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Brnegksmb gb nualrgemlgte` ilikoeib e `e kgvlstkneokÿg, ikhuskÿg yoepeokteokÿg lg tlmes lobgÿmkobs sbarl Verenuey y `e rlnkÿg.
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Dukokb pb`ítkob skgl ikl e `bs menkstreibsil `e Obrtl _uprlme il Dustkoke.Vbr Dbsë Oer`bs Qbirínulz.
Ilrlocb e se`ui4 `e glolskiei il uge rlhbrmelstruoture`. Vbr Xlrÿgkoe _lrehkgk.
@es ilak`kieils il` skstlme trkauterkb perenueyb.Vbr Ikbgkskb Abrie.
@bs rltbs il `bs skstlmes trkauterkbs y`e lqukiei hksoe`. Vbr Du`kb Qemírlz.
²Uuë suolil lg ̀ bs mlroeibs kgtlrgeokbge`ls youå`ls sbg ̀ es kmp`koegokes pere gulstrb peís2Vbr Iklnb Iuertl.Kgtlnreokÿg lg Emërkoe @etkge4²Uuë gbs ilal prlbouper2Vbr Hlrgegib Mesk.
IKQLOYBQ IL@ OEILV4Hlrgegib Mesk.
LU\KVB LIKYBQKE@4Ikbgkskb Abrie, Iklnb Iuertl,Hlrgegib Mesk, Dbsë Oer`bs Qbirínulz,Du`kb Qemírlz, Xlrÿgkoe _lrehkgk.
IK_LÕB [ IKENQEMEOKßG4
Lgtrl Verëgtlsks.
Lobgbmíe y _bokliei, Egå`ksks il ObyugtureMlgsue` ls `e rlvkste iknkte` il` OEILV, ileoolsb nretuktb. @bs ertíou`bs pbiråg slrokteibs, sklmprl qul sl mlgokbgl `e hulgtl.
@bs egå`ksks y `es bpkgkbgls obgtlgkibs lg`bs mksmbs gb rlh`ldeg glolserkemlgtl `epbskokÿg kgstktuokbge` il` OEILV y sbg ilrlspbgseak`kiei lxo`uskve il sus eutbrls. @e pua`koeokÿg il Lobgbmíe y _bokliei lspbska`l nreokes e` epbyb il` prbnreme Yckgj
Yegj Kgktketkvl (YYK) il` Olgtrb Kgtlrgeokbge`il Kgvlstkneokbgls pere l` Ilserrb``b(KIQO) il Oegeiå.
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LOBGBMÍE [ _BOKLIEI VQLYLGIL OBGYQKA\KQ E@ LG_EGOCEMKLGYB IL@ L_VEOKBIL ILAEYL, BHQLOKLGIB E _\_ @LOYBQL_ \G EGÅ@K_K_ MLG_\E@ IL@ VQBOL_BLOBGßMKOB [ VB@ÍYKOB IL@ VEÍ_. L_YE QLXK_YE IKNKYE@ IL@ OLGYQB IL EGÅ@K_K_[ IKH\_KßG IL @E LOBGBMÍE VEQEN\E[E, OEILV, KGO@\[L @E_ ÅQLE_ IL4VB@ÍYKOE, _BOKE@ [ LOBGBMÍE. VQBHL_KBGE@L_ OBMVQBMLYKIB_ OBG L@ VEÍ_EABQIEG EU\Í @E_ OE\_E_ [ OBG_LO\LGOKE_ IL @B_ EOBGYLOKMKLGYB_ [A\_OEG VQBMBXLQ _\ IK_O\_KßG LGYQL @B_ IKHLQLGYL_ EOYBQL_ _BOKE@L_ [ENLGYL_ LOBGßMKOB_.
@es rlspulstes y sunlrlgokes il `bs `lotbrls slråg aklgvlgkies. Obg lste kgkoketkve
l` OEILV, obclrlgtl obg su prkgokpkb il gb rlh`lder kgtlrlsls slotbrke`ls gk pb`ítkobs,
lsplre epbrter e` ilaetl pôa`kob egå`ksks badltkvbs qul obgtrkauyeg e orler plgse-
mklgtb orítkob y e oege`kzer `es ilmegies okuieieges.
Esugokÿg, merzb il 1658
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L@ _LGEIB HKDß L@ 8 IL EAQK@ IL@ OBQQKLGYL EÕB OBMB HLOCE IL KGKOKB IL@ D\KOKBVB@ÍYKOB E YQL_ MKLMAQB_ IL @E OBQYL _\VQLME IL D\_YKOKE (O_D).
OBG @E EO\_EOKßG U\L VQBXKLGL IL @E OÅMEQE IL IKV\YEIB_, L@ _LGEIB ILAL
D\TNEQ E @B_ MKGK_YQB_ _KGI\@HB A@EGOB [ MKN\L@ ß_OEQ AEDEO, E U\KLGL__L EYQKA\[L EHKGKIEI OBG L@ @KALQE@K_MB, [ E OË_EQ NEQE[ T\OOB@K@@B,E U\KLG _L _\VBGL OLQOEGB E@ OB@BQEIK_MB.
L` Obgnrlsb obgskilre temakëg pbska`l l` lgdukokemklgtb il btrbs ouetrb menkstreibs4
`e prlskilgte il ̀ e Obrtl, E`koke Vuoclte il Obrrle , Egtbgkb Hrltls, Qeô` Ybrrls Jkrmslr y
N`eiys Aerlkrb. Esí, skltl il `bs gulvl mklmarbs il `e O_D lståg pôa`koemlgtl emlge-
zeibs il dukokb pb`ítkob, qul sl kgkokerå, sk sl kgkoke, obg l` prbolsb il _kgiu`hb A`egob.
@e bpokÿg prbolikmlgte` hul ceolr ug dukokb ikhlrlgtl pere oeie eouseib il –me` ils-lmplõb il sus hugokbgls‛.
Lg ug oå`ou`b il orbgbnremes, Lgrkqul Qklre, prlskilgtl il` Obgsldb il `e Menkstretu-
re, lstkme qul l` prbolikmklgtb il ilpbskokÿg y il gbmaremklgtb il` suolsbr ``lveríe
5< mlsls pbr oeie menkstreib. Lsb ls, oesk ouetrb eõbs pere `bs trls prkmlrbs menks-
treibs y oesk gulvl eõbs sk sl prbolse e tbibs. Lg lstes obgikokbgls, plsl e `es ilo`e-
reokbgls muy tregquk`es il `e prlskilgte il `e Obrtl _uprlme, `e oôpu`e il `e dustkoke
vkvkríe `bs prÿxkmbs `ustrbs aedb emlgeze. [ sl pulil ilokr emlgeze pbrqul ug dukokb
pb`ítkob gb ls skmp`lmlgtl uge ilpbskokÿg b sustktuokÿg. Yklgl ug oeråotlr kghemegtl.
Cey ug ikhlrlgib il hbgib lgtrl `bs pbilrls @lnks`etkvb y Duikoke`. @e Obgstktuokÿg
Geokbge` etrkauyl lsteak`kiei e `bs menkstreibs obghkrmeibs lg ug slnugib plrkb-
ib. ‐@bs menkstreibs qul cuaklslg skib obghkrmeibs pbr ibs plríbibs sknuklgtlse` il su l`lookÿg, eiquklrlg `e kgembvk`kiei lg l` oernb ceste l` `ímktl il liei ls-
tea`lokib pere `bs mklmarbs il `e Obrtl _uprlme il Dustkoke”. Lse ls `e pbskokÿgil` per`emlgtb. @bs menkstreibs, lg oemakb, obgskilreg qul eplges gbmareibs
ye sbg kgembvka`ls, se`vb dukokb pb`ítkob. L` ertíou`b 1
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6 gb `l ikb lsteak`kiei, skgb muy peroke`. Yempbob `e il 5;96
gk `e il 5;8>, ceste qul rlokëg `e il 5;;1 obghklrl lsteak`kiei e `bs dulols, e`
mlgbs e` slr obghkrmeibs. L` ikhlrlgib lgtrl pbilrls tklgl obmb tl`ÿg ilhbgib ̀ e treikokÿg il` pbilr pb`ítkob il –bplrer‛ sbarl ̀ e dustkoke, b sle, kgh`ukr`e esu hevbr y sbmltlr`e e `e pråotkoe il `es oubtes. @e dustkoke gb ls kgilplgiklgtl
skgb pb`kilplgiklgtl. E` slrvkr e verkbs slõbrls tklgl e`nuge eutbgbmíe. L` mks-
mb orktlrkb qul prkme cby lg `e dustkoke l`lotbre` y qul obgstktuyl ug oklrtb prb-
nrlsb obg rl`eokÿg e `e dustkoke l`lotbre` ikotetbrke`, qul lre mbgbilplgiklgtl.
Eikokbge`mlgtl, `e eimkgkstreokÿg il `e dustkoke tklgl nregils iëhkokts. Lsb qul ``e-
membs –obrrupokÿg‛ gb `l ls edlgb y gb tklgl qul vlr sb`b obg l` iëhkokt lg su km -plrkb. Yklgl qul vlr temakëg obg `es ikhkou`teils qul pbgl e` kmplrkb il `e `ly uge
sbokliei pbob obgslgsue`, skg rezbgea`l lxplotetkve il knue`iei il bpbrtugkieilspere tbibs obg ug mígkmb gkvl` il vkie ilolgtl pere tbibs. Gulstre sbokliei ls-
temlgte`, rínkie y lxtrlmeiemlgtl ilsknue` hbmlgte `es tregsnrlskbgls y l` bpbr-
tugksmb. Eugqul ̀ e –obrrupokÿg‛ tklgl qul vlr obg ̀ bs ilhlotbs il ̀ e eimkgkstreokÿgil `e dustkoke mksme y su lgibnemke obg l` oírou`b vkokbsb lgtrl `e ou`ture duríikoe
ugkvlrskterke ilhkoklgtl, `bs kgtlrlsls lobgÿmkobs lxtre`kmkteibs, pb`ítkobs tregs-
nrlsbrls y ug hugokbgemklgtb duikoke` pbob kgtlnrb.
Cey ilmeskeies vlrskbgls sbarl `e kgh`ulgoke il` pbilr y il` ikglrb lg `e segokÿg il `es
slgtlgokes. Cey ilmeskeie mbre duikoke`4 sb`b 1?% il ̀ es plrsbges eiu`tes prkveies il
`kalrtei lståg obgilgeies, >>% gb `b lståg, lg nlglre` `bs mås pbarls. Duríikoemlgtl
`bs gb obgilgeibs sbg kgbolgtls pbrqul lsb ls `b qul `e `ly prlsupbgl y pbrqul e`-
nugbs `b sbg lhlotkvemlgtl ilspuës il` vlrlikotb. Obg `e duvlgtui `es obses sbg eôg
plbrls. L` 3;% `bs/es rlo`ukibs/es gb tklgl slgtlgoke. \g 55% ce skib obgilgeib.
Lg tërmkgbs il knue`iei il bpbrtugkieils, sl lstkme qul obg rloursbs lobgÿmkobs y
–emksteils‛ cey uge nreg pbskak`kiei il ug vlrlikotb hevbrea`l lg `es slgtlgokes duik-oke`ls y, egtls qul geie, il ug vlrlikotb.
L` prba`lme il `e eimkgkstreokÿg il `e dustkoke temakëg lstå kgh`ukib pbr `e ou`tu-
re ëtkoe y sus lxplotetkves. Lg tbib l` mugib, l` kmplrkb il `e `ly lstå hulrtl-
mlgtl kgh`ukib pbr l` clocb il qul ug gômlrb suhkoklgtlmlgtl nregil il nlgtl
`e balilzoe. Lg l` Verenuey `e orllgoke ls qul, lg nlglre`, gb cey ug gômlrb
suhkoklgtlmlgtl nregil il nlgtl qul balilol `e `ly lg muocbs oempbs4 `e ei-
mkgkstreokÿg pôa`koe, l` penb il kmpulstbs, `e prbvkskÿg e` Lsteib, `e slnurkiei
sboke`, l` se`erkb mígkmb… Knue`. _k `e eimkgkstreokÿg il `e dustkoke lstå kgh`ukiepbr `e ou`ture, l``e mksme ls temakëg lg sí mksme ug me` ldlmp`b. Gb krreike lg
hbrme suhkoklgtl y glolserke `e –medlstei‛ il `e dustkoke y, lg oemakb, bstlgte `eplqulõlz il `es ockoeges.
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88LOBGBMÍE [ _BOKLIEI EGÅ@K_K_ IL OB[\GY\QE MLG_\E@
Eoå pbilmbs `llr ug oírou`b vkokbsb, uge rlokprbokiei glnetkve4 uge eimkgks-
treokÿg il `e dustkoke megbsleie pbr l` pbilr pb`ítkob qul gb `e rlsplte: y, ug
pbilr pb`ítkob qul `e megbsle pbrqul l``e gb `l kgspkre muocb rlspltb.
@bs ernumlgtbs per`emlgterkbs e hevbr b lg obgtre il` dukokb pb`ítkob e `bs menkstre-
ibs rezbgeg lg tërmkgbs il obstb - alglhkokb pertkierkb. _l veg ibs dulols olroe-gbs e` `kalre`ksmb. ²Lgtreråg lg su `uner btrbs ibs obg lses mksmes skmpetíes, bslråg mås olroegbs e` ob`breiksmb2 Mås lsploíhkoemlgtl4 ²olroegbs b oegikie-tbs il ouå` il `bs mbvkmklgtbs il` ob`breiksmb2
L` Vertkib @kalre`, qul ceaíe lsteib epbyegib l` dukokb pb`ítkob, ecbre `b ikhkou`te. Ver`e-
mlgterkbs qul sl euslgteg il `es il`kalreokbgls b mkreg ceoke btrb `eib. Ver`emlg-
terkbs ob`breibs, qul tklglg l` megietb pertkierkb il epbyer l` dukokb pb`ítkob, tklglg
obgtremegietbs. Gulvbs menkstreibs sl vlg b sl tlmlg obmb mås menkstreibs
–pere‛ l` Ldloutkvb. [ l` Ldloutkvb, pbska`lmlgtl, ilserrb``e su lstretlnke.
Lg sus obgsloulgokes, sl tklgl e ̀ e Obrtl _uprlme il Dustkoke obgtre ̀ es oulries, eml-
gezeie, mklgtres sl ``lne e ug peotb. Lsb gb mldbre `e eimkgkstreokÿg il `e dustkoke. _k
cey mbtkvbs, lsb ilalríe ier `uner e eookbgls. [ sk gb `es cey, gb ilalríe megtlglrsl
uge sktueokÿg il `ktknkb nrevl qul etlgtl lg hbrme orÿgkoe obgtre l` pbilr eouseib.
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>>
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XLQßGKOE _LQEHKGK
L@ ILQLOCB E @E _E@\I _KN\L _KLGIB \GE IL\IE VLGIKLGYL IL@ L_YEIBVEQEN\E[B. LG L@ Ô@YKMB ML_ H\L VEQYKO\@EQMLGYL _KNGKHKOEYKXE @E VQBH\_KßGIL GBYKOKE_ EOLQOE IL L_YE VQBA@LMÅYKOE LG @E VQLG_E [ LG @E_ QLIL_ _BOKE@L_4
@E LVKILMKE IL@ ILGN\L OBG I\IB_E_ L_YEIÍ_YKOE_ _BAQL @E OEGYKIEI IL OE_B_IL LGLQB E L_YE VEQYL, \GE M\LQYL MEYLQGE [ \GE KGHEGYK@ LG \G CB_VKYE@IL O\Q\N\EY[, @E IL_EHBQY\GEIE VQBV\L_YE IL@ VQL_KILGYL IL KG_YKY\YBIL VQLXK_KßG _BOKE@ (KV_) IL QL_YQKGNKQ ILQLOCB_ IL @B_ E_LN\QEIB_,@E _B@KOKY\I IL_L_VLQEIE IL \G VEIQL E@ VQL_KILGYL IL @E QLVÔA@KOE [@E_ ILO@EQEOKBGL_ IL \G LS MKGK_YQB IL _E@\I.
Lstbs clocbs pugtue`ls qul eh`breg lg `es gbtkokes sbg l` rlh`ldb il `e sktueokÿg il `e
se`ui lg l` Verenuey. @es lgoulstes il cbnerls mulstreg qul `e lxo`uskÿg lg se`ui sk-
nul vknlgtl. L` 16% il ̀ es plrsbges qul sl lghlrmeg gb eouil e uge obgsu`te mëikoe,sklgib `e eutbmlikoeokÿg `e lstretlnke utk`kzeie pbr `e pba`eokÿg lxo`ukie.
@es lsteiístkoes il se`ui ieg oulgte il `bs kmpbrtegtls iëhkokts lg l` Verenuey. Ibs
kgikoeibrls qul ilmulstreg lstb sbg `e mbrte`kiei metlrge y `e kghegtk` qul, sk aklg
prlslgteg mldbres, gb ceg pbikib ``lner e `bs gkvl`ls prbmlikb il Emërkoe @etkge.
[ gb sb`b lsb, `es mldbres ceg skib temakëg mås `lgtes qul lg l` rlstb il `e rlnkÿg,
pbr `b qul l` Verenuey ce oeíib lg su sktueokÿg rl`etkve.
Il 53 peísls, lg 1665 l` Verenuey sl lgobgtreae lg l` ouertb plbr `uner lg mbr-
te`kiei metlrge y lg 165< pesÿ e bouper l` tlrolr ̀ uner, lmplbregib su uakoeokÿgrl`etkve. \ge sktueokÿg skmk`er bourrl obg `e mbrte`kiei kghegtk`. Lg 1665 lsteae lg
l` sëptkmb plbr `uner y lg 165< sb`b ouetrb peísls lståg plbr qul l` Verenuey.
Lstbs rlsu`teibs tklglg qul vlr obg mô`tkp`ls heotbrls, plrb ibs il l``bs perl-
olg slr `bs mås kmpbrtegtls. Vbr ug `eib, `e aede kgvlrskÿg lg se`ui pôa`koe. L`
Verenuey kgvklrtl lg se`ui >1,< iÿ`erls pbr plrsbge, mklgtres qul l` prbmlikb
`etkgbemlrkoegb ls il 196,> iÿ`erls pbr plrsbge. Yemakëg ls oklrtb qul, sk sl
baslrve `e tese il orlokmklgtb il `e kgvlrskÿg pbr plrsbge, l` Verenuey ls l`
peís qul meybr eumlgtb rlnkstrÿ lg ̀ e ô`tkme iëoeie, 581% hrlgtl e` prbmlikb
`etkgbemlrkoegb il 55;%.
ILQLOCB E @E _E@\I4
@E GLOL_KIEI IL \GEQLHBQME L_YQ\OY\QE@
MEQTB 1658
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3LOBGBMÍE [ _BOKLIEI EGÅ@K_K_ IL OB[\GY\QE MLG_\E@
3
1666-1665VEÍ_L_ 1663-166; 1656-1655 1651-165?
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;MEQTB 1658
;
Il lste meglre, il 1651 e 165?, l` nestb il ̀ es hemk`kes lg se`ui (rle`) eumlg-
tÿ ??,3%, pere`l`emlgtl e uge iksmkguokÿg il` nestb ldlouteib (rle`) il` Mkgks-
tlrkb il _e`ui Vôa`koe lg 8,9%. _k aklg lste rliuookÿg perlol mígkme, sl ilal lg
pertl e `e aede ldlouokÿg (??,8%) il` ruarb Aklgls il Obgsumb l Kgsumbs, lgl` qul sl lgoulgtreg `bs mlikoemlgtbs. Yemakëg sl baslrve uge aede ldlou-
okÿg (8
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56LOBGBMÍE [ _BOKLIEI EGÅ@K_K_ IL OB[\GY\QE MLG_\E@
56
Il oue`quklr meglre, egtls il rltrbolilr lg `bs ilrlocbs il `bs treaedeibrls,
`b qul l` KV_ glolskte ls gb sb`b qul hugokbglg `es ilmås kgstktuokbgls skgbtemakëg eumlgter su prbpke lhkoklgoke. Vlrmeglgtlmlgtl `e prlgse ikhugil
sus prba`lmes il nlstkÿg4 kgsumbs qul ilalg l`kmkgersl pbr vlgokmklgtbs,
prlokbs sbarlheotureibs, euslgtksmb il` plrsbge`, eskngeokbgls se`erke`ls skg
orktlrkbs mlrktboråtkobs, me`e eimkgkstreokÿg il` hbgib il se`ui, lgtrl btrbs.
L` eumlgtb il` prlsupulstb Mkgkstlrkb il _e`ui Vôa`koe skg `bnrbs il `e mksme
prbpbrokÿg mulstre qul temakëg lste kgstktuokÿg gb lstå ceoklgib l` mldbr usb
pbska`l il sus rloursbs.
Lg obgo`uskÿg, neregtkzer l` eoolsb ugkvlrse` e `e se`ui lxknl qul tbies `es kgstktuokbgls
prlsteibres il slrvkokbs, kgo`uylgib ̀ es prkveies, obghbrmlg l` skstlme il se`ui ls-
tea`lokib lg `e gbrmetkve geokbge`. Il lste meglre sl `bnreråg mldbrls rlsu`teibs
lg `bs kgikoeibrls y meybr lhkoklgoke lg l` usb il `bs rloursbs pôa`kobs y prkveibs
ilstkgeibs e `e se`ui.
_klgib l` Verenuey ugb il `es lobgbmíes obg meybr tese il orlokmklgtb, ceaklgib ls-
teib kgo`usb lg `bs prkmlrbs `unerls il `bs regjkgns il orlokmklgtb egue` il` VKA y lg`es lsteiístkoes il meybr prbiuookÿg rl`etkve lg ruarbs obmb `e oergl, `e sbde y l` trknb,
gb pulil slnukr lstegib lgtrl `bs peísls il plbrls obgikokbgls il se`ui.
Ls `emlgtea`l qul, obg teses il orlokmklgtb prbmlikb il` VKA il`
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IKBGK_KB ABQIE
L@ H\GOKBGEMKLGYB IL@ L_YEIB ILVLGIL IL _\ OEVEOKIEI IL QLOE\IEQKMV\L_YB_. E ME[BQ OEVEOKIEI YQKA\YEQKE OBQQL_VBGIL, LG @ÍGLE_ NLGLQE@L_,\G GKXL@ IL IL_EQQB@@B MÅ_ L@LXEIB U\L KGOQLMLGYE @E_ LSKNLGOKE_ IL
NE_YB VÔA@KOB LG _E@\I, LI\OEOKßG, VQBYLOOKßG _BOKE@, KGHQEL_YQ\OY\QE_ [OBM\GKOEOKßG, @B U\L, E _\ XLT, ILMEGIE ME[BQ HKGEGOKEOKßG. G\L_YQB _K_YLMEKMVB_KYKXB EOY\E@ EIB@LOL IL YQL_ ILAK@KIEIL_ H\GIEMLGYE@L_, AEDE VQL_KßGYQKA\YEQKE, L_OE_E KGOKILGOKE IL KMV\L_YB_ IKQLOYB_ [ E@YB NE_YB YQKA\YEQKB,U\L QL_YEG LHKOKLGOKE E @E L_YQ\OY\QE YQKA\YEQKE [ LU\KIEI E@ KGNQL_B HK_OE@.
@es teses kmpbsktkves aedes y `e aede prlskÿg trkauterke `kmkteg l` ilserrb``b il` peís y gb
sbg, obmb sl orll, uge vlgtede pere etrelr kgvlrskbgls y hbrte`lolr `e obmpltktkvkiei
lobgÿmkoe. Lg rle`kiei, `e obmpltktkvkiei il uge lobgbmíe ilplgil mås aklg il `e
hbrte`lze il sus kgstktuokbgls, il `e oe`kiei il sus slrvkokbs pôa`kobs, il` ilserrb``b il
su oepkte` cumegb y il ̀ e kghrelstruoture ikspbgka`l. Vrulae il l``b ls qul, tlgklgib gk-
vl`ls kmpbsktkvbs aedbs, l` Verenuey boupe ugb il `bs ô`tkmbs `unerls lg l` regjkgn il
obmpltktkvkiei kgtlrgeokbge`, `e uakoeokÿg 516 lgtrl 599 peísls slnôg l` ô`tkmb rlpbrtl
il` ^br`i Lobgbmko Hbrum5. Mldbr pbskokbgeibs sl lgoulgtreg peísls il ̀ e rlnkÿg rl`etkve-mlgtl skmk`erls obmb \runuey (36) y Ab`kvke (56
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5151LOBGBMÍE [ _BOKLIEI EGÅ@K_K_ IL OB[\GY\QE MLG_\E@
(1
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5?MEQTB 1658
5?
L` KXE ls l` kmpulstb mås kmpbrtegtl, lg tërmkgbs il rloeuieokÿg, lg l` sks -tlme trkauterkb eotue`. Ls temakëg l` prkgokpe` obmpbglgtl il` nestb trkauterkb
obg >5% il pertkokpeokÿg lg 1659, slnukib pbr l` kmpulstb e `e rlgte e `es
lmprlses obg 51%, `bs eregol`ls eiueglrbs obg 56% y l` kmpulstb e `e rlgte
plrsbge` obg >%.
L` nestb trkauterkb lg 165? y 1659 pulil slr ege`kzeib pbr tkpb il kmpulstbs y pbr
`e o`esl y oegtkiei il lxlgokbgls. Vere l` plrkbib ege`kzeib, `es lxlgokbgls pere
tbibs `bs tkpbs il kmpulstbs sumeg >1, il `es oue`ls ?9 obrrlspbgilg e` KXE,kgo`uylgib lg lstl oesb 1? lxbglreokbgls, 8 e`íoubtes rliuokies, 9 rlnímlgls
lsploke`ls y 5 orëiktb hksoe`. @es lxlgokbgls il` kmpulstb e `e rlgte il `es lm-
prlses sumeg 1?, il `bs oue`ls 5? sbg lxbglreokbgls, > rlnímlgls lsploke`ls, 1
e`íoubtes rliuokies y 5 ls orëiktb hksoe`. @es lxlgokbgls il eregol`ls eiueglrbs
sbg 3 y tbies l``es obgstktuylg lxbglreokbgls. Vbr ô`tkmb, l` kmpulstb e `e rlgte
plrsbge` rlnkstre > lxbglreokbgls.
\g gulvb errln`b hksoe` ls glolserkb y pbska`l. Ls glolserkb pere rlsb`vlr `e he`te il
lqukiei trkauterke, mldbrer `e lhkoklgoke il` skstlme kmpbsktkvb y ceolr qul ëstl eobm-
peõl l` prbolsb il ilserrb``b lobgÿmkob y eyuil e l`lver l` aklglster sboke`. Ls pbsk-
a`l kmp`lmlgter rlhbrmes qul obrrkdeg lg hbrme nreiue` y brilgeie `es eskmltríes obg-
trkautkves, ``lglg `es `enuges lg `es rln`es kmpbsktkves y prbmulveg `e dustkoke trkauterke.
\ge vkskÿg n`bae` il ilserrb``b lobgÿmkob il mlikegb y ̀ ernb p`ezb lg l` peís gb pulil
sbs`eyer l` esplotb hksoe` y trkauterkb qul oepturl mldbr `bs alglhkokbs il` orlokmklgtb
lobgÿmkob y `bs ikstrkauye obg meybr lqukiei.
8/18/2019 ECONOMIA Y SOCIEDAD - N 38 - MARZO 2016 - PARAGUAY - PORTALGUARANI
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5959
LG @E_ Ô@YKME_ _LMEGE_ _L CE ILAEYKIB EMV@KEMLGYL EOLQOE IL@E MBIKHKOEOKßG IL@ KMV\L_YB E @E QLGYE VLQ_BGE@ (KQV) [ _BAQL L@ LHLOYB U\LYLGIQÍEG LG @B_ OBGYQKA\[LGYL_ @B_ OEMAKB_ VQBV\L_YB_. @E_ VB_KOKBGL_ LG
OBGYQE IL @E_ MBIKHKOEOKBGL_ H\LQBG YEG EAQ\MEIBQE_ U\L, HKGE@MLGYL,L@ NBAKLQGB BVYß VBQ ILDEQ _KG LHLOYB @E MBIKHKOEOKßG _BAQL L@ KMV\L_YB.
@e kgtlgokÿg megkhlsteie pbr l` nbaklrgb tklgl rl`eokÿg obg `bs hulrtls ilsehíbs qul
lghrlgteg `bs peísls `etkgbemlrkoegbs5 rlhlrkibs e4
e) _uhkoklgoke4 Qloeuier mås.a) Ikstrkauokÿg4 Qloeuier lquktetkvemlgtl.o) Lhkoklgoke4 Qloeuier skg ikstbrskbgls.
_klgib esí, sl pulil eobter qul gkgnôg skstlme trkauterkb tklgl obmb badltkvb ̀ e hbrme-
`kzeokÿg obmb badltkvb ikrlotb, ye qul usue`mlgtl `e mksme ls obgsloulgoke il ugerlhbrme kmpbsktkve pere eumlgter `e rloeuieokÿg. L``b, slgok``emlgtl pbrqul l` obstb
il kmp`lmlgter ug kmpulstb ilal slr kghlrkbr e` il su rlgikmklgtb b oepeokiei il
rloeuieokÿg.
Ls oklrtb qul l` KQV gb rloeuie muocb, sk sl `b mkre ilsil l` pugtb il vkste il `esuhkoklgoke, plrb gb sl obgskilrerbg `bs ilsehíbs il rloeuier lquktetkvemlgtl y skg
orler ikstbrskbgls. _k aklg gb sl pbsllg lstuikbs lsploke`kzeibs qul `b obghkrmlg,
ls seakib qul l` KQV, lg ̀ bs peísls ̀ etkgbs, ls prbnrlskvb sb`emlgtl lg pepl` y gb lg`e pråotkoe. Lg l` oesb perenueyb lstb sl ilal e `e ikhkou`tei pere tlglr ug eoolsb kg-
tlnre` e` mbvkmklgtb hkgegoklrb il `es plrsbges, ye qul lse pbtlstei hul rltkreie il
`e prbpulste brknkge` il kmp`lmlgteokÿg il` trkautb. Lstb ikhkou`te lgbrmlmlgtl `bs
obgtrb`ls, hevbrloklgib e `es lveskbgls y l`uokbgls il` trkautb, `b oue` alglhkokeríeg
e ̀ bs mås puiklgtls, ieib qul lstbs pbsllg meybrls oepeokieils pere ilo`erer sus
trkautbs kgourrklgib lg lses pråotkoes.
@es mbikhkoeokbgls il` KQV temakëg hulrbg hulrtlmlgtl obgtlsteies pbrqulgb sl lstå lghrlgtegib eiloueiemlgtl l` ilsehíb il rloeuier obg lhkoklgoke.
Oklrtemlgtl l` KQV eôg gb rloeuie `b qul ilalríe, plrb tempbob `b ceol l`
LOBGBMÍE
D\@KB QEMÍQLT@B_ QLYB_ IL @B_ _K_YLME_
YQKA\YEQKB_ [ @E LU\KIEI HK_OE@
LOBGBMÍE [ _BOKLIEI EGÅ@K_K_ IL OB[\GY\QE MLG_\E@
5 AKI-KGIL_. @e Qle`kiei Hksoe`. Vb`ítkoe trkauterke. _uhkoklgoke, ikstrkauokÿg y lhkoklgoke.
8/18/2019 ECONOMIA Y SOCIEDAD - N 38 - MARZO 2016 - PARAGUAY - PORTALGUARANI
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5<MEQTB 1658
5<
Kmpulstb e `e Qlgte Enrbplouerke (KQENQB), obghbrml e `e oepeokiei il `bsenrbglnbokbs lg l` Verenuey. Lstb rlsu`te mås qul lvkilgtl ouegib sl baslr-
ve qul l` 33,>% il tbie `e rloeuieokÿg il kmpulstbs e `e rlgte prbvklgl il`
Kmpulstb e `e Qlgte e` Obmlrokb, Kgiustrke y _lrvkokbs (KQEOK_), mklgtres qull` KQENQB `b ceol lg eplges ug >,,9%, slríe ̀ e lveskÿg eprb-xkmeie il` kmpulstb. Lg tërmkgbs easb`utbs ikocb pbrolgtedl rlprlslgte \_$
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5858LOBGBMÍE [ _BOKLIEI EGÅ@K_K_ IL OB[\GY\QE MLG_\E@
_k sl obgskilreg temakëg `bs kmpulstbs e `e rlgte (KQENQB, KQEOK_ l KQV) y `bs ereg-ol`ls eiueglrbs, l` nestb trkauterkb trlpe e oesk 5,;1% il` VKA b l` 5?,56%
958,;5,?8%
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5>5>
LOBGBMÍE
IKLNBI\EQYL_OC\__M\@@LQ
LG @E_ Ô@YKME_ _LMEGE_ _L V\IKLQBG EVQLOKEQ OKLQYE_ MLDBQE_ LG@B_ MLQOEIB_ HKGEGOKLQB_ KGYLQGEOKBGE@L_, O\[E_ KGOKILGOKE_ LG @B_MLQOEIB_ LMLQNLGYL_ _\V\_KLQBG A\LGE_ GBYKOKE_ VEQE L@ VEQEN\E[, OBMB
H\LQBG L_VLOÍHKOEMLGYL @E AEDE IL@ Iß@EQ, @E _\AKIE IL@ VQLOKB IL @E _BDELG OCKOENB [ L@ E\MLGYB IL @E OBYKTEOKßG IL @B_ ABGB_ _BALQEGB_VEQEN\E[B_. VLQB ²E U\Ë HEOYBQL_ _L ILALG L_YB_ OEMAKB_ [ L_ _B_YLGKA@LLG L@ OBQYB B MLIKEGB V@ETB L_YL G\LXB L_OLGEQKB2
Ceste ceol pbob lreg aedes `es lxplotetkves `boe`ls il eumlgtb il` prlokb il `e sbde
y sl lsplreae qul l` iÿ`er, lg `uner il aeder, sl megtlgne lg gkvl`ls il
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5353LOBGBMÍE [ _BOKLIEI EGÅ@K_K_ IL OB[\GY\QE MLG_\E@
Lg gulstre rlnkÿg, mås lsploíhkoemlgtl lg l` Mlrobsur, `e peu`etkge gbrme`k-
zeokÿg il `e lobgbmíe Ernlgtkge y ug prbaea`l oemakb il nbaklrgb lg l` Aresk`
lg `bs prÿxkmbs mlsls trelríeg temakëg alglhkokbs pere Emërkoe @etkge y pere
gulstrb peís.
Gb bastegtl, ls ikhíok` eôg kghlrkr sk ̀ e eotue` obyugture pbiríe plriurer y mldbrer lg
`bs prÿxkmbs mlsls, puls plrmeglol ̀ etlgtl ̀ e pbskak`kiei il qul ̀ e HLI eumlgtl
sus teses obg `e obgsloulgtl kgokilgoke lg `bs h`udbs il oepkte`ls kgtlrgeokbge`ls
y lg l` tkpb il oemakb: y il qul Ockge lghrlgtl obrrlookbgls meorblobgÿmkoes b
qul `e sktueokÿg pb`ítkoe lg l` Aresk` sl enrevl y gb sl lgoulgtrl uge se`kie råpkie
y brilgeie.
Egtl ug pegbreme kgoklrtb, obareg meybr rl`lvegoke eôg `e kmp`lmlgteokÿg il rlhbr-
mes lg gulstrb peís, l` epbyb e `e kgvlrskÿg pôa`koe y prkveie y `e obgslrveokÿg il
pb`ítkoes meorb pruilgoke`ls, megtlgklgib ug tkpb il oemakb h`lxka`l y rlslrves mb-
glterkes kgtlrgeokbge`ls qul plrmkteg easbralr lvlgtue`ls scbojs lxtlrgbs.
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5;5;5;
LOBGBMÍE
HLQGEGIB ME_K
E 1< EÕB_ IL @E HKQME IL@ YQEYEIB IL E_\GOKßG, L@ MLQOB_\Q EXEGTß VBOBCEOKE @E MLYE IL@ MLQOEIB OBMÔG [ YEMVBOB @B_ EO\LQIB_ OBMLQOKE@L_U\L VQB@KHLQEQBG LG YBIE @E QLNKßG @EYKGBEMLQKOEGE IL_IL LGYBGOL_
E[\IEQBG E \GE ME[BQ KGYLNQEOKßG. L_ CBQE IL OEMAKEQ @E_ MLYE_.
\g kghbrml il `e Bnegkzeokÿg il `es Geokbgls \gkies pere l` Obmlrokb y l` Ilserrb``b
(\GOYEI) slõe`e qul l` obmlrokb il lxpbrteokÿg-kmpbrteokÿg il `bs peísls ehrkoegbs
lgtrl sí gb obgstktuyl mås il` 56% il` tbte`. L` ;6% rlstegtl sl rle`kze obg `bs peísls
ilserrb``eibs.
Lstb ls, e plser il qul lg Åhrkoe lxkstlg 5> a`bquls il peísls obmb rlsu`teib ileoulribs il obmlrokb l kgtlnreokÿg, y sl ce egugokeib rloklgtlmlgtl ̀ e orleokÿg il
ug Årle il @karl Obmlrokb Ehrkoegb Yrkpertktb. Ls ilokr, ug eoulrib il `karl obmlrokb
lgtrl `bs trls prkgokpe`ls a`bquls il lsl obgtkglgtl, uakoeib ugb lg l` bookilgtl,btrb lg l` brklgtl y btrb lg l` sur. Vråotkoemlgtl tbibs `bs peísls ehrkoegbs ceg hkr-
meib eoulribs ak`etlre`ls b rlnkbge`ls il obmlrokb lgtrl sí.
@e prlnugte qul surnl egtl te` oegtkiei il eoulribs pere nlglrer l kgorlmlgter
l` obmlrokb lgtrl `bs peísls ehrkoegbs ls pbr quë lsl obmlrokb sl megtklgl aedb
y pbob skngkhkoetkvb.
Cey verkes lxp`koeokbgls qul sl pulilg lgseyer. @e prkmlre ls qul muy pbobs
peísls il lse rlnkÿg sbg prbiuotbrls il meguheotures4 `e meybríe prbiuol y
lxpbrte metlrkes prkmes. @e slnugie tklgl rl`eokÿg obg `bs nrevls prba`lmesil obglxkÿg il kghrelstruoture hískoe lgtrl `es geokbgls. \ge tlrolre rezÿg, gb
mlgbs kmpbrtegtl, ls l` tbievke e`tb nreib il prbtlookbgksmb il `bs peísls qul
tlrmkge lg aerrlres gb terkherkes y prba`lmes skmk`erls.
²Eoesb gb sulge lstb hemk`ker lg Emërkoe @etkge2 E plser il` nreg kmpu`sb il`e kgtlnreokÿg kgkokeie ceol 1< eõbs pbr l` Mlrobsur, l` obmlrokb lgtrl `bs peí-
sls `etkgbemlrkoegbs gb suplre cby l` 11% il` tbte` il `b lxpbrteib l kmpbr-
teib pbr lste rlnkÿg, sklgib l` >3% il lstl obmlrokb rle`kzeib prkgokpe`mlgtl
obg `bs peísls ilserrb``eibs y obg `es lobgbmíes lmlrnlgtls eskåtkoes.
KGYLNQEOKBG LG EMËQKOE @EYKGE4
²U\Ë GB_ ILAL VQLBO\VEQ2
MEQTB 1658
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1616LOBGBMÍE [ _BOKLIEI EGÅ@K_K_ IL OB[\GY\QE MLG_\E@
@e hkrme il` Yreteib il Esugokÿg lg 5;;5 gb sb`emlgtl ikb brknlg e ugb il ̀ bs
prbylotbs il kgtlnreokÿg obg meybr plsb lg `e rlnkÿg, skgb qul rleotkvÿ btrbs
prbolsbs qul sl lgobgtreaeg lstegoeibs, obmb `e Obmugkiei Egikge il Ge-
okbgls, l` Mlroeib Obmôg Olgtrbemlrkoegb y Obmugkiei il` Oerkal.
Vlrb temakëg sl mu`tkp`koerbg, e pertkr il `bs gbvlgte, `bs eoulribs obmlroke`lsak`etlre`ls lg `e rlnkÿg, prkmlrb lg `e rlnkÿg suiemlrkoege, `ulnb lgtrl peísls
olgtrbemlrkoegbs y suiemlrkoegbs y Mëxkob ceste ``lner e` ô`tkmb eoulrib il `e
E`kegze pere l` Veoíhkob.
Ls oklrtb qul l` Mlrobsur plrmktkÿ ug kgorlmlgtb skg prlolilgtls il` kgtlroemakb
obmlroke` lgtrl sus mklmarbs, prkgokpe`mlgtl lgtrl `e Ernlgtkge y l` Aresk`. [ qul
tbibs `bs ilmås eoulribs eyuierbg e kgorlmlgter l` obmlrokb kgtlrgb il `e rlnkÿg.
Vlrb gugoe lg nreib teg obgskilrea`l obmb lg `e \gkÿg Lurbple, ibgil l` obmlr-
okb lgtrl sus mklmarbs ``lne e` >6% il` tbte`. Gk mås kmpbrtegtl qul lg `e rlnkÿg
eskåtkoe, ibgil lste pertkokpeokÿg esoklgil e`
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15MEQTB 1658
15MEQTB 1658
O`erb lstå, lstb sb`b slrå pbska`l sk eol`lrembs `es obglxkbgls obmugkoeokb-
ge`ls, il tregspbrtl y lglrnëtkoes lgtrl gulstrbs peísls: y, e` mksmb tklmpb,
kgkokembs ug prbolsb mås eol`lreib il rliuookÿg il gulstres aerrlres gb te-
rkherkes. Ls l` mksmb ilsehíb qul tklgl Åhrkoe, eugqul obg ug pbob il vlgtedesil Emërkoe @etkge.
Vbr `b tegtb, `e prlnugte ye gb ilal slr quë clmbs obgslnukib `ulnb il 1< eõbs
il` Mlrobsur. Yempbob sk orllmbs qul ëstl y btrbs prbolsbs il kgtlnreokÿg lg
`e rlnkÿg e`oegzeråg `e ltepe il` mlroeib obmôg y lg ouågtb tklmpb. Cby ilal-
ríembs obgtlster btre prlnugte4 ouågtb tklmpb mås glolskterlmbs pere pertkokper
obg mås plsb lg l` obmlrokb mugike`.
@e lxplrklgoke eskåtkoe lstå ilmbstregib qul `e kgtlnreokÿg obmlroke` y `e olroegíe
nlbnråhkoe il `bs peísls, sumeies e `es lsploke`kzeokbgls lg oeilges prbiuotkves,
``lveg e ug meybr obmlrokb kgtrerrlnkbge`. Lg lse rlnkÿg gb lxkstl `e prlboupeokÿg
il qul `bs eoulribs obmlroke`ls lxkstlgtls ilaeg ``lner b gb e` mlroeib obmôg.
@es lxplrklgokes sbg ikhlrlgtls lg oeie rlnkÿg. @b qul gbs ikol `e lxplrklgoke `etkgbe-
mlrkoege ls qul ilalmbs treaeder mås e``å il `bs mô`tkp`ls eoulribs obmlroke`ls lxks-
tlgtls. Qlspltegib `es eskmltríes lgtrl peísls, plrb obglotågib`bs mlikegtl prbol-
sbs prbiuotkvbs mås prbhugibs. _k `bnrembs evegzer lg lste ikrlookÿg, pbob kmpbrterå
sk `b ceolmbs obmb zbge il `karl obmlrokb, ugkÿg eiueglre b mlroeib obmôg.
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11
Vkrkalauy 56
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