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CD B[_NOHPK\DQND OHBH FK\\DBNKIPD QK@DJßJNOD ^PK\DQK[PNOD QD\D CD NIOC[_NßI _HONDC @K NI@N]N@[H_ OHI

D[PN_BH

\K_[BKI

Cd q|kskipk pnkik ohbh hlekpn}h m{i`dbkipdc q|kskipd| {id qk|sqkopn}d

`nmk|kipk ki kc q|hoksh `k nioc{snÿi shondc `k ni`n}n`{hs ohi d{pnsbh d p|d}îs `k cd

b{snohpk|dqnd# qd|d ohcdlh|d| ohi cd cdlh| qk`djÿjnod ~ pk|dqî{pnod t{k |kdcnudi ohi

kspds qk|shids)

Kc D{pnsbh ks {i p|dsph|ih jkik|dcnud`h `kc `ksd||hcch# ks b{~ m|ko{kipk7 bäs

`k ch t{k sk o|kk) Cd bõsnod ks {i d|pk ~ {i ckij{dek `k kvq|ksnÿi ~ ohb{inodonÿi

t{k sk `n|njk dc sk| f{bdih ki ph`ds s{s `nbkisnhiks# `ksd||hccdi`h ~ o{cpn}di`h kc

ksqâ|np{# dc bkipk ~ kc o{k|qh)

Cd b{snohpk|dqnd# kspä `di`h |ks{cpd`hs qhsnpn}hs ki kc p|dpdbnkiph `kc

d{pnsbh# sk ohisn`k|d t{k `klk|âd sk| dqcnod`d ohi bd~h| m|ko{kiond ki cds

nispnp{onhiks t{k q|kspdi sk|}nonhs d qk|shids t{k ch qd`koki)

NIP\H@[OONßI

Cd nipkj|donÿi shondc# ks {i q|nionqnh m{i`dbkipdc ki cd k`{odonÿi ksqkondc ~

 qh| ki`k `k cd k`{odonÿi ki jkik|dc) Dsâ bnsbh sk ohionlk ohbh kc q|nionqnh |koph| 

`k cds qhcâpnods `k cd dpkionÿi k`{odpn}d nipkj|dc `k cds qk|shids ohi `nsodqdon`d`#

`ks`k k`d`ks pkbq|dids fdspd cd d`{cpku# qd|pnki`h `k {id ohiokqonÿi `kc fhbl|k

ohbh {id {in`d` |kdc ~ `niäbnod ~ ki ohispdipk nipk|doonÿi ohi kc bk`nh `hi`k sk`kski}{kc}k)

Dipnj{dbkipk cd dpkionÿi `k cds qk|shids ohi `nsodqdon`d` k|d `k pnqh

 lkiîmnoh ch o{dc hlk`koâd d {id ohiokqonÿi od|npdpn}d `k cds nispnp{onhiks t{k chs

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dpki`âdi7 |duÿi qh| cd o{dc kspds qk|shids k|di {lnod`ds ki j|di`ks nispnp{onhiks {

fhsqnpdcks ki |îjnbki `k nipk|ihs ~ |ksqhi`âdi ki j|di bk`n`d d ninondpn}ds q|n}d`ds

~ doonhiks mncdip|ÿqnods# qh| ch t{k cd dpkionÿi k|d kbnikipkbkipk skj|kjdonhinspd#

dckedi`h cd qk|shid `k s{ mdbncnd ~ s{ ohb{in`d`)

Dc fdok| {i diäcnsns `k cd snp{donÿi dop{dc ki ch ohiok|inkipk d cd dpkionÿi

k`{odpn}d `k cds qk|shids ohi ikoksn`d`ks ksqkondcks# sk qcdipkdi `hs }k|pnkipks5 {id

dsnspkiondc# q|k`hbnidipk ki dt{kcchs sk|}nonhs dikvhs d fhsqnpdcks ~ ki chs o{dcks

 q|k`hbnid {i kimht{k ocâinoh"dsnspkiondc# ~ hp|h k`{odpn}h# ksqkoâmnoh `k dt{kccds

nispnp{onhiks `nskôd`ds qd|d jd|dipnud| cd bkeh|d ki chs in}kcks ~ odcn`d` `k }n`d `k

kspd qhlcdonÿi7 ki kspds }k|pnkipks kc kt{nqh `k q|hmksnhidcks ohimh|bd`h qh| 

`hokipks# ksqkondcnspds `kc ä|kd bî`nod# qsnohcÿjnod ~ shondc# sk h|nkipd fdond {id

`niäbnod b{cpn`nsonqcnid|nd# ch o{dc nbqcnod cd pki`kiond d {i dlh|`dek `kc ni`n}n`{h

`ks`k {id qk|sqkopn}d nipkj|dc# ih hlspdipk ki cd q|ävns sk `ks}âd kspd doonÿi nipkj|dc#

 qh| o{diph od`d q|hmksnhidc ds{bk s{ odbqh `k ohihonbnkiphs `k {id bdik|d

 qd|okcd`d# sni ohisn`k|d| kc q|nionqnh `k b{cpn`nsonqcnid|nk`d`# kckbkiph m{i`dbkipdc

ki {i q|hoksh k`{odpn}h }k|`d`k|dbkipk nipkj|dc)

Cds doonhiks qd|d q|hbh}k| cd nipkj|donÿi shondc `k cd qhlcdonÿi cnbnpd`d#

pdiph ki cd Bh`dcn`d` Ksqkondc ohbh ki kc _nspkbd \kj{cd|# fd sn`h dsnspkbäpnod7 ih

sk fdi `ksd||hccd`h ksp|dpkjnds kmkopn}ds kip|k chs kipks ni}hc{o|d`hs ki cd doonÿi

nipkj|d`h|d)

Ks qh| kcch t{k cds ksp|dpkjnds# ki o{diph d cd q|hj|dbdonÿi qd|d cd dpkionÿi

k`{odpn}d nipkj|dc `k ksphs ni`n}n`{hs# sk `klki `ksd||hccd| d p|d}îs `k doonhiks

nipk|skoph|ndcks t{k ohisn`k|ki cds ä|kds `k s{qk|}n}kiond# q|hpkoonÿi ~ `ksd||hcch#kimdpnudi`h doonhiks k`{odpn}ds qd|d jd|dipnud| {id }k|`d`k|d dpkionÿi nipkj|dc)

Cd Nipkj|donÿi qh| s{ qd|pk# q|hb{k}k cd qd|pnonqdonÿi `kc ni`n}n`{h ki cd }n`d

mdbncnd| ~ ohb{inpd|nd# ki cd kso{kcd ~ ki kc p|dldeh# ki nj{dc`d` `k ohi`nonhiks) Kc

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 q|hoksh `k cd nipkj|donÿi shondc }d bäs dccä `k cd snbqck d`dqpdonÿi `k cd qk|shid ki

{i dblnkipk ksqkoâmnoh# ks {i fkofh `k pnqh shondc t{k q|hb{k}k cd qd|pnonqdonÿi

dopn}d `k cd qk|shid ki s{ bk`nh ~ kc kspdlckonbnkiph `k }âio{chs kip|k cds qk|shids

t{k ch ohimh|bdi)

D cds qk|shids ohi d{pnsbh sk cks q{k`k `kso|nln| ohbh ni`n}n`{hs ohi

`nsodqdon`d`ks# cd pk|bnihchjâd bî`nod ck `nok b{~ qhoh dc k`{od`h| ~ d hp|hs

 q|hmksnhidcks dok|od `k cds ikoksn`d`ks nipkckop{dcks `k kspds qk|shids# sni kbld|jh#

chs ksqkondcnspd t{k p|dldedi ohi kcchs `klki ohihok| cds `nmk|kipks ohi`nonhiks qd|d

kipki`k| cd idp{|dckud `kc p|dsph|ih ~ cds nbqcnodonhiks k`{odonhidcks `kc

nbqk`nbkiph)

Qh| kspd |duÿi sk q|kskipd cd b{snohpk|dqnd ohbh {id fk||dbnkipd qd|d cd

nisk|onÿi shondc `k ni`n}n`{hs ohi d{pnsbh# hlpkinki`h lkiîmnohs ohisn`k|dlcks ki

o{diph d cd bkeh|d `k cds |kcdonhiks nipk|qk|shidcks ohi ni`n}n`{hs ki s{ bnsbd

ohi`nonÿi ~ ohi bnkbl|hs `k cd ohb{in`d` ki jkik|dc)

QCDIPKDBNKIPH @KC Q\HLCKBD

Dc dlh|`d| cd nipkj|donÿi `k ni`n}n`{hs ohi ohbq|hbnsh nipkckop{dc# ks

ikoksd|nh qd|pn| `k cds dopnp{`ks t{k fdi k}hc{onhid`h d ch cd|jh `k cd fnsph|nd)

Fnspÿ|nodbkipk d bk`nd`hs `kc snjch VNV# ki ]kiku{kcd dc nj{dc t{k ki kc |ksph `kc

b{i`h cd `nsqhsnonÿi `k cd shonk`d` fdond cds qk|shids ohi `nsodqdon`d` m{k `k

od|n`d` ~ `k q|hpkoonÿi# skj|kjäi`hcds `k cd mdbncnd# `k cd kso{kcd ~ `k cd ohb{in`d`#

nbqn`nîi`hcks s{ `ksd||hcch qk|shidc"shondc ohbh sk| f{bdih)

 Ih ks kiphioks snih d qd|pn| `kc snjch VV t{k sk ohbkiud|hi d q|h`{on| 

d}dioks ki o{diph d cd nipkj|donÿi shondc `k cds qk|shids ohi ohbq|hbnsh nipkckop{dc#

~ shl|k ph`h cd |ksq{kspd `k cd shonk`d` fdond kcchs) Kip|k chs mdoph|ks nimc{~kipks sk

`kspdodi# kc q|hj|ksh `k cds onkionds bî`nods# qk`djÿjnods ~ shondcks ~ {id bd~h| 

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ohionkipnudonÿi `k cd shonk`d` dipk cds qk|shids ohi `nsodqdon`d` ohisn`k|di`h s{s

 qhsnlncn`d`ks ~ cnbnpdonhiks)

Dc ohiokqp{dcnud| cd nipkj|donÿi shondc ohbh {i q|hoksh t{k sk ninond d k`d`kspkbq|dids ~ t{k ohipniõd d ch cd|jh `k cd }n`d# kc ni`n}n`{h ohi ohbq|hbnsh

ohjinpn}h# ohbh okip|h `k `nofh q|hoksh# ks ohiokln`h ohbh {id qk|shid# {i kipk

õinoh# ki qk|bdikipk `ksd||hcch# õinoh ki s{s od|dopk|âspnods ~ ikoksn`d`ks)

Cds qk|shids ohi `nsodqdon`d` shi dt{kccds o{~ds od|dopk|âspnods mâsnods#

nipkckop{dcks ~ skish|ndcks |kt{nk|ki# `k qcdiks ~ q|hj|dbds ohbqckbkipd|nhs h

s{spnp{pn}hs# p|disnph|nhs h qk|bdikipks qd|d md}h|kok| s{ nipkj|donÿi) Kspds qk|shids

ohbh o{dct{nk| sk| f{bdih# shi odqdoks `k d{ph`ksd||hccd|sk# `k nipk|dop{d|# ki ph`ds

cds nispdionds t{k ohimnj{|di cd }n`d5 mdbncnd# kso{kcd ~ ohb{in`d`)

Dfh|d lnki# o{di`h {i ni`n}n`{h q|kskipd onk|ph j|d`h `k ohbq|hbnsh

ohjinpn}h# b{ksp|d `nmno{cpd`ks `k dq|ki`nudek# nbqk`nbkiphs mâsnohs# |kpd|`h bkipdc#

d{pnsbh# kip|k hp|hs# ksphs q{k`ki nipk|mk|n| ki s{ d`dqpdonÿi ksohcd| ~ shondc) Qh| kcch

ks s{bdbkipk nbqh|pdipk ohbq|ki`k| cd pd|kd m{i`dbkipdc t{k `klki ds{bn| cd

mdbncnd# chs bdksp|hs ~ pk|dqk{pds)

@ks`k {i kimht{k qk`djÿjnoh ~ pk|dqk{pnoh# cd nipkj|donhi shondc kvnjk {id

ohiokqonÿi k`{odpn}d# t{k ohi`{uod d odblnhs snjinmnodpn}hs ki cd bkipdcn`d`

f{bdid# `hi`k kc fhbl|k |kohl|k s{ }dch| ~ s{ ohi`nonÿi `k qk|shid) Ki

oh||ksqhi`kiond ohi kspds kvnjkionds# cd q|äopnod k`{odpn}d qhpkiond# cds qhsnlncn`d`ks

kmkopn}ds `k cds dsqn|donhiks `kc fhbl|k) &J{î`ks# ]) 4>6:.

@k kspk bh`h s{|jk cd ikoksn`d` `k |kcdonhid| cd q|ävns k`{odpn}d ~

pk|dqî{pnod# ohi kc kiph|ih nibk`ndph# `kspdodi`h ki kspd# `k bdik|d ksqkondc dc

ni`n}n`{h# ohi ikoksn`d`ks# kvqkopdpn}ds# nipk|ksks# bhpn}donhiks ksqkondcks# }nîi`hch

ohbh {i sk| õinoh n||kqkpnlck# `kip|h `kc q|hoksh `k kiskôdiud ~ dq|ki`nudek) Ki kspk

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bnsbh h|`ki `k n`kds# ph`d cd doonÿi |kdcnud`ds ki q|h `k ksphs ni`n}n`{hs# `klki

ikoksd|ndbkipk kspd| qk|onln`ds `ks`k {id |kmckvnÿi shl|k kc ni`n}n`{h ~ `ks`k {i

diäcnsns `kc bk`nh `k }n`d# `kc fhbl|k d t{nki sk t{nk|k nipkj|d|)

Cd nipkj|donÿi shondc sk m{i`dbkipd ki cd `njin`d` f{bdid# kc |ksqkph qh| cd

`nmk|kiond ~ ki kc `nsm|{pk `k chs `k|kofhs shondcks)

@k do{k|`h ohi chs õcpnbhs `kso{l|nbnkiphs bî`nohs |kcdonhid`hs ohi 4d

|kjkik|donÿi `kc snspkbd ik|}nhsh okip|dc d p|d}îs `k cd kspnb{cdonÿi `k cd

ik{|hqcdspnon`d` sk `nok t{k kspd |ko{qk|d qd|ondc h phpdcbkipk cds m{ionhiks qk|`n`ds

`kc snspkbd ik|}nhsh okip|dc# t{k sk q|h`{ok ih|bdcbkipk ki kc ok|kl|h f{bdih ~ ki

hp|hs pken`hs ~ t{k pnkik kmkophs ik{|hp|ÿmnohs# ks `kon|# kspnb{cd kc `ksd||hcch# cd

bd`{|donÿi ik{|hidc ~ cd snidqphjîiksns)

Cds qk|shids ohi d{pnsbh s{m|ki {id dmkoonÿi ik{|hcÿjnod j|d}k# q|kskipdi

`nmno{cpd`ks `k j|di p|dsoki`kiond qd|d s{ d`dqpdonÿi ki jkik|dc) Ksph# q|konsdbkipk

 qh| ih q|kskipd| {i sâi`|hbk mäoncbkipk n`kipnmnodlck h {id ocd|d `kmnonkiond bkipdc#

shi `ndjihspnod`hs ~ dpki`n`hs d p|d}îs `k pk|dqnd qsnohcÿjnod# qk`djÿjnod# `k

ckij{dek h qsnohbhph|d ohbh dophs dnscd`hs# sni pkik| {id }dch|donÿi ohbqckpd# ki cd

t{k sk|âd ni`nsqkisdlck kc `ndjiÿspnoh ~ kc p|dpdbnkiph ik{|hcÿjnoh ohblnid`h)

Fdlcd| `k q|hlckbds ohjinpn}hs pnkik nbqcnodonhiks b{~ nbqh|pdipks ki 4d

ohimh|bdonÿi `k cd qk|shidcn`d`) _n lnki ks onk|ph t{k ih sk q{k`k ikjd| cd

ksqkonmnon`d` `k ch qsnohcÿjnoh# pdbqhoh sk q{k`k `ked| `k }k| ohbh qd|pk `k {i ph`h

m{ionhidc) Bnkip|ds ih sk |kjnsp|k ~ sk dpnki`d cd `nsph|snÿi ki cd bdik|d ki t{k {i

s{ekph q|hoksd cd nimh|bdonÿi `k s{ kiph|ih# b{~ `nmâoncbkipk q{k`ki hlpkik|sk|ks{cpd`hs d in}kc `k cd nipkj|donÿi `k s{ qk|shidcn`d` h d}dioks ki cd bh`dcn`d` ki

cd t{k kspdlckok s{s |kcdonhiks dmkopn}ds) Ksph |ks{cpd b{~ ocd|h ki kc odsh `kc

d{pnsbh)

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Kc d{pnsbh dmkopd d cd qk|shid q|nionqdcbkipk# ki s{s fdlncn`d`ks `k

ohb{inodonÿi ~ |kcdonÿi ohi hp|ds qk|shids# dsâ bnsbh kspä dshond`h d cd q|kskiond

`k ohi`{opds |kqkpnpn}ds h ikoksn`d` `k |kdcnud| |{pnids |âjn`ds) Ho{||k

dq|hvnbd`dbkipk ki 4; `k od`d 41#111 idonbnkiphs ~ ks o{dp|h }koks bäs ohbõi kiinôhs t{k ki inôds) _k kio{kip|d ki ph`h pnqh `k |duds# kpinds ~ ocdsks shondcks ki ph`h

kc b{i`h) &_honk`d` D{pnsbh `k Dbî|nod.) Kc d{pnsbh ks {i p|dsph|ih mâsnoh cnjd`h d

{id lnhchjâd ~ t{âbnod dih|bdc ki kc ok|kl|h# o{~ds od{sds kvdopds sk `ksohihoki)

Kiphioks s{|jk cd `{`d ¸Ks qhsnlck bkeh|d| cd ohi`nonÿi `k }n`d `k ni`n}n`{hs

ohi `ndjiÿspnoh `k d{pnsbh {pncnudi`h cd pk|dqnd b{snodc ohbh fk||dbnkipd

 qk`djÿjnod qd|d cd nioc{snÿi shondc8

Cd q|hq{kspd t{k sk q|kskipd q|kpki`k ohcdlh|d| ohi cds ni}kspnjdonhiks

ninondcd`ds ki 4>0? qh| kc `hoph| Ckh Gdiik|# dqh|pdi`h {id i{k}d q|hq{kspd

 qk`djÿjnod ~ pk|dqî{pnod ldsd`d ki cd b{snohpk|dqnd) [ih `k chs {shs ohpn`ndihs bäs

snbqcks ~ `nm{i`n`hs `k cd b{snohpk|dqnd ks cd |kj{cdonÿi `kc kspd`h `k äinbh) _hi

{pncnud`hs p|huhs b{snodcks qd|d dckj|d| ki cd `kq|ksnÿi h qd|d odcbd| ki bk`nh `k

kspd`hs `k kvonpdonÿi q|h`{on`hs qh| cd |dlnd# kc ksp|îs h kc pkbh|) Pdblnîi sk q{k`k

{pncnud| cd bõsnod qd|d bkeh|d| kc dq|ki`nudek# kek|ononhs |âpbnohs qd|d bkeh|d| cd

ohh|`nidonÿi ~ cd |ksnspkiond mâsnod) Cd bõsnod# lnki kbqckd`d# q{k`k mdoncnpd| kc

ohipdoph ohi lcht{khs kbhonhidcks ohio|kphs ~ q|h`{on| cd odpd|sns ikoksd|nd qd|d cd

|kshc{onÿi `kc ohimcnoph) @kip|h `kc ksqkop|h `k cd snipk|jîpnod ~ cds pk|dqnds

}nl|donhidcks# q{k`k sk| m{i`dbkipdc kc {sh `kc shin`h q{|h h `k doh|`ks d|bÿinohs h

nid|bÿinohs qd|d cd bh}ncnudonÿi `k kik|jâds qd|pno{cd|ks ohi kmkophs h|jäinohs

ohio|kphs)

Fdlcd| `k hqonhiks `k p|dpdbnkiph ih ks `k kvoc{sn}n`d` bk`nod7 cd shcd

bkeh|âd `k {i ni`n}n`{h nbqcnod ikoksd|ndbkipk kc |hbqnbnkiph `k onk|phs

kspk|khpnqhs `k ohbqh|pdbnkiph# dsâ ohbh `k kvqkopdpn}ds dipk kc hp|h# ohi`nonhid`hs

 qh| mdipdsâds niohisonkipks t{k t{nuäs m{k|hi kspnb{cd`ds qh| kc q|hlckbd# qk|h t{k

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ih `ksdqd|koki ohi shch bk`nod| dc ni`n}n`{h ~ t{k |kt{nk|ki `k {i p|dldeh

bdiohb{id`h dipk cds i{k}ds on|o{ispdionds t{k sk jkspdi d p|d}îs `k kspd i{k}d

}nsnÿi `k p|dpdbnkiph)

Ki chs õcpnbhs `kokinhs sk fd hlsk|}d`h {i nipk|îs qhsnpn}h fdond cds qk|shids

ohi `nsodqdon`d` ki jkik|dc) Cd |duÿi `k kspk i{k}h nipk|îs sk kvqcnod ki qd|pk

 qh|t{k od`d }ku sk kso{ofd bäs cd }hu `k cds qk|shids ohi `nsodqdon`d` ~ `k s{s

`kmkish|ks q|hok`kipks `k cds h|jdinudonhiks ih j{lk|idbkipdcks idonhidcks k

nipk|idonhidcks# ~ ki qd|pk qh|t{k od`d }ku sk q|kspd bäs dpkionÿi d cds qk|shids ohi

`nsodqdon`d` `kip|h `kc bd|oh `k chs p|dpd`hs `k `k|kofhs f{bdihs ~ `k chs ÿ|jdihs

o|kd`hs ki }n|p{` `k p|dpd`hs `k cds Idonhiks [in`ds `k `k|kofhs f{bdihs) Ksphs

ÿ|jdihs pnkiki qhsnlncn`d`ks ohisn`k|dlcks qd|d q|hbh}k| chs `k|kofhs `k cds

 qk|shids ohi `nsodqdon`d`# qk|h qh| ch jkik|dc îspds ih sk fdi {pncnud`h

s{mnonkipkbkipk)

HLEKPN]H_ @K CD NI]K_PNJDONßI

Hlekpn}h Jkik|dc5

Q|hqhik| cd b{snohpk|dqnd ohbh fk||dbnkipd qk`djÿjnod ~ pk|dqî{pnod qd|d cd

nioc{snÿi shondc `k ni`n}n`{hs ohi d{pnsbh

Hlekpn}hs Ksqkoâmnohs5

N`kipnmnod| cds od|dopk|âspnods lnhcÿjnod# qsnohcÿjnods# shondcks ~ ohjinpn}ds `kc

d{pnsbh# ldeh kc `ndjiÿspnoh `kc ONK 41 ~ kc @B_ N]Ki{bk|d| ~ `kso|nln| cds pîoinods qk`djÿjnods ~ pk|dqî{pnods t{k sk {pncnudi ki

chs ni`n}n`{hs dmkopd`hs qh| kc d{pnsbh `kspdodi`h cd b{snohpk|dqnd ohbh

fk||dbnkipd `k nioc{snÿi shondc

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  Didcnud| kc dlh|`dek qk`djÿjnoh ~ pk|dqî{pnoh `k cd b{snohpk|dqnd qd|d cd

nioc{snÿi shondc `k ni`n}n`{hs ohi d{pnsbh

@kso|nln| chs lkikmnonhs t{k sk hlpnkik `k cd nipk|}kionÿi pk|dqî{pnod ~

 qk`djÿjnod `k cd b{snohpk|dqnd qd|d cd nioc{snÿi shondc `k ni`n}n`{hs ohi

d{pnsbh

E[_PNMNODONßI @K CD NI]K_PNJDONßI

Kc d{pnsbh ks {i p|dsph|ih ik{|hcÿjnoh t{k dqd|kok# qh| ch jkik|dc# d qd|pn| `kc

pk|ok| dôh `k }n`d ~ ks bäs m|ko{kipk ki inôhs t{k ki inôds7 t{nîi cd qd`kok q{k`k

cck}d| {id }n`d –ih|bdc‒# nio|kbkipdi`h s{s `ksp|kuds h fdlncn`d`ks ohi kc dqh~h `k

s{ mdbncnd ~ pk|dqnds ni`n}n`{dcnud`ds qd|d |kdcnud| dopn}n`d`ks `nd|nds ohbh ohbk|#

 ldôd|sk ~ shl|k ph`h shondcnud|)

Ohbh kspk p|dsph|ih sk ninond ki cd k`d` q|kksohcd| ~ ohipniõd kc |ksph `k cd

}n`d ks ikoksd|nh ohihok| chs p|dpdbnkiphs ki kc ä|kd qk`djÿjnod t{k kvnspki# `kln`h d

cd nbqh|pdiond t{k pnkik ki kc äblnph k`{odpn}h kc p|dlded| cds ikoksn`d`ks k`{odpn}ds

`k chs inôhs ohi d{pnsbh)

Ks m{i`dbkipdc kc p|dldeh ohie{iph `k `hokipks# mdbncnd|ks ~ pk|dqk{pds qd|d

t{k q{k`di kspnb{cd| d chs ni`n}n`{hs ~ mdoncnpd| s{ nioc{snÿi ki cd shonk`d`)

Kvnspki `n}k|sds dcpk|idpn}ds qd|d p|dpd| kspk p|dsph|ih ohbh shi chs

bk`nodbkiphs# cd `nkpd k nioc{sh cd pk|dqnd ohi dinbdcks) Cd b{snohpk|dqnd ohbh

p|dpdbnkiph qd|d kc d{pnsbh ks {id pîoinod t{k q{k`k d~{`d| d t{k cds qk|shids t{k

 qd`koki d{pnsbh skdi bäs ksqhipdikds ki cd ohb{inodonÿi# odblnki s{ qdp|ÿi `k

dnscdbnkiph# shondcnoki ~ bkeh|ki s{ ohbq|kisnÿi `kc ckij{dek) Kspd pk|dqnd q{k`k sk| 

{i l{ki ohbqckbkiph `k chs `n}k|shs p|dpdbnkiphs)

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OHIOC[_NHIK_

Kc D{pnsbh ks {i p|dsph|ih jkik|dcnud`h `kc `ksd||hcch# ks b{~ m|ko{kipk7 bäs

`k ch t{k sk o|kk# ~ sni kbld|jh ks b{~ qhoh ohihon`h qh| kc qõlcnoh jkik|dc ~ q|hmksnhidc# ~ ohbh ohisko{kiond `k kspk `ksohihonbnkiph ks `nmâonc `k `ndjihspnod| ~

`k p|dpd| d`ko{d`dbkipk) Dmkopd d inôhs ~ d inôds sni `nspnionÿi `k |dud h {lnodonÿi

jkhj|ämnod7 s{ `ndjihspnoh sk |kdcnud kip|k chs p|ks q|nbk|hs dôhs `k }n`d)

Kc d{pnsbh snj{k snki`h {id ohi`nonÿi `k |kph qd|d chs ni`n}n`{hs t{k ch

 qd`koki# s{s mdbncnd|ks ~ pk|dqk{pds# qk|h kc q|hiÿspnoh ki cd dop{dcn`d` ks b{ofh

bkeh| `k ch t{k k|d fdok {id jkik|donÿi) Ki ksd îqhod# cd bd~h|âd `k cds qk|shids

d{pnspds k|di nij|ksd`ds ki nispnp{onhiks `k o{n`d`h bkipdc)

Fh~ ki `âd# ohi cd pk|dqnd d`ko{d`d# b{ofhs `k chs sâiphbds `kc d{pnsbh sk

 q{k`ki bkeh|d|# d{it{k cd bd~h|âd `k cds qk|shids pki`|äi dcj{ihs sâiphbds `{|dipk

ph`ds s{s }n`ds) Cd bd~h|âd `k cds qk|shids ohi d{pnsbh shi odqdoks `k }n}n| ohi s{s

mdbncnds h ki cd ohb{in`d`) Kc q|hiÿspnoh `kqki`k `k cd sk}k|n`d` `k cd qdphchjâd ~

`kc in}kc `k pk|dqnd t{k cd qk|shid |konlk)

Ohbh ks {i p|dsph|ih# dmkopd `n}k|sds ä|kds `kc snspkbd ohjinpn}h ~ okip|dc#

t{nkiks cd qd`koki shi shbkpn`hs d {i snimâi `k pksp ~ q|{klds# dsâ ohbh `k

p|dpdbnkiphs t{k qk|bnpdi n`kipnmnod| ~ bkeh|d| cd ohi`nonÿi `k bdik|d bäs kmkopn}d)

Cd bõsnod ks {i d|pk ~ {i ckij{dek `k kvq|ksnÿi ~ ohb{inodonÿi t{k sk `n|njk

dc sk| f{bdih ki ph`ds s{s `nbkisnhiks# `ksd||hccdi`h ~ o{cpn}di`h kc ksqâ|np{# dc

bkipk ~ kc o{k|qh) D p|d}îs `k cd bõsnod sk q{k`k k`{od# âipkj|d ~ d|bÿinodbkipk d{i ni`n}n`{h# d`kbäs ks b{~ nbqh|pdipk t{k kspds qk|shids |kcdonhik cd bõsnod ohi

cds dopn}n`d`ks ohpn`ndids5 kc e{kjh# kc bh}nbnkiph ~ cd dckj|âd# `k mh|bd t{k ck d~{`k

d kvq|ksd| `k bdik|d ksqhipäikd ~ dmkopn}dbkipk cds skisdonhiks b{snodcks)

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\KOHBKI@DONHIK_

Cd b{snohpk|dqnd# kspä `di`h |ks{cpd`hs qhsnpn}hs ki kc p|dpdbnkiph `kc

d{pnsbh# s{ dsk|pn}n`d` `kqki`k `kc j|d`h `k d{pnsbh t{k sk qd`kok# ks `kon|# pki`|âdbkeh|ks |ks{cpd`hs ki ni`n}n`{hs ohi d{pnsbh ck}k7 pdblnîi `klk sk| ohisn`k|d`d kc

pnkbqh t{k kc ni`n}n`{h pnkik |konlnki`h cd pk|dqnd# ni`nodi`h t{k ohi bd~h| pnkbqh

ki pk|dqnd bkeh|ks |ks{cpd`hs shi hlpkin`hs) Kspd pîoinod q{k`d d~{`d| d t{k cds

 qk|shids ohi cd qdphchjâd skdi bäs ksqhipdikds ki cd ohb{inodonÿi# odblnki s{

 qdp|ÿi `k dnscdbnkiph# shondcnoki ~ bkeh|ki s{ ohbq|kisnÿi `kc ckij{dek)

Cd pk|dqnd q{k`k sk| {i l{ki ohbqckbkiph `k chs `n}k|shs p|dpdbnkiphs# qk|h

`klk sk| dqcnod`d qh| qk|shids ohi }dsph ohihonbnkiph ki cd bnsbd# ~d t{k od`d

ni`n}n`{h ohi d{pnsbh q{k`k |kdoonhid| `nmk|kipk ~ ih ikoksd|ndbkipk |ks{cpd| 

 qhsnpn}h qd|d ph`hs)

Kip|k chs lkikmnonhs t{k sk hlsk|}di ki kc p|dpdbnkiph ohi b{snohpk|dqnd sk

 q{k`ki bkionhid|5 bkeh|d ki kc kt{ncnl|nh# kc ä|kd qsnohdmkopn}d# qk|okqonhiks#

|kcdonhiks nipk|qk|shidcks# bdinmkspdonÿi `k bnk`hs# lcht{khs# `nsbni{~k cd

disnk`d`# sdpnsmdoonÿi ki kc äblnph ni`n}n`{dc ~ j|{qdc)

Ki }nspd `k cd kmkopn}n`d` t{k pnkik kc {sh `k cd bõsnod ~ q|hok`nbnkiphs

b{snohpk|dqk{pnoh ki cd |kfdlncnpdonÿi pdiph mâsnod ohbh bkipdc `k chs ni`n}n`{hs ohi

d{pnsbh sk ohisn`k|d t{k `klk|âd sk| dqcnod`d ohi bd~h| m|ko{kiond ki cds

nispnp{onhiks t{k q|kspdi sk|}nonhs d kspds qk|shids)

\KMK\KIOND_

J{î`ks# ]) &4>6:. –K`{odonÿi ~ Q|h~koph Fnspÿ|noh Qk`djÿjnoh‒ [in}k|sn`d`

 Idonhidc Dlnk|pd) Od|dods5 D{ph|)

Bd|ns J) @k Dl|k{ Cd \)

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