LWD I Essentials2.- Aplicaciones de perforación direccional
3.- Tipos de pozo direccionales Herramientas de perforación
direccional
4.- Métodos de cálculo utilizados en la perforación
direccional
5.- Herramientas y métodos utilizados para desviar un pozo
6.- BHA: Convencionales rotatorios y controlables
7.- Control direccional con ensamblajes rotatorios
8.- Aplicaciones de ensamblajes controlables
9.- Motores de fondo
12.- RSS
14.- Programa direccional (Ejemplo)
1.- Introduccion a Perforacion Direccional
La perforacion direccional es la ciencia que se ocupa de dirigir un
agujero a lo largo de una trayectoria predeterminada para
intersectar un objetivo sub-superficial pre-determinado
La Perforacion Direccional se define como la practica de controlar
la direccion e inclinacion de un pozo a una ubicacion u objetivo
predeterminado debajo de la superficie.
Ing.Mirco Guzman
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Pozos Multiples desde una plataforma offshore
The most common application of directional drilling techniques is
in offshore drilling. Many oil and gas deposits in the Gulf of
Mexico, North Sea and other areas are situated beyond the reach of
land based rigs. To drill a large number of vertical wells from
individual platforms is obviously impractical and would be
uneconomical. The conventional approach for a large oilfield has
been to install a fixed platform on the sea bed, from which many
directional wells may be drilled. The bottomhole locations of these
wells can be carefully spaced for optimum recovery.
In a conventional development, the wells cannot be drilled until
the platform has been constructed and installed in position. This
may mean a delay of 2 - 3 years before production can begin. This
delay can be considerably reduced by pre-drilling some of the wells
through a subsea template while the platform is being constructed.
These wells are directionally drilled from a semi-submersible rig
and tied back to the platform once it is installed.
Ing.Mirco Guzman
Pozos de Alivio
Directional techniques are used to drill relief wells in order to
“kill” blowout wells. The relief well is deviated to pass as close
as possible to the uncontrolled well in the reservoir. Heavy mud is
pumped into the reservoir to overcome the pressure and bring the
wild well under control.
Ing.Mirco Guzman
Control de Pozos Verticales
Trayectoria Original
Trayectoria Corregida
Directional techniques are used to “straighten crooked holes”. In
other words, when deviation occurs in a well which is supposed to
be vertical, various techniques are used to bring the well back to
vertical. This was one of the earliest applications of directional
drilling.
Ing.Mirco Guzman
Sidetracking (Desvio)
Sidetrack
Sidetrack
Sidetracking out of an existing wellbore is another application of
directional drilling. This sidetracking may be done to bypass an
obstruction ( a “fish”) in the original wellbore or to explore the
extent of the producing zone in a certain sector of a field.
Ing.Mirco Guzman
Locaciones Inaccesibles
Directional wells are often drilled because the surface location
directly above the reservoir is inaccessible, either because of
natural or man-made obstacles. Examples include reservoirs under
cities, mountains and, lakes.
Ing.Mirco Guzman
Perforacion atravez de Fallas
Directional drilling is also applicable in fault drilling. It is
sometimes difficult to drill a vertical well in an inclined fault
plane. Often, the bit will deflect when passing through the fault
plane, and sometimes the bit will follow the fault plane. To avoid
this problem, the well can be drilled on the “up dip” or “down dip”
side of the fault and deflected into the producing formation.
Ing.Mirco Guzman
Perforacion de Domos Salinos
Directional drilling programs are sometimes used to overcome the
problems of salt dome drilling. Instead of drilling through the
salt, the well is drilled at one side of the dome and is then
deviated around and underneath the overhanging cap.
Ing.Mirco Guzman
Perforacion Shoreline
In the case where a reservoir lies offshore but quite close to
land, the most economical way to exploit the reservoir may be to
drill directional wells from a land rig on the coast.
Ing.Mirco Guzman
Pozos Re-entry/Multi-laterales
Re-entry and Multi-lateral drilling employs the full range of
directional drilling tools and techniques. Including planning,
wellbore engineering, and careful consideration of the numerous
aspects of drilling straight and deviated holes.
Well configurations can include dual stacked, dual opposing, dual
opposing stacked, spokes, lateral tie-back, and herringbone.
Ing.Mirco Guzman
Peforacion Horizontal - Radio Largo, Medio y Corto.
Radio Largo
Radio Medio
Radio Corto
20-40ft radiu
Horizontal drilling can be subdivided into 3 categories:- Long
Radius, Medium Radius, and Short Radius.
The basis for this categorization is the rate of angle build in the
wellbore, which determines the distance that must be drilled to
turn the wellbore from its vertical or nearly vertical
configuration to the horizontal plane.
Long and medium radius wells use conventional directional drilling
tools, equipment and drilling techniques, while short radius
requires modified and specialized drilling tools, equipment, and
techniques.
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Desarrollo de campos cerca de la orilla de la playa
Reduce impacto ambiental mediante el desarrollo de campos
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Minimiza daño de la zona productora
Reduce perdida de circulacion y posiblidad de pegamiento de la
tuberia,
Aumenta ROP
Reduce o elimina la necesidad de un costoso programa de
estimulacion
Ing.Mirco Guzman
Ing.Mirco Guzman
Trayectoria del Pozo
Tipo 3 - Deep Kick-Off and Build
Tipo 4 - Horizontal
- Build-up section (may have more than one build up rate)
- Tangent section
- Moderately deep wells with moderate horizontal displacement where
intermediate
casing is not required
Trayectoria del Pozo
Tipo 3 - Deep Kick-Off and Build
Tipo 4 - Horizontal
- Build, hold and continuous drop through reservoir target
Applications:
- Lease or target limitations
Disadvantages:
- May cause logging problems due to increased maximum
inclination
Ing.Mirco Guzman
Trayectoria del Pozo
Tipo 3 - Deep Kick-Off and Build
Tipo 4 - Horizontal
Applications:
- Appraisal wells to assess the extent of a newly discovered
reservoir
- Repositioning of the bottom part of the hole or re-drilling
- Salt dome drilling
Disadvantages:
- Formations are harder so the initial deflection may be more
difficult to achieve
- Harder to achieve desired tool face orientation with downhole
motor deflection
assemblies - more reactive torque
- Longer trip time for any BHA changes required
- On multi-well platforms, only a very few wells may be given deep
kick-off points
because of the small separation of the slots and the difficulty of
keeping wells
vertical in firmer formation. Most wells must be given shallow
kick-off points to
reduce congestion below the platform and minimize the risk of
collisions.
Ing.Mirco Guzman
Trayectoria del Pozo
Tipo 3 - Deep Kick-Off and Build
Tipo 4 - Horizontal
Fin De Build
Horizontal drilling; to turn the wellbore from its vertical or
nearly vertical configuration to the horizontal or near horizontal
plane.
Can be divided into three categories - short, medium, and long
radius drilling. The basis for this categorization is the rate of
angle build in the well bore from the vertical or nearly vertical
configuration to the horizontal plane.
Applications:
To limit invasion of unwanted fluids, water and gas coning.
To maximize production of low pressure and low production
zones
For methane drainage
Ing.Mirco Guzman
Inclinacion
Azimuth
Most survey tools measure borehole inclination and direction at a
series of measured depths. These values are used to calculate
coordinates and values of dogleg severity.
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Motores Navegables
Sistemas Rotario-Navegables - RSS
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Operaciones con Whipstock
Chorros a presion
Rara vez utilizado hoy en dia, todavia valido y no muy caro
Motores de Fondo
Rotary Steereable
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Sistemas Push-the-bit : Fuerza lateral directa
Sistemas Point-the-bit : Eje de la mecha excéntrico
TYPES OF ROTARY STEERABLE SYSTEMS.
Available rotary Steerable Systems currently operate using two
principle means of deflection:
Side Forces (Push the Bit technology)
These tools rely on the application of force outwards against the
wellbore to push the bit in the opposite or resultant direction,
This is the type of technology which dominates
the commercial systems used today
Bit tilt (Point the bit technology)
These tools achieve wellbore deflection by actually bending a shaft
or using a tilted device within the tool. These are the tools which
we believe will dominate the industry in the near
future, the benefit is that you don’t have to rely on pushing on
the side of the wellbore so bicenter bits can be run, hole washout
is not an issue, wear of pads is no longer of
concern, and a variety of bit sizes can be run on the same tool
with a stabilizer change just like a rotating mud motor.
Ing.Mirco Guzman
Ing.Mirco Guzman
Tipo de BHA
se aumenta la inclinacion
Principio de Estabilizacion
Los estabilizadores son colocados en puntos especificos para
controlar la sarta de perforacion y minimizar la desviacion en el
fondo
La rigidez del BHA aumenta al colocar estabilizadores y evita que
la tuberia se doble.
El BHA empacado se utiliza para mantener angulo
Ing.Mirco Guzman
Razones para el uso de estabilizadores
La posicion y calibre de los estabilizadores controlan la forma en
que se direcciona el pozo
Los estabilizadores ayudan a concentrar el peso sobre el
trepano
Los estabilizadores minimizan doblamientos y vibraciones
Los estabilizadores reducen el torque al perforar porque se tiene
menos area de contacto
Los estabilizadores ayudan a prevenir aprisionamientos por
diferencial y ojos de llave
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Ensambles para Construir (Fulcrum)
Al colocar dos estabilizadores se incrementa el control de fuerza
lateral y alivia otros problemas
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Aumentar longitud Tangencial
Aumentar velocidad de rotaria
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Ensambles para Mantener (Empacados)
Disenos para minimizar fuerzas laterales y disminuir la
sensibilidad de cargas axiales
Axiales relativos a los ejes!!!!!!!!
Ing.Mirco Guzman
Aplicaciones de BHA¨s Controlables
Los BHA´s Controlables son los que utilizan sistemas de navegacion
durante la perforacion y el ingeniero Direccional puede controlar
desde la superficie. Se aplican en:
Pozos Verticales
Cruces con Rios
9/2009
Los motores de fondo son herramientas que permiten la rotación del
trepano por efecto hidráulico del fluido de perforación sin
necesidad de transmitir esta rotación desde superficie
Motores de Fondo
Seleccion del Motor
Estas son las tres configuraciones de motores mas comunes, las
cuales proveen un rango amplio de velocidades y torques en el
trepano que se requieren para satisfacer las aplicaciones
direccionales.
Alta Velocidad / Bajo Torque - 1:2 Lobulos
Media Velocidad / Medio Torque – 4:5 Lobulos
Baja Velocidad / Alto Torque – 7:8 Lobulos
Ing.Mirco Guzman
Perforacion con trepano de diamante (impregnados)
Perforacion con trepanos triconicos en formaciones blandas
Perforacion Direccional utilizando orientaciones con single
shot(poco peso < torque reactivo)
Ing.Mirco Guzman
Perforacion Direccional y Convencional
Para trepanos PDC, triconos
Formaciones blandas, semiblandas, semiduras
Pozos Verticales, direccionales y horizontales
Perforacion en formaciones de durezas medias a altas
Perforacion con trepanos Triconos y PDC
Ing.Mirco Guzman
Características y Beneficios
Aplicaciones para alto torque y baja revolución, y bajo torque y
alta revolución
El Bent Housing se ajusta en el campo , lo que permite mayor
versatilidad de acuerdo a las necesidades de severidad del
pozo.
Lubricados por lodo, o con sección de rodamientos sellados
Compatible con todos los sistemas MWD y LWD
Motores de Fondo
Sección ajustable
Ensamble Dump Sub –By pass-Float valve
Seccion de Potencia
Ensamblaje de Control-Junta
648.bin
Permite el paso de lodo hacia la sección de potencia.
El pistón de la válvula es activado por presión diferencial
La válvula evita el influjo del pozo por el interior de la
herramienta y permite que en los viajes la tubería salga seca
Motores de Fondo
(Rotor/Estator)
El Torque y las RPM están determinadas por la configuración
Rotor/estator
La potencia del motor esta determinada por el numero de vueltas del
espiral (Etapas) y la relación de lóbulos Rotor/Estator
La configuracion
Rotor/Estator puede ser ajustada de acuerdo a las condiciones del
pozo.
Ing.Mirco Guzman
Motores de Desplazamiento Positivo
5/6
7/8
3/4
2/3
9/10
1/2
The characteristics of a PDM are a function of the design of the
stator/rotor geometry.
The available torque and rotational speed depend on the pitch angle
and the number of lobes in the stator and rotor. The original PDM
design was the 1/2 lobe, which worked well with natural and
synthetic diamond bits, but rotated too fast for roller cone
bits.
As a result , low speed, high performance PDMs were developed with
multi-lobe configurations. With a multi-lobe system, the
relationship between speed and torque is changed with the number of
lobes.
The stator/rotor geometry dictates that a helicoidal steel rotor
with one or more lobes is placed inside an elastomer stator having
one more lobe than the rotor. The rotor/stator configuration is
written with a slash between the two numbers: 1/2, 3/4, 5/6, 7/8 or
9/10
HP created = T x N where: HP is horsepower
5252 T is torque in ft-lbs
N is bit speed in rpm
HHP consumed = P x Q where: P is pressure drop
1714 Q is flow rate in gpm
EFFICIENCY = HP created
Ultra Series Motors
Basis for comparison: Size - 6-3/4”, Flow rate - 475 GPM, Constant
motor length, Same number of stages, Same pressure drop across
entire motor, Same lobe geometry, Same efficiency.
Ing.Mirco Guzman
Esta alojada dentro de la sección del Bent Housing
Transmite la rotación del rotor a la sección giratoria inferior del
motor de fondo.
Compensa la vibración causada por el movimiento excéntrico del
rotor y la excentricidad del bent housing
Motores de Fondo
Motores de Desplazamiento Positivo
Universal Joint Assembly/Flexible Shaft
The lower end of the rotor and the upper end of the drive sub are
connected by a universal joint assembly or flexible shaft to
transmit the power generated by the power module via the drive sub
to the bit.
Also, the universal joint assembly/flexible shaft translates the
eccentric motion of the rotor into concentric rotation for the
bearing assembly.
One piece flexible shaft usually manufactured from high strength
materials, both ferrous and non-ferrous (steel, & titanium,
beryllium copper, etc.).
The outer housing (u-joint housing) connects the bearing assembly
with the power module. Depending on the job requirement, the
u-joint housing can be straight (performance drilling) or
configured with a single bend (oriented drilling), adjustable bend
assembly, or double tilt (steerable drilling - oriented and rotary
applications).
Ing.Mirco Guzman
Barras o Ejes Flexibles
Motores de Desplazamiento Positivo
Universal Joint Assembly/Flexible Shaft
The lower end of the rotor and the upper end of the drive sub are
connected by a universal joint assembly or flexible shaft to
transmit the power generated by the power module via the drive sub
to the bit.
Also, the universal joint assembly/flexible shaft translates the
eccentric motion of the rotor into concentric rotation for the
bearing assembly.
One piece flexible shaft usually manufactured from high strength
materials, both ferrous and non-ferrous (steel, & titanium,
beryllium copper, etc.).
The outer housing (u-joint housing) connects the bearing assembly
with the power module. Depending on the job requirement, the
u-joint housing can be straight (performance drilling) or
configured with a single bend (oriented drilling), adjustable bend
assembly, or double tilt (steerable drilling - oriented and rotary
applications).
Ing.Mirco Guzman
SECCION AJUSTABLE O BENT HOUSING
Permite graduar la curvatura del motor de fondo para cualquier
aplicación direccional deseada
Motores de Fondo
Puede ajustarse desde 0 hasta 3 grados
Puede ajustarse en el campo en incrementos variables hasta un
angulo maximo
Proporciona un rango amplio de AKO´s para construir angulo en pozos
direccionales y horizontales
H = 1.962 o
Sección de rodamientos
Permite la rotación del trepano sin necesidad de rotación de la
sarta
Posee bolas que giran en pistas de carburo de tungsteno
Son sellados o lubricados por lodo
Sobre la sección de baleros esta la Camisa Estabilizadora que es
intercambiable de acuerdo a la aplicación direccional
requerida
Soportan el peso axial cuando se perfora
Ing.Mirco Guzman
Screw on Stabilizer Sleeve
Fluid Path
The bearing supported drive sub transmits rotation and torque
developed by the power module to the bit.
Axial loading of the drive sub is supported by specially designed
ball bearing stack - axial(thrust) bearings, while journal radial
bearings provide lateral support above and below the axial
bearings.
The radial bearings are designed to restrict drilling fluid flow
such that a small percentage of the total circulation enters the
bearings, for cooling and lubrication, prior to exiting the lower
radial bearing clearance to the annulus.
The percentage bypassed through the bearings will depend upon
operation parameters such as bit pressure drop, drilling fluid
properties, and radial bearing clearance.
The major portion of the fluid circulation rate enters the drive
sub through ports on the universal joint assembly, above the upper
radial bearing, and exits through the drill bit nozzles. For this
reason surface testing without bit can damage tool
Ing.Mirco Guzman
Motores de Desplazamiento Positivo
Pin Connection To
Universal Joint Assembly
Upper Radial bearing
Lower Radial bearing
The prepressured and pressure compensated bearing section supports
the weight on the bit and provides rigid lateral stability to the
drive shaft. Heavy duty roller thrust and radial bearings operating
in synthetic oil permit high bit loads and long bearing life.
Usually the oil system is filled under pressure to charge the oil
reservoir and a calculated amount is bled off to compensate for
downhole operating conditions. The oil reservoir also contains a
floating piston that allows equalization of the oil pressure with
wellbore hydrostatic pressure.
Ing.Mirco Guzman
Manual de Motores
Cada configuracion de motor se puede encontrar en el manual de
motores
Datos dimensionales
Presion Diferencial
Es la diferencia de presiones cuando el motor esta en el fondo
(cargado) y arriba del fondo (no cargado)
Carga completa
Indica la maxima presion diferencial de operacion recomendada del
motor de fondo
RPM
Las RPM del motor se determinan conociendo la presion diferencial y
proyectando verticalmente hasta la interseccion con la apropiada
linea de flujo
Torque
El torque del motor se determina al introducir la presion
diferencial y proyectando verticalmente hasta la interseccion del
torque
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Temperatura – 219 °F / 105 °C
Puede utilizarse estatores para temperaturas hasta de 300 °F / 150
°C
Se utilizan componentes de materiales y tamaños especiales
Peso en barrena excesivo
Peso en el trepano excesivo no permite la rotacion del trepano, y
la seccion del motor no es capaz de proporcionar el torque
necesario para lograrlo (Motor represionado)
El rotor no puede girar dentro del estator, formando un sello
Una circulacion continua puede erosionar y romper la gomas del
estator “chunk”
Ing.Mirco Guzman
Rotacion del Motor
La rotacion del motor con angulos mayores de 1.83 grados no se
recomienda (daño del housing y fatiga)
La velocidad de rotacion no debe exceder 60 RPM (carga ciclica en
exceso en housing)
Fluidos de Perforacion
Diseñado para operar practicamente con todos los fluidos de
perforacion como agua fresca y salada, fluidos base aceite, lodos
con aditivos de control de viscosidad o perdida de circulacion, y
con gas nitrogeno
Los fluidos basados en hidrogeno pueden ser dañinos a los
elastomeros
Alto contenido de cloruros puede danar los componentes
internos
Se debe mantener el contenido de solidos menor a 5%
Se debe mantener el contenido de arena menor a 0.5%
Ing.Mirco Guzman
Restricciones Operativas
Presion Diferencial
Es la diferencia de presiones cuando el motor esta en el fondo
(cargado) y arriba del fondo (no cargado)
Una caida de presion excesiva en el rotor y el estator causara un
lavado prematura (chunking), y bajar el desempeño
La maxima diferencial depende del flujo; entre mayor sea el flujo
la presion diferencial permisible es menor
Perforacion bajo balance
La razon adecuada gas/liquido debe utilizarse para no dañar el
motor
Bajo condiciones de operacion de alta presion, el nitrogeno puede
impregnarse en el estator y expandirse al sacar tuberia del pozo
provocando burbujas o daños en las gomas del estator
Ing.Mirco Guzman
Aumentos de presion
Decrementos de presion
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Trepano gastado o embolado
Motor represionado
No deslizar reduce el riesgo de tuberia doblada
Rotacion continua de la tuberia reduce la posibilidad de pegadura
por presion diferencial
Reduce torque y arrastre debido a una curvatura de pozo mas
uniforme
Pozos de alcance mas largo
Secciones horizontales y laterales mayores
Evaluacion de la formacion mejorada por el contacto de los pads de
herramientas wireline
Evalaucion de formacion mejorada con herramientas LWD
Control de desviacion en pozos verticales
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Por que pozos horizontales?
Los pozos horizontales pueden proveer la solucion optima cuando en
situaciones especificas se necesita mejorar en:
Recuperacion final y drenaje del reservorio
Espaciado de pozos y reduccion de la cantidad de pozos en proyectos
de desarrollo/rellenado
Control de problemas de conificacion gas/agua
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Petroleo
Agua
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1000-2000 m
RADIO MEDIO
500-1500 m
RADIO CORTO
150-300 m
RADIO LARGO
Ing.Mirco Guzman
Pozos Horizontales Perforados Adecuadamente Pueden Producir
Beneficios:
Los pozos horizontales pueden aumentar las ratas de produccion 3 a
4 veces por encima de los pozos verticales
El costo extra de los pozos horizontales se paga con el aumento de
las ratas de produccion
En reservorios muy permeables, los pozos horizontales pueden
reducir la cantidad de pozos y mejorar las ratas iniciales de
produccion/vida del pozo
En reservorios fracturados/delgados/discontinuos, los pozos
horizontales incrementan significativamente la recuperacion final
debido al drenaje mas eficiente
El desarrollo de campos marginales puede resultar economicamente
factible debido a la reducida cantidad de pozos requeridos para
explotar el reservorio
Accurately Planned Horizontal Wells Can Produce Relevant
Benefits:
Horizontal wells can increase production rates 3 to 4 times over
vertical wells
Extra cost for horizontal wells is largely payed-off by the
revenues from the increased production rates
In highly permeable reservoirs, horizontal wells may improve
economics by reducing the number of wells and improve initial
production rates/life of well
In fractured/thin/discontinuous reservoirs, horizontal wells
significantly increase the ultimate recovery due to more efficient
drainage
Development of marginal field may become economically feasible due
to the reduced number of wells required to exploit the
reservoir
Heavy oil production and E.O.R. projects can benefit from
horizontal wells
Ing.Mirco Guzman
de Pozos Horizontales
Seleccion de las Herramientas
Ing.Mirco Guzman
Al planificar un pozo horizontal se necesita un team integrado,
multi-disciplinario
RESERVORIO - GEOLOGIA
COMPLETACION - PRODUCCION
PERFORACION
Tamaño del agujero/programa de casing
Equipo de perforacion necesario
El target define el perfil mas apropiado para el pozo
Considerar requerimientos de completacion
Disenar un Programa Apropiado para Trepanos
Disenar perfil de casing; definir procedimientos de
carreras/cementacion
Usar programa de Torque y Drag para predecir y evaluar futuras
dificultades de perforacion
Optimizar el programa basado en la capacidad disponible del equipo
de perforacion
Ing.Mirco Guzman
Build Rate (deg./100’, deg/30m)
Motores Especiales
An overview of the present Drilling, MWD, Pipe Rotation, and
Completions technologies, showing where the tool types are in
relation to a given curvature range.
The chart can be used as an indicator for areas of concern or
interest pertaining to specific product types and/or projects as
related to a given build-up-rate (BUR).
Ing.Mirco Guzman
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Same number of stages, Same pressure drop across entire
motor,
Same lobe geometry, Same efficiency.