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Cell: 9423120583
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What Is
Networking?Networking Is All AboutInformation.
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1.A Local Area Network(LAN) is a
number of computers connected to
each other by a cable in a single
location, usually a single floor of a
building or all the computers in a smallcompany.
2.Wide Area Networks(WANs) Stated
simply, wide area networks are the setof connecting links between local area
networks.
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LAN (DELHI)
LAN (MUMBAI)
BANGLORE
WIDE AREA NETWORK
A Graphical Representation Of LAN & WAN
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1.LOCAL AREA NETWORKING
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Passive Components in LAN
Passive components are the components which are
actually electrically passive.These components are:
Cables (OFC,UTP) Information Outlets
Patch Panels/Jack Panels
Patch Cords
Connectors and Couplers
Light Interface Units (LIU)
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Selection Of the Appropriate Topology
Physical Topologies of the networks are Classified
according to various factors such as distance ,no.ofnodes etc.The different topologies are:
Bus Topology
Ring Topology
Star Topology
Mesh Topology
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Selection of appropriate cable media for
various situations
The selection of cable media depends on
various factors.The Major type of cable media
includes:
Twisted-pair cable: Unshielded twisted pair
(UTP) and shielded twisted pair (STP).
Coaxial cable: Thinnet and Thicknet
Fiber-optic cable
C bl T C M Di M f N d
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Cable Type Cost Max.Distance Max. no. of Nodes
UTP Very low Commonly
100 meters(330 feet)
1024
STP Fairly expensivemore than UTP
or Thinnet
Commonly 100meters
(330 feet)
270
Thinnet Relativelyinexpensive less
than STP or UTP
185 Meters(610 feet)
30 per segment
Thicknet Fairly expensivemore than
Thinnet, STP, orUTP; less than
fiber-optic
500 meters(1650 feet)
100 per segment
Fiber-optic Most expensive,but costs are
dropping
20 K.M(12.5 miles)
No limit for nodes;hubs limited to
manufacturer'sspecifications
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UTP
Category Description
1 and 2 Voice grade; very low data rates
3 Four-twisted pairs with three twists per foot;
data rates up to10Mbps4 Four twisted pair; data rates up to 16Mbps
5 Four twisted pair; data rates up to 100Mbps
6 Four twisted pair; rates up to 155Mbps
(soon to be the most popular UTP)
UTP: UTP cable consists of a number of twisted pair with a
simple plastic casing. Transmissions across copper wire tend toattenuate rapidly. However, engineers have reduced UTPs
problems of radiated noise and susceptibility to EMI, and some
categories to UTP are capable of speeds up to 100Mbps. UTP
is available in six categories as follows
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CONNECTORS
Generally RJ45connectors are used on a UTP
cable.The UTP connected with a RJ45 is plugged in
the Information Outlet on one end and the NIC on the
other end.
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RJ45 PIN SYMBOL____| |__
____| |____| |
| | | | | | | | | | (RJ 45 pin symbol)| 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 |
------------------------
PIN SIGNAL1........Output Transmit Data (+)
2........Output Transmit Data (-)
3........Input Receive Data (+)4........Not connect
5........Not connect
6........Input Receive Data (-)7........Not connect
8........Not connect
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MOUNTING CORD OR PATCH CORD:
Mounting cord is small piece of cable, crimpedon both side by a RJ45 jack. Mounting cord is
used to connect the NIC card to Information
outlet and Patch cord is used for connecting
Patch panel to Switch or Hub.
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INFORMATION OUTLET
Information outlet is passive component in which the
cable is crimped on the workstation side. It comes in
CAT5, Enhanced CAT5 and CAT6 i.e. Gigaspeed
Category.
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PATCH PANEL
Patch panel facilitates management of cables.Itis used for terminating the cable on Switch or
Hub Side. It is comes in CAT5 and CAT6
category.
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Termination of UTP
Termination of UTP: Termination of UTP cable
is done on the Information outlet side and Patch
panel side by a Crimping Tool to maintain the
TIA 568B system standard
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FIBER-OPTIC CABLE
Fiber-optic cable transmits light signals rather than
electrical signals. Each fiber has an inner core of glass
or plastic that conducts light. A layer of glass that reflects
the light back into the core, called cladding surrounds the
inner core. A plastic sheath surrounds each fiber. The
sheath can either be tight or loose.Fiber-optic cable isenormously more efficient that the other network cable
media. It has much lower attenuation than copper wires,
mainly because the light is not radiated out in the way
that electricity is radiated from copper cables. Currentfiber-optic technologies allows data rates from 100Mbps
to 2Gbps.Disadvantage of fiber-optic cable is that it is
very difficult to install and requires skilled manpower.
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Different types Fiber-optic Cables
Single mode andMultimode OFC. These cablescome in two categories viz..Indoor Fiber and outdoor Fiber.
Fiber-optic cable is available in different cores viz. 4 core, 6
core, 8 core, 12 core and above.
Fiber-optic cable transmits light signals instead of
electrical signals.
I Fib ti t k ll t t f
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In Fiber-opticnetwork generally two types of
connectors are available:
SC Connector
ST Connector
SC Type connectorThis type of connector is generally for 100MHz
Switch Frequency
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ST CONNECTOR
This type of connector is generally for 10MHz. Switch
Frequency
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COUPLERS
Coupler is used for connecting a connector to a connectori.e.
SC connector to SC connector,
SC connector to connector STII and
STII connector to STII connector.
SC to SC Coupler
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SC to STII Coupler
STII to STII Coupler
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LIU (Light Interface Unit) BOX:
It is a simple box, which protects the fiber from
lightning. Fiber Cable is terminated in this box. It
comes in two different fashions i.e. wall mount and
Rack mount.
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FIBER PATCH CORD
Fiber Patch cord is same as mounting cordor Patch cord. The type of these patch
cords depends on connector types such as
SC to SC, SC to STII and STII to STII patch
cord.
1) SC to SC patch cord
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2) SC to STII patch cord:
3) STII to STII patch cord:
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Termination of Fiber-optic Cable
Termination of Fiber-optic: There are two types of Fiber Terminationviz.: Epoxy and Epoxyless.
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IMPLEMENTATION
Cable laying and Back bone laying
For Cable laying and Backbone Laying first the proper layout of
building and proper plan or design of layout a cable has to bedecided. Then the position of the of the communication rack and all
workstations has to be decided.Then the actual laying of the cable
into the conduct or casing starts simultaneously.Marking has to be
carried out properly for identification purposes.
As the cable laying completes,the crimping of cable in informationoutlet box is carried out by maintaining the TIA568Bcolor coding
system. Same procedure is to be carried on Patch panel side.
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Link testing:
After termination is done on both sides theUTP cable link is checked by a UTP cable
tester and the fiber cable link by passing light
from one end.
Connectivity:
After testing the cable link, the cable is connected
to the NIC card of PC and another end to theSwitch or hubs. Installation of the respective
software is carried out and the PC is connected to
the Server.
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Active Components in LAN
Active components are the components which are
actually electrically active.These components are:
Hubs Switches
Transceivers (i.e.converters)
LAN Cards
Bridges
Repeaters
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HUBS AND SWITCHES
With the increasing density of LANs in the late 80s and early 90s, hubs
were introduced to concentrate Thinnet and 10BaseT networks in thewiring closet. Traditional hubs operate on the physical layer of the OSI
model and perform the same functions as basic repeaters.
Layer-2 switching is hardware based, which means it uses the MAC
address from the hosts NIC cards to filter the network. Switches use
Application-Specific Integrated Circuits (ASCII) to build and maintain filter
tables. It is OK to think of a layer-2 switch as a multiport bridge. Layer-2
switches are fast because they do not look at the Network layer header
information, looking instead at the frames hardware addresses before
deciding to either forward the frame or drop it.
Layer-2 switching provides the following:
Hardware-based bridging (MAC)
Wire speed
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2.WIDE AREA NETWORKING
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Types of Active Components in WAN
Routers
Brouters
Leased line Modems
ISDN/PSTN Modems
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Selecting WAN Connecting Services
WANs originated to solve the problem of connecting a LAN to a distant
workstation or another remote LAN where the distance exceeds cable mediaspecifications or when physical cable connections are not possible. WANs
can use various telecommunication service for their connections. WAN can
be Dial-up and/or Lease lines.
Dial-up versus Leased linesThe PSTN offers two types oflines for connections:
With dial-up lines, the subscriber pays for what is used. There is no
dedicated path.
With lease lines, the subscriber receives dedicated bandwidth, guaranteed
by the provider.
Use leased lines for data and voice where traffic flows are constant between
point-to-point locations, and/or to Internet to have dedicated access to
Internet
Use ISDN for on-demand access to remote offices and for backup for
another link type.
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Network Termination Device 1 (NT1) The NT1 is a simple device that serves as an interface
between the ISDN BRI line and your other ISDN
equipment. It converts the physical wiring interface
delivered by Pacific Bell to the wiring interface needed
by your ISDN equipment, and also provides a testing
point for troubleshooting.
Many ISDN terminal adapters and some ISDN routers
(see below) have the NT1 function built-in. This makes
for an easier installation and also reduces the total
cost of your ISDN setup. However, a separate NT1 is
more flexible in that it can support multiple ISDNdevices.
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Terminal Adapters (TA)
These devices perform a function similar to a standard
modem and convert the data stream from your computer intothe ISDN data format. They provide a simple interface
capable of supporting a single computer. Terminal adapters
increasingly incorporate the NT1 function. With the growing
popularity of ISDN, prices continue to drop. There are twotypes of ISDN TAs: internal and external. External TAs are
stand-alone devices that connect through a COM port on the
back of your computer. Internal ISDN adapters are I SA
cards that you install inside your computer.
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ROUTER
Router use logical and physical addressing to
connect two or more logically separate networks.
They accomplish this connection by organizing alarge network into smaller subnetworks is given a
logical address. Routers use a route-discovery
algorithm to determine possible through the
internetwork.Routers are a combination of both hardware and
software consists of the physical interfaces to the
network in an internetwork.Router works at the
Network layer of the IOS reference model.
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64-128Kbps
Leased Line Modems
2 Mbps
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Types of Passive Components in WAN
Router Cables
Dish Antennas
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A Typical WAN
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Thank You
. For Staying Through
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