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ITJMNDQDBTQRERREAQD
EQJDK^MBJEKFMAEQMF
J+ Jkpdr~jimbjkndfmE`dq~mndDlwfde
JJ+ Bekbdw~tmfjmbjkWqmb~jbm
JJJ+ Eqjdk~mbjkFmaeqmf
JP+ ^bkjbmrndAr}tdnmMb~jpmrndDlwfde
P+ Mbelwmmljdk~e z mrdreqmljdk~e dk df wqebdre nd
bqdmbjknddlwqdrmr
PJ+ Jk`eqldr&LdleqjmrzOtr~j`jbmbjkndmb~tmbjekdr
PJJ+ Mkdser
ItmndQdbtqrerndEqjdk~mbjkFmaeqmfweq Lmktdf@qmkbjrbeQtajeIekzmfdzrd
dkbtdk~qmamoetkmFjbdkbjmBqdm~jpdBellekrM~qjatbjk,KeBeldqbjmf,RjkNdqjpmnmr2+7
Tkweq~dn+
Amrmnmdktkmeaqmdkc~~w?%%yyy+fjkhdnjk+bel%jk%lmkefeqtaje+
Wdqljrer}tdpmmklrmffndfebtajdq~eweqdr~mfjbdkbjmwtdndkdkbek~qmqrddkc~~wr?%%yyy+`mbdaeeh+bel%fmjfmlmkefe+
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J+ JKPDR^JIMBJEK REAQD FM E@DQ^M ND DLWFDE?
DodlwfeWqmb~jbereaqdtkmE`dq~mndDlwfdebeleEqjdk~mneqFmaeqmf
}tdcdrjnerdfdbbjekmnezdr~ezdkfm`mrdnddk~qdpjr~m?
M+ E@DQ^M ND DLWFDE?
Df Mztk~mljdk~e nd Mfldqm cm mwqeamne df wfmk nd ~qmamoe dfmaeqmne weq fm
dlwqdrm Mfamk&jkdnj~ RF mnotnjbm~mqjm ndf bek~qm~e wmqm df ndrmqqeffe z wtdr~m
dk lmqbcm ndf wqeiqmlm )Mjqd) rjifmr dk jkifr nd )Mfldqm Jk~diqmbjk z
Qdrwekrmajfjnmn Rebjmf) }td ~jdkd bele eaod~jpe fm dlwfdmajfjnmn dr~mafd z nd
bmfjnmn nd fer befdb~jper ptfkdqmafdr
Fm )ceom nd qt~m) nd dr~d wqeiqmlm }td ~jdkd tk wqdrtwtdr~e ~e~mf nd 9>:+777 dtqerbe`jkmkbjmne weq df @ekne Rebjmf Dtqewde z cm rjne mwqeamnm dk otk~m nd ieajdqke
rd njqjid m opdkdr ldkeqdr nd 27 mer lmzeqdr nd >4 z wmqmner nd fmqim
ntqmbjk mr bele wdqrekmr bek njrbmwmbjnmn d jkljiqmk~dr m ~qmpr nd
j~jkdqmqjer jk~diqmner nd jkrdqbjk z wqebdrer nd `eqlmbjk z wqb~jbmr
fmaeqmfdr bek drwdbjmf jkbjndkbjm dk fm weafmbjk `dldkjkm+
Df laj~e nd mb~tmbjk nd dr~d wqeiqmlm rdmfm tkm rdqjd nd ekmr nd mbbjkwqd`dqdk~d #_K^R* dk fer amqqjer nd Fer Mfldknqer Wjdnqmr Qdneknmr Df
Wtbcd Fm Bcmkbm z Wdrbmndqm z dr~ njqjijne wqjeqj~mqjmldk~d m ltodqdr
ndrdlwfdmnmr+
!fm ceom nd qt~m kdbdrmqjm wmqm wendq ndrmqqeffmq mbbjekdr `eqlm~jpmr nd
eqjdk~mbjk fmaeqmf mr bele fm qdmfjmbjk nd wqb~jbmr wqe`drjekmfdr bek dr~d
rdb~eq nd weafmbjk!
Rd pdq~daqm btm~qe mbbjekdr }td pjdkdk m qd`eqmq fer eaod~jper lmqbmner weq df
Wmb~e Febmf weq df Dlwfde?
e Fm bqdmbjk nd tk Eardqpm~eqje Ebtwmbjekmf Refjnmqje+
e fm wtdr~m dk lmqbcm nd tkm E`jbjkm nd ^dqqj~eqjer Rebjmfldk~d Qdrwekrmafdr
e df dr~mafdbjljdk~e nd ner bdk~qer nd Njkmljmbjk Fmaeqmf
e fm qdmfjmbjk nd wqb~jbmr qdltkdqmnmr+
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Fer eaod~jper bekbqd~er }td wmrmk weq mndlr nd wqelepdq fm dlwfdmajfjnmn ndk~qe
nd fer befdb~jper lr ndr`mpeqdbjner wqelepdq mb~tmbjekdr jk~diqmnmr nd ndrmqqeffe
rer~dkjafd dk fm bjtnmn nd Mfldqm }td qdrweknmk m kdbdrjnmndr febmfdr idkdqmneqmr
nd dlwfde dk wmq~jbtfmq dk df rdb~eq nd rdqpjbjer nd m~dkbjk m wdqrekmr bek
drwdbjmfdr kdbdrjnmndr z ~tqjrle+
Rd wdqrjitd jlwtfrmq fm wmq~jbjwmbjk nd mnljkjr~qmbjekdr wafjbmr midk~dr
rebjmfdr ~dojne dlwqdrmqjmf z bjtnmnmkm dk qdndr }td qd`tdqbdk fm becdrjk rebjmf
z dbekljbm wmqm bekrditjq tk ~dqqj~eqje rebjmfldk~d qdrwekrmafd z bek ntqmbjk lr
mff ndf `jk ndf wqezdb~e z imqmk~jmq fm jitmfnmn nd eweq~tkjnmndr dk~qd celaqdr z
ltodqdr dk df dk~eqke fmaeqmf+
@tdk~d? c~~w?%%yyy+dtqewmwqdrr+dr%mknmftbjm%mfldqjm,77247%ke~jbjm,mztk~mljdk~e,mwqtdam,ceom,
qt~m,wqezdb~e,mjqd,dlwfde,befdb~jper,ptfkdqmafdr,17=1=710=:4377+c~lf
c~~w?%%yyy+mz~emfldqjm+dr%na%yyy+kr`%ke~jbjmr,
yyy%71::@7==AN2113NAB=149MM2774A7:7N5EwdkNebtldk~
Dk~qd fmr jkjbjm~jpmr }td rd ndrmqqeffmqk ndr~mbm fm bqdmbjk nd ner bdk~qer nd
njkmljmbjk fmaeqmf dk fer }td rd mbdqbmqk m fer bjtnmnmker fer qdbtqrer nd
`eqlmbjk z dlwfde bek drwdbjmf jkbjndkbjm dk fmr ekmr nd lmzeq wqeafdl~jbm
rebjmf+ Rtr ndr~jkm~mqjer rek mrebjmbjekdr nd pdbjker nd ltodqdr mrebjmbjekdr
otpdkjfdr befdijer jkr~j~t~er dntbmbjk nd wdqrekmr mntf~mr MLWMR ~dojne
mrebjm~jpe dlwqdrmqjmf t EKI)r+
Mr dk~qd fmr mb~jpjnmndr }td rd wtdndk ffdpmq m bmae ndk~qe nd dr~er bdk~qer dr~k
~mffdqdr iqtwmfdr mnmw~mner m fmr kdbdrjnmndr nd bmnm dk~jnmn e mrebjmbjk?
cmajfjnmndr rebjmfdr mt~edr~jlm le~jpmbjk cmbjm fm ar}tdnm nd dlwfde ldqbmne
nd ~qmamoe dlwfde wafjbe z dlwfde wqjpmne ar}tdnm mb~jpm nd dlwfde rmfjnmr
wqe`drjekmfdr z `eqlm~jpmr t Eqjdk~mbjk cmbjm df Mt~edlwfde+
@tdk~d?c~~w?%%yyy+dfmfldqjm+dr%mq~jbfd%mfldqjm%=233903%mztk~mljdk~e%weknqm%lmqbcm%ner%bdk~qer%nj
kmljmbjek%fmaeqmf+c~lf
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Jk`eqlmbjk reaqd fm dlwqdrm? Mfamk~ & Jkdnj~ R+F+?
Nd `jkmkbjmbjk wqjpmnm8 Nd == m 47 dlwfdmner8 Rdb~eq nd Rdqpjbjer wafjber
dkdqe nd =::1 Wqdrdk~d #1= mer*
Bekrtf~eqm dk Wqeiqmlmr d Jkjbjm~jpmr Dtqewdmr #@DNDQ,@RD*
Wfmkdr nd Jitmfnmn
@eqlmbjk Bek~jktm m Wzldr
@eqlmbjk Wqjpmnm
Bekrtf~eqm Drwdbjmfjmnm dk df Rdb~eq ^tqjrle z RebjeRmkj~mqje
Bembcjki
Qdrwekrmajfjnmn Rebjmf Beqweqm~jpm
c~~w?%%yyy+mfamk~+kd~%
c~~w?%%yyy+fjkhdnjk+bel%jk%mfamk~
A+ A+E+D+?
QdrtldkndfA+E+D+Ljqbefdr12nd`daqdqend17==kl+>0?
AEFD^K E@JBJMF NDF DR^MNEKl+ >0 Ljqbefdr 12 nd `daqdqe nd 17== Rdb+ JJJ+ Wi+ 1=90=
JJJ+ E^QMR NJRWERJBJEKDR
LJKJR^DQJE ND WEF^JBM DQQJ^EQJMF Z MNLJKJR^QMBJKWAFJBM
2014 Qdreftbjk nd =3 nd daqdqe nd 17==& nd fm Rdbqd~mqm nd Dr~mne nd Beewdqmbjkdqqj~eqjmf& weq fm }td rd mwqtdam fm bekpebm~eqjm 17== wmqm fm bekbdrjk nd fmr
mztnmr ndf @ekne Rebjmf Dtqewde ntqmk~d df wdqjene nd jk~dqpdkbjk 1779,
17=2+
Df Qdifmldk~e #BD* k+ =732%1770 ndf Bekrdoe& nd == nd otfje nd 1770& weq df }td rd
dr~mafdbdk fmr njrwerjbjekdr idkdqmfdr qdfm~jpmr mf @ekne Dtqewde nd Ndrmqqeffe Qdijekmf& mf
@ekne Rebjmf Dtqewde z mf @ekne nd Becdrjk z rd ndqeim df Qdifmldk~e #BD* k+ =107%=:::&
qditfm fmr njr~jk~mr `eqlmr nd jk~dqpdkbjk nd fer ldkbjekmner @ekner& qdbeijdkne fm `jitqm
ndf eqimkjrle jk~dqldnje bele ~ene eqimkjrle e rdqpjbje nd bmqb~dq wafjbe e wqjpmne }td
mb~d amoe fm qdrwekrmajfjnmn nd tkm mt~eqjnmn nd idr~jk e nd bdq~j`jbmbjk e }td ndrdlwdd
belwd~dkbjmr dk kelaqd nd ~mf mt~eqjnmn dk qdfmbjk bek fer adkd`jbjmqjer }td dodbt~dk fmr
ewdqmbjekdr+
Df Qdifmldk~e #BD* k+ =73=%1770 ndf Wmqfmldk~e Dtqewde z ndf Bekrdoe nd 4 nd otfje
nd 1770& qdfm~jpe mf @ekne Rebjmf Dtqewde z weq df }td rd ndqeim df Qdifmldk~e #BD* k+
=93>%=:::& dr~mafdbd fmr `tkbjekdr nd dr~d @ekne& df laj~e nd rt jk~dqpdkbjk&
njrwerjbjekdr drwdb`jbmr& mr bele fmr bm~dieqmr nd imr~er rtapdkbjekmafdr+
Mndlr& df Qdifmldk~e #BD* k+ =313%1770 nd fm Beljrjk& nd 3 nd njbjdlaqd nd 1770&
z rtr wer~dqjeqdr lenj`jbmbjekdr weq fer btmfdr rd nd~dqljkmk fmr njrwerjbjekdr nd
mwfjbmbjk nd fer Qdifmldk~er bj~mner mk~dqjeqldk~d& dr~mafdbd fm werjajfjnmn nd }td tkeqimkjrle jk~dqldnje qdmfjbd tkm e pmqjmr nd fmr ~mqdmr nd tkm mt~eqjnmn nd idr~jk e nd
bdq~j`jbmbjk& ndajdkne qdijr~qmqrd `eqlmfldk~d weq drbqj~e fer mbtdqner wdq~jkdk~dr&
qdrtf~mkne nd mwfjbmbjk m njbce eqimkjrle fmr njrwerjbjekdr qdfm~jpmr m njbcmr mt~eqjnmndr
#mq~btfe =1*+
Weq e~qe fmne& dk btlwfjljdk~e nd fer wqjkbjwjer nd beewdqmbjk z nd beeqnjkmbjk
dk~qd fmr njr~jk~mr Mnljkjr~qmbjekdr& df Ljkjr~dqje nd Wef~jbm ^dqqj~eqjmf z Mnljkjr~qmbjk
Wafjbm idr~jekm wqeiqmlmr nd beewdqmbjk dbekljbm bek fmr dk~jnmndr febmfdr& mf wqewje
~jdlwe }td wmq~jbjwm dk wqeiqmlmr nd ndrmqqeffe febmf be`jkmkbjmner bek `ekner nd fm
Tkjk Dtqewdm+
Dr weq dffe }td dk df lmqbe nd drm beewdqmbjk ndf Dr~mne wmqm ldoeqmq fm bmfjnmn nd
pjnm& bek~qjatjq m fm bqdmbjk nd dlwfde& mf ndrmqqeffe dbekljbe z m fm becdrjk dbekljbm
z rebjmf ndf laj~e febmf& nd bek`eqljnmn bek fmr dr~qm~dijmr z wef~jbmr nd dlwfde z
refjnmqjnmn }td lmqbm fm Tkjk Dtqewdm& rd mq~jbtfm fm bj~mnm `eqlm nd jk~dqpdkbjk ndf
@ekne Rebjmf Dtqewde m ~qmpr nd rt idr~jk& bele eqimkjrle jk~dqldnje& weq wmq~d nd fm
Njqdbbjk Idkdqmf nd Beewdqmbjk Febmf& wdq~dkdbjdk~d m fm Rdbqd~mqm nd Dr~mne nd
Beewdqmbjk dqqj~eqjmf ndf Ljkjr~dqje nd Wef~ jbm dqqj~eqjmf z Mnljkjr~qmbjk Wafjbm& btzm
wmq~jbjwmbjk imqmk~jmq ldoeq df d}tjfjaqje ~dqqj~eqjmf& fm becdrjk z df njfeie rebjmf&
bek~qjatzdkne m fm belwfdldk~mqjdnmn nd fmr mbbjekdr& wqeweqbjekmkne lmzeq bmwmbjnmn
nd ~qmkr`dqdkbjm nd fer qdrtf~mner m fmr wef~jbmr idkdqmfdr z lmzeq pjrjajfjnmn nd rtr
mb~tmbjekdr+
Z ~dkjdkne dk btdk~m fe dr~mafdbjne dk df mq~btfe 0 z =9+= wqqm`e ~dqbdqe& nd fm Fdz
23%1772& nd Rtapdkbjekdr& nd =9 nd kepjdlaqd& njrwekie?
Wqjldqe+ Eaod~e z `jkmfjnmn+
=+ Fm wqdrdk~d bekpebm~eqjm ~jdkd bele eaod~e mq~jbtfmq fm idr~jk nd fmr mztnmr ndf
@ekne Rebjmf Dtqewde #@RD* wqdpjr~mr dk df dod 1 ndf wqeiqmlm ewdqm~jpe Mnmw~majfjnmn
z Dlwfde& dk bekbqd~e dk fe qd`dqdk~d m @eldk~mq wmb~er& qdndr& mrebjmbjekdr z mweze bpd?AED,M,1
7==,2
014
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Qijldk otqnjbe+Df wqebdnjljdk~e nd ~qmlj~mbjk nd dr~mr mztnmr dr df qdbeijne dk
fm wqdrdk~d bekpebm~eqjm& dk fm Eqndk ^JK%1:04%1773& nd => nd eb~taqd& dk fer
Qdifmldk~er beltkj~mqjer mwfjbmafdr dk lm~dqjm nd @ekner Dr~qtb~tqmfdr z& bek
bmqb~dq rtwfd~eqje& dk fm Fdz 23%1772& Idkdqmf nd Rtapdkbjekdr& nd =9 nd kepjdlaqd
#FIR* z rt Qdifmldk~e nd ndrmqqeffe #Qdmf Ndbqd~e 339%1770& nd 1= nd otkje*+
Mrjljrle& rdqk nd mwfjbmbjk dk ~ene fe ke wqdpjr~e dk dr~m Qdreftbjk& fm Fdz
27%=::1& nd 10 nd kepjdlaqd& nd Qijldk Otqnjbe nd fmr Mnljkjr~qmbjekdr Wafjbmr
z ndf Wqebdnjljdk~e Mnljkjr~qm~jpe Belk #FQO,WMB*& fm Fdz ==%1779& nd 11 nd
otkje& nd mbbdre dfdb~qkjbe nd fer bjtnmnmker m fer rdqpjbjer wafjber z rt
Qdifmldk~e nd ndrmqqeffe wmqbjmf #Qdmf Ndbqd~e =09=%177:& nd 0 nd kepjdlaqd*+
Eaod~jpe z `jkmfjnmn?
=* Mq~jbtfmq fm idr~jk nd fmr mztnmr ndf @ekne Rebjmf Dtqewde #@RD* wqdpjr~mr dk df
dod 1 ndf wqeiqmlm ewdqm~jpe Mnmw~majfjnmn z Dlwfde& dk fe qd`dqdk~d m
@eldk~mq wmb~er& qdndr& mrebjmbjekdr z mweze m fmr jkjbjm~jpmr febmfdr wmqm
df dlwfde z fm jkbftrjk rebjmf& ~dkjdkne dk btdk~m fm wdqrwdb~jpm nd idkdqe&
wmqm fmr qdijekdr? Eaod~jpe Bekpdqidkbjm #Mknmftbm& Bmr~jffm,Fm Lmkbcm&
Ds~qdlmntqm z Imfjbjm*+
1* Qd`eqmq fm beewdqmbjk dbekljbm ndf Dr~mne bek fmr dk~jnmndr febmfdr& bek fm
`jkmfjnmn nd?
m* @eldk~mq jkjbjm~jpmr }td ndrmqqeffdk mb~jpjnmndr }td qdrweknmk m kdbdrjnmndr
febmfdr idkdqmneqmr nd dlwfde& dk wmq~jbtfmq dk df rdb~eq nd rdqpjbjer nd m~dkbjk
m wdqrekmr bek drwdbjmfdr kdbdrjnmndr ~mfdr bele?
e kjere mkbjmker
e wdqrekmr bek ljktrpmfmr
e dk`dqler
e dsbftjner rebjmfdr e wdqrekmr dk qjdrie nd dsbftrjk rebjmf+
M `jk nd `mpeqdbdq fm ke njrbqjljkmbjk& fm jitmfnmn nd ikdqe z fm jkbftrjk
rebjmf z fmaeqmf nd fmr wdqrekmr bek lmzeqdr nj`jbtf~mndr+
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a* Wqelepdq fm dfmaeqmbjk nd wqebdrer nd bekbdq~mbjk z bekrdkre ndr~jkmner m
`eqltfmq wmb~er febmfdr weq df dlwfde z fm bqdmbjk nd qdndr nd jk~dqbmlaje nd
bekebjljdk~er wmqm df `eldk~e ndf mwqdknjmod qdbwqebe+
b* Jlwtfrmq fm dfmaeqmbjk nd dr~tnjer nd wqerwdbbjk nd kdbdrjnmndr we~dkbjmfdr dk
lm~dqjm nd `eqlmbjk wmqm df dlwfde& }td bek~qjatzmk m fm mnewbjk nd
dr~qm~dijmr jk~diqmneqmr ndk~qe ndf laj~e febmf bekrjndqmne+
2* Fmr mbbjekdr be`jkmkbjmnmr rd jkbftjqk ndk~qe nd fer rjitjdk~dr laj~er nd
mb~tmbjk?
2+= J~jkdqmqjer jk~diqmner nd jkrdqbjk rebjefmaeqmf& njqjijner m?
m* E`qdbdq m fer ndlmknmk~dr nd dlwfde tkm eweq~tkjnmn nd wqb~jbm
wqe`drjekmf mbelwmmnm nd fm `eqlmbjk drwdb`jbm mndbtmnm wmqm fm
wqdr~mbjk nd rdqpjbjer nd m~dkbjk m fmr wdqrekmr bek drwdbjmfdr kdbdrjnmndr
jknjbmnmr dk df wtk~e m*+1 ndf mwmq~mne wqjldqe+
a* E`qdbdq m fer ndlmknmk~dr nd dlwfde bek drwdbjmfdr nj`jbtf~mndr wmqm rt
jkrdqbjk dk df ldqbmne nd ~qmamoe& bele rek& dk~qd e~qmr& fmr wdqrekmr opdkdr
ldkeqdr nd 27 mer& fmr wdqrekmr lmzeqdr nd >4 mer z wmqmner nd fmqim
ntqmbjk& tkm eweq~tkjnmn nd wqb~jbm wqe`drjekmf mbelwmmnm nd fm
`eqlmbjk drwdb`jbm mndbtmnm+
Rd bekrjndqmqk ~mlajk bele eaod~e nd dr~mr mbbjekdr m fmr wdqrekmr
wdq~dkdbjdk~dr m mfitke nd fer rjitjdk~dr befdb~jper?
e Wdqrekmr m`db~mnmr weq tkm ljktrpmfm `rjbm& wr}tjbm e
rdkreqjmf+ Wdqrekmr reld~jnmr m lmf~qm~e `rjbe e wr}tjbe+
e Wdqrekmr dk wqebdre nd qdcmajfj~mbjk e qdjkrdqbjk rebjmf ~mfdr bele ds
~esjblmker e ds qdbftrer+
e Wdqrekmr wdq~dkdbjdk~dr m d~kjmr ndr`mpeqdbjnmr e ljkeqj~mqjmr dk fm
rebjdnmn+ Jkljiqmk~dr+
e Opdkdr }td ke cmk rtwdqmne fm dkrdmkm eafjim~eqjm+
e Btjnmneqdr ke wqe`drjekmfdr }td m~jdkndk m wdqrekmr dk rj~tmbjk nd
ndwdkndkbjm+
e E~qmr wdqrekmr bmfj`jbmnmr dk rj~tmbjk e qjdrie nd dsbftrjk rebjmf e
fmaeqmf weq fer refjbj~mk~dr nd fm mztnm& nd mbtdqne bek fmr bdq~j`jbmbjekdr
dswdnjnmr m ~mf `jk weq rtr beqqdrweknjdk~dr Rdqpjbjer Rebjmfdr+
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2+1 Mweze mf dr~mafdbjljdk~e nd wmb~er febmfdr weq df dlwfde?
Njbcer wmb~er febmfdr ndadqk jk~diqmq kdbdrmqjmldk~d m tkm e pmqjmr dk~jnmndr
febmfdr& mr bele m midk~dr dbekljber z rebjmfdr qdwqdrdk~m~jper dk df ~dqqj~eqje&
z ndadqk rdq beeqnjkmner weq tkm dk~jnmn febmf }td btlwfm bek fer qd}tjrj~er
dr~mafdbjner dk df mwmq~mne ~dqbdqe wmqm rdq dk~jnmn adkd`jbjmqjm+ M dr~er d`db~er&
rd dk~dkndq bele midk~dr dbekljber z rebjmfdr& rjdlwqd }td rdmk
qdwqdrdk~m~jper dk df ~dqqj~eqje neknd rd pmzm m ndrmqqeffmq df wqezdb~e& m fmr
eqimkjmbjekdr rjknjbmfdr& mrebjmbjekdr dlwqdrmqjmfdr d jkr~j~tbjekdr rjk kjle
nd ftbqe }td ~dkimk dk~qd rtr `jkdr qdmfjmq mb~jpjnmndr qdfmbjekmnmr bek
befdb~jper ndr`mpeqdbjner eaod~e ndf wqezdb~e+
Fmr dk~jnmndr febmfdr jk~diqmk~dr ndf wmb~e ndadqk wdq~dkdbdq m fm ljrlm
Beltkjnmn Mt~kelm z dodbt~mq df ljrle dk rt ~dqqj~eqje+
Ndadqk bek~mq dk~qd rtr eaod~jper& mndlr nd fm qdmfjmbjk nd fer j~jkdqmqjer nd
jkrdqbjk rebje,fmaeqmf ndrbqj~er dk df wtk~e 2+= mk~dqjeq& mf ldker tkm nd fmr
rjitjdk~dr jkmfjnmndr?
e Mbbdre nd fmr wdqrekmr ndr`mpeqdbjnmr mf dlwfde+
e Wqelepdq fm jkbftrjk rebjmf
e + Ftbcm bek~qm fm njrbqjljkmbjk dk df ldqbmne fmaeqmf+
e Jitmfnmn nd ikdqe z nd eweq~tkjnmndr+
e Jlwfdldk~mbjk nd ldnjnmr }td `mpeqdbmk fm bqdmbjk nd dlwfde
dr~mafd z nd bmfjnmn
bek~qjatzdkne mf ndrmqqeffe dbekljbe rer~dkjafd ndf ~dqqj~eqje m`db~mne
e& @eldk~mq ldnjnmr }td `mpeqdbmk qdndr nd jk~dqbmlaje nd bekebjljdk~er }td
wqeltdpmk df ndrmqqeffe jk~diqmf nd ~dqqj~eqjer rebjmfldk~d qdrwekrmafdr&
bekotimkne mr mrwdb~er dbekljber& rebjmfdr& mlajdk~mfdr z btf~tqmfdr ndf
ljrle+
Rditkne+ Eqimkjrle jk~dqldnje+Fm Njqdbbjk Idkdqmf nd Beewdqmbjk Febmf
nd fm Rdbqd~mqm nd Dr~mne nd Beewdqmbjk ^dqqj~eqjmf ndf Ljkjr~dqje nd Wef~jbm
^dqqj~eqjmf z Mnljkjr~qmbjk Wafjbm& rdq df eqimkjrle jk~dqldnje nd dr~mr
mztnmr& rdik fe dr~mafdbjne dk df beqqdrweknjdk~d wqeiqmlm ewdqm~jpe nd
mnmw~majfjnmn z dlwfde z bek df bmqb~dq jndk~j`jbmne dk df mq~btfe 1& nd`jkjbjk
0& ndf Qdifmldk~e #BD* k+e =732%1770+
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^dqbdqe+Dk~jnmndr adkd`jbjmqjmr m}tdffmr }td btlwfjdkne fer qd}tjrj~er }td rd
qdfmbjekmk m bek~jktmbjk& dr~k tajbmnmr dk mfitkm nd fmr Beltkjnmndr
Mt~kelmr eaod~e nd dr~m bekpebm~eqjm jknjbmnmr dk df wtk~e = ndf mwmq~mne
wqjldqe?
Fer Mztk~mljdk~er nd ltkjbjwjer bek weafmbjk rtwdqjeq m 47+777 cmaj~mk~dr
#Qdmf Ndbqd~e =0=1%17=7& nd 9 nd njbjdlaqd& fmr bj`qmr nd weafmbjk qdrtf~mk~dr
nd fm qdpjrjk ndf wmnqk ltkjbjwmf*
Btmq~e+Ndr~jkm~mqjer nd fmr mb~jpjnmndr ndf wqezdb~e ndadqk rdq wdqrekmr
ndrdlwfdmnmr }td dr~k jkrbqj~mr bele ndlmknmk~dr nd dlwfde
]tjk~e+Mb~jpjnmndr z imr~er rtapdkbjekmafdr dk `tkbjk nd fer laj~er nd
mb~tmbjk dfdijner& m mfitkm nd fmr rjitjdk~dr mb~jpjnmndr?
Fmr }td& jk~diqmnmr dk j~jkdqmqjer `eqlm~jper nd jkrdqbjk rebjefmaeqmf& dr~k
njqjijnmr m fm ldoeqm ndf dlwfde nd fer befdb~jper ndlmknmk~dr& dk fer ~qljker z
fmr beknjbjekdr wqdpjr~mr dk df Qdifmldk~e #BD* k+e =73=%1770 ndf Wmqfmldk~e
Dtqewde z ndf Bekrdoe+
Mb~jpjnmndr bekntbdk~dr m fm `eqltfmbjk& wtdr~m dk lmqbcm z dodbtbjk nd
wmb~er febmfdr weq df dlwfde+ ^ener fer wqezdb~er& ndadqk ~dkdq j~jkdqmqjer
`eqlm~jper nd jkrdqbjk rebjefmaeqmf+
=+ J~jkdqmqjer jk~diqmner nd Jkrdqbjk rebjefmaeqmf? cmk nd jkbftjq& mf ldker&
`eqlmbjk drwdb`jbm& wqb~jbm wqe`drjekmf& lntfer nd `eqlmbjk ~qmkrpdqrmf z
~t~eqmr+
=+= Mbbjekdr `eqlm~jpmr+ Fer btqrer e mb~jpjnmndr `eqlm~jpmr& jk~diqmnmr dk
j~jkdqmqjer& ndadqk bek~dkdq lntfer nd?
e @eqlmbjk drwdb`jbm mndbtmnm+
e Wqb~jbm wqe`drjekmf ~t~eqjmnm& beqqdrweknjdk~dr m fm `eqlmbjk
drwdb`jbm& }td dk kjkik bmre wtdndk rtwekdq tkm qdfmbjk bek~qmb~tmf
fmaeqmf+
=+1 @eqlmbjk ~qmkrpdqrmf? Fm `eqlmbjk drwdb`jbm z wqb~jbm rd
belwfdldk~mq kdbdrmqjmldk~d bek fer rjitjdk~dr lntfer?
e @eldk~e nd fm jitmfnmn nd eweq~tkjnmndr dk~qd ltodqdr z celaqdr
jk~diqmkne fm wdqrwdb~jpm nd ikdqe dk ~enmr fmr `mrdr nd fm wqeiqmlmbjk
d jlwfdldk~mkne ldnjnmr drwdb`jbmr nd mbbjk werj~jpm+
e @eldk~e nd fm ke njrbqjljkmbjk z ftbcm bek~qm fm dsbftrjk rebjmf+
e @eldk~e nd fmr ktdpmr ~dbkefeimr nd fm jk`eqlmbjk z beltkjbmbjk+
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e @eldk~e ndf btjnmne z qdrwd~e mf ldnjemlajdk~d+
e Bmnm tke nd dffer bekr~mq nd mf ldker btm~qe ceqmr fdb~jpmr+
=+2 ^t~eqmr jknjpjntmfjmnmr ntqmk~d ~ene df j~jkdqmqje nd jkrdqbjk d
jk`eqlmbjk jknjpjntmfjmnm e befdb~jpm reaqd df ldqbmne nd ~qmamoe& ndr~jkmnm m
ndrmqqeffmq fmr ~bkjbmr mndbtmnmr m fmr bmqmb~dqr~jbmr ndf jknjpjnte wmqm fm
ar}tdnm nd dlwfde+
=+> @eqlmbjk belwfdldk~mqjm? wenqk wqeiqmlmq e~qer lntfer nd
`eqlmbjk belwfdldk~mqjm dk fer bmrer dk }td rd bekrjndqd kdbdrmqje&
jkbftzdkne m}tdffm qdfm~jpm mf Jkr~qtldk~e Dtqewde nd Ljbqebqnj~er z
mb~jpjnmndr nd jk`eqlmbjk& eqjdk~mbjk z mrdreqmljdk~e ~bkjbe m fm `tkbjk
idqdkbjmf dk fm wtdr~m dk lmqbcm wer~dqjeq& neknd rd ndk fmr beknjbjekdr nd
pjmajfjnmn kdbdrmqjmr& nd wqezdb~er nd jkjbjm~jpm dlwqdrmqjmf& dk qdfmbjk bek fm
`eqlmbjk drwdb`jbm qdbjajnm& wqdrdk~mner weq fer ndrdlwfdmner wmq~jbjwmk~dr
ndf wqezdb~e+
M fm ceqm nd njrdmq fmr mbbjekdr `eqlm~jpmr rd ~dknq dk btdk~m fe dr~mafdbjne dk
fm rdbbjk wqjldqm ndf Qdmf Ndbqd~e 2:4%1779& nd 12 nd lmqe& weq df }td rd
qditfm df rtarjr~dlm nd `eqlmbjk wqe`drjekmf wmqm df dlwfde+
1+ Wmb~er febmfdr weq df dlwfde?
e Fmr mbbjekdr nd wqelebjk z njkmljmbjk nd ldnjnmr bekbqd~mr dk
qdfmbjk bek fmr `jkmfjnmndr nd `eqlmbjk wmqm df dlwfde qdbeijnmr dk df
wtk~e 2+1 ndf mwmq~mne wqjldqe+
e Fmr mbbjekdr nd mrdreqmljdk~e& `eqlmbjk z wqb~jbm wqe`drjekmf }td
bekr~j~tzdk fer j~jkdqmqjer jk~diqmner nd jkrdqbjk rebjefmaeqmf& rdik rd
nd`jkdk dk wtk~e 2+= ndf mwmq~mne wqjldqe+
e Df rditjljdk~e z dpmftmbjk nd fmr mb~tmbjekdr ndrmqqeffmnmr+
e Fmr mbbjekdr nd rdkrjajfjmbjk& jk`eqlmbjk z nj`trjk nd fm
ld~enefeim& qdrtf~mner z atdkmr wqmb~jbmr ffdpmnmr m bmae weq fer wmb~er
febmfdr+
2+ Imr~er rtapdkbjekmafdr dk fer ~qljker z beknjbjekdr dr~mafdbjner dk fer
Qdifmldk~er #BD* =732%1770& ndf Bekrdoe nd == nd otfje nd 1770 z =73=%1770
ndfmBeljrj knd 4ndotfj end1770& mr beledkfmEqndk JK%1:04% 1 773& nd
=> nd eb~taqd& z dk df qdr~e nd fm keqlm~jpm kmbjekmf nd mwfjbmbjk& fer rjitjdk~dr
imr~er?
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m*Fer ber~dr fmaeqmfdr qdfm~jper mf wdqrekmf }td fmr ndrmqqeffdk& wdqrekmf wmqm
df }td ke rd dsjid fm beknjbjk nd ndrdlwfdmne+
Fer ~qmamomneqdr ndrdlwfdmner }td wmq~jbjwdk dk fer lntfer nd wqmb~jbm
wqe`drjekmf z `eqlmbjk wqdpjr~er dk df wqezdb~e wenqk rdq wdqbdw~eqdr nd
mztnmr%adbmr weq tkm btmk~m ldkrtmf ke rtwdqjeq mf 94 weq =77 ndf JWQDL
#jknjbmneq wtafjbe nd qdk~m nd d`db~er lf~jwfdr* pjidk~d dk bmnm mktmfjnmn&
ntqmk~d df wdqjene nd dodbtbjk nd njbcer lntfer+ Dr~mr mztnmr rdqk
belwm ~j af drbekfmwdqbdwbj kndfmwqdr~ mbjkzrtarjnjeweqndrdlwf demr
bele bek e~qmr mztnmr wtafjbmr wmqm fm ljrlm `jkmfjnmn& rj ajdk df bekotk~e nd
fmr qdk~mr wdqbjajnmr weq df adkd`jbjmqje nd fm mztnm weq dr~er bekbdw~er& jkbftjne
df jlweq~d nd fm adbm& ke wenq rtwdqmq df 94 weq =77 nd fm btmk~m `jomnm wmqm
njbce Jknjbmneq+
a* Fer imr~er nd mleq~jmbjk z mqqdknmljdk~e nd fer ajdkdr kdbdrmqjer wmqm fm
dodbtbjk nd fmr mb~jpjnmndr+
b* Fer imr~er beqqjdk~dr nd `tkbjekmljdk~e ndqjpmner nd fm qdmfjmbjk nd fmr
mb~jpjnmndr eaod~e ndf wqeiqmlm& dk tkm btmk~m ke rtwdqjeq mf =4 weq =77 ndf
ber~d ~e~mf dfdijafd+ Rd jkbftjqk dk dr~m bm~dieqm nd imr~e fer ebmrjekmner weq fm
eqimkjmbjk e wmq~jbjwmbjk dk oeqkmnmr nd nj`trjk d jk~dqbmlaje nd
dswdqjdkbjmr z atdkmr wqmb~jbmr& qdfmbjekmnmr dsbftrjpmldk~d bek fer wqezdb~er
`jkmkbjmner weq dr~m mztnm+ Fm `eqlm nd jlwt~mbjk z otr~j`jbmbjk nd fer imr~er
idkdqmfdr rd drwdbj`jbmq dk fmr Jkr~qtbbjekdr }td ndrmqqeffdk fm wqdrdk~d
bekpebm~eqjm+
n* Fer imr~er ndqjpmner nd fm bqdmbjk& lmk~dkjljdk~e e wmq~jbjwmbjk dk qdndr
nd jk~dqbmlaje ld~enefijbe& ~bkjbe z atdkmr wqmb~jbmr dk df laj~e nd fm
`eqlmbjk wmqm df dlwfde& ndajdkne ldkbjekmqrd dswfbj~mldk~d fm wmq~jbjwmbjk
ndf wqezdb~e dk fmr ljrlmr+
d* Fer ndqjpmner nd fm qdmfjmbjk nd dr~tnjer nd wqerwdbbjk nd kdbdrjnmndr
we~dkbjmfdr dk lm~dqjm nd `eqlmbjk wmqm df dlwfde& }td bek~qjatzmk m fm
mnewbjk nd dr~qm~dijmr jk~diqmneqmr ndk~qe ndf laj~e febmf& dk tkm btmk~m ke
rtwdqjeq mf =7 weq bjdk~e ndf ber~d ~e~mf dfdijafd& rjdkne fm btmk~m lsjlm mrtapdkbjekmq weq dr~d bekbdw~e 47+777 dtqer+
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`* Ke rd be`jkmkbjmqmk& dk kjkik bmre& fer imr~er nd bm~dqjki nd fmr oeqkmnmr kj
nd fmr qdtkjekdr }td bdfdaqd fm dk~jnmn adkd`jbjmqjm+
>* LDLEQJM belwfdldk~mqjm ndf wqezdb~e m qdmfjmq& dk fm }td rd ndrmqqeffdk&
bek tkm ds~dkrjk lsjlm nd 47 wmijkmr z 2 La& fer rjitjdk~dr wtk~er?
e J~jkdqmqjer jk~diqmner nd jkrdqbjk rebjefmaeqmf?
e Qdfmbjk nd fmr kdbdrjnmndr }td rd wqd~dkndk btaqjq bek df wqezdb~e+
Otr~j`jbmbjk nd fer befdb~jper z ekmr m`db~mnmr+
e Ndrbqjwbjk nd fer laj~er nd mb~tmbjk nd`jkjner dk df wtk~e 2 ndf mwmq~mne
wqjldqe }td rd pmk m `eldk~mq e ndrmqqeffmq+
e Ndrbqjwbjk nd fmr mb~jpjnmndr rtapdkbjekmafdr jkbftjnmr dk df wqezdb~e& bek
df nd~mffd nd fer lntfer nd wqb~jbm wqe`drjekmf& `eqlmbjk drwdbj`jbm&
`eqlmbjk ~qmkrpdqrmf z belwfdldk~mqjm& qdndr z dr~tnjer ~bkjber m dfmaeqmq+
e Bqekeiqmlm nd fmr mb~tmbjekdr ndf wqezdb~e ndk~qe ndf wfme nd dodbtbjk
`jomne mf ljrle+
e Aqdpd ndrbqjwbjk ndf l~ene nd idr~jk m t~jfjmq& bek jknjbmbjk dswqdrm ndf
d}tjwe ~bkjbe #idr~jk& rditjljdk~e z bek~qef*+
Wmb~er febmfdr weq df dlwfde?
Ndadk jkbftjq dk fm ldleqjm fe rjitjdk~d?
e Nd~mffd nd fmr ldnjnmr bekbqd~mr m qdmfjmq wmqm fm bekrdbtbjk nd fm `jkmfjnmn
ndf wmb~e+
e Ber~d dr~jlmne nd fmr ldnjnmr jknjbmkne fer rtabekbdw~er ndf wqdrtwtdr~e
ndf wqezdb~e mf }td rd jlwt~mk+
e Qdfmbjk nd dk~jnmndr z midk~dr dbekljber z rebjmfdr }td bek`eqlmk df
wmb~e& ndrbqjajdkne fer belwqeljrer z fm `eqlm nd wmq~jbjwmbjk dk df ljrle
nd bmnm tkm nd fmr dk~jnmndr z midk~dr jknjbmner+
e Wfme nd pjidkbjm ndf wmb~e+
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4* BQJ^DQJER ND PMFEQMBJEK?
Bqj~dqjer nd pmfeqmbjk+Fer wqedb~er rdqk pmfeqmner weq fm Beljrjk nd
mbtdqnebekferrjitjdk~drbqj~dqjerwtk~tmbjk?
m*]tddfwqedb~erd jkbftm dk ferwfmkdr jk~diqmfdr nddlwfde ndrmqqeffe
rer~dkjafdndqjpmnerndtknjmikr~jbendwe~dkbjmffebmf+Nd7m4wtk~er+
a*]tdfmrmb~tmbjekdr`mpeqdzbmkdrwdbjmfldk~dfmwmq~jbjwmbjkndfmrltodqdr
dkdfldqbmnend~qmamoe+Nd7m:wtk~er+
b*]tdm`db~dkmbefdb~jperbeklmeqknjbdndndrdlwfdedkfmzekmideiq`jbm
bekrjndqmnm+Nd7m4wtk~er+
n*]tdfmrmb~tmbjekdr`mpeqdzbmkfmjkbftrjkrebjmfndferbefdb~jperqdbeijner
dkdfwtk~e2+=+a*ndfmwmq~mnewqjldqe+Nd7m:wtk~er+
d* ]td fmr mbbjekdr be`jkmkbjmnmr mwedk df dr~mafdbjljdk~e nd qdndr nd
itmqndqmr & dk idkdqmf nd bdk~qer nd nm e rdqpjbjer nd wqesjljnmn dk
mb~tmbjekdrmwdqrekmrndwdknjdk~dr+Nd7m3wtk~er+
`*]tdfmrmb~tmbjekdrm~jdknmkdrwdbjmfldk~dmfmrfebmfjnmndr%ezekmr}tdrd
dk`qdk~mk m fer wqeafdlmr lr iqmpdr& ~mfdr bele fmr zekmr tqamkmr
ndr`mpeqdbjnmrfmrqdijekdrtf~qmwdqj`qjbmr&fmrzekmrqtqmfdrdkndbfjpdfmr
zekmrndwdknjdk~drnd fmwdrbm& mrbele fmr zekmrwmq~jbtfmqldk~d m`db~mnmr
weqfmqdfebmfjzmbjknddlwqdrmr+Nd7m3wtk~er+
i*]tddfwqedb~ejkbftmmfikwmb~efebmfweqdfdlwfde}tdbelwqeld~mfm
lsjlm wmq~jbjwmbjk beewdqmbjk dk~qd njpdqrer midk~dr e jk~dqfebt~eqdr
jkr~j~tbjekmfdr&dbekljberrebjmfdr}tdewdqdkdkfmzekmjlwfjbmnm+Nd7m=7
wtk~er+
c* ]td fmr mb~tmbjekdr jlwtfrdk df ndrmqqeffe nd mbbjekdr jkkepmneqmr dk df
bmlwendfdlwfde+Nd7m4wtk~er+
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j* Df d}tjfjaqje dk fm njr~qjatbjk nd fmr btmk~mr njrwekjafdr& dk `tkbjk ndf
peftldk nd qdbtqrer kdbdrmqjer wmqm rt dodbtbjk z nd fer qdrtf~mner }td rd
wqd~dkndk mfbmkmq& bekrjndqmkne?
e Fm pjmajfjnmn ndf wqezdb~e& nd mbtdqne mf l~ene nd idr~jk z wtdr~er nd
~qmamoe kdbdrmqjer wmqm rt dodbtbjk+
e Df laj~e ~dqqj~eqjmf& dk `tkbjk nd fm weafmbjk m`db~mnm+
e Df ktldqe wqdpjr~e nd ndrdlwfdmner adkd`jbjmqjer ndf wqezdb~e+ Df
dlwfde m idkdqmq+
e
Fmr dlwqdrmr m bqdmq+
^ene dffe rdik df ber~d dfdijafd ndf wqezdb~e+ Nd 7 m =7 wtk~er+
o* ]td fer wqezdb~er jkbeqweqdk fm bqdmbjk e wmq~jbjwmbjk dk qdndr nd
jk~dqbmlaje ld~enefijbe z ~bkjbe z atdkmr wqmb~jbmr dk df laj~e nd fm
`eqlmbjk wmqm df dlwfde+ Nd 7 m 3 wtk~er+
h* ]td fm `eqlmbjk dr~ njqjijnm m fm ea~dkbjk nd bdq~j`jbmner nd
wqe`drjekmfjnmn& nd mbtdqne m fer mq~btfer =7 z == ndf Qdmf Ndbqd~e 2:4%1779& nd
12 nd lmqe& weq df }td rd qditfm df rtarjr~dlm nd `eqlmbjk wqe`drjekmf wmqm df
dlwfde+ Nd 7 m 3 wtk~er+
f* Bmfjnmn ndf wqezdb~e dk qdfmbjk bek fer `jkdr wdqrditjner z mb~jpjnmndr
rtapdkbjekmafdr jkbftjnmrdk df ljrle+ Rd pmfeqmq drwdbjmfldk~d df bek~dkjnend fmr mb~jpjnmndr rtapdkbjekmafdr qdfm~jpmr m fm `eqlmbjk drwdbj`jbm z wqmb~jbm
fmaeqmf z mf bek~dkjne nd fmr mb~jpjnmndr dk qdfmbjk mf mwmq~mne }tjk~e nd fmwqdrdk~d bekpebm~eqjm+ Nd 7 m =4 wtk~er+
0* ^qmlj~mbjk dfdb~qkjbm? Fer wqebdnjljdk~er nd bekbdrjk& rditjljdk~e z
bek~qef nd fmr mztnmr& rd ~qmlj~mqmk weq pm dfdb~qkjbm& rdik fe njrwtdr~e dk fm
Fdz ==%1779& nd Mbbdre dfdb~qkjbe nd fer bjtnmnmker m fer rdqpjbjer wafjber+
9* Lenj`jbmbjk nd fer wqezdb~er rtapdkbjekmner+
=+ Fmr lenj`jbmbjekdr nd fer wqezdb~er rtapdkbjekmner }td rdm wqdbjre qdmfjmq
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ntqmk~d rt wdqjene nd dodbtbjk ke wenqk mf~dqmq fm `jkmfjnmn nd fm rtapdkbjk
bekbdnjnm kj fer eaod~jper nd fer ljrler+ Mrjljrle ndadqk qdrwd~mq df jlweq~d ndf
wqdrtwtdr~e ~e~mf dfdijafd mwqeamne z fm btmk~m nd fm rtapdkbjk bekbdnjnm+ Dk df
rtwtdr~e nd }td eqjijkdk lmzeqdr imr~er fer dsbdrer reaqd fer jlweq~dr jknjbmner
rdqk m bmqie dsbftrjpmldk~d nd fmr dk~jnmndr adkd`jbjmqjmr wtnjdkne bekrjikmqfer dk
df wqdrtwtdr~e bele imr~er ke dfdijafdr+
1+ Fmr dk~jnmndr adkd`jbjmqjmr ndadqk refjbj~mq bek`eqljnmn m fm Njqdbbjk Idkdqmf
nd Beewdqmbjk Febmf wmqm ffdpmq m bmae btmf}tjdqm nd fmr rjitjdk~dr
lenj`jbmbjekdr?
e Jkbftrjk nd ktdpmr mbbjekdr dk df wqezdb~e+
e Rtr~j~tbjk nd fmr mbbjekdr wqdpjr~mr dk df wqezdb~e weq e~qmr ktdpmr+
e Lenj`jbmbjk rtr~mkbjmf ndf bek~dkjne nd fmr mbbjekdr+
e Mf~dqmbjk nd fmr dk~jnmndr jk~diqmk~dr nd fer wmb~er mr bele nd fer
belwqeljrer nd dodbtbjk z `jkmkbjmbjk nd fer wqezdb~er+
e Pmqjmbjk ndf jlweq~d wmqbjmf nd bmnm tke nd fer bjkbe bekbdw~er dk }td rdndrifermk er imr~er ndf wqdrtwtdr~e+
e ^ene dffe nd mbtdqne m fmr keqlmr }td rd nd~mffdk dk fmr beqqdrweknjdk~dr
Jkr~qtbbjekdr nd mwfjbmbjk z ndrmqqeffe nd dr~m bekpebm~eqjm+
3* Idr~jk& Rditjljdk~e z Bek~qef
=+ Fm Njqdbbjk Idkdqmf nd Beewdqmbjk Febmf imqmk~jmq tkm mndbtmnm
idr~jk jk~dqwqd~mbjk z qdreftbjk nd ~ener fer mrwdb~er ndqjpmner nd fer
dswdnjdk~dr nd bekbdrjk nd fmr mztnmr refjbj~mnmr mr bele df rditjljdk~e
dpmftmbjk z bek~qef nd fmr ljrlmr+
M ~qmpr nd pdqj`jbmbjekdr nebtldk~mfdr z reaqd df ~dqqdke wmqm belwqeamq d
jkrwdbbjekmq df ndrmqqeffe nd fmr mbbjekdr rtapdkbjekmnmr z fm dfdijajfjnmn ndf imr~e
bdq~j`jbmne+ Fmr dk~jnmndr adkd`jbjmqjmr dr~mqk eafjimnmr m `mbjfj~mq fmr mb~tmbjekdr
nd belwqeambjk z nd bek~qef `jkmkbjdqe }td rd d`db~dk ~mk~e weq df eqimkjrlejk~dqldnje bele weq fer ndlr qimker belwd~dk~dr nd laj~e kmbjekmf e nd fm
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=4
Tkjk Dtqewdm+
Fm otr~j`jbmbjk nd fer imr~er nd fmr mbbjekdr qdmfjmnmr weq fmr dk~jnmndr
adkd`jbjmqjmr dr~mq reweq~mnm dk wjdmr bek~mafdr }td rdqk bekrdqpmnmr weq fmr
ljrlmr& ~dkjdkne dk btdk~m ~enmr fmr njrwerjbjekdr mwfjbmafdr m fer `ekner
dr~qtb~tqmfdr dk lm~dqjm nd dfdijajfjnmn& idr~jk z bek~qef& mr bele fer rjr~dlmr nd
idr~jk z bek~qef dr~mafdbjner weq fm mt~eqjnmn nd idr~jk& df eqimkjrle jk~dqldnje z&
dk rt bmre& fer mwqeamner weq fm Beljrjk qdfm~jper m fm jk~dqpdkbjk+
=7* Jk`eqlmbjk z wtafjbjnmn? dk fm keqlm~jpm beltkj~mqjm dk lm~dqjm nd
jk`eqlmbjk z wtafjbjnmn& fmr dk~jnmndr adkd`jbjmqmr dr~k eafjimnmr m jk`eqlmq m fer
adkd`jbjmqjer z m fm ewjkjk wafjbm dk idkdqmf reaqd fm wmq~jbjwmbjk ndf @ekne
Rebjmf Dtqewde dk fm be`jkmkbjmbjk nd fer wqezdb~er rtapdkbjekmner+ Wmqm dffe
ndadqk ffdpmq m bmae fmr ldnjnmr wqdpjr~mr dk fer mq~btfer 3 z : ndf Qdifmldk~e
#BD* =313%1770 nd fm Beljrjk& nd 3 nd njbjdlaqd nd 1770+
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=0
JJ+ BEKBDW^TMFJ_MBJEK WQMB^JBM?
Df Rmfmqje Lkjle Jk~dqwqe`drjekmf #RLJ* wmqm 17=1 dr nd 0>=>7 dtqer%ldr z df
94$ >3=74 dtqer+
Bdq~j`jbmne nd Wqe`drjekmfjnmn? #Qdbekebjljdk~e e`jbjmf nd fm dswdqjdkbjm
wqe`drjekmf*
Qd}tjrj~er?
Kmbjekmfjnmn Drwmefm bjtnmnmkm beltkj~mqjm e mt~eqjmbjk nd qdrjndkbjm dk
Drwmm+
17 mer e lmr+
2 mer nd Dswdqjdkbjm Fmaeqmf z%e 277 ceqmr nd `eqlmbjk qdfmbjekmnm bek fmr
tkjnmndr nd belwd~dkbjm m mbqdnj~mq+
Ke werddq ~j~tfe nd @eqlmbjk Wqe`drjekmf e Bdq~j`jbmne nd Wqe`drjekmfjnmn }td
bek~dkim fmr tkjnmndr nd Belwd~dkbjm eaod~e nd dpmftmbjk+
Wtdndr Ea~dkdq?
Tkm mbqdnj~mbjk e`jbjmf pmfjnm dk ~ene df ~dqqj~eqje kmbjekmf }td wtdndr ea~dkdq
Bdq~j`jbmne nd Wqe`drjekmfjnmn e ^j~tfe nd @eqlmbjk Wqe`drjekmf+
Ldoeqmq rt dlwfdmajfjnmn bele rt ndrmqqeffe wdqrekmf z wqe`drjekmf+ Wqeweqbjekmqfd tk wfmk nd `eqlmbjk }td fd wdqlj~m belwfd~mq e jkbqdldk~mq
rtr belwd~dkbjmr z btmfj`jbmbjk wqe`drjekmf+
Fmr tkjnmndr nd belwd~dkbjmr }td rd dpmfmk dk dr~m bekpebm~eqjm dr~k
qdfmbjekmnmr bek fmr rjitjdk~dr btmfj`jbmbjekdr?
Dntbmbjk Jk`mk~jf+
M~dkbjk rebje rmkj~mqm m Wdqrekmr dk df Neljbjfje+
M~dkbjk rebje rmkj~mqm m Wdqrekmr ndwdknjdk~dr dk Jkr~j~tbjekdr Rebjmfdr+ ^qmkrweq~d Rmkj~mqje+
M~dkbjk Rmkj~mqjm m Lf~jwfdr Pjb~jlmr z bm~r~qe`dr+
_+K+^+R+? Btzm weafmbjk bekbtqqmk rj~tmbjekdr dr~qtb~tqmfdr nd weaqdm iqmpd z
lmqijkmbjk rebjmf z dk fer }td rdmk rjikj`jbm~jpmldk~d mwqdbjmafdr wqeafdlmr dk?
Pjpjdknm nd~dqjeqe tqamkr~jbe z n`jbj~ nd jk`qmdr~qtb~tqm d}tjwmljdk~e z
rdqpjbjer wafjber+
Dfdpmner knjbdr nd mardk~jrle z `qmbmre drbefmq+ Mf~mr ~mrmr nd ndrdlwfde otk~e m iqmpdr bmqdkbjmr `eqlm~jpmr wqe`drjekmfdr+
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Rjikj`jbm~jpmr nd`jbjdkbjmr cjijkjbe rmkj~mqjmr+
@dkldker nd ndrjk~diqmbjk rebjmf+
@tdk~d? c~~w?%%yyy+otk~mndmknmftbjm+dr%eqimkjrler%rmftnzajdkdr~mqrebjmf%mqdmr%jkbftrjek%ekmr,
~qmkr`eqlmbjek%wmijkmr%ekmr,jk~dqpdkbjek+c~lf
Weaqdm? bmqdkbjm nd qdbtqrer wmqm rm~jr`mbdq kdbdrjnmndr bekrjndqmnmr arjbmr }td
jk`ftzdk dk fm bmfjnmn nd pjnm nd fmr wdqrekmr+
Dr tk ~qljke nd bekke~mbjekdr reaqd ~ene dbekljbmr }td ~mlajk bekffdpm tkm
bm~dieqjmbjk rebjmf+ Mftnd m fer ldnjer bek fer }td btdk~m tkm wdqrekm wmqm
mfbmkmq tker dr~knmqdr lkjler z wmq~jbjwmq bek keqlmfjnmn dk fm rebjdnmn+
Fm weaqdm mareft~m rd qd`jdqd m tkm rj~tmbjk dk fm }td bjdq~er dr~knmqdr
lkjler nd pjnm #~mfdr bele kt~qjbjk dntbmbjk rmftn e pjpjdknm* ke rek
mfbmkmner+
Fm weaqdm qdfm~jpm rd t~jfjm wmqm cmafmq nd fm dsjr~dkbjm nd ndrjitmfnmndr rd
bmfbtfm weq belwmqmbjk bek tk kjpdf nd pjnm bekrjndqmne dr~knmq wmqm fm
weafmbjk m fm }td rd qd`jdqd+ Rjikj`jbm }td df jknjpjnte weq `mf~m nd qdbtqrer
lm~dqjmfdr ke wmq~jbjwm nd fer caj~er z wm~qekdr nd pjnm bekrjndqmner keqlmfdr
dk fm rebjdnmn dk fm }td cmaj~m+ Dk fm Tkjk Dtqewdm df tlaqmf nd fm weaqdm
qdfm~jpm rd rj~m dk df 07$ nd fm ldnjmkm nd fer jkiqdrer weq tkjnmn nd
bekrtle+Ptfkdqmajfjnmn? ndrbqjajq tkm ekm jk~dqldnjm dk~qd fm jkbftrjk z fm dsbftrjk
rebjmf+
Tkm wdqrekm ptfkdqmafd dr m}tdffm btze dk~eqke wdqrekmf `mljfjmq,qdfmbjekmf rebje,
dbekljbe e wef~jbe,mnljkjr~qm~jpe wmndbd mfitkm ndajfjnmn z dk bekrdbtdkbjm rd
dkbtdk~qm dk tkm rj~tmbjk nd qjdrie }td wenqm ndrdkbmndkmq tk wqebdre nd fm
dsbftrjk rebjmf+
Df kjpdf nd qjdrie rdq lmzeq e ldkeq ndwdknjdkne ndf iqmne nd nd~dqjeqe ndfdk~eqke+
Jkbftrjk Rebjmf? Dr tk wqebdre }td mrditqm }td ~enmr fmr wdqrekmr ~jdkdk fmr
eweq~tkjnmndr z fer qdbtqrer kdbdrmqjer
wmqm wmq~jbjwmq wfdkmldk~d dk fm pjnm dbekljbm rebjmf z wef~jbm z wmqm njr`qt~mq nd
tkmr beknjbjekdr nd pjnm keqlmfdr+
Fm jkbftrjk rebjmf dr~ qdfmbjekmnm bek fm jk~diqmbjk fm becdrjk fm otr~jbjm
rebjmf+
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Dr fm werjajfjnmn nd wmq~jbjwmbjk jitmfj~mqjm nd ~ener rtr ljdlaqer dk ~enmr fmr
njldkrjekdr rebjmfdr #dbekljbm fdimf wef~jbm btf~tqmf d~b+*
Nd`jkjbjekdr @tdk~d?
c~~w?%%yyy+`tknmbjekftjrpjpdr+eqi%~dlmr%jkbftrjekUrebjmf%bekbdw~erUUweaqdmUUdsbftrjekUrebjmfUUp
tfkdqmajfjnmnUdUjkbftrjekUrebjmf%jknds+c~lf
Dsbftrjk Rebjmf? rd dk~jdknd fm `mf~m nd wmq~jbjwmbjk nd rdildk~er nd fm weafmbjk
dk fm pjnm rebjmf dbekljbm wef~jbm z btf~tqmf nd rtr qdrwdb~jpmr rebjdnmndr ndajne
m fm bmqdkbjm nd ndqdbcer qdbtqrer z bmwmbjnmndr arjbmr #mbbdre m fm fdimfjnmn mf
ldqbmne fmaeqmf m fm dntbmbjk m fmr ~dbkefeimr nd fm jk`eqlmbjk m fer rjr~dlmr nd
rmftn z wqe~dbbjk rebjmf m fm rditqjnmn bjtnmnmkm* }td cmbdk werjafd tkm
wmq~jbjwmbjk rebjmf wfdkm+ Fm dsbftrjk rebjmf dr tk bekbdw~e bfmpd dk df bek~ds~e nd
fm Tkjk Dtqewdm #TD* wmqm maeqnmq fmr rj~tmbjekdr nd weaqdm ptfkdqmajfjnmn zlmqijkmbjk nd wmq~dr nd rt weafmbjk+
Lm~dqjmf Dlwfdmne z Qdbeldknmafd Fm Itm nd qdbeldknmbjekdr z fkdmr nd mb~tmbjk dk jkbftrjk
rebjmf?
c~~w?%%yyy+`tknmbjekftjrpjpdr+eqi%~dlmr%jkbftrjekUrebjmf%itjmUndUqdbeldknmbjekdrUzUfjkdmrUndUmb~
tmbjekUdkUjkbftrjekUrebjmf%}tdUdrUfmUitjmUndUqdbeldknmbjekdrUzUfjkdmrUndUmb~tmbjekUdkUjkbftrj
ekUrebjmf%jknds+c~lf
Df Wmb~e Febmf weq df Dlwfde nd fm wqepjkbjm nd Mfldqm dr tkm mbbjk jlwtfrmnm
weq fm Njwt~mbjk Wqepjkbjmf nd Mfldqm m ~qmpr nd fm Ndfdimbjk Drwdbjmf ndDlwfde z Wqelebjk Dbekljbm z dr~ drwdbjmfldk~d njqjijne m ndrmqqeffmq
mb~tmbjekdr nd jk~diqmbjk rebje,fmaeqmf }td wdqlj~mk `mpeqdbdq df mbbdre m tk wtdr~e
nd ~qmamoe m m}tdffmr wdqrekmr wdq~dkdbjdk~dr m befdb~jper bek lmzeqdr nj`jbtf~mndr nd
jkrdqbjk fmaeqmf dk fm wqepjkbjm nd Mfldqm m ~qmpr ndf ndrmqqeffe nd J~jkdqmqjer
Jk~diqmner nd Jkrdqbjk Rebjefmaeqmf bmlwmmr nd rdkrjajfjmbjk mrdreqmljdk~e
dlwqdrmqjmf dr~tnje nd wqerwdbbjk nd kdbdrjnmndr `eqlm~jpmr nd fm wqepjkbjm nd
Mfldqm+ Mrjljrle wdqrjitd df jlwtfre ndf mt~edlwfde fm bmwmbjnmn dlwqdkndneqmfm wqelebjk nd ktdpmr dlwqdrmr fm bekrefjnmbjk z beewdqmbjk dk~qd dffmr z df
mweze m fmr ljrlmr dk rt ndrmqqeffe+
qdmr nd mb~tmbjk?
Jlwtfrmq z `eldk~mq df drwqj~t dlwqdrmqjmf z wqelebjk dbekljbm nd fm wqepjkbjm
nd Mfldqm Ldoeqmq fm dlwfdmajfjnmn z `mpeqdbdq fm jkrdqbjk rebje fmaeqmf nd fer
ndrdlwfdmner+
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Wqelebjk z nd`dkrm nd fer wqjkbjwjer ~qmkrpdqrmfdr #jitmfnmn nd eweq~tkjnmndr dk~qd
celaqdr z ltodqdr btjnmne z qdrwd~e ndf ldnje mlajdk~d wqdpdkbjk nd qjdrier
fmaeqmfdr z ftbcm bek~qm fm njrbqjljkmbjk z dsbftrjk rebjmf*+
@tdk~d? c~~w?%%afei+njwmfld+eqi%jknds+wcw%ewjkjek%rjkewrjr,wmb~e,febmf,weq,df,dlwfde,nd,fm,
wqepjkbjm,nd,mfldqjm%
Qdrwekrmajfjnmn Rebjmf?dr fm jk~diqmbjk peftk~mqjm& weq wmq~d nd fmr dlwqdrmr& nd
fmr wqdebtwmbjekdr rebjmfdr z ldnjemlajdk~mfdr dk rtr ewdqmbjekdr beldqbjmfdr z
rtr qdfmbjekdr bek rtr jk~dqfebt~eqdr+
Rdq rebjmfldk~d qdrwekrmafd ke rjikj`jbm refmldk~d btlwfjq wfdkmldk~d fmr
eafjimbjekdr otqnjbmr& rj ke ~mlajk jq lr mffnd rt btlwfjljdk~e jkpjq~jdkne
lr dk df bmwj~mf ctlmke df dk~eqke z fmr qdfmbjekdr bek fer jk~dqfebt~eqdr+ Fm
dswdqjdkbjm mn}tjqjnm bek fm jkpdqrjk dk ~dbkefeimr z wqmb~jbmr beldqbjmfdr
qdrwd~termr ndf ldnje mlajdk~d rtijdqd }td jq lr mfff
ndf btlwfjljdk~e nd fm
fdijrfmbjk wtdnd mtldk~mq fm belwd~j~jpjnmn nd fmr dlwqdrmr+
Ke rd ndad bekrjndqmq rtr~j~t~jpm nd fm qdifmldk~mbjk e fdijrfmbjk reaqd ndqdbcer
rebjmfdr e keqlmr ldnjemlajdk~mfdr kj wdqlj~d ~mlwebe rerfmzmq fm dfmaeqmbjk nd
ktdpmr keqlmr mwqewjmnmr+
Fm jkbjndkbjm dbekljbm nd fm qdrwekrmajfjnmn rebjmf wtdnd ndrifermqrd dk d`db~er
njqdb~er d jknjqdb~er+ Rd wtdndk ndqjpmq qdrtf~mner werj~jper njqdb~er nd weq dodlwfetk ldoeq dk~eqke nd ~qmamoe }td idkdqd tk lmzeq belwqeljre nd fer ~qmamomneqdr
d jkbqdldk~d rt wqentb~jpjnmn e nd tkm t~jfjmbjk d`jbm nd fer qdbtqrer km~tqmfdr+
Mndlr& rd feiqmk d`db~er jknjqdb~er m ~qmpr ndf mtldk~e nd fm m~dkbjk }td wqdr~mk
m fm dlwqdrm bekrtljneqdr d jkpdqreqdr& }td mlwfjmqmrtr werjajfjnmndr dk df
ldqbmne+ Dk rdk~jne bek~qmqje fm bqj~jbm nd fmr wqmb~jbmr beldqbjmfdr ndrmqqeffmnmr
weq tkm dlwqdrm wtdnd jk`ftjq m pdbdr kdim~jpmldk~d dk fm ewjkjk }td rd ~jdkd nd
dffm+Df mtldk~e nd rt wtdr~m dk wqmb~jbm dk fmr wd}tdmr z ldnjmkmr dlwqdrmr jkbftjnmr
fmr ljbqedlwqdrmr dr `tknmldk~mf weq}td rek fmr }td lr bek~qjatzdk m fm
dbekelm z m fm bqdmbjk nd wtdr~er nd ~qmamoe+
Mbbjekdr werjafdr?
df `eldk~e nd fm `eqlmbjk z df qdbjbfmod wmqm imqmk~jmq }td fer njqdb~jper ~dkimk
fmr cmajfjnmndr z belwd~dkbjmr kdbdrmqjmr m `jk nd ndrmqqeffmq z wqelepdq fm
qdrwekrmajfjnmn rebjmf nd fmr dlwqdrmr8
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fm nj`trjk z df jk~dqbmlaje nd jk`eqlmbjk dk wmq~jbtfmq reaqd fmr atdkmr wqmb~jbmr
dk lm~dqjm nd qdrwekrmajfjnmn rebjmf nd fmr dlwqdrmr df dr~mafdbjljdk~e nd keqlmr fm
dpmftmbjk belwmqm~jpm z df rditjljdk~e fm bek~majfjnmn fm mtnj~eqjm z fm
dfmaeqmbjk nd jk`eqldr8
fer mkfjrjr z fm jkpdr~jimbjk reaqd fm wef~jbm rebjmf m ldnje wfme
df mkfjrjr ndf wmwdf ndf lmqbe otqnjbe+
Lm~dqjmf Ndrbmqimafd ? c~~w?%%yyy+rfjndrcmqd+kd~%afeiqrd%fjaqe,pdqndqrbtkjkdtqewdm,
=>723210
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1=
JJJ+ Eqjdk~mbjk Fmaeqmf
Wqd,@eqlmbjk nd ndrmqqeffe nd cmajfjnmndr
Ndrmqqeffe nd cmajfjnmndr rebjmfdr& eqjdk~mbjk fmaeqmf z bmfj`jbmbjk arjbm+ Dk dr~d
wdqjene fmr trtmqjmr rd dkbtdk~qmk dk fm wqjldqm `mrd nd rt jkrdqbjk? bek mbbjekdr
bekbqd~mr njqjijnmr m iqtwer& btze kjpdf nd cmajfjnmndr arjbmr kdbdrj~m nd mwezer
belwfdldk~mqjer& ~qmamomkne mrwdb~er nd qdrwekrmajfjnmn& le~jpmbjk& mb~j~tndr z
belwd~dkbjmr+
Lmqbe nd Mb~tmbjk?
Fm njkljbm ndf Ldqbmne Fmaeqmf
Rdfdbbjk nd Ebtwmbjekdr
Bekdsjk nd rmfmqjer z kjpdf nd btmfj`jbmbjk dsjijner
Mnmw~mbjk nd fm jk`eqlmbjk wqe`drjekmf mf trtmqje
@mbjfj~mbjk nd fm bekdsjk dk~qd fm e`dq~m z fm ndlmknm
Jk`eqlmbjk reaqd fm mbbdrjajfjnmn nd tk ~qmamoe
Lmr eweq~tkjnmndr jkbftjnmr ebtwmbjekdr wmqm wdqrekmr dk qjdrie Df bmwj~mf e qdbtqrer ctlmker
Bek~qefm df imr~e wdqrekmf z rebjmf
Jk`eqlm reaqd fmr belwd~dkbjmr
Mtsjfjm dk df wqebdre nd ~elm nd ndbjrjekdr
Qdntbd fer qjdrier nd fer j~jkdqmqjer ber~erer
Fer wqebdrer nd ar}tdnm nd ~qmamoe
Njrljktzd fer ber~er
Mweq~m otjbjer qdmfdr
Bekbdk~qm dk fm ljrlm ar}tdnm fer nj`dqdk~dr dr`tdqer
Cmbd lmr qmbjekmf df wqebdre nd ar}tdnm
Dpj~m fer dr~dqde~jwer
@mpeqdbd fm lepjfjnmn wqe`drjekmf
Dpj~m njrbqjljkmbjekdr
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M+ BEKBDW^ER MWFJBMNER M FMR DR^QM^DIJMR?
Mt~ebekebjljdk~e?
Amqqdqmr?
=? Fm ~dkndkbjm }td ~dkdler fmr wdqrekmr weq wtneq lefdr~jm readqajm e
rjlwfdldk~d ndrbekebdq m kdimq ktdr~qer nd`db~er z pjq~tndr
1? wqewjm km~tqmfdm nd mt~ebekebjljdk~e+
2? Qdrjr~dkbjm mf mt~ebekebjljdk~e
Jkr~qtldk~er z ~bkjbmr?
@jbcmr nd qdbeijnm nd nm~er wdqrekmfdr z wqe`drjekmfdr
^dr~ nd wdqrekmfjnmn
Wdq`jfdr nd wdqrekmfjnmn
Btdr~jekmqjer wmqm ldnjq mfik `mb~eq
Njkljbmr nd iqtwe
^bkjbmr nd mkfjrjr nd rj~tmbjekdr
Rdrjekdr nd wtdr~m dk belk
Jlwfjbmbjk nd wqezdb~er ~dqjber Mwqdknjmod nd ~bkjbmr nd ar}tdnm nd dlwfde
Mt~edr~jlm? pmfeqmbjk }td cmbdler nd kere~qer ljrler reaqd fm amrd nd fmr
rdkrmbjekdr z dswdqjdkbjmr }td cdler jne jkbeqweqmkne m fe fmqie nd fm pjnm+
Fm wdqrekm bek amom mt~edr~jlm?
Reaqdidkdqmfjmbjk
Ndrjikmbjk ifeamf
Wdkrmljdk~e wefmqjmne
Mt~embtrmbjk
Wdqrekmfjmbjk
Fdb~tqmr ndf Wdkrmljdk~e
@mfmbjmr nd Bek~qef
Qmekmljdk~e dlebjekmf
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@eqlmr nd ldoeqmq fm Mt~edr~jlm #wdkrmq dk werj~jpe z reftbjk nd wqeafdlmr*?
Bekpjdq~d fe kdim~jpe dk werj~jpe #wdkrmljdk~er kdim~jper m mf~dqkm~jper*
Ke idkdqmfjmq
Bdk~qmqker dk fe werj~jpe Cmbdqker bekrbjdk~dr nd fer feiqer e sj~er
Ke belwmqmqrd
Bek`jmq dk kere~qer ljrler
Mbdw~mqrd m kere~qer ljrler
Dr`eqmqker wmqm ldoeqmq
Mt~emkfjrjr? df dr~tnje dk wqe`tknjnmn nd ktdr~qmr bmqmb~dqr~jbmr nd
wdqrekmfjnmn #mb~j~tndr mw~j~tndr Wtk~er `tdq~dr z najfdr caj~er z feiqer* wmqm
e`qdbdqrd m fe }td drwdqm df Ldqbmne Fmaeqmf nd kere~qer+
Df eqjdk~mneq fmaeqmf wtdnd mztnmq mf rtod~e m dfmaeqmq wqezdb~er nd rtwdqmbjk
wdqrekmf?
=? Wfmk~dmqrd tkm ld~m bfmqm z bekbqd~m
1? Dr~mafdbdq fmr ~mqdmr }td rd ndadk qdmfjmq wmqm feiqmqfmr
2? Eqimkjmq fmr ~mqdmr dk df eqndk }td rd ndadqmk qdmfjmq
>? Wekdqfer dk lmqbcm z dpmftmq fer feiqer }td rd pmzmk bekrjitjdkne+
Ndrmqqeffe nd CC+RR+ wmqm fm ar}tdnm nd ~qmamoer+
^jwer Nd Eaod~jper?
Eaod~jper M`db~jper? bekrjitjdkne qdfmbjekdr rm~jr`mb~eqjmr bek fer ndlr+
Eaod~jper jkr~qtldk~mfdr? Wdqlj~jdkne mb~jpjnmndr bek sj~e+
Belwekdk~dr lefdbtfmqdr ( jlweq~mk~dr nd ~enm bekntb~m jk~dqwdqrekmf?
Belwekdk~dr ke pdqamfdr
Fm ljqmnm
Fm dswqdrjk `mbjmf
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Fm Rekqjrm
Fer Idr~er
Fm wer~tqm #mb~j~tndr dlebjekdr e Mbelwmmljdk~e ndf cmafm*
e Mbdqbmljdk~e
e Qd~jqmnm
e Dswmkrjk
e Bek~qmbbjk
Fm eqjdk~mbjk
Fm Njr~mkbjm ndf bek~mb~e `rjbe
Fm mwmqjdkbjm wdqrekmf
Belwekdk~dr wmqmfjkir~jber
Df peftldk nd fm pe
Fm Dk~ekmbjk
Fm @ftjnd
Fm bfmqjnmn
Fm pdfebjnmn
Df ~jdlwe nd cmafm
Belwekdk~dr pdqamfdr
Dk~qdkmljdk~e dk CC+RR+
Lendfmljdk~e #M~dkbjk Qd~dkbjk z Qdwqentbbjk*
Qdwqdrdk~mbjk nd wmwdfdr #Qefd Wfmzjki*
Qd~qemfjldk~mbjk
Idkdqmfjmbjk
Eaod~jpe wqe`drjekmf? ]t }tjdqe cmbdq5 dk tk wdqjene nd ~jdlwe nd~dqljkmne
m beq~e ldnje e fmqie wfme ~dkjdkne dk btdk~m ljr le~jpmbjekdr
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Wdq`jf wqe`drjekmf?]t wtdne cmbdq5
Bekotk~e nd belwd~dkbjmr wmqm df ndrdlwde nd pmqjer wtdr~er nd ~qmamoe }td
wqdrdk~mk m`jkjnmn z }td bek`jitqmk tkm ebtwmbjk+
Rd ~qm~m nd qdmfjmq tk jkpdk~mqje wdqrekmf }td ~d wdqlj~m qd`fdsjekmq reaqd ~tr
werjajfjnmndr qdrwdb~e m fer wtdr~er }td lr ~d jk~dqdrmk+
LTZ QDBELDKNMAFD QDMFJ_MQKER TK N+M+@+E?+
@eq~mfdmr Ndajfjnmndr Eweq~tkjnmndr z Mldkmmr }td ~dkdler ndk~qe nd ktdr~qmr
dr~qm~dijmr bek ljqmr m dr~mafdbdq eaod~jper dr~qm~ijber ~dknjdk~dr m?
Bekr~qtjq reaqd fmr @eq~mfdmr
Dfjljkmq fmr Ndajfjnmndr
Dswfe~mq fmr Eweq~tkjnmndr
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Lj~jimq fmr Mldkmmr
( Jk`e?
c~~w?%%yyy+dlwqdkndneqdr+dr%dlwqdrm%dr~qm~dijm%beleUcmbdqUtkUnm`e
c~~w?%%dr+yjhjwdnjm+eqi%yjhj%Mk$B2$M=fjrjrUNM@E
c~~w?%%nm`e+yjhjrwmbdr+bel%Dkfmbdr
Cdqqmljdk~m Ekfjkd?
c~~w?%%yyy+jkicdkjm+bel%imnid~r%rye~%rye~+wcw
BELWD^DKBJMR?
Ndrbtaqd ~tr belwd~dkbjmr z qdbtdqnm rj~tmbjekdr dk fmr }td fmr cmzmr wtdr~e
dk wqb~jbm+
Mkmfjm df wdq`jf qd}tdqjne wmqm df wtdr~e nd ~qmamoe }td atrbmr m wmq~jq nd
e`dq~mr nd dlwfde bekbqd~mr z Itmr nd Ebtwmbjekdr+
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Dr~mafdbd fer mrwdb~er }td ndadr ldoeqmq+
Dkbek~qmqr ~enm fm jk`eqlmbjk reaqd fmr belwd~dkbjmr idkqjbmr z drwdb`jbmr }td ~d
wjndk dk mfitker wtdr~er nd ~qmamoe+ Bekrtf~m fmr Itmr nd Ebtwmbjekdr }td ~d
e`qdbd fm Bekrdodqm nd Dlwfde?
c~~w?%%yyy+otk~mndmknmftbjm+dr%rdqpjbjemknmftnddlwfde%yda%ydarmd%weq~mf%dr%dlwfde%atrbmq^qmamoe
%dfjidWqe`drjek%
Weq~mf Jk`eoear+ c~~w?%%yyy+jk`eoear+kd~%itjmwdqrekmf%~t,z,~t,bp%}tjdk,rez,ze%fjr~mne,
belwd~dkbjmr,cmaj~tmfdr%+ Fjr~mne nd belwd~dkbjmr qd}tdqjnmr wmqm atrbmq dlwfde+
Dntbmyda+c~~w?%%yyy+dntbmyda+bel%drw%rdqpjbjer%lekeiqm`jbe%belwd~dkbjmrU17==%+
Lekeiq`jbe nd Belwd~dkbjmr Wqe`drjekmfdr dk fm Ar}tdnm nd Dlwfde+
A+ @EQLMBJK QMKRPDQRMF?
m* @eldk~e ndf mwqdknjmod Ktdpmr dbkefeimr
a* Wef~jbmr nd Jitmfnmn nd Eweq~tkjnmndr?
Rek df bekotk~e nd ldnjnmr wef~jbmr wtdr~mr dk lmqbcm ndrnd fmr jkr~j~tbjekdr
wafjbmr bek df eaod~jpe nd qdrefpdq fm rj~tmbjk rebjmf nd ndrjitmfnmn dk~qd celaqdr
z ltodqdr+ Bekrjr~dk dk tkm rdqjd nd cdqqmljdk~mr ndr~jkmnmr m wqelepdq fm
jk~diqmbjk rebjmf nd fmr ltodqdr #lj~mn nd fm weafmbjk* dk ~ener fer laj~er
#fmaeqmf wef~jbe dbekljbe dntbm~jpe*+
@eldk~endfmkenjrbqjljkmbjkzftbcmbek~qmfmdsbftrjkrebjmf+
Mbbjk Werj~jpm? Dr tkm dr~qm~dijm ndr~jkmnm m dr~mafdbdq fm jitmfnmn nd
eweq~tkjnmndr weq ldnje nd ldnjnmr }td werjajfj~dk belwdkrmq e beqqdijq m}tdffmr
ndrjitmfnmndr }td rek qdrtf~mne nd wqb~jbmr rebjmfdr+
Dfjljkmq ear~btfer otqnjber mfbmkmq fm jitmfnmn `eqlmf ke wqentbd fm dfjljkmbjk
nd fm njrbqjljkmbjk cmbjm fmr ltodqdr #t e~qer befdb~jper* zm }td rjitd dsjr~jdkne df
wdre cjr~qjbe nd fm rj~tmbjk nd ndrd}tjfjaqje z fmr beknjbjekdr rebjebtf~tqmfdr }td fm
lmk~jdkdk weq dffe rek kdbdrmqjmr imqmk~mr otqnjbmr ndf dodqbjbje ndf ndqdbce m fm
jitmfnmn z ldbmkjrler mb~jper }td belwdkrdk dr~m ndrpdk~mom jkjbjmf mbtltfmnm
wmqm bekrditjq fm jitmfnmn lm~dqjmf e qdmf+
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Fm ndbfmqmbjk nd fm jitmfnmn nd eweq~tkjnmndr nd fer jkr~qtldk~er fdijrfm~jper dr
jkrt`jbjdk~d zm }td ke lenj`jbm fm qdmfjnmn rebjmf cmz }td rj~tmq m ltodqdr z celaqdr
dk df ljrle wtk~e nd wmq~jnm+
Qdfmbjekmne bek df bekbdw~e nd mbbjk werj~jpm dr~ fm njrbqjljkmbjk werj~jpm e
jkpdqrm }td ~jdkd bele eaod~jpe wqjpjfdijmq m }tjdkdr wdq~dkdbdk m tk iqtwe
ndr`mpeqdbjne+
b* JITMFNMN ND IDKDQE
Fm ~qmkrpdqrmfjnmn e lmjkr~qdmljki nd ikdqe wdqrjitd bekrefjnmq drm
d}tjwmqmbjk m fmqie wfme z imqmk~jmq }td kjkitkm wdqrekm rd rjdk~m njqdb~m ejknjqdb~mldk~d njrbqjljkmnm weq rt wdq~dkdkbjm m tke t e~qe rdse+
Jitmfnmn fdimf d jitmfnmn d`db~jpm+
Jitmfnmn @eqlmf?
E~eqimq m celaqdr z ltodqdr fer ljrler ndqdbcer fmr ljrlmr eweq~tkjnmndr fmr
ljrlmr beknjbjekdr d jitmf ~qm~mljdk~e dk ~ener fer bmlwer nd fm pjnm z dr`dqmr nd
fm rebjdnmn+ Bekrditjq jitmfnmn dk fmr fdzdr wmqm mlaer rdser+ Rtwekd df
qdbekebjljdk~e otqnjbe nd fm jitmfnmn+ Jkbftzd fm ke njrbqjljkmbjk weq qmk nd
rdse+ Wdqrjitd fm dfjljkmbjk nd ~enmr fmr `eqlmr nd njrbqjljkmbjk dswfbj~mldk~d
qdbeijnm dk fmr fdzdr+
Dr kdbdrmqjm wmqm dqqmnjbmq fmr njrbqjljkmbjekdr njqdb~mr?
Cmafmler nd Njrbqjljkmbjk Njqdb~m btmkne tkm wdqrekm dr ~qm~mnm nd lmkdqm
ldker `mpeqmafd }td e~qm dk dr~d bmre weq wdq~dkdbdq m tk rdse z ke m e~qe+
Wdkmfjmnm weq fm Fdz wdqe ~enmpm rd dkbtdk~qmk bmrer+
Jitmfnmn Qdmf?Dr kdbdrmqjm wmqm dqqmnjbmq fmr njrbqjljkmbjekdr jknjqdb~mr? lr
nj`bjfdr nd jndk~j`jbmq z }td bekrjr~dk dk dr~mafdbdq beknjbjekdr }td dk ~qljker
`eqlmfdr rek kdt~qmr wdqe }td dk fm wqb~jbm rek ndr`mpeqmafdr wmqm tke nd fer
rdser? btmkne rd ~qm~m nd lmkdqm ndrjitmf m tkm wdqrekm weq qmk nd rt
wdq~dkdkbjm m tk rdse
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M wdrmq nd }td ltbcmr fdzdr keqlm~jpmr e wqb~jbmr rebjmfdr ~qm~dk nd jitmf `eqlm m
celaqdr z m ltodqdr mf `jkmf ~jdkdk bele d`db~e tk qdrtf~mne kdim~jpe e ndrjitmf
wmqm fmr ltodqdr weq}td fmr ltodqdr wmq~dk nd tkm rj~tmbjk nd ndrpdk~mom+
Jitmfnmn dk df laj~e fmaeqmf? rdb~eqdr wqentb~jper bekbjfjmbjk nd fm pjnm
fmaeqmf #FDZDR * z `mljfjmq+
Tkm nd fmr fdzdr lmr wqeiqdrjr~mr d jitmfj~mqjmr ndf ltkne dr fm Fdz Eqikjbm
2%1779 wmqm fm jitmfnmn d`db~jpm nd ltodqdr z celaqdr
Wfmkdr nd Mbbjk wmqm df Dlwfde ndf Qdjke nd Drwmm?
Otk~e m fmr wef~jbmr nd Jitmfnmn njrdmnmr ndrnd df Jkr~j~t~e nd fm Ltodq fer Wfmkdr
nd Mbbjk wmqm df Dlwfde ndf Qdjke nd Drwmm jk~diqmner dk fmr Dr~qm~dijmr
Dtqewdmr nd Dlwfde bekr~j~tzdk ndrnd =::3 tk jkr~qtldk~e wqjleqnjmf dk df
njrde nd fmr njqdb~qjbdr nd fm wef~jbm nd dlwfde dk ktdr~qe wmr z nd fm wef~jbm nd
jitmfnmn nd ikdqe+
Amoe df eaod~jpe dswfbj~e nd mpmkmq cmbjm tkm wmq~jbjwmbjk wmqj~mqjm nd fmr ltodqdr
dk df ldqbmne fmaeqmf rd bek~dlwfmk ldnjnmr nd njrbqjljkmbjk werj~jpm
`eldk~mkne tk mbbdre wqjeqj~mqje nd fmr ltodqdr m fm lmzeqm nd fer wqeiqmlmr nd
`eldk~e ndf dlwfde+ Dk df Wjfmq JP ndnjbmne m qd`eqmq fm wef~jbm nd jitmfnmn ndeweq~tkjnmndr rd jkbftzdk btm~qe njqdb~qjbdr? fm jk~diqmbjk nd fm jitmfnmn nd
eweq~tkjnmndr nd celaqdr z ltodqdr dk ~enmr fmr wef~jbmr fm ftbcm bek~qm fm
njrbqjljkmbjk dk~qd celaqdr z ltodqdr fm bekbjfjmbjk fm pjnm fmaeqmf z `mljfjmq z
fm `mbjfj~mbjk nd fm qdjkbeqweqmbjk mf ~qmamoe nd fmr ltodqdr+
Fm njrbqjljkmbjk rmfmqjmf cm rjne tkm nd fmr pjefmbjekdr z njrbqjljkmbjekdr bek~qm
fmr ltodqdr }td lr rd ffdpm ndktkbjmkne weq ~ener fer lepjljdk~er `dljkjr~mr
rjknjbm~er z befdb~jper rebjmfdr mlwmqknerd dk dr~tnjer dr~mnr~jber }td mr fe
ndltdr~qmk ndrnd fm EJ^ Rjknjbm~er e fm wqewjm Beljrjk nd fm TD+ Nd dr~m wqdljrm
wmq~d df Wfmk Kmbjekmf bek~qm fm Njrbqjljkmbjk Fmaeqmf nd fm Ltodq mwqeamne dk
otfje nd 1772+
Fm wef~jbm nd bekbjfjmbjk nd fm pjnm `mljfjmq z fmaeqmf m ~qmpr nd fm Fdz 2:%:: nd
4 nd kepjdlaqd rtwekd df qdbekebjljdk~e jlwfbj~e nd }td ke dr werjafd df
ndrmqqeffe wdqrekmf wfdke rjk bekrditjq tk d}tjfjaqje dk~qd fer qefdr wqentb~jpe z
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qdwqentb~jpe+
Mwfjbmne mf laj~e `dldkjke jlwfjbm qdbekebdq }td ke dr werjafd fm jk~diqmbjk
rebje,fmaeqmf wfdkm nd fmr ltodqdr rjk tk qdwmq~e nd qdrwekrmajfjnmndr qdmf ndk~qe ndf
laj~e nelr~jbe+ Dr~mr wef~jbmr rek nd ndrmqqeffe ltz qdbjdk~d dk Drwmm bek tkm
jkbjndkbjm ~enmpm amr~mk~d fjlj~mnm fe btmf cm rtwtdr~e tkm `qtr~qmbjk mk~d fm Fdz z
rt `mf~m nd ndrmqqeffe+
Jkbdk~jper z Aekj`jbmbjekdr wmqm fm Jitmfnmn z Bekbjfjmbjk?
c~~w?%%yyy+otk~mndmknmftbjm+dr%rdqpjbjemknmftnddlwfde%yda%ydarmd%weq~mf%dr%jk`eq
lmbjek%jitmfnmnBekbjfjmbjek%
FWJ bek~qm fm Pjefdkbjm nd Idkdqe?
Dk dffm rd wqdp fm bqdmbjk nd >20 otimner nd pjefdkbjm bek~qm fm ltodq }td cmk
dlwdmne m `tkbjekmq dk ~enm Drwmm ,=9 nd dffer dsbftrjper nd ktdpm bqdmbjk,&
mndlr rd cmbd tkm ktdpm ~jwj`jbmbjk nd fm pjefdkbjm+ Dk fm }td ltbcmr nd fmr
bekrjndqmnmr mk~dqjeqldk~d bele mf~mr rd bfmrj`jbmk mceqm bele ndfj~er+
Rd miqmpm mrjljrle fm wdkm weq df ndfj~e nd }tdaqmk~mljdk~e nd bekndkm e nd
ldnjnmr bmt~dfmqdr& dk~qd fmr }td ndr~mbmk fm dswtfrjk ndf neljbjfje& df mfdomljdk~e&
z fm rtrwdkrjk nd fmr beltkjbmbjekdr& nd fm wm~qjm we~dr~mn& nd fm btr~enjm nd
ldkeqdr& ndf qijldk nd pjrj~mr z ndf ndqdbce m fm ~dkdkbjm nd mqlmr+
Rd wqdp mndlr fm bqdmbjk nd nebd tkjnmndr nd pmfeqmbjk jk~diqmf nd fm
pjefdkbjm nd ikdqe& belwtdr~mr weq wrjbfeier& mrjr~dk~dr rebjmfdr z `eqdkrdr& dk
fmr beltkjnmndr z bjtnmndr mt~kelmr ndwdknjdk~dr ndf Ljkjr~dqje nd Otr~jbjm+
Dk df mwmq~mne Mlwfjmq ndf mtfm dkbek~qmqr mfitkmr nd dr~mr fdzdr qdfmbjekmnmr&
bele fm Fdz nd Ldnjnmr nd Wqe~dbbjk Jk~diqmf bek~qm fm Pjefdkbjm nd Ikdqe& e fm
Fdz wmqm fm wqelebjk nd fm Jitmfnmn nd Ikdqe dk Mknmftbm+
FDIJRFMBJEK?
Fdz wmqm fm wqelebjk nd fm Jitmfnmn nd Ikdqe dk Mknmftbm Wqeiqmlmr nd Mbbjk wmqm fm Jitmfnmn dk~qd ltodqdr z celaqdr
Dr~qm~dijm lmqbe reaqd fm Jitmfnmn dk~qd celaqdr z ltodqdr
Wfmk nd ~qmamoe wmqm fm jitmfnmn dk~qd fmr ltodqdr z fer celaqdr #1770,17=7*
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Weq~mfdr Z Dkfmbdr @tknmldk~mfdr?
Jkr~j~t~e Mknmft Nd Fm Ltodq?
C~~w?%%Yyy+Otk~mndmknmftbjm+Dr%Jkr~j~t~endfmltodq
Ljkjr~dqje Nd Jitmfnmn Jkr~j~t~e Nd Fm Ltodq?
C~~w?%%Yyy+Ljitmfnmn+Dr%Ltodq
Dr~mnr~jbmr nd Ikdqe dk Mknmftbm
Tkjnmn nd Jitmfnmn z Ikdqe Otk~m nd Mknmftbm
Bdk~qe nd Nebtldk~mbjk reaqd Ikdqe
Bjtnmn nd Ltodqdr dk fm qdn
D,fdmqkjki d Jitmfnmn?
c~~w?%%wqeld~de2+tr+dr%wtafjbe%dr%dfdmqkjkiUjitmfnmn%LRU7+c~lf
Ltodqdr Qtqmfdr dk fm Rebjdnmn nd fm Jk`eqlmbjk
Bdk~qe d,jitmfnmn
Tkjk Dtqewdm? Jk~diqmbjk nd fm jitmfnmn nd eweq~tkjnmndr dk fmr wef~jbmr
beltkj~mqjmr
c~~w?%%yyy+otk~mndmknmftbjm+dr%jitmfnmnzajdkdr~mqrebjmf%dsweq~%WdqrekmrUNjr
bmwmbjnmn%C^LF%wfmkUltodq%jknds+c~lf
c~~w?%%yyy+otk~mndmknmftbjm+dr%rdqpjbjemknmftnddlwfde%yda%ydarmd%weq~mf%
dr%jk`eqlmbjek%wfmkdrOtk~mMknmftbjm%wfmkJitmfnmn%wfmkUdr~qm~dijbeUjitmfnmn
+wn`
n* RDKRJAJFJ_MBJEK LDNJE MLAJDK^MF?
Bqjrjr dbefijbm? !rk~elmr! ndf nd~dqjeqe dbefijbe e bqjrjr dbefijbm nd ktdr~qe
wfmkd~m?
m+ ^jdqqm
m+=+ Ndrdq~jmbjk+
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m+1+ Njrljktbjk nd fm ajenjpdqrjnmn
m+2+ Df wqeafdlm ndleiq`jbe z fmr bekbdk~qmbjekdr tqamkmr+
m+>+ Idr~jk ndf mitm z ndf rtdfe dk fer wmrdr ndrmqqeffmner+m+4+ Fm ndrmwmqjbjk nd fer aer}tdr z fm fftpjm bjnm+
a+ Lmq
a+=+ Bek~mljkmbjk nd fer lmqdr+
a+1+ Fmr mitmr ntfbdr+
b+ Mjqd+
b+=+ D`db~e jkpdqkmndqe z bmlaje bfjl~jbe
b+1+ Fm bmwm nd eeke
Feiqmq df bqdbjljdk~e bdqe dk df rjr~dlm ltknjmf ke dr rjke ~qmkr`eqlmq df
bqdbjljdk~e dbekljbe cmr~m ffdimq m bdqe+ Df wqeafdlm dr rdqje weq}td rt
mqitldk~e rd cm ffdpmne m fmr ~bkjbmr nd lmkdoe nd ltbcer bmlwer
wqe`drjekmfdr d jkbftre mf nd fm idr~jk wfmk~dknerd tk rjr~dlm nd bek~qef
qjitqere }td mrditqd tk lmkdoe bdqe nd fer qdbtqrer+
Df bqdbjljdk~e weafmbjekmf bdqe d}tjpmfd m ndbjq }td fm ~mrm nd qdwqentbbjk
rdq jitmf e jk`dqjeq m fm nd qdwerjbjk ctlmkm fe btmf ~dknq dk~qd e~qmr
bekrdbtdkbjmr d`db~er reaqd fm belwerjbjk nd dnmndr bekrtle jkpdqrjekdr z
cmr~m reaqd df dkpdodbjljdk~e nd fm weafmbjk fe }td ~dqljkmqm dk bekpdq~jqrd dk
tk wqeafdlm ~mk iqmpd bele df }td jk~dk~m qdrefpdq+
Df lepjljdk~e weq df ndbqdbjljdk~e+
Pefpdq m fm wqentbbjk lm~dqjmf nd fer mer rdrdk~m,rd~dk~m bek tkm ctdffm
dbefijbm jitmf e jk`dqjeq m tk wfmkd~m
Jk~dqkmfjmq fer ber~dr ndf ~qmkrweq~d z dpj~mq fer hjfel~qjber pjmodr nd ~enmr fmr
ldqbmkbmr
Qdfebmfjmq fmr mb~jpjnmndr z }td fm wqentbbjk rd rj~d bdqbm ndf bekrtljneq
Mnew~mq df wqeiqmlm nd fm miqjbtf~tqm bdqbmkm m fm weafmbjk bele wqewtikm fm
Bek`dndqmbjk bmlwdrjkm nd Oer Aep
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Wdkmfjmq bek~tkndk~dldk~d df imr~e wtafjbj~mqje
Ndbqd~mq tkm leqm~eqjm reaqd fm jkkepmbjk ~dbkefijbm }td ker wdqlj~m cmbdq
tk amfmkbd rdqje z qdeqjdk~mq fm jkpdr~jimbjk bjdk~`jbm z ~bkjbm dk `tkbjk nd
fmr ktdpmr mrwjqmbjekdr
Mnew~mq tk dr~jfe nd pjnm lr `qtimf }td qdntbm ktdr~qm mnjbbjk mf bekrtle
d~b+
Df bekbdw~e nd ifeamfjmbjk+
Jk~dqkmbjekmfjzmbjk& Ltknjmfjzmbjk& Ifeamfjzmbjk+
Jk~dqkmbjekmfjzmbjk Ltknjmfjzmbjk Ifeamfjzmbjk
RTOD^E Dr~mner,Kmbjk Bjtnmnmker Bjtnmnmker
NJLDKRJEKDR Qdfmbjekdr wef~jbmr Mfitkm dswdqjdkbjmr&pmfeq& ajdk#Mfitke*
Jk~dqbekdsjk nddbekelm& wef~jbm zbtf~tqmf #^ener*
MFBMKBD^ener fer dr~mnerkmbjk
^ener fer
bjtnmnmker ndfltkne+
Mfitker bjtnmnmker
JK^DKRJNMN Drbmrm Jk~dkrm Jk~dkrm
Weq ldnje mlajdk~d rd dk~jdknd ~ene fe }td qendm m tk rdq pjpe+ Mbeknjbjekm
drwdbjmfldk~d fmr bjqbtkr~mkbjmr nd pjnm nd fmr wdqrekmr e nd fm rebjdnmn dk rt pjnm+
Belwqdknd df bekotk~e nd pmfeqdr km~tqmfdr rebjmfdr z btf~tqmfdr dsjr~dk~dr dk tkftimq z dk tk leldk~e nd~dqljkmne }td jk`ftzdk dk fm pjnm ndf rdq ctlmke z dk
fmr idkdqmbjekdr pdkjndqmr+ Dr ndbjq ke rd ~qm~m rfe ndf drwmbje dk df }td rd
ndrmqqeffm fm pjnm rjke }td ~mlajk belwqdknd rdqdr pjper eaod~er mitm rtdfe
mjqd z fmr qdfmbjekdr dk~qd dffer mr bele dfdldk~er ~mk jk~mkijafdr bele fm btf~tqm
@tdk~d? c~~w?%%dr+yjhjwdnjm+eqi%yjhj%LdnjeUmlajdk~d
Ifeamfjmbjk z Ldnje Mlajdk~d?c~~w?%%yyy+dbefeijr~mrdkmbbjek+eqi%mq~jbfd1:>:+c~lf
Bmlaje Bfjl~jbe #rdik Fm Bekpdkbjk Lmqbe nd fmr Kmbjekdr Tkjnmr reaqd df
Bmlaje Bfjl~jbe*? rd dk~jdknd tk bmlaje nd bfjlm m~qjatjne njqdb~m e
jknjqdb~mldk~d m fm mb~jpjnmn ctlmkm }td mf~dqm fm belwerjbjk nd fm m~lr`dqm
ltknjmf z }td rd rtlm m fm pmqjmajfjnmn km~tqmf ndf bfjlm eardqpmnm ntqmk~d
wdqener belwmqmafdr+
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Ndrmqqeffe Rer~dkjafd?
Fm wqewtdr~m ndf Jk`eqld Aqtkn~fmkn }td nd`jkd df ndrmqqeffe rer~dkjafd bele !df
ndrmqqeffe }td rm~jr`mbd fmr kdbdrjnmndr nd fm idkdqmbjk wqdrdk~d rjk belwqeld~dq
fm bmwmbjnmn nd fmr idkdqmbjekdr t~tqmr wmqm rm~jr`mbdq rtr kdbdrjnmndr!+ Nd dr~d
lene rd wekd dk otdie fe }td rd cm pdkjne m ffmlmq !refjnmqjnmn jk~dqidkdqmbjekmf!+
Fer eaod~jper ndf ndrmqqeffe rtr~dk~mafd rek fer rjitjdk~dr?
Rm~jr`mbdq fmr kdbdrjnmndr ctlmkmr arjbmr+ Dr~e rd dk`ebm njqdb~mldk~d
cmbjm fe mfjldk~mqje wmqm dpj~mq df cmlaqd z fm ndrkt~qjbjk+ Nd dr~m `eqlm rd
imqmk~jmq fm !ntqmajfjnmn nd fm drwdbjd ctlmkm! }td nd ke rdq mr rd dr~mq
wekjdkne bele tk flj~d ke ndrdmne mf ndrmqqeffe+
Feiqmq tk bqdbjljdk~e dbekljbe bekr~mk~d+ Fe btmf rd bekrjndqm tkm
beknjbjk kdbdrmqjm wdqe ke rt`jbjdk~d+ Dk dr~e rd wdqrjitd }td fm dbekelm
aqjknd tkm bmk~jnmn nd ajdkdr z rdqpjbjer wmqm m~dkndq m tkm bqdbjdk~d
weafmbjk+ Fe ndrdmafd rjdlwqd dr }td df bqdbjljdk~e dbekljbe rdm jitmf e
rtwdqjeq mf ndleiq`jbe bek fe btmf rd wtdnd ldoeqmq rt bmwmbjnmn wqentb~jpm
df we~dkbjmf nd qdbtqrer ctlmker z ~dbkefijber+
Ldoeqmq fm bmfjnmn ndf bqdbjljdk~e dbekljbe+ Dk drwdbjmf m fmr
werjajfjnmndr nd ~dkdq tk mbbdre d}tj~m~jpe m fer qdbtqrer km~tqmfdr z mf
adkd`jbje ndf bqdbjljdk~e dk ~qljker nd ldoeq njr~qjatbjk nd fm qdk~m
adkd`jbjer rebjmfdr wqe~dbbjk ndf mlajdk~d e rt jkbqdldk~e+
M~dkndq m fer mrwdb~er ndleiq`jber+ Dk drwdbjmf qdntbjq fmr mf~mr ~mrmr nd
bqdbjljdk~e weafmbjekmf cmbjm tke ldrtqmne }td wdqlj~m mtldk~mq fm
njrwekjajfjnmn nd qdbtqrer mwqepdbcmljdk~e wmqm ~ener z dpj~mq fm
bekbdk~qmbjk weafmbjekmf+
Rdfdbbjekmq ewbjekdr ~dbkefijbmr mndbtmnmr+ Dr~e rd ndad m fer wqeafdlmr
}td bqdm fm ~qmkr`dqdkbjm ~dbkefijbm arjbm wmqm df ndrmqqeffe rtr~dk~mafd nd
fer wmrdr dk ndrmqqeffe wdqe }td ~jdkd `tdq~d jlwmb~e reaqd df mlajdk~d+ Dr~e
ndadq dr~jltfmq fm jkpdr~jimbjk z fm bmwmbjnmn ~bkjbm wmqm feiqmq ~dbkefeimr
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rtr~j~t~jpmr ldoeqmq fer wqebdrer ~qmnjbjekmfdr z btf~tqmfdr z mnmw~mq fmr
jlweq~mnmr+
Mwqepdbcmq bekrdqpmq z qdr~mtqmq fer qdbtqrer km~tqmfdr+ Rd ndad dpj~mq fm
ndiqmnmbjk nd fer qdbtqrer wqe~didq fm bmwmbjnmn flj~d nd fm km~tqmfdm
`mpeqdbdq fm qdr~mtqmbjk z dpj~mq fer d`db~er mnpdqrer reaqd fm bmfjnmn ndf mjqd
mitm z ~jdqqm bek df `jk nd wdqwd~tmq fm e`dq~m mlajdk~mf nd fer dberjr~dlmr+
Wqewtdr~mr nd bqdbjljdk~e bdqe z ndrmqqeffe rer~dkjafd
WQEWTDR^MR Bqdbjljdk~e Bdqe Ndrmqqeffe rer~dkjafd
WQDBTQREQDR Bfta nd Qelm EKT
LE^JPMBJK Bqjrjr dbefijbm Bqjrjr dbefijbm
MT^EQDR Bjdk~`jber Wef~jber
^DRJR
Nd~dkdq wqeiqdrjpmldk~d df
bqdbjljdk~e dbekljbe z
ndleiq`jbe
Bqdbjljdk~e mqlkjbe
}td mrditqd df `t~tqe+
Nj`dqdk~dr wdqrwdb~jpmr reaqd df ndrmqqeffe rer~dkjafd?
c~~w?%%yyy+edj+dr%rmfmb~rj%~d`71+c~l
Dbefeim rebjmf? c~~w?%%dr+yjhjwdnjm+eqi%yjhj%Dbefei$B2$MNmUrebjmf
+Ctdffm dbefijbm?c~~w?%%dr+yjhjwdnjm+eqi%yjhj%CtdffmUdbef$B2$A2ijbm
Mt~edlwfde Rer~dkjafd? c~~w?%%yyy+mt~edlwfderer~dkjafd+bel%
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B+ J~jkdqmqjer Jk~diqmner nd Jkrdqbjk Rebjefmaeqmf? `eldk~mq fm jk~diqmbjk dk df
ldqbmne fmaeqmf nd wdqrekmr ndrdlwfdmnmr bekbqd~mldk~d m}tdffmr bek drwdbjmf
qjdrie nd dsbftrjk fmaeqmf `eldk~mkne m rt pd tkm rdqjd nd rdqpjbjer z
ebtwmbjekdr dkbtmnqmner dk df laj~e nd fer ffmlmner dlwfder nd `t~tqe d
jlwtfrmkne jkjbjm~jpmr idkdqmneqmr nd dlwfde dk df ~dqqj~eqje
Pmk dkbmljkmner m `mbjfj~mq m fer%mr adkd`jbjmqjer%mr ndf wqezdb~e fer wqebdnjljdk~er&
cdqqmljdk~mr& ~bkjbmr& `eqlmbjk z dswdqjdkbjm fmaeqmf }td fdr wdqlj~mk tk
mbdqbmljdk~e m fmr rmfjnmr fmaeqmfdr dk rdqpjbjer nd wqesjljnmn z m~dkbjk m
wdqrekmr bek kdbdrjnmndr drwdbjmfdr& mr bek nd fer rdb~eqdr nd fmr ktdpmr
~dbkefeimr& df ldnje mlajdk~d& rdqpjbjer nd btf~tqm z ebje& m~dkbjk mf wafjbe&
dkdqimr qdkepmafdr& d~b+
Dk dr~d rdk~jne ~enmr fmr mb~jpjnmndr jkbftjnmr ndk~qe nd tk j~jkdqmqje nd jkrdqbjk rd
amrmk wqjkbjwmfldk~d dk fm nd~dbbjk nd jk~dqdrdr& mb~j~tndr z mw~j~tndr wqe`drjekmfdr&
njqjijnmr m `mbjfj~mq m dr~mr wdqrekmr rt jk~diqmbjk ndk~qe nd tk wfmk wdqrekmf nd
`eqlmbjk z wqb~jbmr fmaeqmfdr dkbmljkmnmr m bekrditjq rt jkrdqbjk fmaeqmf+
Atdkmr Wqmb~jbmr? c~~w?%%bdwmjl+eqi%wqeiqmlm%}td,cmbdler%jk~diqmbjek,rebjefmaeqmf%
Dr}tdlm nd tk j~jkdqmqje nd jkrdqbjk?
Nd~dqljkmbjk ndf eaod~jpe wqe`drjekmf
Nd~dqljkmbjk ndf wdq`jf wqe`drjekmf ndlmknmne
Nd~db~mq werjafdr bmqdkbjmr
Jkjbjmq fm ar}tdnm nd dlwfde
Dk~qdkmljdk~e nd cdqqmljdk~mr
Wqebdre nd ar}tdnm
MBBJEKDR ND EQJDK^MBJEK WQE@DRJEKMF WMQM DF DLWFDE? ^t~eqm Jknjpjntmfjmnm?
Dr tk wqebdre jknjpjntmfjmne neknd ~bkjbe z trtmqje mbtdqnmk fer wmrer m rditjq
wmqm bekrditjq tk ew~jle ndrmqqeffe JWJ
e Eaod~jpe? `mbjfj~mq df ndrmqqeffe nd fer qdbtqrer z belwd~dkbjmr ndf trtmqje }td
fd wdqlj~mk jndk~j`jbmq ewbjekdr dfdijq dk~qd fmr ljrlm ~elmr ndbjrjekdr wmqm
wfmkj`jbmq mb~tmbjekdr z dpmftmq rtr qdrtf~mner nd `eqlm mt~kelm+
eDk `tkbjk ndf wdq`jf wqe`drjekmf z qd}tdqjljdk~er ndf ndlmknmk~d nd dlwfde+
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Ndrmqqeffe nd fer mrwdb~er wdqrekmfdr wmqm fm ebtwmbjk #NMWE*
Mbbjk befdb~jpm dkbmljkmnm m jkbjnjq reaqd fer mrwdb~er wdqrekmfdr }td `mbjfj~mk
fm wtdr~m dk lmqbcm z lmk~dkjljdk~e nd mb~jpjnmndr dk tk wqebdre nd jkrdqbjk
wqe`drjekmf+e Eaod~jpe? @mbjfj~mq fmr mb~j~tndr werj~jpmr nd jkrdqbjk ldnjmk~d df ndrmqqeffe
nd fer qdbtqrer wdqrekmfdr ndf ndlmknmk~d z mrtljq mt~kelmldk~d df
ndrmqqeffe z motr~d nd rt wqezdb~e wdqrekmf nd jkrdqbjk wqe`drjekmf+
Iqtwe nd Ar}tdnm nd Dlwfde #AMD,I*
Mbbjk befdb~jpm dkbmljkmnm m }td df trtmqje ndrmqqeffd ~bkjbmr z cmajfjnmndr
}td fd `mbjfj~dk fm ar}tdnm mb~jpm nd dlwfde+
e Eaod~jpe? df ndlmknmk~d bekebm fer jkr~qtldk~er z mn}tjdqm fmr cmajfjnmndr
kdbdrmqjmr wmqm atrbmq mb~jpmldk~d dlwfde+
^mffdq nd Dk~qdpjr~m
Mbbjk befdb~jpm wmqm jkbqdldk~mq fer bekebjljdk~er ~dqjber,wqb~jber arjbe z
qdbtqrer wdqrekmfdr nd fer ndlmknmk~dr nd dlwfde wmqm m`qek~mq fm dk~qdpjr~m nd
~qmamoe bek lmr werjajfjnmndr nd sj~e+
e Eaod~jpe? dodqbj~mq nd `eqlm wqmb~jbm weq dk~qdkmljdk~er dk iqtwe fmr
cmajfjnmndr belwd~dkbjmr z dr~qm~dijmr arjbmr dk tkm dk~qdpjr~m nd
rdfdbbjk wmqm tk wtdr~e nd ~qmamoe+
J~jkdqmqjer nd Jkrdqbjk Fmaeqmf
@mrd nd Mbeijnm
e Dk~qdpjr~m nd Mbeijnm
e Dk~qdpjr~m Njmiker~jbe
e Dk~qdpjr~m nd Ndpeftbjk z Belwqeljre
@mrd nd Ndrmqqeffe
e Dk~qdpjr~m nd Rditjljdk~e
e Dk~qdpjr~m nd Lmk~dkjljdk~e dk df Wtdr~e nd ^qmamoe
e Dk~qdpjr~m nd Qdkepmbjk z Belwqeljre
@mrd nd Dpmftmbjk
e Dk~qdpjr~m nd Dpmftmbjk
Df J~jkdqmqje Wdqrekmfjmne nd Jkrdqbjk #JWJ*dr tkwfmk nd ~qmamoe }td& wmre
m wmre& rd nd`jkd z ndrmqqeffm wmqm ldoeqmq fm dlwfdmajfjnmn nd fm wdqrekm
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ndrdlwfdmnm jkrbqj~m bele ndlmknmk~d nd dlwfde dk df Rdqpjbje Mknmft nd
Dlwfde+
M ~qmpr nd fer JWJ fmr wdqrekmr bekebdk ~ener fer wqebdnjljdk~er njrwekjafdr wmqm
mbbdndq m fer wqeiqmlmr nd jkrdqbjk dsjr~jdkne fm werjajfjnmn nd rdq jk~diqmnm dk
btmf}tjdq mb~jpjnmn }td rd bekrjndqd eweq~tkm+
Dk rtbdrjper dkbtdk~qer df eqjdk~mneq z fm wdqrekm dk atrbm nd dlwfde njrdmk tk
nebtldk~e dk df }td rd qdbeidk ~enmr m}tdffmr mb~tmbjekdr }td rd cmk bekrjndqmne
lr bekpdkjdk~dr wmqm fm bekrdbtbjk nd rt eaod~jpe wqe`drjekmf nd`jkjnmr ndrnd fmr
wqewjmr bjqbtkr~mkbjmr wdqrekmfdr z bek~ds~e ideiq`jbe+
Fer JWJ wtdndk belajkmq njpdqrer ~jwer nd mbbjekdr? jk`eqlmbjk eqjdk~mbjk
mrdreqmljdk~e wqd`eqlmbjk mr bele e~qmr ldnjnmr }td bekntbmk m fm jkrdqbjk
fmaeqmf+ Fmr ndbjrjekdr rd ~elmk bekrdkrtmnmldk~d dk~qd fm wdqrekm ndlmknmk~d nd
dlwfde z fm wdqrekm qdrwekrmafd nd rt j~jkdqmqje8 dr r~m f~jlm fm dkbmqimnm nd
wekdq ~ener fer qdbtqrer m rt mfbmkbd wmqm }td ea~dkim df eaod~jpe wqe`drjekmf
lmqbmne+
Bek dr~d ktdpe dk`e}td rd wqewjbjm mndlr fm befmaeqmbjk z beeqnjkmbjk dk~qd fer
wqe`drjekmfdr nd fm qdn zm }td dk df ndrmqqeffe nd tk J~jkdqmqje wtdnd jk~dqpdkjq lr
nd tk wqe`drjekmf m ~qmpr nd wqebdrer nd ndqjpmbjk e ~qmrfmner+
Df ndrmqqeffe nd fer j~jkdqmqjer dr !fm wtdq~m nd dk~qmnm! m ~enmr fmr wef~jbmr
mb~jpmr nd dlwfde nd Mknmftbm+ Fer JWJ ke rek tk bekbdw~e ld~enefijbe rjke
}td rek df lmqbe nd wqebdnjljdk~e nd fmr wef~jbmr mb~jpmr nd dlwfde+
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@tdk~d?
c~~w?%%yyy+otk~mndmknmftbjm+dr%dlwfde%qdpjr~mdlwfde%qdpjr~m%Qdpjr~mDlwfde%Weq~mf%Qdpjr~mDlwfde%Q
dpjr~mU77=7%Eardqpm~eqje%Bek~dkjne%mrdreqmljdk~eUwdqrekmfjmne+c~lf
Fmr wef~jbmr mb~jpmr nd dlwfde kmbdk dk bek~qmwerjbjk m fmr ldnjnmr amrmnmr dk
df wmie nd wqdr~mbjekdr mrjr~dkbjmfdr nd aefrmr dr~qtb~tqmfdr nd ndrdlwfde `eqlmnmr
weq befdb~jper bek nj`jbtf~mndr rebjmfdr btf~tqmfdr `eqlm~jpmr z dbekljbmr }td fdr
jlwdnmk e nj`jbtf~mamk nd `eqlm iqmpd df mbbdre mf ldqbmne nd ~qmamoe+
Dr df bekotk~e nd wqeiqmlmr z ldnjnmr nd eqjdk~mbjk dlwfde z `eqlmbjkffdpmnmr m bmae weq fm Mnljkjr~qmbjk bdk~qmf z fmr Beltkjnmndr Mt~kelmr }td
~jdkdk weq eaod~e ldoeqmq fmr werjajfjnmndr nd mbbdre mf dlwfde nd fer
ndrdlwfdmner dk df ldqbmne nd ~qmamoe weq btdk~m wqewjm e modkm z fm
mnmw~mbjk nd fm `eqlmbjk z qdbmfj`jbmbjk wmqm df dlwfde nd fer ~qmamomneqdr
mr bele e~qmr ndr~jkmnmr m `eldk~mq df drwqj~t dlwqdrmqjmf z fm Dbekelm
Rebjmf+
@tdk~d?c~~w?%%yyy+drjk`eqlm+dr%jknds+wcw%ewjkjek%1=4=,wefj~jbmr,mb~jpmr,nd,dlwfde,z,dbekeljm,
rebjmf+c~lf
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J~jkdqmqjer @eqlm~jper nd Jkrdqbjk Rebje fmaeqmf?
N+ ]t Rdqpjbjer E`qdbd Fm E`jbjkm Nd Dlwfde M Fmr Wdqrekmr Ndlmknmk~dr5
=+ Jkrbqjwbjk belwfd~m nd fm ndlmknm ldnjmk~d dk~qdpjr~mr dk wqe`tknjnmn+
1+ Mb~tmfjmbjk nd ~ener fer nm~er nd fm ndlmknm+
2+ Mrdreqmljdk~e dk fm nd`jkjbjk ndf wdq`jf wqe`drjekmf+ Wmqm jndk~j`jbmq fmr
ebtwmbjekdr lr mndbtmnmr m fmr bmqmb~dqr~jbmr nd fm ndlmknm+
>+ Idr~jk ndf J~jkdqmqje Wdqrekmfjmne nd Jkrdqbjk z%e mrdreqmljdk~e wmqm df
ljrle+
4+ Mrdreqmljdk~e reaqd e~qer rdqpjbjer nd fer }td df Rdqpjbje Mknmft nd Dlwfdenjrwekd bele rek?
Eqjdk~mbjk Wqe`drjekmf+
@eqlmbjk Wqe`drjekmf Ebtwmbjekmf+
Wqeiqmlmr nd @eqlmbjk z Dlwfde+
Drbtdfmr ~mffdq+
Bmrmr nd E`jbje+
^mffdqdr nd dlwfde+
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Mt~edlwfde+
Z e~qer wqeiqmlmr nd mweze m fm jkrdqbjk fmaeqmf+
0+ Jk`eqlmbjk wdqrekmfjmnm qdfm~jpm m fm ndlmknm nd dlwfde m ~qmpr nd fer
ldnjer nd beltkjbmbjk }td cmzm drwdbj`jbmne? beqqde wer~mf d,lmjf RLR
`ms ~df`eke e wqdrdkbjmfldk~d+
9+ Jk`eqlmbjk qdfm~jpm m fer wfmkdr drwdbjmfdr
Wqeiqmlm nd ^qmkrjbjk mf Dlwfde nd fm Otk~m nd Mknmftbm #Wqe~dom*
Ldnjnmr Ds~qmeqnjkmqjmr wmqm fm Ldoeqm nd fm Dlwfdmajfjnmn nd fmr wdqrekmr
Ndlmknmk~dr nd Dlwfde
NDLMKNMK^DR
Fm ndlmknm nd dlwfde dr fm refjbj~tn nd tk wtdr~e nd ~qmamoe }td qdmfjm tkm wdqrekm
ndrdlwfdmnm e ~qmamomneqm mk~d tkm E`jbjkm nd Dlwfde e tk Rdqpjbje Dtqewde nd
Dlwfde+
Fer rdqpjbjer }td rd wtdndk refjbj~mq ndrnd tkm E`jbjkm ndf Rdqpjbje Mknmft nd
Dlwfde rek dk~qd e~qer?
Eqjdk~mbjk d Jkrdqbjk+
@eqlmbjk Wqe`drjekmf Ebtwmbjekmf+
Mbbjekdr nd Dlwfde z @eqlmbjk+
@eldk~e ndf Dlwfde+
Mt~edlwfde+
Jk~dqldnjmbjk Fmaeqmf+
Qdbekebjljdk~e nd Btmfj`jbmbjekdr+
Wqerwdbbjk Jkpdr~jimbjk Dr~tnjer Nj`trjk z Dr~mnr~jbmr+
Wqeiqmlmr Beltkj~mqjer+
Mweze mf Ndrmqqeffe Febmf+
Rj rfe rd refjbj~m df mbbdre m e~qer rdqpjbjer bele `eqlmbjk eqjdk~mbjk fm
jkrbqjwbjk rdq bele ndlmknmk~d nd rdqpjbjer wqdpjer mf dlwfde+
Wqeiqmlm Mknmftbm Eqjdk~m?
Dr fm qdn nd tkjnmndr nd Eqjdk~mbjk ndf Rdqpjbje Mknmft nd dlwfde nd fm Otk~m
nd Mknmftbm wtdr~m dk lmqbcm bek fm wmq~jbjwmbjk nd fmr Njqdbbjekdr
Wqepjkbjmfdr+
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ItmndEqjdk~mbjkFmaeqmf#E`dq~mndDlwfde*weqFjb+Lmktdf@qmkbjrbeQtajeIekzfdz
>>
^jdkd bele eaod~jpe mwezmq m fm weafmbjk mb~jpm mknmftm wmqm rt jkrdqbjk dk df
Ldqbmne Fmaeqmf mrdreqknefm dk fm ar}tdnm nd dlwfde+
Njqjijne M fmr wdqrekmr ndlmknmk~dr nd dlwfde jkrbqj~mr bele ~mfdr dk df
Rdqpjbje Mknmft nd Dlwfde+ Z drwdbjmfldk~d?
Wdqrekmr bek Njrbmwmbjnmn+
Dr~tnjmk~dr Tkjpdqrj~mqjer z qdbjk ~j~tfmner+
Ltodqdr+
Opdkdr+
Wdqrekmr ndrdlwfdmnmr bek drwdbjmfdr nj`jbtf~mndr wmqm fm jkrdqbjk+
Rdqpjbjer?
J~jkdqmqjer Wdqrekmfjmner wmqm fm Jkrdqbjk+
Jk`eqlmbjk reaqd df ldqbmne nd ~qmamoe+
Mrdreqmljdk~e reaqd ^bkjbmr nd ar}tdnm nd dlwfde+
Eqjdk~mbjk pebmbjekmf+
Mrdreqmljdk~e wmqm df mt~ebekebjljdk~e z werjbjekmljdk~e wmqm df ldqbmne
nd ~qmamoe+
Mbelwmmljdk~e dk fm ar}tdnm nd dlwfde+
Mrdreqmljdk~e wmqm df mt~edlwfde+
Mt~eeqjdk~mbjk
Dr~mr mb~tmbjekdr rd qdmfjmk jknjpjntmfldk~d e m kjpdf iqtwmf ~dkjdkne dk
btdk~m df wdq`jf nd fm wdqrekm trtmqjm rtr kdbdrjnmndr z fm btmfjnmn nd fm wdqrekm m
~qm~mq+
]t rek fer Bdk~qer nd Qd`dqdkbjm nd Eqjdk~mbjk5
Dr tk Bdk~qe nd Rdqpjbjer wmqm df Dlwfde jk~diqmne ndk~qe nd fm qdn !Mknmftbm
Eqjdk~m! z njqjijne m ndlmknmk~dr nd dlwfde m wqe`drjekmfdr z rdqpjbjer nd
eqjdk~mbjk+
Btlwfdk tkm neafd `tkbjk?
Beeqnjkmbjk nd fer Rdqpjbjer nd Eqjdk~mbjk+
Rdqpjq nd qd`dqdkbjm z lendfe wmqm fm eqjdk~mbjk nd fer ndlmknmk~dr nd
dlwfde+
Pjrj~m pjq~tmf m mfik Bdk~qe nd Qd`dqdkbjm nd Mknmftbm wjkbcd m}t
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Dkfmbdr ndr~mbmner
Njqdb~eqje nd tkjnmndr nd eqjdk~mbjk #lmwm nd qdbtqrer*
Bekrtf~mr
Qdbtqrer wmqm dkbek~qmq dlwfde
Wqe`tknjm?
c~~w?%%yyy+otk~mndmknmftbjm+dr%rdqpjbjemknmftnddlwfde%yda%ydarmd%weq~mf%dr%jk`eqlmbjek%jk~dqldn
jmbjek%jk`eqlmbjekNdlmknm%
@eqltfmqje nd E`dq~mr nd Dlwfde?
c~~w?%%yyy+otk~mndmknmftbjm+dr%rdqpjbjemknmftnddlwfde%yda%ydarmd%weq~mf%dr%jk`eqlmbjek%jk~dqldn
jmbjek%`eqltfmqjeE`dq~mr%
D+ WEF^JBMR MB^JPMR ND DLWFDE #Otk~m nd Mknmftbm*
c~~w?%%yyy+otk~mndmknmftbjm+dr%rdqpjbjemknmftnddlwfde%yda%ydarmd%weq~mf%dr%jk`eqlmbjek%wqeiqml
mrRMD%
D+=+ WQEIQMLMR ND @EQLMBJK?
=* @+W+D+? dr tk bekotk~e nd mbbjekdr }td ~jdkd bele eaod~e jlwtfrmq z ds~dkndq
dk~qd fmr dlwqdrmr z fer ~qmamomneqdr ebtwmner z ndrdlwfdmner tkm `eqlmbjk
}td qdrweknm m rtr kdbdrjnmndr `mpeqdbjdkne df mwqdknjmod wdqlmkdk~d dk tk
ldqbmne nd ~qmamoe amrmne dk df bekebjljdk~e+
Jk~diqm ~mk~e fm @eqlmbjk Wqe`drjekmf Ebtwmbjekmf bele fm @eqlmbjk
Bek~jktm bek~qjatzdkne m fm ldoeqm nd fm belwd~j~jpjnmn z nd fm
wqentb~jpjnmn nd fmr dlwqdrmr m fm pd }td ldoeqm fm dlwfdmajfjnmn nd fer
~qmamomneqdr drwdbjmfldk~d nd m}tdffer befdb~jper }td ~jdkdk lmzeqdr
nj`jbtf~mndr nd mbbdre mf ldqbmne fmaeqmf e nd lmk~dkjljdk~e dk f+
e`dq~mr nd eqlmbjk?
@eqlmbjk wmqm ~qmamomneqdr ndrdlwfdmner
@eqlmbjk wmqm ~qmamomneqdr ebtwmner
@eqlmbjk m njr~mkbjm+ Bekpebm~eqjm Rebjdnmn ndf Bekebjljdk~e? ~mk~e
~qmamomneqdr ebtwmner bele ndrdlwfdmner
@eqlmbjk wmqm ~qmamomneqdr mt~keler
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Adbmr z Mztnmr
Mndlr nd dr~m e`dq~m `eqlm~jpm ndrnd fm Bekrdodqm nd Dlwfde rd `mbjfj~m m fer
mftlker df mbbdre m fm `eqlmbjk ldnjmk~d adbmr z mztnmr dk bekbdw~e nd
~qmkrweq~d lmkt~dkbjk mfeomljdk~e z btjnmne nd cjoer e tkm adbm weq mrjr~dkbjm
dk df bmre nd fmr wdqrekmr bek njrbmwmbjnmn+
Adkd`jbjmqjer? Df qd}tjrj~e idkdqmf wmqm mbbdndq m dr~mr mztnmr dr }td fm oeqkmnm
fdb~jpm ndf btqre ke rdm jk`dqjeq m > ceqmr njmqjmr+
Wqe`tknjm?
c~~w?%%yyy+otk~mndmknmftbjm+dr%rdqpjbjemknmftnddlwfde%yda%ydarmd%weq~mf%dr%jk`eqlmbjek%wqeiqm
lmrRMD%wqeiqmlm@eqlmbjek%`eqlmbjekWqe`drjekmfDlwfde%
1* @eqlmbjk Bek~jktm?Fm `eqlmbjk nd fer ~qmamomneqdr dr tkm nd fm cdqqmljdk~mr lr rfjnmr wmqm
`eldk~mq df bqdbjljdk~e dbekljbe ldoeqmq df ajdkdr~mq befdb~jpe d jlwtfrmq fm
becdrjk rebjmf nd ktdr~qm Beltkjnmn+ Fmr dlwqdrmr bmnm pd lr dr~k
jkbeqweqmkne fm `eqlmbjk wdqlmkdk~d m rt dr~qm~dijm nd kdiebje z bekrjndqmk }td
df bmwj~mf ctlmke dr rt wqjkbjwmf mb~jpe jlwqdrbjknjafd wmqm belwd~jq bek sj~e
dk fer ldqbmner ifeamfjmner+
Wqe`tknjm?c~~w?%%yyy+otk~mndmknmftbjm+dr%rdqpjbjemknmftnddlwfde%yda%ydarmd%weq~mf%dr%jk`eqlmbjek%wqeiqmlmrRMD%wqeiqmlm@eqlmbjek% eqlmbjekBek~jktm%
2* Bekreqbjer Drbtdfmr nd @eqlmbjk wmqm df Dlwfde?
Rek Bdk~qer nd @eqlmbjk wmqm df Dlwfde dr~k mf~mldk~d drwdbjmfjmner z
eqjdk~mner mf ndrmqqeffe nd tk rdb~eq nd fm mb~jpjnmn dbekljbm rjkitfmqldk~d
qdfdpmk~d dk df dk~eqke ideiq`jbe dk df }td rd tajbmk drwdbjmfjknerd weq tk
fmne dk fer rdb~eqdr wqentb~jper bek lmzeq wdre dk Mknmftbm cer~dfdqm z
~tqjrle lqlef lmndqm oezdqm mq~drmkm e refnmntqm, z weq e~qe dk rdb~eqdr
dldqidk~dr qdfmbjekmner bek fer ktdper zmbjljdk~er nd dlwfde bele fm
qdcmajfj~mbjk ndf Wm~qjlekje Cjr~qjbe fmr Ktdpmr ^dbkefeimr nd fm Jk`eqlmbjk z
fm Beltkjbmbjk e df Ldnjemlajdk~d z df Ndrmqqeffe Rer~dkjafd+ Mndlr nd rt
wqjkbjwmf mb~jpjnmn nd `eqlmbjk m opdkdr ndrdlwfdmner rd ndr~mbm bele
jkr~qtldk~er nd befmaeqmbjk bek fmr dlwqdrmr z nd njkmljmbjk nd fer rdb~eqdr
wqentb~jper febmfdr& ndrmqqeffmkne mr ljrle tkm jlweq~mk~d fmaeq nd
qdbtmfj`jbmbjk& mb~tmfjmbjk z mnmw~mbjk nd fer qdbtqrer ctlmker+
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Dr~k dk wqebdre nd qdpjrjk wmqm mndbtmqfer m fer bek~dkjner nd fer Bdq~j`jbmner
nd Wqe`drjekmfjnmn #>>* wtafjbmner dk fmr njr~jk~mr `mljfjmr wqe`drjekmfdr dk fmr
}td dr~k drwdbjmfjmner
Wqe`tknjm?
c~~w?%%yyy+otk~mndmknmftbjm+dr%rdqpjbjemknmftnddlwfde%yda%ydarmd%weq~mf%dr%jk`eqlmbjek%wqeiqml
mrRMD%wqeiqmlm@eqlmbjek%bekreqbjeDrbtdfm@eqlmbjek%
D+1+ WQEIQMLMR ND EQJDK^MBJEK D JKRDQBBJEK?
=* Wqeiqmlm nd Mbelwmmljdk~e?
^jdkd bele eaod~jpe wqelepdq fm jkrdqbjk fmaeqmf wmqm fmr wdqrekmr
ndrdlwfdmnmr }td kdbdrj~dk mweze mrdreqmljdk~e ~t~eqm z%e rditjljdk~e?
Dk dfwqebdre wqdpje nd mbbdre mf ldqbmne fmaeqmf? mweze wqdpje m fm jkrdqbjk+Dk fmr d~mwmr jkjbjmfdr #wqjldqer 0 ldrdr* nd jkbeqweqmbjk mf wtdr~e nd ~qmamoe?
mweze jk~diqmf m fm jkrdqbjk+
Wdqrekmr ndrdlwfdmnmr }td dr~k qdmfjmkne tk J~jkdqmqje Wdqrekmfjmne nd
Jkrdqbjk z }td wdq~dkdbmk m tke nd fer rjitjdk~dr befdb~jper?
Wdqrekmr }td rtwdqdk tk wdqjene nd mk~jidnmn dk fm ndlmknm nd dlwfde
nd =1 ldrdr+
Wdqrekmr bek njrbmwmbjnmn+Rdqpjbjer?
Mweze mrdreqmljdk~e z ~t~eqm dk df wqebdre nd fm ar}tdnm nd dlwfde m ~qmpr nd
mbbjekdr nd eqjdk~mbjk fmaeqmf wdqrekmfjmnmr?
Am~dqm nd dk~qdpjr~mr+
Ndrmqqeffe nd fmr belwd~dkbjmr wdqrekmfdr+
Njrde jknjpjntmfjmne ndf eaod~jpe wqe`drjekmf nd bmnm adkd`jbjmqje dk
befmaeqmbjk bek fm wdqrekm ndlmknmk~d+ Mweze wmqm df bekebjljdk~e z mbbdre mf ldqbmne nd ~qmamoe+
Mndlr dk df bmre nd wdqrekmr bek njrbmwmbjnmn?
Mweze mrdreqmljdk~e ~t~eqm z rditjljdk~e wdqrekmfjmne dk fm d~mwm jkjbjmf nd
jkbeqweqmbjk mf wtdr~e nd ~qmamoe rjdlwqd }td dr~m ke dsbdnm nd 0 ldrdr+
@tdk~d?
c~~w?%%yyy+otk~mndmknmftbjm+dr%rdqpjbjemknmftnddlwfde%yda%ydarmd%weq~mf%dr%jk`eqlmbjek%wqeiqmlm
rRMD%wqeiqmlmEqjdk~mbjekJkrdqbbjek%wqeiqmlmrMbelwmkzm%
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1*Dswdqjdkbjmr Wqe`drjekmfdr wmqm df Dlwfde?
^jdkd weq eaod~e wqelepdq fm jkrdqbjk nd fmr wdqrekmr ndrdlwfdmnmr e`qdbjknefdr
dswdqjdkbjmr wqe`drjekmfdr wmqm df dlwfde bek ~t~eqmr }td fdr mbdq}tdk mf ltkne
fmaeqmf wqeweqbjekknefdr df bekebjljdk~e nd fer caj~er wqb~jbmr z pmfeqdr wqewjer
nd fer dk~eqker fmaeqmfdr m fer }td fm wdqrekm ndlmknmk~d mrwjqm+
qd}tjrj~er?
Njrwekdq nd tkm ~j~tfmbjk tkjpdqrj~mqjm nd `eqlmbjk wqe`drjekmf qdifmnm e
bdq~j`jbmbjk nd @eqlmbjk Wqe`drjekmf Ebtwmbjekmf+
]td ke cmzmk ~qmkrbtqqjne lr nd ner mer ndrnd fm ea~dkbjk nd njbcm ~j~tfmbjk
e bdq~j`jbmbjk+
Bmqdbdq nd dswdqjdkbjm wqe`drjekmf qdfmbjekmnm bek njbcm btmfj`jbmbjk+
Mndlr wenqk rdq adkd`jbjmqjmr fmr wdqrekmr ndlmknmk~dr nd wqjldq dlwfde
}td wdq~dkdbmk m mfitke nd fer rjitjdk~dr befdb~jper ke rjknefdr mwfjbmafd
fer qd}tjrj~er ndf mk~dqjeq wtk~e?
Wdqrekmr bek njrbmwmbjnmn+
Ljkeqmr ~kjbmr+
Ndlmknmk~dr nd dlwfde dk qjdrie nd dsbftrjk+
Rek mbbjekdr }td rd ndrmqqeffmqk dk bdk~qer nd ~qmamoe wmqm `mpeqdbdq fm
jk~diqmbjk nd fmr wdqrekmr ndr~jkm~mqjmr dk fm dr~qtb~tqm nd tkm nd~dqljkmnm
eqimkjmbjk+ Dffe fdr wdqlj~jq bekebdq fmr keqlmr z fer pmfeqdr nd fm ljrlm mr
bele df bekebjljdk~e ndf bek~ds~e dk }td rd ndrmqqeffm rt ebtwmbjk z tk
mbdqbmljdk~e m fm btf~tqm ndf ltkne fmaeqmf+ Ke jlwfjbmq qdfmbjk fmaeqmf qdrwdb~e
m fmr wdqrekmr ndr~jkm~mqjmr nd fmr mbbjekdr+
@tdk~d?
c~~w?%%yyy+otk~mndmknmftbjm+dr%rdqpjbjemknmftnddlwfde%yda%ydarmd%weq~mf%dr%jk`eqlmbjek%wqeiqml
mrRMD%wqeiqmlmEqjdk~mbjekJkrdqbbjek%dswdqjdkbjmrWqe`drjekmfdr%
2*Mbbjekdr Dswdqjldk~mfdr?
^jdkd bele eaod~jpedf ndrmqqeffe nd wfmkdr jk~diqmfdr wmqm fm jkrdqbjk fmaeqmf
Jkrdqbjk nd mf ldker 24$ nd fer wmq~jbjwmk~dr+ Rd qdntbd mf 27$ btmkne fmr
wdqrekmr wmq~jbjwmk~dr cmzmk rjne mnlj~jnmr dk df wqeiqmlm nd Qdk~m Mb~jpm nd
Jkrdqbjk+
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Wqe`tknjm?
c~~w?%%yyy+otk~mndmknmftbjm+dr%rdqpjbjemknmftnddlwfde%yda%ydarmd%weq~mf%dr%jk`eqlmbjek%wqei
qmlmrRMD%wqeiqmlm@eldk~eDlwfde% eldk~eDlwfdmajfjnmn%
1* Drbtdfmr ^mffdq Bmrmr nd E`jbje ^mffdqdr nd Dlwfde z Tkjnmndr ndWqelebjk z Ndrmqqeffe #D^%BE%^D*?
Ndrmqqeffmk wqezdb~er nd bmqb~dq ~dlweqmf amrmner dk fm mf~dqkmkbjm dk~qd
`eqlmbjk z ~qmamoe }td wdqlj~dk fm wqe`drjekmfjmbjk nd fer wmq~jbjwmk~dr
bek wqd`dqdkbjm wmqm fer befdb~jper }td wqdrdk~mk drwdbjmfdr nj`jbtf~mndr nd
jkrdqbjk fmaeqmf #wqjkbjwmfldk~d opdkdr wmqmner nd fmqim ntqmbjk ltodqdr
wdqrekmr bek njrbmwmbjnmn d~b*+ Weq rt wmq~d fmr Tkjnmndr nd Wqelebjk z
Ndrmqqeffe befmaeqmk dk fm wqdwmqmbjk& rditjljdk~e z dpmftmbjk nd fmr
mb~jpjnmndr ffdpmnmr m bmae weq dr~er wqeiqmlmr+
Wqe`tknjm?
c~~w?%%yyy+otk~mndmknmftbjm+dr%rdqpjbjemknmftnddlwfde%yda%ydarmd%weq~mf%dr%jk`eqlmbjek%wqeiq
mlmrRMD%wqeiqmlm@eldk~eDlwfde%D^UBEU^D%
2* Bdk~qer Drwdbjmfdr nd Dlwfde?
Weq dr~mafdbjljdk~e nd ldnjnmr km~jpmr nd bmqb~dq dsbdwbjekmf mf btlwfjljdk~e
nd fm bte~m nd qdrdqpm ndf 1$ m `mpeq nd ~qmamomneqdr njrbmwmbj~mner dk
dlwqdrmr nd bjkbtdk~m e lr ~qmamomneqdr
Rd ndrmqqeffmk mb~jpjnmndr m tker kjpdfdr nd d`jbjdkbjm z bmfjnmn d}tjwmqmafdr m
btmf}tjdq dlwqdrm }td belwj~d dk df ldqbmne rjk wdqndq weq dffe df belwekdk~d
rebjmf z nd jk~diqmbjk nd wdqrekmr bek njrbmwmbjnmn }td fe bmqmb~dqjm+
Wqe`tknjm?
c~~w?%%yyy+otk~mndmknmftbjm+dr%rdqpjbjemknmftnddlwfde%yda%ydarmd%weq~mf%dr%jk`eqlmbjek%wqei
qmlmrRMD%wqeiqmlm@eldk~eDlwfde%bdk~qerDrwdbjmfdr%
>* Wqezdb~er nd Jk~dqr Idkdqmf z Rebjmf?
@jkmkbjmq fer ber~dr rmfmqjmfdr nd fmr wdqrekmr ndr