athens
G.E.
Mylonas,
xcavationst
Olynthus
:
the
Neolithic
ettlement
Balti-
more, ondon,
Oxford,
929)
E.
Kunze,
Orchomenos
i: Die
neolithische
eramik
Munich,
1931)
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xviii
Orchomenos
ii
Otzaki-magula
Pqlaikastro
PBA
Pendlebury,
AC
Perachora
i
Perate
, ii,
iii
Ptrie,
Corpus
Ptrie,
Tools and
Weapons
Phelps,
Thesis
Phylakopi
Piggott,
Neolithic
ultures
PM
i-iv
PMac
PNestor
Poliochni
,
ii
PPS
Prhistoire
ranaise
i
Prosymna
Protesilaos
PThess
Renfrew,
mergence
Saliagos
Samos
Samos
xiv
SCE
Schachermeyr,
ltesten
Kulturen
ABBREVIATIONS
E.
Kunze,
Orchomenosii: Die Keramik
er
rhen
ronzezeit
Munich,
1934)
J. Milojcic-v.
Zumbusch and
V.
Milojcic,
Die
deutschen
usgrabungen
auf
der
Otzaki-magula
n Thessalien: Dasfrhe eolithikum
Bonn, 1971)
R.C.
Bosanquet
and
R.M.
Dawkins,
The
Unpublished bjects rom
he
Palaikastro
Excavations
go2-igo6
Part
1
(British
School at
Athens,
Supplementary Paper
1) (London, 1923)
Proceedingsf
the ritish
cademy
J.D.S. Pendlebury,
The
Archaeology
f
Crete:An Introduction
London,
939)
H.G.G.
Payne,
Perachora
i
(Oxford, 1962)
S.E.
Iakovidis,
iJepaTTj:
o
NcKporafeiov
-iii
(Athens, 1969,
1970)
W.M.F.
Ptrie,
Corpus
f
Prehistoric
ottery
nd
Palettes
London, 1921)
W.M.F.
Ptrie,
Tools and
Weapons London, 1917)
W.W.
Phelps,
TheNeolithic
ottery
equence
nSouthern reece
London
Ph.D.
Thesis,
1975)
Excavations
t
Phylakopi
n
Melos
(The
Society
for the
Promotion of
Hellenic
Studies,
Supplementary Paper
No.
4) (London, 1904)
S.
Piggott,
The
Neolithic
ultures
f
the
ritish sles
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AJ.
Evans,
The
Palace
of
Minos
at
Knossos
-iv
(London,
1921-35)
W.A.
Heurtley,
Prehistoric
acedonia
Cambridge
U.P.,
1939)
C.W.
Biegen
and
Marion
Rawson,
The
Palace
of
Nestor
t
Pylos
n
Western
Messenia :
The
Buildings
nd
their
ontents
Princeton
U.P.,
1966)
L.
Bernab-Brea,
Poliochni:
itt
reistorica
elV
soladi
Lemnos
,
i
i,
2: ii
i
and
2
(Rome, 1964, 1976)
Proceedings
f
the rehistoric
ociety
La
Prhistoire
ranaise
i:
Les
Civilisations
olithiques
t
rotohistoriques
e
la
France
d.
J.
Guilaine)
(Publis
l'occasion du IXe
Congrs
de
l'U.I.S.P.P.,
Nice,
1976) (Paris,
1976)
C.W.
Biegen,
Prosymna:
he
Helladic
settlement
receding
he
Argive
er-
aeum
,
ii
(Cambridge
U.P.,
1937)
R.
Demangel,
Fouilles
du
Corps
d'Occupation
ranais
de
Constantinople
excutese
g20
ig2j
i:
Le
Tumulus itde
Protsilaos
Paris,
1926)
AJ.B.
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and M.S.
Thompson,
Prehistoric
hessaly
Cambridge
U.P.,
1912)
C.
Renfrew,
The
Emergence
f
Civilization
London,
1972)
J.D.
Evans
and C.
Renfrew,
Excavations t
Saliagos
near
Antiparos
(British
School of
Archaeology
at
Athens,
Supplementary
Vol.
5)
(London,
1968)
V.
Milojcic,
Samos i: Die
Prhistorische
iedlung
unter
em
Heraion:
Grabung
gjj
und
gjj (Bonn,
1961)
Renate
Tlle-Kastenbein,
Samos
xiv:
Das Kastro
Tigani
Bonn,
1974)
The
Swedish
yprus xpedition
-iv
(Stockholm,
1934-72)
F.
Schachermeyr,
Die
ltesten
ulturen
riechenlands
Stuttgart,
1955)
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Schachermeyr,
Die
myk.
Zu*
Schliemann, rojaSchliemann,
roy
nd ts
Remains
Servia
Sotira
SS
Sukas
ii
Sulimirski,
rehistoric
Russia
TAD
Tarsus i
Teleilat
Ghassul
Theochares,
Auge
Theochares,
Neolithic
Greece
Thera-vii
Thermi
Thorikos
ii
Tigani
Troy
-
v
Tul
Ucko,
Figurines
Ugaritica
v
Urn
Valmin,
ME
Vermeule,
B
A
Vinca -iv
Vitelli
1977
Vrokastro
VTM
Wace,
Chamber ombs
Wace,
Mycenae
ABBREVIATIONS
xix
F.
Schachermeyr,
Die
agaische
fhzeit
i: Die
mykenische
eit
Vienna,
1976)
H.
Schliemann, roja London,1884)H. Schliemann,
roy
nd tsRemains
London, 1875)
Cressida
Ridley
and
K.A.
Wardle,
Rescue
Excavations
t
Servia
1971-1973:
A
Preliminaryeport',
BSA lxxiv
1979) 185-230
P.
Dikaios,
otira
Philadelphia,
961)
H.
Schmidt,
H.
Schliemann's
ammlung
rojanischer
ltertmer
Berlin,
1902)
P
J.
Riis and
H.
Thrane,
ukas
ii: The
Neolithic
eriods
Copenhagen,
974)
T.
Sulimirski,
rehistoricussia
London, 1970)
Turk
Arkeoloji ergisiH.
Goldman,
ExcavationstG'zl'
ule,
Tarsus
Princeton
U.P.,
1956)
A.
Mallon,
R.
Koeppel
and
R.
Neuville,
TeleilatGhassul.
Compte
endu
des
ouilles
e V nstitut
iblique
ontifical
1929-1932 Rome, 1934)
D.R.
Theochares,
'Havyrj rrjs
aoaXiKrjs lpooropias
Volos,
1967)
D.R.
Theochares,
Neolithic
reece
Athens:
National Bank of
Greece,
1973)
S.
Marinatos,
Excavations
t
Thera -vii
(Athens,
1968-73)
W.
Lamb,
Excavationst TherminLesbos
Cambridge
U.P.,
1936)
H.F.
Mussche,
Thorikos
963:Rapport
rliminaire
ur a
troisimeam-
pagne
e
Fouilles
Bruxelles,
967)
'Vorgeschichtliches
n
der Stadt
Samos',
AM
lx/lxi
1935/36)
1
12-200: Fundtatsachen'
y
W.
Wrede
i 12-24);
Die
Funde'
by
R.
Heidenreich125-83);
'Nachtrge'by
W. Buttler
184-200)
C.W.
Biegen
nd
others,
roy
-iv
(Princeton
.P.,
1950-58)
W.
Drpfeld,
roja
und
lion
,
i
(Athens,
902)
PJ.
Ucko,
Anthropomorphic
igurinesLondon,
1968)
CF.
A.
Schaeffer,
garitica
v
(Paris,
1962)
CL.
Woolley,
Ur
Excavationsi:
The
Royal
emeteryLondon,
1933)
M.N.
Valmin,
The
wedish
essenia
xpeditionLund
etc.,
1938)
E.
Vermeule,
Greece
nthe
ronze
ge
Chicago,
1954)
M.M.
Vasic,
Preistoriskainta-iv
(Beigrade,
932-36)
Karen D.
Vitelli,
Neolithic
Potter'sMarks
fromLerna
and the
Franchthi
ave',
Journalf
he
Walters rt
Gallery
xxvi
1977)
1
-30
E.H.
Hall,
Excavationsn EasternCrete:
Vrokastro
University
of Penn-
sylvaniaMuseumAnthropologicalublicationsII No. 3) (Phila-
delphia,
1
14)
S.
Xanthoudides,
The
Vaulted ombs
f
Mesara: an
account
f
ome
arly
cemeteries
f
outhernrete
London,
1924)
A.J.B.
Wace,
'Chamber Tombs at
Mycenae',
Archaeologia
xxxii
(1932) 1-242
A.J.B.
Wace,
Mycenae:
an
archaeological
istory
nd
guide
(Princeton
U.P.,
1949)
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XX
Walker
Kosmopoulos,
Corinth
Walker
Kosmopoulos1953
Warren,
MSV
Weinberg,
AH
Zervos,
ACr
Zervos,
ACycl
Zervos,
Nais
,
i
Zygouries
ABBREVIATIONS
L.
Walker
Kosmopoulos,
The
Prehistoric
nhabitation
f
Corinth
(Munich, 1948)
L.
Walker
Kosmopoulos,
Birch-bark
echnique: possible rototypefor ome Greekprehistoric ares?', n G.E.
Mylonas
ed.),
Studies
Presentedo
D.M.
Robinsoni
(St.
Louis,
1953) 1-24
P.
Warren,
Minoan
tone
ases
Cambridge
U.P.,
1969)
S.S.
Weinberg,
the Stone
Age
in
the
Aegean',
Cambridge
ncient
History*
ol.
Part
1
(Cambridge, 970)
Ch.
x
C.
Zervos,
VArtde a
Crete
olithique
t
minoenne
Paris,
1956)
C.
Zervos,
UArt
des
Cyclades
u
dbut
la
fin
de
'ge
du
bronze,
500-1
00
avantnotre re
Paris,
1957)
C.
Zervos,
Naissance
e a
Civilisation
n Grece
,
ii
(Paris,
1962,
1963)
C.
W.
Biegen,
^ygouries,
Prehistoric
ettlementn
the
Valley f
Cleonae
(Harvard
U.P.,
Cambridge,
Mass.,
1928)
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Notes
The material
from ther
prehistoric
ites
n
Chios
apart
from
Ayio
Gala and
Emporio
s
numbered
-
1
.
That
from
Ayio
Gala
is numberedAG
1-390.
The
pottery
rom
mporio
s
numbered
1-3000,
nd the ther inds rom
mporio part
from
ottery
ave
been
given
heir
own
series fnumbers
CLAY 1-41;
WHORLS
1-56;
STONE
1-54;
METAL
1-19;
BONE,
SHELL,
AMBER
and
FAIENCE
1-68).
Chipped
tone ools re
only
numbered
f
llustrated,
with
eparate
eries
fnumbers or nesfrom
mporio
nd onesfrom
yio
Gala.
Where sherd r other
bject
which
has no
serialnumber s
llustrated n a plate
with
number
eferring
o t
n
the
ext,
he
ounting
s
n
horizontal
ows rom
eft o
right
eginning
t
the
op
eft.
Allmeasurementsfpotterynd other inds regivenncentimetres,nless therwisetated.
For
the
Mycenaean
pottery
he term
Mycenaean
(Myc.)
used
by
Furumark
has
been
adopted
n
preference
o Late
Helladic
L.H.).
xxi
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21/538
Parti
Prehistoric hios
i.
INTRODUCTION
The
prehistoricntiquities
fChioswere
irst
rought
o thenotice
f he
public
s
early
s
1888
when
he slandwas still nderTurkish ule.
n
that
year
Studniczka
ublished
n
account f
primitive
andmade
pottery
whichhad been
recovered
y
an
entomologist,
berhardvon
Oertzen,
rom he ower ave
at
Ayio
Gala in
theremote
orth-westernorner f
Chios
AM
xiii
(
1
88)
1
3-5)
Von Oertzen isited he ave
shortly
fter
he imewhen
tudniczkawas
n
Chios
in
1887.
Excavations
y
Miss Edith Eccles
n
1938
showed hat
this
pottery elonged
o
the
NeolithicndEarlyBronzeAges s describednpart II.
The so-called
Telasgic
Wall'
(Fig.
1:
A)
by
the main
road from hios town
to
Piryi,
ust
south f
Tholopotami,
was first
eported
y
Studniczka,
ut he
did nothave time
o examine t
(AM
xiii
1888)
163.
Cf. BSA xli
(1940-45) 35 f.).
From
distance
t
ooks
remarkably
ike
Mycenaean
defencewall.
A
close
inspection,
owever,
eveals that t
is
in
fact a natural
formationf he
rock,
onsisting
f
stratum hich
has
been forced
y
pressure
nto vertical
position,
nd whichhas then
plit
nto
eparate, oughly
olygonal, ragments.
A
tombchamberbuiltof
squared
stonewas
first oted
by
Dr
Philip Argenti
efore
he
Second WorldWar at
the
far
nd of the
plain
of Dotia
above the ittle
ay
ofVroulidhia
n
southern hios
(Fig.
1:
B).
This was
later seen
by
D.W.S.
Hunt, who,
from ts
striking
resemblanceo the
Minoan built
ombs
t
Isopata
near
Knossos,
uggested
hat
t
might
ave
been constructed
n
theBronze
Age
as
the ast
resting
lace
of
a
Cretan
ea-captain
BSA
xli
(1940-45) 38 f.). n 1951,however, was able toclear waythe arth rombove the opof he
tomb,
which
roved
o
date from omantimes. he tombwillbe
described
n
a
future olume
about Roman
Emporio.
A
smallrock-cut omb fthe
Early
Bronze
Age
was
discoverednland
from
ere
by
the
hooting-box
f
the ate
Mr
George
Choremis,
nd was
examined
n
1936 by
Miss EdithEccles
site (2) below).
In 1
38
Hunt aw
whathe took obe ancient ock-cutombs
xposed y
falls f he imestone
rock n the ummitf heLatomi
Quarry)
hill
north f
Chiostown
BSA
xli
1940-45)
32).
He
compared
hesewith
heBronze
Age
rock-cut
omb
t
Dotia;
but
theymay
have
been of
ater,
Greekor
Roman, date,
since the Bronze
Age
people
of
the
Aegean
area
in
general
voided
excavating
ombs
n
hard
imestone,
nd Kourouniotis
ecords
rock-cut
rave
f
heClassical
period
ound elow
tumulus
n
this rea
(ADelt
(191
) 69).
An
extensiveearch
fthe nvirons fChiostownhas
rather
urprisingly
ailed o
bring
o
light nyother ossible races fprehistoricettlement,partfromhefragmentf stone xefrom heKofina
ridge
nda
Mycenaeankylix
oot rom rankomakhalas
site
11).
A
Mycenaean
herd nd a
marble
dagger
pommel
n
ChiosMuseum
ppear
to come
from
excavationst Kato Fana
(site )
There s
a
good
deal of
Mycenaean
otteryogether
ith
ome
tracesof earlier
Bronze
Age
occupation
at
the
important
Archaic site
(17)
near Volissos
discovered
y
Professor
ohn
Cook.
This site
t
Volissos
nd other
rehistoric
itesnoted
by
us
during
he time f
our work
n
1
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2
I. PREHISTORIC
CHIOS
Chiosfrom
952-61
re isted elow.Mostof he
pottery
rom hese ites
ppeared
to date
from
the arlier
art
f heBronze
Age,
thehorizon f
Troy
-
II. Traces of
ccupation
ssignable
o
the
MiddleBronze
Age
were
uriously
are.But there
was evidence or
Mycenaean ccupationat a few ther ites esidesVolissos.
A
small
double-bladed
xe,
apparently
f
copper,
s
alleged
to
come
fromChios
(W.
Ridgeway,
he
Early
Age f
Greece
Cambridge,
93 51
fig.
7).
2.
SITES
WITH BRONZE AGE OR
EARLIER
REMAINS
(figs,
and
2)
1.
Emporio
(see
part
III).
2.
Pindakas.
One worn herd hat
might
e of
Bronze
Age
date from
he rea of
heClassical
farmhousexcavated ere
n
1954 J.
Boardman,
SA
iii-liv
1958-59)
295-309).
The
site,
n a
knollnthemiddle f ultivable roundwith supply fgoodwater ohand, s onecalculated o
attract
ccupation
n
early
imes.
3.
Kalamoti
(plate
i
(a)).
Bearings:
hurch t the northernnd of
Kalamoti
village,
0o.
Armolia
hurch,
49o.
Church n Profitis
lias,
1850.
Traces of n
Early
Bronze
Age
settlement
noted
n
1955
on
a
flat-topped
ill n
the
middle
f he
valley
outh-westf he
village,
orth
f
the
hurch f
he
Panayia
the
most
ortherly
f hree
n
this
rea)
which as
ancient locks nd
mouldings
uilt nto
tswalls.The
hill,
he entral ne of hree
n
a
north-south
idge,
verlooks
the
path
from
alamotito Komi on the
oast,
nd
enjoys
fine iew outhwards
o the ea. The
Bronze
Age
settlement
ay
have been
an
extensive ne to
udge
from he catter f tones
rom
house
walls;
but the ite
s much
roded,
nd
while
number f herds re
recognisably
f
Early
Bronze
Age
date,
there re tracesof much
ater,
Greco-Roman r
mediaeval,
occupation.
Potteryssignable o theBronzeAge ncluded hefoot f tripod ooking otwith hick val
section,
nd
therims
1,2)
below.
1. Rim of mall arinated
owl
Emporio ype
)
with ow wart.
Clay grey-black
t the
ore,
ight
rown t the
edges;
urface
rey-brown
urnished,
orn.
Cf.
Emporio
Period
I.
2.
Rim.
Very rregular.
andyorange
lay
with races
f red wash.
4.
Armolia.
An
solated
im
f bowl
of
Troy
V-VI
type
3)
found
n
1955
n
flat
round
ue
south
f he
village,
n the rea between
he
Kalamoti nd
Piryi
oads,
nd about
100
m
SE of he
small
church f
Ayia
Marina,
which s hidden
mong
masticabushes
nd olive
trees t the
fig.
1.
Chios,
howing
rehistoric
ites io.
Mesta
?
1
hmpono
a L.
M
11
Chios town
X
2. Pindakas ? 12. Nea Moni X
3.
Kalamoti
S
13.
Khalkios X
4.
Armolia
X
14.
Langadha:
Ayios
sidhoros
S
5.
Dotia
S C
15. Nagos
S ?M
6.
Piryi:
Kastri ou
Psellou
S
?M
16.
Ayio
Gala S
7.
Kato Fana
?
M
17.
Volissos: evkathia S M
8.
Olimpoi:
Petranos
S 18.
Volissos:Anemomilos S
9. Olimpoi:Tripanos
S
19.
Elinda
X
key:
S,
TracesofNeolithic
nd/or
arly
Bronze
Age
ettlement;
,
Early
Bronze
Age
tombs r
cemeteries;
,
Tracesof
Mycenaean
occupation;
X,
Other
prehistoric
inds;
,
Doubtful
rehistoric
races.
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2.
SITES
3
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AGIO . r^T^^ki~^'
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v^/+
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K?Fana
6'
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24/538
4
I.
PREHISTORIC
CHIOS
eastern
oot f
hill
with ruinedwindmill.
sherd fClassicalblack
glaze
and
a
piece
of
glazed
tilewere
lso notedhere.
3. Rim of bowl with idehandle.Sandy orange claysomewhat usky t the core. Surface riginallyt seems
light-brown
urnished,
utnowmuchworn.Cf.
Troy V-early
VI
(e.g. Troy
i
fig.
83:8-9
(Troy
V);
ibid.
fig.
254:
2
(Troy
V);
Troy
ii
fig.
24:
1
(early
VI).
5.
Dotia.
(1)
Settlement.races of
an
extensive ronze
Age
settlement n
the low
hill
where
the
shooting-box
onstructed
y
the ate
Mr.
George
Choremis tands
nd
n
the
rea of lat
round
to the outh
f t.The inhabitants o doubt
xploited
he ertile
alley
fDotia as the
nhabitants
ofthedesertedMediaeval
village
t theeastern nd
ofthe
valley
did after hem.
he
valley
s
nowdevoted o the
ultivation f
mastic
ushes nd
belongs
o the nland
village
f
Piryi.
he
sitewas noted
by
Mr
Choremis t thetime hehouse
was
built,
nd he
keptpottery
ound
n
digging
oundations
or tswalls.This
pottery,
ow tored
n
theFolkMuseum bove theKoraes
Library
n
Chios
town,
s
all
handmade
nd
Early
Bronze
Age (EmporioV-IV)
in
character.
Two stone andles, ne 4) found yme n1952, he ther5) broughto me n1954 s fromhe
settlement
ere,
re described elow.
4.
Handle
(plate
3
(a)
right).
roken hort t the ower nd.
L.
3.
2.
fine-grained,
ellowish
ranslucenttone.
5.
Handle
as
4
(plate
3
(a) left).
Broken hort t the ower
nd. L.
3. 5.
Perforation
.5
in
diam.
widening
o
0.9
above.
A
similar
bject
s llustratedrom
alaia
Kokkinia
earAthens
PAE 1951,113, 115
fig.
0:
right,ssigned
o
Late Neolithic r
Early
Helladic
).
For a more laborate tone
handle,
.g.
AM xi
(1886)
20,
16 Beil. 1: D.
2,
allegedly
rom
morgos.
ee
C.
Renfrew,
JA
xxi
1967)
6
f.,
or his nd other
andles f
nhydrite
r
calcite
from he
Cyclades.
1 ' l" "^ (''
1?
3
'
6
J
3
'
6
/ .
- f^T'
riT)" r^
"^
(
10
)
/rv I I'
0UTSIDE
'
10
^^r
fig. 2.
Pottery
rom
rehistoric
ites n Chios. Scale
1/3.
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25/538
2.
SITES
5
(2)
Tombs.
n a
gentle lope
across
gully
rom
he ettlement
nd about
200
m
west f
the
Choremis
ouse.
An
Early
Bronze
Age
rock-cut omb
was discovered ere
by
chance and was
visited
y
Miss EdithEccles
n
1936 BSA
xli
1940-45)38).
The chamberwas
intact, oughlyoval n
shape,
ome mwide nd 1 60m
ong,
ut
only
bout a metre
igh
nside. heentrance,
whichwas still isible
n
1952,
onsisted f hole
about
0.70
m
across. ts
top
was flush
with he
ceiling
f he
hamber,
eaving
step
own nto t.
The tombwas
therefore
robably ery
imilar
to that f
comparable
ate
excavated
n
Area
E
at
Emporio Tomb
1,
fig.
82).
The
entrance
may
have been
t thebottom f shallow
it,
ike
he n races f
he
Early
Bronze
Age
tombs t
Manika
n
Euboia
(G.A. Papavasileiou,
eri on n
EuboiaArkhaion
af
n
Athens, 910)
pl.
A);
but ll traces f
his,
f
t ever
xisted,
ad been removed
y
erosion. he
owner f he
and,
Mr.
Georgios
oannou
Paplos,
aid thatwhenhe found he omb
he ntrance
was blocked
y
a flat
slab of tone
oreign
o theDotia
region,
nd
deriving
erhaps
rom himiana bout
5
km
outh
ofChios own.He also toldMiss Eccles bout
a
'kanali'
eading
nto he
omb o the
right
f
he
slab,
but he made no mention fthis o me when methim n
1952.
Near theback wall
ofthe
chamber
ccording
ohis
description
ere ive
lay
vases
6- 10),together
ith
omebones nd a
skullwhich rokewhen twas moved.The boneswere
pparently
eftnthe hamber. hevases,
all
handmade,
re
comparable
with nesof
Periods
V/IV-II
at
Emporio.
6-8.
Jugs
plate 3 (c)).
Hts.
19, 16.5,14.
Complete
nd
unbroken,
xcept
or he
handle
missing
rom . The
handle
of s more
trap-like
nd rises bove the im. he
clay,
where
xposed
n
thebreak n
8,
s red-brown
ith
arge
grit.
urfaces
arkish
rown,
urnished utworn.
9. Pyxis
with id
(plate 3 (d), (e)).
Ht. of
pyxis
without id 11. Diam. of
rim
6.5,
of
body
14.
Four
vertically
perforated
ugs
two
missing)
n the
belly
were
matched
y
four n the id.
The lid has a small
epression
n
the
top
entre.
ed-brown
lay
with
rit.
urface hades
f ark
brown,
well
burnished.
inerather
hallow ncised
decoration
with
ossible
races f
n
original
white
ill
reproduced
with
lour or he
photos
n plate
3 {d),
).
10.
Pyxis
plate 3 (b)).
Ht.
9
Diam.
of
rim
.5,
of
body
13.
Pairs
f
tring-holes
ade
before
iring
t
opposite
ides
of herim.Crackeddownone
side,
but
complete.
rudely
made,
with ome
argegrit
howing
n
the
urface,
which
s shades f
ight
nd darker
rown,
urnished.
MissEcclesrecorded he
position
f nother omb othenorth f his neand
slightly igher
on the
lope.
At
the nvitationfMr.
Choremis
made trials
ere or
hree
ays
n
the utumn
f
1952
n a
searchfor
more tombs.
An
area
of about
25
by 25
m
was
testedwith
trenches t
intervals f
1.50-3.00
m in
the
paces
between
hemastic
usheswhich
lothed
he
lope.
The
only
ther
races fburials
otedwere
higher
n
the
lope
ome
1
.50
m
north
f
he
omb.
Here
I
came
upon
a human
aw
and
part
f skull
ucked
way
n
crannies
n
therock
not
far
below
the
urface. herewas
nothing,
owever,
o
suggest
he
former
xistence f
rock-cutomb n
the rea.
Possibly
atural
avities
n
therock
had
been used
for
urials.
6.
Piryi:
Kastri tou
Psellou
(plate
i
(b)-(d)).
Settlementn a
rocky
ill
west f
Piryi
illage
south f
he
unction
f
wo
paths,
ne
eading
o
Karinda,
the ther
o Kato
Fana.
The
hill
s
n
the
ange
which
ivides he wo
plains ying
o the outh
f
he
village.
Below
t on
the
north,
n
the nglebetween hepathstoKarinda and Kato Fana, isthe iteof thedesertedMediaeval
village
f
Managros.
everal
f ts
hurchestill
urvive.
ncient
mouldings
uilt
nto
hese
were
apparently
rought
rom
ato
Fana
some
km
way
to thewest
Boardman,
AntJ
xxix 1
59)
171
f.).
But a
fragment
ffine
lassicalblack
glaze
was
notedhere
n
1961,
nd
the
Mediaeval
village
might
ave
occupied
he
ite f
n
earlier
ettlement.
Stones
rom
ousewalls
re much
n
evidence n
thehill.
The
fortificationsrom hich t
gets
its
nameofKastri eem
odate
from lassical
imes.
stretch
f
defence all
some
2
m
wide
nd
built
f
rough
tones s
preserved
o
a
height
f
bout
a
metre n
the
west
ideof t
plate
i
(d)).
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6
I.
PREHISTORIC CHIOS
"""^^
/ 111
rt
^
FULL
IZE
l|"
J"W
:
.ig
fig.
3.
Miscellaneous
finds from
prehistoric
sites in Chios.
Scale
1/2,
except
12
(1/1).
While
ome f he
pottery
n the
hill
ooks
Classical,
much f t s
certainly
rehistoric,
lthough
worn nd
undiagnostic.
ost
of
the
prehistoric
herds
with
ny recognisable
haracter
eemed
to
be of
Early
Bronze
Age
types
eminiscentf
Emporio
V-IV;
but one
plain
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