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BRITISH STANDARD BS 7698-9:1996
ISO 8528-9:1995
Reciprocating internalcombustion engine
driven alternating
current generating
sets
Part 9: Measurement and evaluation ofmechanical vibrations
ICS 29.160.40
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BS 7698-9:1996
This British Standard, havingbeen prepared under thedirection of the EngineeringSector Board, was publishedunder the authority of theStandards Board and comesinto effect on15 July 1996
BSI 11-1998
The following BSI referencesrelate to the work on this
standard:Committee reference MCE/14Draft for comment 93/707619 DC
ISBN 0 580 25999 4
Committees responsible for thisBritish Standard
The preparation of this British Standard was entrusted to Technical
Committee MCE/14, Reciprocating internal combustion engines, upon whichthe following bodies were represented:
Agricultural Engineers Association
British Industrial Truck Association
Health and Safety Executive
Society of Motor Manufacturers and Traders
Co-opted members
Amendments issued since publication
Amd. No. Date Comments
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BS 7698-9:1996
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Contents
Page
Committees responsible Inside front cover
National foreword ii1 Scope 1
2 Normative references 1
3 Definitions 1
4 Symbols and abbreviations 1
5 Regulations and additional requirements 1
6 Measured values 2
7 Measuring devices 2
8 Location of measuring points and direction of measurements 2
9 Operating conditions during measurement 3
10 Evaluation of results 4
11 Test report 4Annex A (informative) Typical generating set configurations 5
Annex B (informative) Remarks on the assessment of vibrationsof the generating set 6
Annex C (informative) Vibration values 7
Annex D (informative) Measuring report 9
Annex E (informative) Bibliography 12
Figure 1 Arrangement of measuring points 3
Figure A.1 Engine and generator rigidly mounted 5
Figure A.2 Engine resiliently mounted, generator rigidlymounted, flexible coupling 5
Figure A.3 Engine and generator rigidly mounted on resilientlymounted base frame 5
Figure A.4 Engine resiliently mounted, generator rigidly mounted onresiliently mounted base frame, flexible coupling 5
Figure A.5 Assembly with flange housing and resilient mountingon the engine and generator 5
Figure A.6 Assembly with flange housing and resilient mountingof the engine 5
Figure C.1 Relationship between vibration velocity and vibrationfrequency 8
Table C.1 Rms values for vibration velocity, displacement andacceleration of RIC engine driven AC generating sets 7
List of references Inside back cover
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BS 7698-9:1996
ii BSI 11-1998
National foreword
This Part of BS 7698 has been prepared by Technical Committee MCE/14 and isidentical with ISO 8528-9:1994 Reciprocating internal combustion engine driven
alternating current generating sets Part 9: Measurement and evaluation ofmechanical vibrations published by the International Organization forStandardization (ISO). ISO 8528-9 was prepared by ISO/TC 70, Internalcombustion engines.
A British Standard does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of acontract. Users of British Standards are responsible for their correct application.
Compliance with a British Standard does not of itself confer immunityfrom legal obligations.
Cross-references
International standard Corresponding British Standard
ISO 2041:1990 BS 3015:1991 Glossary of terms relating to mechanical
vibration and shock
(Identical)
ISO 5348:1987 BS 7129:1989 Recommendations for mechanical
mounting of accelerometers for measuring mechanical
vibration and shock
(Identical)
ISO 8528-5:1993 BS 7698 Reciprocating internal combustion engine
driven alternating current generating sets
Part 5:1993 Specification for generating sets
(Identical)
IEC 34-7:1992 BS EN 60034 Rotating electrical machines
Part 7:1993 Classification of types of constructions and
mounting arrangements (IM code)
(Identical)
Summary of pages
This document comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, pages i and ii,
pages 1 to 12, an inside back cover and a back cover.
This standard has been updated (see copyright date) and may have hadamendments incorporated. This will be indicated in the amendment table onthe inside front cover.
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BS 7698-9:1996
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1 Scope
This part of ISO 8528 describes a procedure for
measuring and evaluating the external mechanicalvibration behaviour of generating sets at themeasuring points stated in that InternationalStandard.
It applies to RIC engine driven AC generating setsfor fixed and mobile installations with rigid and/orresilient mountings. It is applicable for land andmarine use, excluding generating sets used onaircraft or those used to propel land vehicles andlocomotives.
For some specific applications (essential hospitalsupplies, high rise buildings, etc.) supplementary
requirements may be necessary. The provisions ofthis part of ISO 8528 should be regarded as a basis.
For generating sets driven by otherreciprocating-type prime movers (e.g. sewage gasengines, steam engines), the provisions of this partof ISO 8528 should be regarded as a basis.
2 Normative references
The following standards contain provisions which,through reference in this text, constitute provisionsof this part of ISO 8528. At the time of publication,the editions indicated were valid. All standards are
subject to revision, and parties to agreements basedon this part of ISO 8528 are encouraged toinvestigate the possibility of applying the mostrecent editions of the standards indicated below.Members of IEC and ISO maintain registers ofcurrently valid International Standards.
ISO 2041:1990, Vibration and shock Vocabulary.
ISO 5348:1987, Mechanical vibration and shock Mechanical mounting of accelerometers.
ISO 8528-5:1993, Reciprocating internal combustionengine driven alternating current generating sets Part 5: Generating sets.
IEC 34-7:1992, Rotating electrical machines Part 7: Classification of types of constructions andmounting arrangements (IM Code).
3 Definitions
For the purposes of this part of ISO 8528, thedefinitions given in ISO 2041 and the followingdefinition apply.
3.1vibration severity
a generic term that designates a value or set ofvalues, such as a maximum value, average value or
rms value, or other parameter that is descriptive ofthe vibration
NOTE 1 It may refer to instantaneous values or average values.
NOTE 2 ISO 2041 includes two notes in the definition. Thesenotes do not apply in this part of ISO 8528.
4 Symbols and abbreviations
For the purposes of this part of ISO 8528 thefollowing symbols apply.
The following subscripts are used in conjunctionwith the vibration quantities v, s and a.
The following abbreviation is used.
5 Regulations and additionalrequirements
5.1 For a.c. generating sets used on board ships andoffshore installations which have to comply withrules of a classification society, the additionalrequirements of the classification society shall beobserved. The classification society shall be statedby the customer prior to placing the order.
For a.c. generating sets in unclassed equipment,such additional requirements are in each case
subject to agreement between the manufacturer andcustomer.
a Acceleration
Peak value of acceleration
f Frequency
s Displacement
Peak value of displacement
t Time
v Velocity
Peak value of velocity
x Axial co-ordinate
y Transverse co-ordinate
z Vertical co-ordinate
v Angular velocity
rms Value of vibration quantity
x Measured value of vibration quantity
in the axial direction
y Measured value of vibration quantity
in the transverse direction
z Measured value of vibration quantity
in the vertical direction
1, 2 ...n Progressive values
IMB Type or construction and mounting
arrangement of generators according
to IEC 34-7
s
v
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5.2 If special requirements from regulations of anyother authority, e.g. inspecting and/or legislative
authorities, have to be met, the authority shall bestated by the customer prior to placing the order.
Any further additional requirements shall besubject to agreement between the manufacturer andcustomer.
6 Measured values
Acceleration, velocity and displacement aremeasured variables for the vibrations(see clause 10).
In the general case of any vibration over timeinterval t1 to t2, the rms velocity is given by
In the particular case of sinusoidal vibration therms velocity is given by
If the vibration characteristics are analysed and if
for angular frequencies v1, v2, ..., vn, the vibrationvelocities , , ......, , are available, then thefollowing relationships can be used to determine therms velocity:
NOTE 3 For acceleration and displacement rms values arecalculated in the same manner.
7 Measuring devices
The measuring system shall provide the rms values
of displacement, velocity and acceleration with anaccuracy of 10 % over the range 10 Hz to 1 000 Hzand an accuracy of % over the range 2 Hz to10 Hz. These values may be obtained from a singlesensor whose signal is either integrated ordifferentiated, depending on the outcome of themeasuring device, to derive the quantities notdirectly measured, provided the accuracy of themeasuring system is not adversely affected.
NOTE 4 The accuracy of measurement is also affected by themethod of connection between the transducer and the objectbeing measured. Both the frequency response and the measuredvibration are affected by the method of attaching the transducer.
It is especially important to maintain good attachment betweenthe transducer and the point on the generating set beingmeasured when vibration levels are high.
Refer to ISO 5348 for guidance on the mounting ofaccelerometers.
8 Location of measuring points anddirection of measurements
Figure 1 shows the recommended points of vibrationmeasurement in generating sets. The specificationsapply as appropriate for other types of design. Ifpossible, measurements shall be taken at thesepoints in the three main directions, defined by x,y
and z.Figure 1 shows the approximate positions of themeasuring points which have to be located on thesolid engine block and on solid areas of thegenerator frame in order to avoid measuring localstructural vibrations.
If experience with similar generating sets hasshown at which points the maximum vibrationseverity is to be expected, not all the points givenin Figure 1 need necessarily be measured.
9 Operating conditions during
measurementThe measurements shall be taken with thegenerating set at its operating temperature andrated frequency, at both zero power and ratedpower. If the rated power of the generating set is notattainable, it should be tested at the maximumpower that can be attained.
...(1)
...(2)
...(3)
...(4)
vrms
v2
dtt1
t2
t2 t1
---------------------=
vrmssv
2-------
v
2-------
a
v---
1
2-------= = =
v1 v2 vn
vrmsv1
2 v22 ... vn
2+ + +
2-------------------------------------------------=
vrms v rms12 v rms2
2 ... vrmsn2+ + +=
+ 10 20
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BS 7698-9:1996
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Figure 1 Arrangement of measuring points
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10 Evaluation of results
The main excitation frequencies of the RIC engine
itself are found in the range 2 Hz to 300 Hz.However, when considering the overall generatingset structure and components, a range of 2 Hz to1 000 Hz is required to evaluate the vibration.
Additional testing may be necessary to ensure thatno local structural resonances contribute to themeasurement result.
Assessment of the potential effects of vibration aremade by reference to Table C.1 which gives rmsvalues of vibration displacement, velocity andacceleration. These values can be used as guidelinesfor evaluating the measured vibration levels.
Experience has shown that with a standard designof generating set structure and components,damage would not be expected if vibration levelsremain below value 1.
If the vibration levels fall between values 1 and 2,assessment of the generating set structure and
components may be required along with anagreement between the generating setmanufacturer and the component supplier in orderto ensure reliable operation.
In some cases vibration levels can be above value 2but only if individual special designs of generatingset structure and components are applied.
In all cases the generating set manufacturerremains responsible for the compatibility with eachother of the generating set components(see ISO 8528-5:1993, 15.10).
11 Test report
The indicated measurement results shall includethe main data of the generating set and themeasuring equipment used. These data are to berecorded using annex D.
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Annex A (informative)Typical generating set configurations
There are a number of possibilities for the assemblyof a reciprocating internal combustion engine and agenerator. Figure A.1 to Figure A.6 show examplesof typical configurations.
Figure A.1 Engine and generator rigidlymounted
Figure A.2 Engine resiliently mounted,generator rigidly mounted, flexible coupling
Figure A.3 Engine and generator rigidlymounted on resiliently mounted base frame
Figure A.4 Engine resiliently mounted,generator rigidly mounted on resiliently
mounted base frame, flexible coupling
Figure A.5 Assembly with flange housingand resilient mounting on the engine and
generator
Figure A.6 Assembly with flange housingand resilient mounting of the engine
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Annex B (informative)Remarks on the assessment of
vibrations of the generating set
It has been found that generators operating ingenerating sets suffer higher values of vibrationseverity compared with those runningindependently.
Typical features of RIC engines are the oscillatingmasses, torque fluctuation and pulsating forces inthe associated pipe-work. All these features exertconsiderable alternating forces on the mainsupports and give rise to high vibration amplitudeson the main frame. The vibration amplitudes aregenerally higher than those for rotating machinery,
but since they are largely influenced by the designfeatures of the generating sets, they tend to remainmore constant over the life of the RIC engine thanthey do for rotating machinery.
The vibration values determined by using this partof ISO 8528 allow us to make a general statement onthe vibrational behaviour of the generating set anda general assessment of the running behaviour andthe vibration interactions of the total set. However,the determined vibration values do not allow us tomake a statement on the mechanical stresses offixed or moving parts of the generating sets.
Neither do the determined values of vibrationseverity allow us to make a statement of the
torsional and linear vibrational behaviour of theshaft system.
Even if accurate assessment of mechanical stressesin the generating set by using vibrationmeasurement is not possible, experience has shownthat the vibration level above which important partsof the generating set are mechanically damaged byundue vibration stress is usually significantlyhigher than the level which is accepted as usualfrom experience with similar generating sets.
However, if the above usual ranges are exceeded,damage to additional attachments and connectingparts of the generating set, as well as to governing
and monitoring devices, etc., may occur.
The sensitivity of these components depends ontheir design and how they are mounted. Thus, insome individual cases, it may be difficult to avoidproblems even when the assessment value lies inthe usual range. Such problems have to berectified by specific local measures on thegenerating set (e.g. by elimination of mountedcomponent resonances).
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7
Annex C (informative)Vibration values
Table C.1 Rms values for vibration velocity, displacement and acceleration of RIC engine driven AC generating sets(see clause 10)
Declared
engine speed
Rated power output of the
generating setVibration displacement
a, srms
Vibration velocity,vrms Vibration accelerationa
, arms
(cos w = 0,8)RIC engine
bc
Generatorb
RIC enginebc
Generatorb
RIC engineb
c
Generatorb
value 1 value 2 value 1 value 2 value 1 value 2
min1 kVA kW mm mm mm mm/s mm/s mm/s m/s2 m/s2 m/s2
> 2 000 but
< 3 600
< 15
(1-cylinderengine)
< 12
(1-cylinderengine)
1,11 1,27 70 80 44 50
< 50 < 40 0,8 0,95 50 60 31 38
>50 > 40 0,64d 0,8d 40d 50d 25d 31d
> 1 300 but
< 2 000
< 10 < 8
> 10 but
< 50
> 8 but
< 40 0,64 40 25
> 50 but
< 125
> 40 but
< 100 0,4 0,48 25 30 16 19
> 125 but
< 250
> 100 but
< 2000,72 0,4 0,48 45 25 30 28 16 19
> 250 > 200 0,72 0,32 0,45 45 20 28 28 13 18
> 720 but
< 1 300
> 250 but
< 1 250
> 200 but
< 1 000 0,720,32 0,39
4520 24
28
13 15
> 1 250 > 1 000 0,29 0,35 18 22 11 14
< 720 > 1 250 > 1 000 0,720,24
(0,16)e
0,32
(0,24)e45
15
(10)e
20
(15)e28
9,5
(6,5)e
13
(9,5)eNOTE The relationship between vibration velocity and vibration frequency is shown in Figure C.1.
aThe values ofsrms and arms are determined from the following equations by using the values given in the table for vrms.
srms = 0,0159 vrms
arms = 0,628 vrms
bIn the case of flange housing coupled generating sets the values measured at point 5 [see Figure 1 a)] shall meet the values for generators.
cThe stated values for RIC engines are applicable for engines with power outputs of more than 100 kW. For smaller engines with power outputs below 100 kW, no typical values
exist.d
These values are subject to agreement between the manufacturer and customer.e
The values given in parentheses are applied to generators mounted on solid concrete foundations. In these cases the axial measurement for points 7 and 8 in Figure 1 a) and b)shall be 50 % of the values given in parentheses.
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Figure C.1 Relationship between vibration velocity and vibration frequency
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BS 7698-9:1996
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Annex D (informative)Measuring report
D.1 General data
Data of the RIC engine and generator to be measured
D.2 Data of configuration
Foundation drawing
No.: ......................................................
Company responsible: .............................Types of configuration
Company responsible for the measurement: Customer/User:
Report No.: Place of measurement:
Date: Operator:
RIC engine Generator
Manufacturer
Type
Manufacturing No.
Declared or rated power ..... kW ....kVA cos w = .......
Declared or rated speed
Declared or rated frequency ...... min1 ......min1 ... Hz
Construction design In-line engine IMB 20a IMB 520
V-engine IMB 16 Others: ......
IMB 3 ............
Number of Cylinders: ...... Bearings: ......
Operating system Two-stroke Synchronous
Four-stroke Asynchronous
Coupling arrangement Flexible plate coupling
Direct coupling
Elastic coupling
aAbbreviation for type of construction and mounting of generators according to IEC 34-7, code i.
Engine Generator FoundationBase frame
(if applicable)Flange housing
rigid rigid rigid rigid yes
resilient resilient resilient resilient no
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D.3 Measuring positions
The measuring positions and their numbering conform to those shown above. Additional measuringpositions should be numbered continually and must be marked on a drawing. It is recommended that allmeasuring positions be inserted in a detailed drawing.
D.4 Measurement results
Data records, diagrams and spectra, when applicable and required, must be attached.Measurement equipment
Particulars of measuring equipment
Component Manufacturer Type Remarks
Sensor
Measuring indicator set
Recording instruments
Calibration apparatus
NOTE Terms are according to ISO 2954.
Mechanical connection screwed hand held cemented magnetic
Measured value displacement velocity acceleration
Recorded value displacement velocity acceleration
Measuring range amplitude: ...... frequency: ......
Frequency analyser/filter linear range: .... pass-band: ......
Data for evaluation of measuring records (e.g. amplification, rate of feed):
Remarks:
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Measurement results
Power: ................................................. kW Ambient temperature: .......................................... C
Speed: ................................................. min1 Type of fuel: .............................................................
Measuring
point No.rms overall values (2 Hz to 300 Hz)
a Remarks
Direction of measurement
axial (x) transverse (y) vertical (z)
s
mm
v
mm/s
a
m/s2s
mm
v
mm/s
a
m/s2s
mm
v
mm/s
a
m/s2
a Either measured or calculated.
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List of references
See national foreword.
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