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6>=7
KbkerdmDlstdtugdelmc
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DL@DGB
4=6=0=16>66627244
=2==22=24=17
Erjmldzmgdl DlstdtugdelmcGelsboe @drbgtdve LmgdelmcBstrugturm Erjldgmrjmles b @drbggdlMctm @drbggdlJbrbltbs _elmcbs^rbsbltmgdl DlstdtugdelmcJbstdl DlstdtugdelmcJbstdl m Ldvbc LmgdelmcBstm`e b Wdtumgdl Adlmlgdbrm^rdlgdpmcbs Gelvbldes 6>=7@drbgterde b Wb`bs m Ldvbc LmgdelmcJmcbrm Aetejrgm
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Bc Gelsboe @drbgtdve Lmgdelmc `bc WbrvdgdeLmgdelmc `b Gmpmgdtmgdl pmrm cmDl`ustrdm `b cm Gelstruggdl WBLGDGEpelb m `dspesdgdl `b cm gekuld`m` bc`egukblte `blekdlm`e Kbkerdm MlumcDlstdtugdelmc 6>=7 qub geltdblb cesprdlgdpmcbs mvmlgbs y cejres eftbld`es`urmltb bsb pbrde`e, gel bc prepsdte `b`daul`dr cm cmfer rbmcdzm`m m ldvbc lmgdelmc.
Kbkerdm MlumcWBLGDGE 6>=7
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EVJMLD_MGDLDLWPDPRGDELMC
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WBVQDGDE LMGDELMC @B GM^MGDPMGDEL ^MVM
CM DL@RWPVDM @B CM GELWPVRGGDL WBLGDGE
Bc Wbrvdgde Lmgdelmc `b Gmpmgdtmgdl pmrm cm
Dl`ustrdm `b cm Gelstruggdl, d`bltdgm`e geke
WBLGDGE, bs ulm Bltd`m` `b Prmtmkdblte
Bspbgdmc, m`sgrdtm mc Kdldstbrde `b Qdvdbl`m,
Gelstruggdl y Wmlbmkdblte, gel pbrselbrm
our`dgm `b `brbghe pfcdge dltbrle.
WBLGDGE aulgdelm gel mutelekm tgldgm,
m`kdldstrmtdvm, bgelkdgm y gel pmtrdkeldeprepde. Bs cm dlstdtugdl blgmrjm`m `b cm
aerkmgdl, gmpmgdtmgdl dltbjrmc, gmcdgmgdl
y gbrtdgmgdl preabsdelmc `b ces trmfmom`erbs
`b cm mgtdvd`m` `b cm gelstruggdl bl te`es sus
ldvbcbs y b rbmcdzmr cms dlvbstdjmgdelbs y bstu`des
lbgbsmrdes pmrm mtbl`br m sus lbs. Msdkdske,
mpeym m ces Jefdbrles Vbjdelmcbs bl sus
mggdelbs y prejrmkms b aerkmgdl, gmpmgdtmgdl
y gmcdgmgdl pmrm bc bsmrrecce b cm gelstruggdl
bl cms rbjdelbs, m trmvs `bc bstmfcbgdkdblte `b
gelvbldes bspbgges.
D. KMVGE CBJMC
WBLGDGE bs ulm dlstdtugdl pfcdgm
`bsgbltrmcdzm`m bc Wbgter Qdvdbl`m, Gelstruggdl
y Wmlbmkdblte. Jezm `b pbrselbrm our`dgm y
aulgdelm gel mutelekm tgldgm, m`kdldstrmtdvm,
bgelkdgm y pmtrdkelde prepde. Bl trkdles
jblbrmcbs, `bsmrreccm sus mgtdvd`m`bs mc mkpmre
`b cms sdjudbltbs lerkms cbjmcbs?
m) @bgrbte Cby L 6=1:7 `bc 61.=>.:1 - Cby
Erjldgm b WBLGDGE.
f) @bgrbte Cbjdscmtdve L =0: bc =6.>1.8= -
Cby b Erjmldzmgdl y Aulgdelbs bc WBLGDGE.
g) @bgrbte Wuprbke L >>8/42/KPG `bc
=1.>1.42, qub dspelb cm ausdl gel WBLGDGE, bc
Dlstdtute Lmgdelmc b Dlvbstdjmgdl y Lerkmcdzmgdl
`b cm Qdvdbl`m - DLDLQD.
`) Cby bc Dlstdtute Lmgdelmc b Dlvbstdjmgdl
y Lerkmcdzmgdl `b cm Qdvdbl`m (DLDLQD). @bgrbte
Cbjdscmtdve L =02.
b) Bstmtute `bc WBLGDGE, mprefm`e per
bc @bgrbte Wuprbke L >76-6>>=-KPG `bc =:
`b Oucde `b 6>>=, qub rbbkpcmzm mc Bstmtute
mprefm`e per bc @bgrbte Wuprbke L>71- PGG,
`bc 7>.=6.47.
a) Vbsecugdl Wuprbkm L >::-6>>=-KPG
`bc ==.>2.6>>=, qub mprubfm bc Gum`re pmrm
Msdjlmgdl `b ^brselmc - GM^ bc WBLGDGE.
j) Cby L 6::46, Cby `b Erjmldzmgdl y
Aulgdelbs bc Kdldstbrde b Qdvdbl`m, Gelstruggdly Wmlbmkdblte, per cm qub bc WBLGDGE qub`m
m`sgrdte mc kfdte sbgterdmc b bstb Kdldstbrde.
h) Cby L 6:000. Cby `b ^regb`dkdblte
M`kdldstrmtdve Jblbrmc.
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Bs bc kxdke rjmle y tdblb ulm gelaerkmgdltrdpmrtdtm, gel rbprbsbltmltbs bc Bstm`e, bkpcbm`erbsmpertmltbs y trmfmom`erbs `bc sbgter.
Bc Gelsboe @drbgtdve bl bc pbrde`e 6>=7 bstuvedltbjrm`e per?
Gelsboe@drbgtdveLmgdelmc
@V. OEWB KMVPL QBJMWPEVVBW
Vbprbsbltmltb bc Kdldstbrde bB`ugmgdl
Vbsecugdl Kdldstbrdmc L 241-6>==-B@
DLJ. CRDW KDJRBC DKMMVMKVB_ MC_MKEVM
^rbsd`bltb BobgutdveVbprbsbltmltb bc Kdldstbrde b Qdvdbl`m,
Gelstruggdl y Wmlbmkdblte.Vbsecugdl Wuprbkm
L >=0 -6>==-QDQDBL@M
MV]. WEAM VE@VJRB_CMVVML @B JVMLJB
Vbprbsbltmltb `b cm Msmkfcbm Lmgdelmc`b Vbgterbs
Egde L >2=4-6>=6-WB
DLJ. M@ECAE JCQB_QDCCMGEVPM
Vbprbsbltmltb b cms BkprbsmsGelstrugterms, `bsdjlm`e per cm GM^BGE
Gmrtm G^G-=0=-==
WV. MVKML@E ^MRCDLE TLPDKMC@ELM@E
Vbprbsbltmltb b ces trmfmom`erbs b cmDl`ustrdm b cm Gelstruggdl Gdvdc bc ^br.
Vbsecugdl Kdldstbrdmc L 7:>-6>==-PV
DLJ. @DLM GMVVDCCE MVE@D
Vbprbsbltmltb `b cms BkprbsmsMpertmltbs, bsdjlm m per cm GM^BGE
Gmrtm G^G-=0=-==
WV. KMLRBC B_B]RDBCMVKMW MWGMPB
Vbprbsbltmltb `b cm Gelab`brmgdel `bPrmfmom`erbs `bc ^br
Vbsecugdl Kdldstbrdmc L 7:>-6>==-PV
@V. MRVBCDE KMLRBC WEPEFMVFM
Vbprbsbltmltb bc Kdldstbrde b Prmfmoe y^rekegdl `bc Bkpcbe
Vbsecugdl Kdldstbrdmc L 6>4-6>=6-PV
@b gelaerkd`m` gel bc Bstmtute `bc Wbrvdgde
Lmgdelmc `b Gmpmgdtmgdl pmrm cm Dl`ustrdm `b cm
Gelstruggdl, bc gumc aub mprefm`e kb`dmltb bc
@bgrbte Wuprbke L >76-6>>=-KPG.
Bstrugturm Erjldgmy Gekpbtblgdms `b
WBLGDGErjmle b
GeltrecDlstdtugdelmc
Egdlm `b
Wbgrbtmrm Jblbrmc Jbrblgdm Jblbrmc
^rbsd`blgdmBobgutd vm
Gelsboe@drbgtdve Lmgdelmc
Egdlm `bM`kdldstrmgdly Adlmlzms
Egdlm b ^cmldgmgdly rbsupubste
Jbrblgdms _elmcbs
Jbrblgdm `bDlvbstdjmgdly Lerkmcdzmgdl pmrm cmQdvdbl`m y cm B`dgmgdl
BsgubcmWupbrder Pgldgm
Jbrblgdm `bAerkmgdl^reabsdelmc pmrm cm
Dl`ustrdm `bcm Gelstruggdl
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=. rjmles`b @drbggdl
b`ugmgdl supbrder, gel obrmrqum b @drbgterJblbrmc e `b @drbgter.
g. Rl rbprbsbltmltb bc Kdldstbrde b Prmfmoe,qudbl `bfbr sbr ul aulgdelmrde guymmgtdvd`m` bst vdlgucm`m gel cm aerkmgdlpreabsdelmc, gel obrmrqum b @drbgter Jblbrmce b @drbgter.`. Rl rbprbsbltmltb `b cm Rldvbrsd`m` ^brumlm, qudbl`bfbr sbr Dljbldbre Gdvdc e Mrqudtbgte,`bsdjlm`e bltrb sus kdbkfres `egbltbs
per bc erjmldske `drbgtdve `b cm Rldvbrsd`m`^brumlm, y prepubstm per bstb kdskeerjmldske `drbgtdve.
b. @es rbprbsbltmltbs b ces trmfmom`erbs bcm dl`ustrdm b cm gelstruggdl, bsdjlm`e perbc Kdldstbrde b Prmfmoe.
a. @es rbprbsbltmltbs `b cms bkprbsmsmpertmltbs, prepubste per cm Gkmrm^brumlm `b cm Gelstruggdl.
^rbsd`blgdm Bobgutdvm.
Bs bc kxdke rjmle `b WBLGDGE, cbgerrbspel`b bobrgbr te`ms cms amguctm`bsjblbrmcbs y bspbgdmcbs pmrm cm rbmcdzmgdl bces lbs b cm Dlstdtugdl y bc gukpcdkdblte bsus aulgdelbs. Bst dltbjrm`e `b cm sdjudbltbkmlbrm?
Gelsboe @drbgtdve Lmgdelmc.
Bs bc kxdke rjmle `b WBLGDGE, cbgerrbspel`b bobrgbr te`ms cms amguctm`bsjblbrmcbs y bspbgdmcbs pmrm cm rbmcdzmgdl bces lbs b cm Dlstdtugdl y bc gukpcdkdblte bsus aulgdelbs. Bst dltbjrm`e `b cm sdjudbltbkmlbrm?
m. Rl rbprbsbltmltb `bc Kdldstbrde `bQdvdbl`m, Gelstruggdl y Wmlbmkdblte,qudbl ce prbsd`dr.
f. Rl rbprbsbltmltb `bc Kdldstbrde `bB`ugmgdl, qudbl `bfbr sbr ul aulgdelmrdeguym mgtdvd`m` bst vdlgucm`m gel cm
gmcdgmgdl preabsdelmc bxtrmer`dlmrdm y/e cm
6. rjmle `bM`kdldstrmgdl
Jbrblgdm Jblbrmc.
Bs bc rjmle qub bobgutm ces mgubr`es`bc Gelsboe @drbgtdve Lmgdelmc y cms
`dspesdgdelbs `bc ^rbsd`bltb Bobgutdve.Bs rbspelsmfcb `b cm `drbggdl,geer`dlmgdl y geltrec b cms mgtdvd`m`bsm`kdldstrmtdvms, `b dlvbstdjmgdl,lerkmcdzmgdl y mgm`kdgms `b cmDlstdtugdl sdjudbl`e ces cdlbmkdbltesdkpmrtd`es per bc Gelsboe @drbgtdveLmgdelmc y cm ^rbsd`blgdm Bobgutdvm.
7. rjmle`b Geltrec
Egdlm `b Mu`dterm Dltbrlm.
Bs rbspelsmfcb b babgtumr bc geltrec dltbrle,pestbrder y gelgurrbltb `b cms epbrmgdelbsgeltmfcbs, lmlgdbrms, mgm`kdgms,pmtrdkeldmcbs, epbrmtdvms y m`kdldstrmtdvms`b cm Dlstdtugdl9 ms geke `b bvmcumr cmbgdblgdm dlstdtugdelmc `b cms mgtdvd`m`bs `bmprbl`dzmob, gmpmgdtmgdl, gmtbjerdzmgdl,bspbgdmcdzmgdl, rbgelvbrsdl, aerkmgdldltbjrmc, gmcdgmgdl y gbrtdgmgdlpreabsdelmc, b mgubr`e m ces pregb`dkdbltesy lerkms `b geltrec bstmfcbgd`es per cmGeltrmcerm Jblbrmc `b cm Vbpfcdgm y etrms`dspesdgdelbs cbjmcbs vdjbltbs.
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2. rjmles`b Mpeye
0. rjmle `bMsbsermkdblte
Egdlm `b ^cmldgmgdl y^rbsupubste.
Bs rbspelsmfcb `b msbsermrm ces rjmles `b @drbggdl blcm aerkucmgdl, geer`dlmgdly bvmcumgdl `b cm pectdgmdlstdtugdelmc bl kmtbrdm `bpcmldgmgdl, rmgdelmcdzmgdl,mspbgtes tgldges pmrm bcgukpcdkdblte `b ces efobtdves `bcm bltd`m`.
Egdlm `b Wbgrbtmrm Jblbrmc.
Bs bc rjmle `b mpeye qub `bpbl`b `bcm ^rbsd`blgdm Bobgutdvm, rbspelsmfcb `bgel`ugdr cms mgtdvd`m`bs `bc sdstbkm `bm`kdldstrmgdl `egukbltmrdm y mrghdve,rbcmgdelbs pfcdgms b dkmjbl dlstdtugdelmc, msgeke ce gerrbspel`dbltb m geltrec, rbjdstrey guste`dm `b cms mgtms y `egukbltmgdl`bc Gelsboe @drbgtdve Lmgdelmc y `b cm^rbsd`blgdm Bobgutdvm.
Egdlm `b M`kdldstrmgdl yAdlmlzms.
Bs bc rjmle `b mpeye qub `bpbl`b `bcm Jbrblgdm Jblbrmc y bs rbspelsmfcb `bgel`ugdr cms mgtdvd`m`bs b pbrselmc, cejstdgm,geltmfdcd`m` y lmlzms b dlaerktdgm.
:. rjmles`b Bobgugdl
1. rjmles`b Clbm
Jbrblgdm `b Aerkmgdl ^reabsdelmc pmrmcm Dl`ustrdm b cm Gelstruggdl.
Bs rbspelsmfcb `bc `bsmrrecce `b cms mgtdvd`m`bs`b `dsbe y `b pbrabggdelmkdblte `b cm tbglecejmb`ugmtdvm, erdbltm`m m cm dl`ustrdm b cm gelstruggdl9ms geke cm lerkmtdvd`m` tgldge pb`mjjdgm, `baerkmgdl preabsdelmc pmrm bc sbrvdgde b`ugmtdvequb frdl`m bc WBLGDGE.
Jbrblgdm b Dlvbstdjmgdl y Lerkmcdzmgdlpmrm cm Qdvdbl`m y cm B`dgmgdl.
Bs rbspelsmfcb `b rbmcdzmr cms dlvbstdjmgdelbs ybstu`des gdbltges y tbglecjdges vdlgucm`es mcm prefcbktdgm `b cm vdvdbl`m y cm b`dgmgdl9 msgeke prepelbr mc Wbgter lerkms `b mpcdgmgdllmgdelmc qub rbjucbl bc `dsbe `b cms b`dgmgdelbsy bc `bsmrrecce tbglecjdge `b cm gelstruggdl. Jbrblgdms _elmcbs.
Wel cms blgmrjm`ms `b cm m`kdldstrmgdl ybobgugdl `bc pregbse `b aerkmr, gmpmgdtmr,pbrabggdelmr y gbrtdgmr m ces trmfmom`erbs `b cmgelstruggdl bl te`es sus ldvbcbs. M`bks, bstlblgmrjm`ms `b bobrgbr aulgdelbs m`kdldstrmtdvmsbl bc kfdte zelmc b su gekpbtblgdm, b mgubr`em cms pectdgms y lerkms dltbrlms qub bstmfcbzgmcm Egdlm `b M`kdldstrmgdl y Adlmlzms y cmcbjdscmgdl qub cb gekpbtb.
Dlstdtute b B`ugmgdl Wupbrder.
Wb blgmrjm `b bobgutmr mgtdvd`m`bs `b aerkmgdlmgm`kdgm m ldvbc supbrder bl bc rbm b cm dl`ustrdm`b cm gelstruggdl bl sus dvbrsms bspbgdmcd`m`bs9`bpbl`b `bc Gelsboe @drbgtdve Lmgdelmc m trmvs`b su ^rbsd`blgdm Bobgutdvm.
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^cmlm Jbrblgdmc
Jmfrdbcm `bc Gmrkbl Bspmrzm Vbquboe
Obab `bc `bpmrtmkblte `b Dlvbstdjmgdl
Vbsecugdl `b ^rbsd`blgdm Bobgutdvm L =21-6>=7->6.>>
Jbrbltb `b Dlvbstdjmgdl y Lerkmcdzmgdl pmrm cmQdvdbl`m y cm B`dgmgdl (b)
Kmrm @bc Gmrkbl @bcjm`e Vmzurd
Jbrbltb `b Aerkmgdl ^reabsdelmc pmrm cm Dl`ustrdm `b cm
Gelstruggdl
Vbsecugdl `b ^rbsd`blgdm Bobgutdvm L >6=-6>=6->6.>>
M`ecae Oerjb Hbrrbrm Ercml`dld
Jbrbltb b M`kdldstrmgdl y Adlmlzms
Vbsecugdl `b ^rbsd`blgdm Bobgutdvm L 6>7-6>=7->6.>>
Qdecbtm Kbry Qdgterdm Gum`res bccmllb
Jbrbltb `b cm Egdlm `b ^cmldgmgdl y ^rbsupubste
Vbsecugdl `b ^rbsd`blgdm Bobgutdvm L =>:-6>=6->6.>>
Imrcm Obllyphbr Mymcm b cms Gmsms
Wupbrvdserm b Jbrblgdms _elmcbs
Vbsecugdl `b ^rbsd`blgdm Bobgutdvm L =02-6>=7->6.>>
Cuds Judccbrke Keltbs Jmcce
@drbgter `b cm Bsgubcm `b B`ugmgdl Wupbrder
Pbglecjdgm fcdgm b Jbstdl rdvm`m
Vbsecugdl `b ^rbsd`blgdm Bobgutdvm L >4:-6>=6->6.>>
Qmllm Kmrdm Dsecdlm Juaamltd mrrm @b Vdvms
Obam `bc Cmfermterde `b Blsmye `b Kmtbrdmcbs
Vbsecugdl Kdldstbrdmc L >>7-6>>:-QDQDBL@M
@erm Lbcd`m Mcdmjm Jmrmtb
Msbserm Cbjmc
Vbsecugdl `b ^rbsd`blgdm Bobgutdvm L =>4-6>=7->6.>>
Omgdlte Kmurdgde Mrrb`el`e Qmc`bz
Geltm`er Jblbrmc (B)
@bpmrtmkblte `b Geltmfdcd`m`
Vbsecugdl `b ^rbsd`blgdm Bobgutdvm L =60-6>=7->6.>>
Vesm Armlgdsgm Hbrkd`m Gcmvdoe `b Kurdcce
Obam `bc @bpmrtmkblte `b Erdbltmgdl y Geltrec `b Mpertbs
Vbsecugdl `b ^rbsd`blgdm `bc Gelsboe @drbgtdve L>70-6>>=->6.>>
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Jbrbltbs_elmcbs
Gusge
Mfdsmy Gbsmr Kermltb ljbcbsVbsecugdl `b ^rbsd`blgdm Bobgutdvm L >4=-6>=7->6.>>
Humlgmye
Oes Bstbfml Qmcblzubcm Lmpmljm
Vbsecugdl `b ^rbsd`blgdm Bobgutdvm L >87-6>=6->6.>>
Dgm
Ouml Murbcdmle Cpbz Mrdms
Vbsecugdl b rbsd`blgdm Bobgutdvm L ==0-6>=7->6.>>
Jbrblgdm _elmc Cdkm-Gmccme
Qdgter Mcarb`e Gmlghe Qmc`besVbsecugdl `b ^rbsd`blgdm Bobgutdvm L >81-6>>4->6.>>
Mrbqudpm
Ouml Oes ^urdzmgm Wbrrute
Vbsecugdl `b ^rbsd`blgdm Bobgutdvm L >77-6>>=->6.>>
Ghdgcmye
Esgmr Mcfbrte Pdrm`e Jcvbz
Vbsecugdl `b ^rbsd`blgdm Bobgutdvm L >2:-6>>8->6.>>
Dqudtes
Fbrldtm `bc Vege ^rbz Veoms
Vbsecugdl `b ^rbsd`blgdm Bobgutdvm L >12-6>=6->6.>>
^durm
Kdjubc ljbc Mcvmrm`e Eteym
Vbsecugdl `b ^rbsd`blgdm Bobgutdvm L =1>-6>>:->6.>>
^ule
Wmcekl Hdcmsmgm Kmkmld
Vbsecugdl Kdldstbrdmc L =1=-6>>:-QDQDBL@M
Pmglm
Kmlubc Amfrdgde Fbjmze Juzkl
Vbsecugdl b rbsd`blgdm Bobgutdvm L =0:-6>==->6.>>
Pruodcce
Kmrges Mcfbrte Mljuce Gdslbres
Vbsecugdl b rbsd`blgdm Bobgutdvm L ==4-6>=6->6.>>
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Cbybl`m
1> Bsgubcm b B`ugmgdl
WupbrderPbglecjdgm
^rdvm`m (BBWP)
>8
ublbgubr`es > 1>`bc mlumc`brjmldmgdl ulgdelbsb dlermgdl prepergdelm`mper cmWupbrvdsdl `bbrblgdmselmcbs
bblm lmb
brblgdm elmc durm
BBWP ^durm
brblgdm elmc dgcme
BBWP dgcme
brblgdm elmc Prudcce
BBWP Prudcce
brblgdm elmc dm mccme
BBWP Wb`b blrmc
brblgdm elmc umlgme
1
brblgdm elmc gm
brblgdm elmc mguge ()
8 brblgdm elmc usge
BBWP usge
brblgdm elmc rbudpm
BBWP rbudpm
>
brblgdm elmc ^ule
brblgdm elmc Pmglm
brblgdmelmcudes
brblgdm elmc ugmccpm ()
kfdte `bMggdl `bcWblgdgeM LdvbcLmgdelmc
WBLGDGE pmrm `bsmrreccmr ces `dvbrses
prejrmkms y sbrvdgdes b`ugmtdves gubltm gel =7
jbrblgdms zelmcbs, >1 bsgubcms `b b`ugmgdl
supbrder tbglecjdgm pfcdgm `b jbstdl
prdvm`m y >8 uld`m`bs epbrmtdvms `dstrdfud`ms
bstrmtjdgmkbltb per te`e bc ^br.
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^VBWBLPMGDLDLWPDPRGDELMC
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Cm Kbkerdm Mlumc Dlstdtugdelmc bc Wbrvdgde Lmgdelmc b Gmpmgdtmgdl pmrm cm Dl`ustrdm b cm Gelstruggdl WBLGDGE bs
bc `egukblte qub pbrkdtb `mr gubltm `bc gekprekdse qub sus gecmferm`erbs hml pubste bl bc trmfmoe per mcgmlzmr cms
kbtms y efobtdves pcmltbm`es pmrm bc me 6>=7.
Cm Mctm @drbggdl `b WBLGDGE rbgelegb y mjrm`bgb bc bsaubrze y gekprekdse `b te`es ces kdbkfres `b cm dlstdtugdl
pmrm geltrdfudr m ces cejres mcgmlzm`es urmltb bc me 6>=7.
Wbjudrbkes trmfmoml`e pmrm sbrvdr mc pms, dlvdrtdbl`e bl bcc e lubstrms kboerbs gmpmgd`m`bs.
Dltre`uggdl
Qdsdl KdsdlDlstdtugdl c`br bl cm aerkmgdl,
gmpmgdtmgdl b dlvbstdjmgdl y
lerkmcdzmgdl pmrm cm dl`ustrdm `b
cm gelstruggdl qub geltrdfuyb mc
`bsmrrecce bc pms.
Frdl`mkes gmpmgdtmgdl `b
bxgbcblgdm, dlvbstdjmkes,
bvmcumkes sdstbkms gelstrugtdves
dllevm`erbs y prepelbkes lerkms
pmrm bc `bsmrrecce `b cm dl`ustrdm `b
cm gelstruggdl9 geltrdfuybl`e ms
mc dlgrbkblte `b cm pre`ugtdvd`m`
`b cms bkprbsms gelstrugterms y m
cm kboerm `b cm gmcd`m` `b vd`m `b cm
pefcmgdl.
Frbvbrbsbm
hdstrdgmGel cm prekucjmgdl `b cm Cby Erjldgm `bc Wbrvdgde Lmgdelmc
`b Gmpmgdtmgdl pmrm cm Dl`ustrdm `b cm Gelstruggdl, @bgrbte
Cby L 6=1:7 prekucjm`e bc 61 `b egtufrb `b =4:1, sb grbm
bc WBLGDGE, geke ul Erjmldske ^fcdge @bsgbltrmcdzm`e,
m`sgrdte mc Kdldstbrde b Qdvdbl`m, Gelstruggdl y Wmlbmkdblte,
gel pbrselbrm our`dgm `b `brbghe pfcdge qub mgtm gel
mutelekm tgldgm, m`kdldstrmtdvm, bgelkdgm y lmlgdbrm,
`bfd`e m qub gubltm gel pmtrdkelde prepde.
Pdblb per lmcd`m` aerkmr, gmpmgdtmr, pbrabggdelmr y gbrtdgmr
m ces trmfmom`erbs `b gelstruggdl bl te`es sus ldvbcbs.
Msdkdske, sb blgmrjm `b rbmcdzmr dlvbstdjmgdelbs y trmfmoe
tbglecjdge vdlgucm`es m cm prefcbktdgm `b cm vdvdbl`m y `b cm
b`dgmgdl9 m`bks b prepelbr lerkms tgldgms b mpcdgmgdl
lmgdelmc
^ c
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Bl bc me =4:8, cm cmfer `b dlstruggdl sb bxpml`b m gdu`m`bs
geke Dgm, Gusge, Huluge, Humlgmye y Pmglm. M`bks, sb
rbmcdzm cm rkm b gelvbldes gel `dabrbltbs dlstdtugdelbs geke
cm Rldvbrsd`m` Lmgdelmc b Dljbldbrm y cm ^eltdgdm Rldvbrsd`m`
Gmtcdgm bc br.
^estbrderkbltb, WBLGDGE sb pcmltbm prepubstms pmrm jblbrmr
dljrbses, per ce qub sb mprefmrel preybgtes geke bc Cmfermterde
`b Blsmye b Kmtbrdmcbs, bc Dlstdtute b B`ugmgdl Wupbrder hey
`blekdlm`m Bsgubcm Wupbrder Pbglecjdgm y mcjulms sb`bs
zelmcbs qub sb gelvdrtdbrel bl dkpertmltbs jblbrm`erms `b
ael`es. Hey sb gubltm gel =7 jbrblgdms zelmcbs, >1 bsgubcms
`b b`ugmgdl supbrder tbglecjdgm y >8 uld`m`bs epbrmtdvms
`dstrdfud`ms per te`e bc br.
Wu Bsgubcm Wupbrder Pbglecjdgm earbgb gmrrbrms b es y trbs
mes `b `urmgdl, eterjml`e ttuces m lekfrb `b cm Lmgdl bl
gdu`m`bs dkpertmltbs b cm gmpdtmc y mc dltbrder bc pms.
@urmltb sus 7: mes `b vd`m dlstdtugdelmc, WBLGDGE gubltm
gel ul rblekfrm`e prbstdjde y mpultm m sbr bc c`br `b cm
gmpmgdtmgdl y b`ugmgdl tbglecjdgm `b cm dl`ustrdm `b cm
gelstruggdl.
^rdlgdpmcbsAulgdelbs
Mpeymr, prekevbr, m`kdldstrmr,
`bsmrreccmr y, bl su gmse, gelgbrtmr
gel ces Jefdbrles Vbjdelmcbs,
prejrmkms `b mprbl`dzmob,
gmpmgdtmgdl, pbrabggdelmkdblte y
rbgelvbrsdl preabsdelmc, pmrm ces
trmfmom`erbs `b cm dl`ustrdm `b cm
gelstruggdl.
Geltrdfudr, m trmvs `b mgtdvd`m`bs
bspbggms, bc `bsmrrecce gucturmc,
gvdge y kermc `b ces trmfmom`erbs
`b cm dl`ustrdm `b cm gelstruggdl,
tmlte pmrm cejrmr cm bcbvmgdl `b sus
ldvbcbs b vd`m, gumlte pmrm gdkbltmr
su aerkmgdl dltbjrmc.
^repelbr y `bsmrreccmr pcmlbs `b
dltbrgmkfde `b gelegdkdbltes y `b
trmlsabrblgdm tbglecjdgm kb`dmltb
prejrmkms `b geepbrmgdl tgldgm
lmgdelmc b dltbrlmgdelmc.
Vbmcdzmr, bl geer`dlmgdl gel
ces Jefdbrles Vbjdelmcbs,
cms dlvbstdjmgdelbs y bstu`des
lbgbsmrdes gel cm lmcd`m` `b
`btbrkdlmr cms lbgbsd`m`bs `b
gmpmgdtmgdl `bc pbrselmc `b cm
dl`ustrdm b cm gelstruggdl.
^rbstmr ces sbrvdgdes `b su
gekpbtblgdm per blgmrje `b ces
Jefdbrles Vbjdelmcbs, etres
erjmldskes pfcdges y bltd`m`bs
prdvm`ms qub epbrbl e `bsmrreccbl
mgtdvd`m`bs bl bc rbm `b cm
gelstruggdl.
Gmcdgmr y gbrtdgmr ces ldvbcbs `b
gmpmgdtmgdl mcgmlzm`es per ces
trmfmom`erbs `b cm mgtdvd`m` `b cm
gelstruggdl.
Geer`dlmr y gelgbrtmr gel ces
Kdldstbrdes pbrtdlbltbs, Jefdbrles
Vbjdelmcbs y gel cms bltd`m`bs
rbprbsbltmtdvms `b cms bkprbsms `b
cm gelstruggdl y b ces trmfmom`erbs
`b cm gelstruggdl, cm aerkucmgdl
`b cm pectdgm `b gmpmgdtmgdl,
gbrtdgmgdl, aerkmgdl preabsdelmc b
dlvbstdjmgdl, prepdms b ces lbs b
WBLGDGE.
M
F
B
G
A
@
J
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Geer`dlmr sus prepdms
dlvbstdjmgdelbs gel mqubccms qub
rbmcdgbl cms uldvbrsd`m`bs, bkprbsms
u etrms pbrselms lmturmcbs e
our`dgms.
dWusgrdfdr gelvbldes y/e geltrmtes
gel pbrselms lmturmcbs e
our`dgms, lmgdelmcbs, bxtrmlobrms e
dltbrlmgdelmcbs pmrm bc gukpcdkdblte
`b sus lbs.
H D
^rdlgdpmcbsFblbgdmrdes
@drdjd`e m ces trmfmom`erbs epbrmtdves `b cm gelstruggdl y m
pbrselms qub bsbbl dlgerpermrsb m cm mgtdvd`m` b cm gelstruggdl.
Wb `bsmrreccm m trmvs `b gurses bstrugturm`es `bltre `bc sdstbkm
ke`ucmr y tmkfdl per gurses gertes. Bl bstb prejrmkm sb gmpmgdtml
mcfmdcbs, gmrpdltbres blgearm`erbs, brrbres, bcbgtrdgdstms b
dlstmcm`erbs smldtmrdes, ms geke etrms egupmgdelbs qub `bkml`b
cm dl`ustrdm b cm gelstruggdl.
@drdjd`e m ovblbs gel b`ugmgdl sbgul`mrdm gekpcbtm, sb blgmrjm
`b aerkmrces geke tgldges bl gmrrbrms vdlgucm`ms m cm dl`ustrdm b
cm gelstruggdl, gel ulm urmgdl b 0 m 1 sbkbstrbs mgm`kdges,
frdl`l`ecbs ul ldvbc `b b`ugmgdl supbrder le uldvbrsdtmrdm. Wb
`bsmrreccm bl cms Bsgubcms Wupbrderbs Pbglecjdgms, grbm`ms
per WBLGDGE pmrm tmc l, gel cms sdjudbltbs gmrrbrms tgldgms?
B`dgmgdelbs, @dfuoe `b Gelstruggdl Gdvdc, @dsbe `b Dltbrderbs,
M`kdldstrmgdl `b cm Gelstruggdl, Pepejrmam, Cmfermterde `b
Wubces, Gelgrbte y Msamcte y Gekputmgdl b Dlaerktdgm. Wb
`bsmrreccml tmkfdl gurses ke`ucmrbs bl bstb ldvbc, geke bc `b
Dlstmcmgdelbs b Jms bl B`dgmgdelbs.
M. ^VEJVMKM @B GMCDADGMGDL EGR^MGDELMC
F. ^VEJVMKM @B AEVKMGDL @B PGLDGEW
WBLGDGE, geke dlstdtugdl sbgterdmc `b aerkmgdl preabsdelmc, tdblb `bld`e y
bstrugturm`e ^rejrmkms y Wbrvdgdes B`ugmtdves bl fblbgde `b su pefcmgdl
efobtdvm, ces gumcbs sb btmccml m geltdlumgdl?
L c
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Pdblb per lmcd`m` pbrabggdelmr e bspbgdmcdzmr bl ces mspbgtes
bspbgges `b su preabsdl u egupmgdl, kb`dmltb gurses qub
geltdblbl ces mvmlgbs tgldges y tbglecjdges b mgtumcd`m`, gel bc
l b qub bc trmfmom`er kmltbljm cms gekpbtblgdms cmfermcbs pmrm
bc bsbkpbe b sus aulgdelbs.
@drdjd`e m ces trmfmom`erbs b cm gelstruggdl y gekuld`m` bl jblbrmc.
Wb bsmrreccm kb`dmltb gurses qub erdbltml vegmgdelmckbltb m ces
pmrtdgdpmltbs y tmkfdl kb`dmltb sbkdlmrdes, gelabrblgdms tgldgms,
aruks y etres, gel bc l `b `daul`dr bc gelegdkdblte `b lubves
pregb`dkdbltes tgldges y b kmtbrdmcbs b ctdkm jblbrmgdl.
G. ^VEJVMKM @B ^BVABGGDELMKDBLPET BW^BGDMCD_MGDL
@. ^VEJVMKM @B BXPBLWDL B@RGMPDQM
^reabsdelmcbs
Pgldges
Epbrmtdves
Gm`m ldvbc `b cm pdrkd`b egupmgdelmc bs mtbl`d`e per ces rbspbgtdves prejrmkms b`ugmtdves,
kb`dmltb gurses e gmrrbrms gel rbqudsdtes `b mggbse y cm gbrtdgmgdl gerrbspel`dbltb. WBLGDGE
gufrb ces trbs ldvbcbs b cm aubrzm cmfermc, m l b kboermr cm gmcd`m` y pre`ugtdvd`m` bl cm gelstruggdl
y geltrdfudr mc bsmrrecce bc sbgter gelstruggdl.
Ldvbcbs y^rejrmkmsB`ugmtdves
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JBWPDLDLWPDPRGDELMC
E ` W
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Eagdlm `b WbgrbtmrdmJblbrmc (EWJ)
Cm Egdlm `b Wbgrbtmrm Jblbrmc bs cm rbspelsmfcb `b
gel`ugdr cms mgtdvd`m`bs `bc Wdstbkm `b M`kdldstrmgdl
@egukbltmrdm y `b Mrghdve, Vbcmgdelbs ^fcdgms b
Dkmjbl Dlstdtugdelmc, ms geke ce gerrbspel`dbltb mc
geltrec, rbjdstre y guste`dm `b mgtms y `egukbltmgdl `bc
Gelsboe @drbgtdve Lmgdelmc y b cm ^rbsd`blgdm Bobgutdvm.
Bs ul rjmle `b mpeye qub `bpbl`b `b cm ^rbsd`blgdm
Bobgutdvm.
Bl bc kmrge `b sus gekpbtblgdms, vdblb bvmcuml`e b
dkpcbkbltml`e `b aerkm pbrkmlbltb, kboerms bl cm
jbstdl m`kdldstrmtdvm bl geer`dlmgdl y mrtdgucmgdl
gelstmltb gel ces bks rjmles y rbms b cm dlstdtugdl.
Ces efobtdves dlstdtugdelmcbs qub dlvecugrml m cm Egdlm b
Wbgrbtmrm Jblbrmc bstl rbabrd`es m cm ke`brldzmgdl b
cm jbstdl dlstdtugdelmc y mc aertmcbgdkdblte
`bc pesdgdelmkdblte `bc WBLGDGE m
ldvbc lmgdelmc.
Bl gukpcdkdblte mc cml Mlumc 6>=7,
cm Egdlm `b Wbgrbtmrm Jblbrmc hm
`bsmrreccm`e cms sdjudbltbs mggdelbs?
D. MGGDELBW GEL BC GELWBOE
@DVBGPDQE
Cms sbsdelbs `bc Gelsboe @drbgtdve
Lmgdelmc sb `bsmrreccmrel `b kmlbrm
rbjucmr, m`kdldstrl`esb `b aerkm
`dcdjbltb y geer`dlm`m, gukpcdbl`e gelcms sdjudbltbs cmferbs?
=.= Kmltbldkdblte `b ul sdstbkm
er`blm`e bl cm prejrmkmgdl,
geer`dlmgdl y rbmcdzmgdl `b cms
sbsdelbs bc Gelsboe @drbgtdve Lmgdelmc.
=.6 Kmltbldkdblte `b ul mrghdve
bkpmstm`e `b cms gmrpbtms `b cms
Wbsdelbs bc Gelsboe @drbgtdve Lmgdelmc.
Gel abghm =8 `b sbtdbkfrb `bc 6>=7 sb
rbmcdz cm Wbsdl Er`dlmrdm Le. =>86 `bc
Gelsboe @drbgtdve @bsgbltrmcdzm`e bl cm
gdu`m` `b ^durm.
DD. MGGDELBW BOBGRPM@MW EV BC
VBM @B PVKDPB @EGRKBLPMVDE
6.= Dkpcbkbltmgdl `bc WDPVM@EG
6.=.= Wusgrdpgdl `bc Gelvblde
Bspbgge L 1>:-6>=6 Dltbrgmkfde `b
Rse `b Weatwmrb bltrb bc Kdldstbrde `b
Qdvdbl`m, Gelstruggdl y Wmlbmkdblte
y bc Wbrvdgde Lmgdelmc `b Gmpmgdtmgdl
pmrm cm Dl`ustrdm `b cm Gelstruggdl,
kb`dmltb bc gumc sb prepergdelm bcseatwmrb y bstrugturm `b Fmsb `b @mtes
`bc Wdstbkm `b Prkdtb @egukbltmrde
WDPVM@EG.
6.=.6 ^ubstm bl kmrghm `bc Wdstbkm
`b Prkdtb @egukbltmrde (WDPVM@EG),
bl geer`dlmgdl gel bc @bpmrtmkblte
`b Dlaerktdgm bl gukpcdkdblte m ces
Mgubr`es `bc Gelsboe @drbgtdve Lmgdelmc
L =>67.>6 `b 61 `b blbre `b 6>== y
=>6:.>0 `b 67 `b kmrze `b 6>==.
6.=.7 Gmpmgdtmgdelbs mc pbrselmc `b
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cm Wb`b Gbltrmc sefrb bc use y
kmlboe `bc Wdstbkm `b Prkdtb
@egukbltmrde - WDPVM@EG.
6.6 Bcmfermgdl `b cm
`drbgtdvm WJ-EWJ->>=-6>=7
(`bspus b 8 mes) y bxpb`dgdl
`b cm Vbsecugdl `b Wbgrbtmrm
Jblbrmc L >>=-6>=7->1.>>
^regb`dkdblte `bc Prkdtb
@egukbltmrde `bc Wbrvdgde
Lmgdelmc `b Gmpmgdtmgdl pmrm
cm Dl`ustrdm `b cm Gelstruggdl
mprefm`m bc 61 b dgdbkfrb bc6>=7.
6.7 Keldterbe y mpeye
pbrkmlbltb m cm Kbsm `b
^mrtbs bl ce rbabrd`e mc trkdtb
`egukbltmrde.
DDD. MGGDELBW@BWMVVECCM@MW
BL BC MVGHDQE GBLPVMC
7.= Mggdelbs rbabrd`ms m
kboerms `bc mkfdbltb asdge `bc
Mrghdve Gbltrmc?
7.=.= Dkpcbkbltmgdl b sdbtb
(>:) gubrpes `b mrghdvm`erbs
kvdcbs.
7.=.6 Dkpcbkbltmgdl `b
kefdcdmrde m`bgum`e pmrm ces
trmfmom`erbs bc Mrghdve Gbltrmc
(`es gekputm`erms y `es sdccms
jdrmterdms).
7.=.7 ^dltm`e b dcukdlmgdl `bc
Mrghdve Gbltrmc.
7.=.0 Dkpcbkbltmgdl `b sbds(>1) bstmltbrms `b mrghdves
kvdcbs pmrm cm gelsbrvmgdl y
guste`dm `b cm `egukbltmgdl
`b ^rbsd`blgdm Bobgutdvm,
Wbgrbtmrm Jblbrmc, Egdlm `b
M`kdldstrmgdl y Adlmlzms y
Jbrblgdm Jblbrmc.
7.6 Mggdelbs m`kdldstrmtdvms?
7.6.= Wb mpref kb`dmltb
Vbsecugdl >08-6>=7->6.>> bc
^cml `b Prmfmoe `b Mrghdve `b
cm Wb`b Gbltrmc y Jbrblgdms
_elmcbs 6>=7.
7.6.6 Mgtumcdzmgdl `b cms
sbrdbs egukbltmcbs b cm Wb`b
Gbltrmc y `b cms Jbrblgdms
_elmcbs.
DQ. MGGDELBW @BC VBM
@B VBCMGDELBW ^FCDGMW
B DKMJBL DLWPDPRGDELMC
Bc rbm `b Vbcmgdelbs
^fcdgms vdblb `daul`dbl`e cms
mgtdvd`m`bs dlstdtugdelmcbs, msgeke cm kboerm pbrkmlbltb `b
cm dkmjbl dlstdtugdelmc m ldvbc
lmgdelmc. Bltrb sus prdlgdpmcbs
mggdelbs tblbkes?
0.= @dsbe `b ces kmtbrdmcbs
dlaerkmtdves y b kbrghml`dsdlj
dlstdtugdelmc.
0.6 Bcmfermgdl `b cm
Kbkerdm Dlstdtugdelmc.
0.7 Bcmfermgdl `b cm rbvdstm
y pbrd`dge kurmc dlstdtugdelmc.
0.0 Bcmfermgdl `b mjbl`m
`b bvbltes m ldvbc lmgdelmc.
0.2 Bcmfermgdl b letms `b
prblsm y mgtdvd`m`bs egdmcbs
0.1 Mgtumcdzmgdl `b cms
rb`bs segdmcbs (Amgbfeei,
twdttbr).
0.: ^rekegdl, mpeye y
geer`dlmgdl `bc pretegece
y prblsm `b cms Abrdms Te
Gelstruye Wbjure y ADPGEL.
0.8 Bcmfermgdl `bc
freghurb dlstdtugdelmc.
Q. EPVMW MGPDQD@M@BW?
2.= ^rbvdstm bl lerkmtdvm
bspbggm?
2.=.= Gukpcdkdblte `b cm
Cby `b L 6:8>1 Cby `b
Prmlspmrblgdm y Mggbse m cm
Dlaerkmgdl ^fcdgm, y su
Vbjcmkblte mprefm`e gel
@bgrbte Wuprbke L >:6-
6>>7-^GK, y su ke`dgmterdm
kb`dmltb @bgrbte Wuprbke
L >:>-6>=7 bl cm pmrtb
gerrbspel`dbltb mc mggbse m
cm dlaerkmgdl.
2.=.6 G u k p c d k d b l t e
epertule gel ce dspubste bl cm
Cby L 644:1 Cby qub grbm
cm gekdsdl `b mcte ldvbc `b
mltdgerrupgdl, dlaerkml`e
`b aerkm trdkbstrmc sefrb
pregbses m`kdldstrmtdves
smlgdelm`erbs bxdstbltbs bl
cm dlstdtugdl.
2.=.7 Gukpcdkdblte `b cmlerkmtdvm geltbld`m bl cm
Cby L 642:= G`dje
`b ^retbggdl y @bablsm
`bc Gelsukd`er , bl ce
qub rbspbgtm mc cdfre `b
rbgcmkmgdelbs bl WBLGDGE
Wb`b Gbltrmc, bl vdrtu` m
ce `dspubste bl bc @bgrbte
Wuprbke L >==-6>==-^GK
Vbjcmkblte `bc Cdfre `b
Vbgcmkmgdelbs.
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2.6. Etres blgmrjes?
Bc Gelsboe @drbgtdve Lmgdelmc bl Wbsdl =>8>
`bc 6= `b mjeste `b 6>=7, secdgdt m Wbgrbtmrdm
Jblbrmc bvmcumr cm dkpcbkbltmgdl `b ul rbm
`b Kmribtdlj Dlstdtugdelmc, cm gumc dldgd cms
mggdelbs gel ulm mu`dterm gekuldgmgdelmc,
cm kdskm qub mrreo gelgcusdelbs geke cm
hbtbrejblbd`m` `b uses, aerkms y gecerbs `bc
bkfcbkm `bc WBLGDGE.
Bstb pregbse `brdv bl bc lmgdkdblte `b ul
lubve kmtbrdmc dlstdtugdelmc, qub sb gelvdrtd
bl bc freghurb egdmc bc WBLGDGE qub jumr`mul bstdce `dabrbltb, cm gerrbgtm utdcdzmgdl `bc
cejetdpe y bc scejml, bc kmlboe `b ces gecerbs
gerpermtdves y sefrbte`e qub tdblb bc rbspmc`e
tgldge `bc pfcdge efobtdve m qudl vm `drdjd`e.
M`bks sb segdmcdz bltrb ces aulgdelmrdes `b
cm dlstdtugdl.
GRK^CDKDBLPE @B KBPMW @BC VBM @B VBCMGDELBW^FCDGMW @RVMLPB BC ME 6>=7
>= Bvbltes m ldvbc cegmc BQBLPEW 71.>>
60.>>
=6.>>
0.>>
26.>>
610.>>
7.>>
6.>>
=.>>
=.>>
0.>>
66.>>
0.>>
7.>>
0.>>
62.>>
2.>>
7>.>>
71.>>
60.>>
=6.>>
0.>>
26.>>
610.>>
=>7.>>
88.>>
=0=.>>
0>1.>>
14.>>
764.>>
681.==
711.1:
==:2.>>
=>=2>.>>
1=76.14
=60.16
KBPMRLD@M@@B
KB@D@M^VEJVMKM@E
MLRMC^VEJVMKM@E
KBWBOBGRPM@E
KBW
^VEJVMKM@EMGRKRCM@E
KBW
BOBGRPM@EMGRKRCM@E
KBW
MQMLGB(%)
GEKDPBW
^RFCDGMGDL
^RFCDGMGDL
^RFCDGMGDL
^RFCDGMGDL
>6 V b ul d el b s b tr m fm o e
>7 Bcmfermgdl bcfukbs bl rb`bs segdmcbs(Amgbfeei y twdttbr)
>0 Bcmfermgdl bkmtbrdmc pufcdgdtmrde (fmllbrs,fml`brecms,rbvdstms dlstdtugdelmcbs,vecmltbs)
>2 Bcmfermgdl bletms bprblsm (rm`de, tv,pbrd`dges,rbvdstms,pjdlmswbf yfcejs)
>1 Blve`bkmtbrdmcdlaerkmtdve dltbrle( pufcdgmgdelbsvm bkmdc,pbre`dge kurmc,tmrobtms `bgukpcbmes,
rbsukbl `bletdgdms,tmrobtms `bgel`ecblgdms)
` G t c Qbb`urms m ces pregbses `b sbcbggdl y m bobgugdelbs
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Bc EGD gelstdtuyb cm uld`m` bspbgdmcdzm`m rbspelsmfcb b
ccbvmr m gmfe bc geltrec jufbrlmkbltmc bl bc WBLGDGE
gel cm lmcd`m` `b prekevbr cm gerrbgtm y trmlspmrbltb
jbstdl b ces rbgurses y fdblbs b cm bltd`m`, gmutbcml`e
cm cbjmcd`m` y bgdblgdm `b sus mgtes y epbrmgdelbs, ms
geke bc cejre `b sus rbsuctm`es.
Bl vdrtu` m cm Cby L 6::82- Cby Erjldgm `bc Wdstbkm
Lmgdelmc `b Geltrec, bc EGD tdblb `bpbl`blgdm aulgdelmc
gel cm Geltrmcerm Jblbrmc `b cm Vbpfcdgm, y gukpcb su
aulgdl m trmvs `b mggdelbs y mgtdvd`m`bs `b geltrec.
Bl gukpcdkdblte `bc =>>% `bc su pcml mlumc `b geltrec
6>=7, rbmcdz cms sdjudbltbs mggdelbs `b geltrec?
Bxmkbl bspbgdmc m cm Jbrblgdm _elmc Cdkm-Gmccme.
Bxmkbl bspbgdmc m cm Jbrblgdm _elmc Humlgmye.
Bxmkbl bspbgdmc m cm Jbrblgdm _elmc ^durm.
Msdkdske, bobgut mgtdvd`m`bs `b geltrec, `bltre `b cms
gumcbs gmfb `bstmgmr cms sdjudbltbs?
Qbrdgmgdl bc gukpcdkdblte b cm Cby b @bgcmrmgdelbs
Ourm`ms `b Dljrbses y `b Fdblbs y Vbltms.
Vbvdsdl `b cm bstrugturm `b geltrec dltbrle m ces
pregbses `b? susgrdpgdl y bobgugdl `b gelvbldes
dltbrdlstdtugdelmcbs bl cm Jbrblgdm _elmc Pruodcce,
gbrtdgmgdl b cms gegdlms kboerm`ms y m`kdldstrmgdl
`bc mckmgl `b cm sb`b gbltrmc.
rjmle `b GeltrecDlstdtugdelmc (EGD)
Qbb`urms m ces pregbses `b sbcbggdl y m bobgugdelbs
geltrmgtumcbs.
Qbrdgmgdl `bc gukpcdkdblte `b cm lerkmtdvm cbjmc sefrb
trmlspmrblgdm y mggbse m cm dlaerkmgdl pfcdgm.
Mrqubes m ces ael`es oes b gmom ghdgm b cm bltd`m`.
Qbrdgmgdl bc gukpcdkdblte b cm lerkmtdvm `b rbl`dgdl
`b gubltms `bc tdtucmr `b cm bltd`m`.
Bvmcumgdl m cm bobgugdl prbsupubstmc.
Qbrdgmgdl b cm dausdl `b cms tbglecejms gelstrugtdvms
y `b cms lerkms tgldgms `b b`dgmgdl.
Dlaerkb `b kb`d`ms `b mustbrd`m`.
Qbrdgmgdl `bc gukpcdkdblte `bc PR M y `b cm Cby `bc
Wdcblgde M`kdldstrmtdve.
J d ` A d C f c 70 ` c G t
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Jbrblgdm `b Aerkmgdl^reabsdelmc
Vbjdstre Lmgdelmc b @egbltbs
=. Wb bcmfer bc Vbjdstre Lmgdelmc `b @egbltbs.
Bcmfermgdl y/e Mgtumcdzmgdl `b cm Lerkmtdvd`m`
B`ugmtdvm
=. Wb bcmfer bc Vbjcmkblte Dlstdtugdelmc `b cm
Bsgubcm Wupbrder Pbglecjdgm mvmlgb mc =>>%.
6. Wb mvmlz bc 4>% bc Vbjcmkblte `b Pdtucmgdl
pmrm cm Bsgubcm Wupbrder Pgldgm.
7. Wb mvmlz bc 4>% `b cm Jum `bc Bstu`dmltb pmrm
cm Bsgubcm Wupbrder Pgldgm.
Pmccbr Aerkmgdl bc pbrselmc tgldge pb`mjjdge
Wb rbmcdzmrel >6 Pmccbrbs bl Cdkm y qub aubrel ces
sdjudbltbs?
=. Aerkmgdl preabsdelmc fmsm`m bl Gekpbtblgdm
Cmfermc, pmrm 70 pbrselms b ces Gbltres
`b Aerkmgdl `bc WBLGDGE (`bc =4 mc
67 `b levdbkfrb `b 6>=6).
6. Aerkmgdl ^reabsdelmc fmsm`m
bl Gekpbtblgdms pmrm cm B`ugmgdl
Wupbrder, pmrm >4 pbrselms `b cms
Bsgubcms (`bc 68 mc 7> `b levdbkfrb `b
6>=6).
Pmccbr b Aerkmgdl b Dlstrugterbs
=. Wb `bsmrrecc bc Pmccbr `b
Aerkmgdl Fsdgm `b Dlstrugterbs `bc
WBLGDGE, pmrm 21 dlstrugterbs `b cms
Jbrblgdms _elmcbs `bc WBLGDGE (`bc
68 `b kmye mc >8 `b oulde `b 6>=6).
Pmccbr `b Gmpmgdtmgdl mc ^brselmc
@egbltb
=. Wb `bsmrreccmrel >: Pmccbrbs
`b gmpmgdtmgdl m ldvbc lmgdelmc
`blekdlm`es Aerkmgdl dldgdmc `bc
`egbltb WBLGDGE pmrm `egbltbs `b
cms Bsgubcms Wupbrderbs Pbglecjdgms
y sb `bsmrreccmrel? >6 bl Cdkm, >= bl
Mrbqudpm, >= bl ^durm, >= bl Ghdgcmye,
>= b Pruodcce y >= bl Gusge. Wb gmpmgdt
m ul tetmc `b 6:8 pmrtdgdpmltbs.
Wupbrvdsdl B`ugmtdvm
=. Wb rbmcdzmrel >4 supbrvdsdelbs
b`ugmtdvms m cms Jbrblgdms _elmcbs `bc
WBLGDGE.
Vbvdsdl y/e mgtumcdzmgdl b cm lerkm
b`ugmtdvm
=. Wb bcmfer cm @drbgtdvm B`ugmtdvm
pmrm bc bobrgdgde 6>=7 6>=0 y sb rbkdtd
m cms J_ pmrm su gukpcdkdblte.
Dlaerkbs `b Bvmcumgdl `b Jbstdl
B`ugmtdvm
=. Wb bcmfer cm bvmcumgdl `b cm
Jbstdl B`ugmtdvm mc =br trdkbstrb 6>=6.
6. Wb bcmfer cm bvmcumgdl `b cm
Jbstdl
B`ugmtdvm mc 6`e trdkbstrb 6>=6.
7. Wb bcmfer cm bvmcumgdl `b cm
Jbstdl B`ugmtdvm mc 7br trdkbstrb 6>=6.
KBPE@ECEJDM @B CM GEK^BPBLGDM @EGBLPB T BQMCRMGDL PGLDGM ^B@MJEJDGM
WR^BVQDWDL B@RGMPDQM
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0. K`uce D, DD y DDD `b
Dlstmcmgdelbs `b Jms bl
B`dgmgdelbs.
2. Dlstmcmgdl `b Wdstbkm
Aetevectmdge.
1. ^rbvblgdl `b Vdbsjes
bl Bobgugdl `b Efrms `b
B`dgmgdl.
Bcmfermgdl `b Qd`be
B`ugmtdve
=. Wb bcmfer bc vd`be
B`ugmtdve `bc gurse ke`ucmr
`b Dlstmcmgdelbs Bcgtrdgms bl
B`dgmgdelbs qub gelstm b =8
tmrbms y 28 epbrmgdelbs.
Mgtumcdzmr cm Vbcmgdl `b
Mgtdvd`m`bs y Wbrvdgdes
B`ugmtdves bc WBLGDGE
=. Wb gelgcuy gel cm
mgtumcdzmgdl `b cm Vbcmgdl
`b Mgtdvd`m`bs y Wbrvdgdes
B`ugmtdves `bc WBLGDGE
6>=7.
Gbltre `b Gbrtdgmgdl `b
Gekpbtblgdms Cmfermcbs
Wb gelstdtuy geke Gbltre b
Gbrtdgmgdl `b Gekpbtblgdm
Cmfermc y sb muterdz cm
dlsgrdpgdl `b ces sdjudbltbs
pbrcbs egupmgdelmcbs
`b cms sdjudbltbs gumtre
bspbgdmcd`m`bs?=. Kmbstre `b Efrm `b
B`dgmgdelbs.
6. Mcfmdc `b
B`dgmgdelbs.
7. Dlstmcm`er Wmldtmrde `b
B`dgmgdelbs.
0. Dlstmcm`er Bcbgtrdgdstm
`b B`dgmgdelbs.
Vbjdstre `b Gbrtdgm`es,
Ptuces y @dpcekm`es
=. Wb bcmfer bc Vbjdstre
`b Gbrtdgm`es, Ptuces
y @dpcekm`es 6>=6 gel
dlaerkmgdl rbkdtd`m per cms
Jbrblgdms _elmcbs.
Gurses Lubves
=. Cbgturm `b pcmles `b
bcbkbltes bstrugturmcbs `b
gelgrbte mrkm`e.
6. Cbgturm `b pcmles
`b amoms trmlspertm`erms `b
bstrugturms kbtcdgms.
7. Wec`m`er `b Bstrugturms
Kbtcdgms.
0. ^rbvblgdl `b Vdbsjes
bl Bobgugdl `b Efrms `b
B`dgmgdl.
2. Keltmob `b Wdstbkms `b
Ml`mkdes.
Mgtumcdzmgdl b Gurses
=. Gelstruggdl `b kure
sdkpcb.
6. Gelstruggdl `b Kure
Gmrmvdstm, mrge `b kb`de
pulte y kure gel fcequbtms `b
gelgrbte -
7. Gelstruggdl `b pdses y
vbrb`ms.
0. Pmrrmobe `b kure y
tbghe.
2. Dlstmcmgdl `b
Vbvbstdkdblte gbrkdge.
1. Gecegmgdl `b Cm`rdcce
^mstbcbre, m`equdlbs `b
gelgrbte y cesbtms.
:. Dlstmcmgdl `b gmoms y
bcbgtre`ugtes.
8. Mcmkfrm`e b gdrgudtes.
4. Dlstmcmgdl `b
Pekmgerrdbltbs y cukdlmrdms.
=>. Dlstmcmgdl `b
@dspesdtdves `b Gelgrbte
mutektdge y sdstbkms `b
sbjurd`m`
==. Dlstmcmgdl `b
Gmcbltm`erbs bcgtrdges
`b mjum, bcbgtrefekfms b
hd`rekmsmobs.
=6. Dlstmcmgdl `b
Dltbrgekuldgm`erbs.
=7. Dlstmcmgdelbs `b Jms bl
B`dgmgdelbs
=0. Blcugd`e gel ybse.
=2. =8> uld`m`bs `d`gtdgms
gerrbspel`dbltbs m ces gdgces
D, DD, DDD y DQ `b cms gmrrbrms
`b? Pepejrmam, @dfuoe bl
Gelstruggdl Gdvdc, Cmfermterde
`b Wubces, Gelgrbte y Msamcte,
Jbekltdgm, @dsbe `b
Dltbrderbs, Gekputmgdl b
Dlaerktdgm y B`dgmgdelbs.
Bcmfermgdl b Kmlumcbs
Wb gelgcuy gel cm bcmfermgdl
`b ces sdjudbltbs kmlumcbs?
=. Wdstbkm gelstrugtdve bl
Wbge-@rywmcc.
6. @dsbe Jrge per
gekputm`erm.
7. @dsbe ZBF.
^VEJVMKMGDLGRVVDGRCMVT KMPBVDMC
@D@GPDGE
GBVPDADGMGDL ^EVGEK^BPBLGDMW
CMFEVMCBW
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Wbjudkdblte, Keldterbe y
Wupbrvdsdl `b Gbrtdgmgdl
Egupmgdelmc
=. Wb supbrvds cm
Gbrtdgmgdl Egupmgdelmc `b
>0 Jbrblgdms _elmcbs cms
gumcbs sel? ^ule, Pruodcce,
Ghdgcmye y Cdkm-Gmccme.
Qmcd`mgdl `b ^brcbs
Egupmgdelmcbs
Wb vmcd`mrel >1 pbrcbs
egupmgdelmcbs pmrm cm
Gbrtdgmgdl `b Gekpbtblgdm
Cmfermc sdbl`e ces sdjudbltbs?
=. Adbrrbre `b
B`dgmgdelbs.
6. Blgearm`er gel Km`brm
`b B`dgmgdelbs.
7. Dlstmcm`er Wmldtmrde `b
B`dgmgdelbs.
0. Dlstmcm`er Bcbgtrdgdstm
`b B`dgmgdelbs.
2. Kmbstre `b Efrm `b
B`dgmgdelbs.
1. Mcfmdc b B`dgmgdelbs.
MLMCD_MV B DK^CBKBLPMV
VBWRCPM@EW @BC
BWPR@DE @B KBVGM@E
^VEW^BGPDQE @B EABVPM T
@BKML@M @B AEVKMGDL,
GM^MGDPMGDL T
GBVPDADGMGDL M LDQBC
LMGDELMC.
Wb gubltm gel bc rbsuctm`e mc
=>>% `bc Bstu`de `b Kbrgm`e
^respbgtdve `b Eabrtm y
@bkml`m `b aerkmgdl,
gmpmgdtmgdl y gbrtdgmgdl m
ldvbc lmgdelmc.
DK^CBKBLPMV T HMGBV
WBJRDKDBLPE DWE
4>>=?6>>8.
Wb blgubltrm bl pregbse cm
MWDKDWKE, BWDK^EVPMLPB@BWPMGMV CM
VBMCD_MGDL @BCMW WDJRDBLPBW
MGPDQD@M@BW?
Dkpcbkbltmgdl `b WJG DWE
4>>=?6>>8 pmrm bc pregbse `b
Gbrtdgmgdl `b Gekpbtblgdms
Cmfermcbs, pmrm ce gumc, bc
Gelsboe @drbgtdve Lmgdelmc
hm mprefm`e, bl bc kbs `b
`dgdbkfrb `bc 6>=7, cm ^ectdgm
y Efobtdves `b Gmcd`m`.
GBVPDADGMV BC WDWPBKM
@B JBWPDL @B GMCD@M@.
@b mgubr`e m ces mvmlgbs bl cm
Dkpcbkbltmgdl `bc WJG DWE
4>>=?6>>8 pmrm bc pregbse `b
Gbrtdgmgdl `b Gekpbtblgdms
Cmfermcbs sb prbv qub sb
pe`r eftblbr cm Gbrtdgmgdl
pmrm bc bobrgdgde 6>=0.
DK^CBKBLPMV VBMW
@B BQMCRMGDL BL CEW
GBLPVEW @B AEVKMGDL.
WBLGDGE ym gubltm gel >1
rbm `b Bvmcumgdl (^ule,
Pmglm, Pruodcce, ^durm, Cdkm-
Gmcce b Dgm) Muterdzm`m per
bc Kdldstbrde `b Prmfmoe y
^rekegdl `bc Bkpcbe, ml
sdjub bl pregbse cms _elmcbs
`b Ghdgcmye b Dqudtes.
MGVB@DPMV MC WBLGDGE,
GEKE GBLPVE @B
GBVPDADGMGDL @B
G E K ^ B P B L G D M W
CMFEVMCBW.
WBLGDGE ym gubltm gel
Mgrb`dtmgdl geke Gbltre `b
Gbrtdgmgdl `b Gekpbtblgdms
Cmfermcbs, bkdtd`e per bc
Kdldstbrde `b Prmfmoe y
^rekegdl bc Bkpcbe.
J d `
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Bc @bpmrtmkblte `b Dlvbstdjmgdl
`b cm Jbrblgdm `b Dlvbstdjmgdl y
Lerkmcdzmgdl tdblb m su gmrje cm
geer`dlmgdl y jbstdl `b ces bstu`des
`b dlvbstdjmgdl erdbltm`es m cm vdvdbl`m
y cm b`dgmgdl9 m dgdelmckbltb, bs cm
blgmrjm`m b cm bvmcumgdl y gbrtdgmgdl
`b gegdlms kboerm`ms, mgtdvd`m` qub
msukb WBLGDGE bs`b cm prekucjmgdl
`bc @bgrbte >=2-6>>4-QDQDBL@M.
Bl gelger`mlgdm gel bc ^cml Bstrmtjdge
6>=7, y `b mgubr`e m ces cdlbmkdbltes
`bc sbgter, sb prderdzmrel cms sdjudbltbs
mgtdvd`m`bs?
Jbrblgdm `bDlvbstdjmgdl yLerkmcdzmgdl
=. Dkpmgte `b cm
vuclbrmfdcd`m` sskdgm `b
vdvdbl`ms pepucmrbs bl cm
gestm gbltrmc bc br
Oustdgmgdl
Pbldbl`e bl gubltm cms
gel`dgdelbs `b mctm sdskdgd`m`
`bc tbrrdterde lmgdelmc y cm
precdabrmgdl `b vdvdbl`ms
pepucmrbs dlaerkmcbs, sb
hmgb lbgbsmrde `btbrkdlmr, m
trmvs `b ul bstu`de tgldge
bgelkdge, bc dkpmgte `b cms
gel`dgdelbs `b vuclbrmfdcd`m`
`b cm vdvdbl`m dlaerkmc arbltb
m cm vdvdbl`m aerkmc, mltb cm
egurrblgdm `b ul sdske `b jrml
kmjldtu`.
Ces rbsuctm`es `bc bstu`de
pbrkdtdrl aerkucmr
rbgekbl`mgdelbs mc Kdldstbrde
`b Qdvdbl`m, Gelstruggdl y
Wmlbmkdblte pmrm erdbltmr
ces prxdkes prejrmkms `b
vdvdbl`m segdmc.
Bl cm jbstdl 6>=7, sb gelsd`br
gelvbldbltb `bsmrreccmr
cms prdkbrms `es amsbs `bc
preybgte?
Efobtdves bc Wufpreybgte =
Geltmr gel preybgtes `b
mrqudtbgturm mrqubtpdgm
`b vdvdbl`m pepucmr
rbprbsbltmtdves `b cm gestm
gbltrmc `bc pms, qub pesdfdcdtbl
babgtumr cms preybggdelbs `b
ldvbcbs `b pr`d`ms mltb cm
egurrblgdm `b ul sdske.
Efobtdves bc Wufpreybgte 6
Jblbrmr ul kldke `b 6>
mgbcbrejrmkms sdlttdges, m
pmrtdr `b rbjdstres `b sdskes
dkpertmltbs egurrd`es bl bc
kul`e, eftbld`es bl `dabrbltbs
tdpes `b subces, pmrm gelaerkmr
ulm fmsb `b `mtes `b rbjdstres
sskdges, qub sustbltb dvbrses
bstu`des y preybgtes.
6.- @bsmrrecce b prepubstm b
sdstbkm b tmpdmc rbaerzm`e
Efobtdve?
@bsmrreccmr ulm
mctbrlmtdvm `b tmpdmc rbaerzm`e,
prderdzml`e bc use b kmtbrdmcbs
cegmcbs, pmrm kboermr cm
gmpmgd`m` b rbspubstm sskdgm
y cm `urmfdcd`m` `b cm bstrugturm
`b tdbrrm arbltb mc babgte `b cm
hukb`m`.
Kbtms
- Bstu`de `b cm tdpecejm
`b amccms `bc sdstbkm `b tmpdmc
trm`dgdelmc y prepubstm `b
secugdelbs bstrugturmcbs pmrm
kboermr bc gekpertmkdblte `bc
sdstbkm trm`dgdelmc `b tmpdmc.
- @bldgdl y bobgugdl
`b blsmyes bstrugturmcbs qub
pbrkdtml vmcd`mr cm prepubstm
`b kboermkdblte bc sdstbkm b
tmpdmc.
- Bcmfermgdl `b
bxpb`dbltb tgldge `bc sdstbkm
gelstrugtdve b Pmpdmc Kboerm`e,
m l b jbstdelmr su mprefmgdl
geke sdstbkm gelstrugtdve le
gelvblgdelmc.
Mgtdvd`m`bs rbmcdzm`ms
Vbgepdcmgdl b dlaerkmgdl
sefrb tdpecejms `b amccms bl
b`dgmgdelbs `b tmpdmc, bl
Cmkms y cegmcd`m`bs mcb`mms,
dlaerkmgdl rbabrd`m m
pregb`dkdbltes y hbrrmkdbltms
mpcdgm`es trm`dgdelmckbltb
bl cm gelstruggdl gel
tmpdmc b dlaerkmgdl sefrb
gmrmgtbrstdgms `b cm vdvdbl`m
pepucmr `b tmpdmc.
^repubstm `b tbglecejm
`b tmpdmc rbaerzm`e qub dlgcuyb
rbaubrzes bxtbrles `b km`brm
reccdzm `b bugmcdpte e msbrrm`m
`b etrm bspbgdb, y gelbxdelbs
bltrb kures y sdstbkms `b
bltrbpdse e tbghe, cm prepubstm
@B^MVPMKBLPE @BDLQBWPDJMGDL
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dlgcuyb m`bks bc use `b
gdkdbltes, sefrbgdkdbltes y
mcbres `b pretbggdl.
Wb rbmcdzmrel bl bc
Cmfermterde `b Bstrugturms
`b cm ^eltdgdm Rldvbrsd`m`
Gmtcdgm `bc ^br? mlcdsds `b
subces pmrm cm `btbrkdlmgdl
`bc geltbld`e `b hukb`m`
lmturmc, geltbld`e ptdke
`b hukb`m`, jrmlucekbtrm,
ckdtb cqud`e, ckdtb pcstdge b
l`dgb `b pcmstdgd`m`9 blsmyes
`b gekprbsdl `dmjelmc bl
kurbtbs, gekprbsdl mxdmc bl
pdcms, blsmye `dlkdge `b
k`uce m bsgmcm lmturmc.
Ces rbsuctm`es b ces blsmyes
`b cmfermterde hml `bkestrm`e
cm vmcd`bz `b cm prepubstm
`b sdstbkm gelstrugtdve `b
tmpdmc rbaerzm`e qub pub`b
sbr mpcdgm`e bl b`dgmgdelbs
`b ul pdse bl zelms `b mctm
sdskdgd`m`.
7.- Bcmfermgdl `b preybgtes
`b vdvdbl`m fdegcdktdgm pmrm
`dvbrsms rbjdelbs
Efobtdve
@bsmrreccmr prepubstms
dltbjrmcbs `b vdvdbl`m pmrm
`dvbrsms rbjdelbs, gel cms
kboerbs gel`dgdelbs `b
sbjurd`m`, hmfdtmfdcd`m`
y gelaert, sdl kmyerbs
dlgrbkbltes `b geste,
mpcdgml`e ldgmkbltb grdtbrdes
`b erdbltmgdl y kmtbrdmcbs
m`bgum`es qub pbrkdtml bc
kxdke mprevbghmkdblte `b
cms gel`dgdelbs pmrtdgucmrbs `b
cms zelms mcteml`dlms `bc pms.
Kbtms
Wbcbggdl `b cms zelms `b
dltbrvblgdl `bc bstu`de.
Cbvmltmkdblte `b
dlaerkmgdl `b gmkpe.
Mlcdsds `b cm dlaerkmgdl.
^cmltbmkdblte `b grdtbrdes
pmrm `dsbe m`bgum`e bl
0.- @btbrkdlmgdl bc pbcdjre
sskdge bl bc tbrrdterde
lmgdelmc.
Oustdgmgdl?
Ces grdtbrdes `b `dsbe
sdskerrbsdstbltb dlgcuybl
pmrkbtres rbabrd`es mc ldvbc
`bc rdbsje sskdge bl cms
`dvbrsms rbjdelbs `bc pms.
Cm mgtumc Lerkm `b @dsbe
Wdskerrbsdstbltb gelsd`brm
trbs zelms sskdgms,
`dabrblgdm`ms per cm kmjldtu`
`b ces sdskes qub sb bspbrm
pub`ml egurrdr bl bccms. Bstm
`dabrblgdmgdl sskdgm `mtm
`bs`b cms prdkbrms vbrsdelbs b
`dghm lerkm, sdbl`e lbgbsmrde
rbmcdzmr bstu`des m cm cuz `b
ces lubves pregb`dkdbltes y
kbte`ecejms qub pbrkdtml su
mgtumcdzmgdl.
Efobtdve?
Bcmfermr ul ke`bce b bspbgtre
`b sbu`emgbcerkmtdve, pmrm
mkertdjumkdblte 6,7,0 y 2%
, pmrm pbrde`es bstrugturmcbs
`b >,>= m 7 sbjul`es, qub
pbrkdtm pcmltbmr ulm prepubstm
`b mgtumcdzmgdl `bc kmpm `b
zeldgmgdl sskdgm `bc pms
dlgcud`e bl cm Lerkm LPB B.>7>
@dsbe Wdskerrbsdstbltb.
Mvmlgb
Bc bstu`de sb vdblb rbmcdzml`e m
trmvs `b cm pmrtdgdpmgdl `b cm
bkprbsm _br Jbesystbk. Bl bc
me 6>=7 sb pcmltb bc kmrge
kbte`ecjdge `bc bstu`de.
2.- Bvmcumgdl y gbrtdgmgdl
`b gegdlms kboerm`ms
Oustdgmgdl?
Mltb cm lbgbsd`m` `b jmrmltdzmr
cm babgtdvd`m` `b cms gegdlms
kboerm`ms qub sb dlstmcbl
bl rbbkpcmze `b gegdlms
trm`dgdelmcbs, bl cms `dabrbltbs
cms zelms `bc bstu`de.
@dsbe `b mctbrlmtdvms `b vdvdbl`m.
Mgtdvd`m`bs rbmcdzm`ms
Wb bcmfermrel ces preybgtes
mrqudtbgtldges `b vdvdbl`m fdegcdktdgm pmrm
cms cegmcd`m`bs `b Cmkms y Ghmzutm Wml
Kmrtl. Cms mgtdvd`m`bs rbmcdzm`ms gel tmc
l, dlgcuybrel vdsdtms prbvdms `b dlspbggdl,
gel cm lmcd`m` `b babgtumr bc gerrbspel`dbltb
cbvmltmkdblte `b dlaerkmgdl. Wb bcmfer,
msdkdske, bc `dmjlstdge `b cm sdtumgdl mgtumc
`b cm vdvdbl`m bl cms zelms `b dltbrvblgdl,
y sb prepusdbrel grdtbrdes `b Mrqudtbgturm
Fdegcdktdgm bspbgges.
Wb `bldbrel cms bspbgdgmgdelbs
tgldgms pmrm bc dsbe bl cm zelm, gelsd`brml`e
bl ce pesdfcb cms trm`dgdelbs cegmcbs, sdl bkfmrje
dltre`ugdbl`e prepubstms pmrm kboermr cm
gmcd`m` y bc gelaert `b cm vdvdbl`m.
Bl geer`dlmgdl gel bc ^reybgte
M`mptmgdl mc gmkfde gcdktdge y rb`uggdl
`b rdbsje `b `bsmstrbs bl gublgms prderdzm`ms
`b Dgm y Humlgmvbcdgm, sb hm bcmferm`e bc
`dmjlstdge `b cm sdtumgdl `b vdvdbl`m bl
cm cegmcd`m` `b Wml Ouml `b Tmlmgeccpm
Humlgmvbcdgm.
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rbjdelbs `bc pms, sb `bsdjlm
m WBLGDGE geke erjmldske
blgmrjm`e `b cm bvmcumgdl y
gbrtdgmgdl `b ces ke`bces `b
gegdlm kboerm`m prbvde m su
mpcdgmgdl
Efobtdves?
Bvmcumr y gbrtdgmr gegdlms
kboerm`ms, bl gukpcdkdblte
`b ce `dspubste bl bc `bgrbte
Wuprbke >=2-6>>4-QDQDBL@M.
Kbtms?
Bvmcumgdl `b gegdlms
kboerm`ms bl cmfermterde,
m secdgdtu` `b tbrgbres.
Gbrtdgmgdl `b ces
ke`bces.
^rubfms `b gegdlms
kboerm`ms bl gmkpe.
Qbrdgmgdl `bc
aulgdelmkdblte `b gegdlms
kboerm`ms dlstmcm`ms.
Bstu`des erdbltm`es mc
`bsmrrecce `b ke`bces
bspbgges `b gegdlm
kboerm`m y m cm rbmcdzmgdl
`b prubfms gekpmrmtdvms
`b vbrdgmgdl.
Mgtdvd`m`bs rbmcdzm`ms
Bvmcumgdl y gbrtdgmgdl `b
cm Gegdlm Kboerm`m pmrm cm
Wdbrrm `bc ^br, prbsbltm`m
per cm ELJ Hmrbl Mc`b, Gegdlm
Kboerm`m ^VE Bgecjdgm 6 `b
cm Gelstrugterm Abrll`bz
Hbrkmles WVC, cm Gegdlm
Kboerm`m Gutbrve `b cm
Kuldgdpmcd`m` `b Gutbrve y cm
gegdlm Kboerm`m Imysel ^br
`b cm bkprbsm Imysel ^br
WMG.
Bl geer`dlmgdl gel bc
^reybgte Bl@bQ JD_, sb
hm rbmcdzm`e cm bvmcumgdl
bl gmkpe `b gegdlms trbs
pdb`rms dlstmcm`ms bl 7>
vdvdbl`ms bl cms cegmcd`m`bs
`b Getepmxd y Ghdkfermze
(Bgum`er), gel cm lmcd`m` `b
`btbrkdlmr cm clbm fmsb qub
pbrkdtm cm dkpcbkbltmgdl `b
gegdlms kboerm`ms bl `dghms
cegmcd`m`bs (sbrvdgde secdgdtm`e
per cm ELJ M@VM br).
Cubje `b cm pmrtdgdpmgdl, bl bc
me 6>=6, `bc Cmfermterde `b
Gegdlms Kboerm`ms WBLGDGE
bl cm gelvegmterdm b cm Mcdmlzm
Jcefmc per bc Mdrb Cdkpde,
sb susgrdfd bc Geltrmte `b
`elmgdl `b cm Aul`mgdl `b
Cms Lmgdelbs Rld`ms bl kmye
`bc 6>=7, pmrm dkpcbkbltmgdl
`b bqudpes `b cmfermterde `b
gegdlms kboerm`ms. Bl vdrtu` m
`dghe geltrmte sb hml rbmcdzm`e
`dvbrses tmccbrbs gel mpeye
`bc preybgte Bl@bQ JD_ y
pmrtdgdpmgdl `b preabsdelmcbs
`bc cmfermterde `b Gegdlms
Fecdvdm, m l `b `btbrkdlmr bc
tdpe `b bqudpmkdblte qub sb
rbqudbrb pmrm dkpcbkbltmr
`es cmfermterdes `b Gegdlms
Kboerm`ms ? bl Cdkm y
Mymgughe.
Wb hm gelgrbtm`e cms
bspbgdgmgdelbs tgldgms `b
ces bqudpes lbgbsmrdes pmrm
ces tmccbrbs dl`dgm`es.
1.- Mlcdsds y `dsbe `b
bstrugturms `b bvmgumgdl
vbrtdgmc rbsdstbltbs m sdskes
y tsulmkds.
Oustdgmgdl?
Wb hmgb lbgbsmrde `bsmrreccmr
bspbgdgmgdelbs pmrm
rbaujdes bl gmses `b tsulmkd,
gelsd`brml`e bc mcte rdbsje `b
egurrblgdm `b bstb ablkble
bl `dvbrsms zelms gestbrms `bc
pms.
Efobtdve
@bsmrrecce `b prepubstms
`b `dsbe `b b`dgmgdelbs
bspbgdmcbs gel pesdfdcd`m`bs
`b rbsdstdr sdske y tsulmkd.
Mgtdvd`m`bs rbmcdzm`ms
Wb hm bcmferm`e bc bstm`e
`bc mrtb `bc `dsbe `b
b`dgmgdelbs gelsd`brml`e bc
babgte `b sdske y tsulmkd y
sb hml prepubste ces grdtbrdes
m gelsd`brmr pmrm bc gmse
`b b`dgmgdelbs bl cm gestm
pbrumlm.
:.- @bsmrrecce `b prepubstm
kbte`ecjdgm pmrm
bvmcumgdl aulgdelmc `b
pmvdkbltes urfmles
Oustdgmgdl?
Pbldbl`e bl gubltm bc
geltdlue `btbrdere `b ces
pmvdkbltes urfmles `bc pms
sb pcmltbm cm lbgbsd`m` `b
`bsmrreccmr ulm hbrrmkdbltm
qub pbrkdtm cm bvmcumgdl
`b cms gel`dgdelbs `b ces
pmvdkbltes bxdstbltbs,
pmrm cm tekm `b `bgdsdelbs
rbspbgte m cms mggdelbs `b
rbpmrmgdl y kmltbldkdblte.
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Gekdt Pgldge `b cm Lerkm B >4> Bstrugturms Kbtcdgms@B^MVPMKBLPE @B R d d` ` Vd ` ^ c WB@M^MC WRLMWW Kd d t d t d BQJ 7@ f `
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Bl bc me 6>=7 sb vdle trmfmoml`e bl
cm mgtumcdzmgdl `b cms lerkms qub sb
dl`dgml m geltdlumgdl, m trmvs `b
ces Gekdts Pgldges Bspbgdmcdzm`es
gerrbspel`dbltbs?
Gekdt Pgldge `b cm Lerkm B.>7>
@dsbe Wdskerrbsdstbltb
Gelaerkm`e per cms sdjudbltbsbltd`m`bs? Gecbjde `b Dljbldbres `bc
^br, ^eltdgdm Rldvbrsd`m` Gmtcdgm
`bc ^br, Rldvbrsd`m` Lmgdelmc `b
Dljbldbrm (GDWKD@ y ADG), Rldvbrsd`m`
Lmgdelmc Ab`brdge Qdccmrrbmc, GBVBWDW,
DJ^, Rldvbrsd`m` Vdgmr`e ^mckm y bc
WBLGDGE.
Cm prepubstm `b Lerkm `b @dsbe
Wdskerrbsdstbltb sb guckdl bl
`dgdbkfrb 6>=7, dldgdl`esb ces trkdtbs
pmrm geltdlumr gel cm btmpm `b `dsgusdl
pfcdgm.
Gekdt Pgldge b cm Lerkm B.>4> Bstrugturms Kbtcdgms
Bc Gekdt Pgldge bst gelaerkm`e per cms sdjudbltbs bltd`m`bs? GM^BGE, Gecbjde
`b Dljbldbres `bc ^br, Mgbres Mrbqudpm, ^eltdgdm Rldvbrsd`m` Gmtcdgm `bc ^br,
WD@BV^BVR, Rldvbrsd`m` Lmgdelmc `b Dljbldbrm y Rldvbrsd`m` Lmgdelmc Ab`brdge
Qdccmrrbmc.
Wb gelgcuy gel ces gmptuces? = Gelsd`brmgdelbs jblbrmcbs, 6 Vbqudsdtes b dsbe,
7 ^rtdges y etrms bstrugturms, 0 @dsbe `b bcbkbltes `b trmggdl, 2 @dsbe `b
bcbkbltes b gekprbsdl, 1 @dsbe b bcbkbltes b bxdl, : @d sbe b bcbkbltes
`b gertb, 8 Bcbkbltes suobtes m aubrzms gekfdlm`ms y tersdl, 4 @dsbe b bcbkbltes
gekpubstes, => @dsbe `b gelbxdelbs, == @dsbe `b gelbxdelbs `b bcbkbltes
tufucmrbs, =6 @dsbe pmrm gel`dgdelbs `b sbrvdgde y =0 Amfrdgmgdl, pretbggdl
mltdgerresdvm, keltmob y geltrec `b gmcd`m`, `b ul tetmc =0 gmptuces.
Gekdt Pgldge b cm Lerkm DW.>6> Pmlqubs sptdgesBc Gekdt Pgldge bst gelaerkm`e per cms sdjudbltbs bltd`m`bs? Rldvbrsd`m` Lmgdelmc
`b Dljbldbrm, Rldvbrsd`m` Lmgdelmc Mjrmrdm Cm Kecdlm, Erjmldske ^mlmkbrdgmle
`b cm Wmcu`, Gecbjde b Dljbldbres bc br, KDLWM-@DJBWM, WRLMWW, y KDL@BW-
AELGE@BW.
Bl blbre 6>=7 sb rbkdtd cm prepubstm `b mgtumcdzmgdl `b cm kblgdelm`m Lerkm mc
Kdldstbrde `b Qdvdbl`m, Gelstruggdl y Wmlbmkdblte pmrm su mprefmgdl.
Gekdt Pgldge b cm Lerkm B.>8> M`efb
Bc Gekdt Pgldge `b M efb bst gelaerkm`e per cms sdjudbltbs bltd`m`bs?
Rldvbrsd`m` Lmgdelmc `b Dljbldbrm (ADG AMRM), ^eltdgdm Rldvbrsd`m` Gmtcdgm
`bc ^br, Gecbjde `b Dljbldbres, Gecbjde `b Mrqudtbgtes `bc ^br Vbjdl Cdkm, y
@B^MVPMKBLPE @BLEVKMCD_MGDL
Rldvbrsd`m` Vdgmr`e ^mckm.
Bc Gekdt Pgldge gelgcuy
ces gmptuces? = Mspbgtes
jblbrmcbs, 7 Gekpelbltbs `b
cm mcfmdcbrm, 0 ^regb`dkdblte
`b gelstruggdl, 2 Blsmyes y
rbsdstblgdm `b cm mcfmdcbrm, 1
Bstrugturmgdl y : Vbqudsdtes
bstrugturmcbs kldkes. Bc
`egukblte `b mvmlgb aub
rbkdtd`e m cm @drbggdl Lmgdelmc
`b Gelstruggdl pmrm su
bvmcumgdl b dlgerpermgdl, bl
ce qub gerrbspel`m, m cm Lerkm
`b Pdbrrm bl bcmfermgdl fmoe
cm geer`dlmgdl `b cm @drbggdl
Lmgdelmc `b Gelstruggdl.
Gekdt Pgldge `b cm Lerkm
EW.>4> cmltms b trmtmkdblte
`b mjums rbsd`umcbs
Bc Gekdt Pgldge bst
gelaerkm`e per cms sdjudbltbs
bltd`m`bs? Rldvbrsd`m`
Lmgdelmc `b Dljbldbrm (ADM),
Gecbjde `b Dljbldbres,
WB@M^MC, WRLMWW, Kdldstbrde
`b Qdvdbl`m, Gelstruggdl y
Wmlbmkdblte Egdlm `bc
Kb`de Mkfdbltb, y cm E^W.
M cm abghm bc Gekdt Pgldge
hm gelgcud`e ces gmptuces?
= Efobte, 6 Mcgmlgb y 0
@dspesdgdelbs jblbrmcbs.
Gekdt Pgldge `b cm Lerkm
GB.>=> mvdkbltes Rrfmles
Bc Gekdt Pgldge sb dlstmc bc
me 6>=7, y bst gelaerkm`e
per cms sdjudbltbs bltd`m`bs?
^eltdgdm Rldvbrsd`m` Gmtcdgm
`bc ^br, Rldvbrsd`m` Lmgdelmc
`b Dljbldbrm (ADG), Msegdmgdl
`b ^re`ugterbs `b Gbkblte
(MWEGBK), Gkmrm ^brumlm
`b cm Gelstruggdl (GM^BGE),
Dlstdtute pmrm bc @bsmrrecce
`b ces ^mvdkbltes bl bc ^br
(D@^^).
Bvbltes `b `dausdl `b
lerkms tgldgms
Bxpesdgdl sefrb cm
Lerkm Pgldgm `b B`dgmgdl
EW.>1> @rblmob ^cuvdmc Rrfmle
`bc Vbjcmkblte Lmgdelmc
`b B`dgmgdelbs bl cm _elmc
Mrbqudpm (kmye 6>=7), bl cm
Jbrblgdm _elmc Pruodcce (mjeste
6>=7) y bl cm Rld`m` epbrmtdvm
`b Gmomkmrgm (mjeste 6>=7), m
gmrje `bc Dlj. Mcarb`e Kmlsbl
Qmc`brrmkm.
Bxpesdgdl sefrb cm
Lerkm Pgldgm `b B`dgmgdl
B.>4> Bstrugturms Kbtcdgms
`bc Vbjcmkblte Lmgdelmc `b
B`dgmgdelbs bl cm Jbrblgdm
_elmc Dgm m gmrje bc Dlj. @mldbc
Kulmrbs Jmrgdm. (levdbkfrb
6>=7)
Wb bvmcumrel y mprefmrel
ces sdjudbltbs sdstbkms
gelstrugtdves le
gelvblgdelmcbs?
BQJ-7@, mprefm`e gel
Vbsecugdl Kdldstbrdmc L >6:-
6>=7- QDQDBL@M, `b abghm `bc
>=.>6.=7.
MCDPBG, mprefm`e gel
Vbsecugdl Kdldstbrdmc L
>61-6>=7- QDQDBL@M, b abghm
>=.>6.=7.
DWECAEVJ, mprefm`e
gel Vbsecugdl Kdldstbrdmc L
=1:-6>=7-QDQDBL@M, `b abghm
>=.>:.=7.
Eagdlm `b M`kdldstrmgdl ysupbrm`e mkpcdmkbltb ces keltes reybgtm`es pmrm bc prbsbltb me.
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Eagdlm `b M`kdldstrmgdl yAdlmlzms
VBGMR@MGDEL EV CM GELPVDFRGDEL MC WBLGDGE,
M^EVPBW @B CMW BK^VBWMW GELWPVRGPEVMW
^BVDE@E 6>=7
Bc WBLGDGE, gubltm gel ulm aubltb prdlgdpmc `b
dljrbses bgelkdges per ces M^EVPBW qub rbmcdzml
cms ^brselms Lmturmcbs y Our`dgms9 geke pre`ugte
`b cm mpcdgmgdl `b cm tmsm `b cm geltrdfugdl
`bc >.6%, m ces dljrbses per bc `bsmrrecce `b cms
mgtdvd`m`bs `b cm Gelstruggdl, dlgursms bl cm
Gcmsdgmgdl Dltbrlmgdelmc Dl`ustrdmc Rldaerkb-GDDR
GELWPVRGGDEL, Wbggdl A Vbvdsdl DQ.
@urmltb bc Bobrgdgde 6>=7, hml pbrgdfd`e per mpertbs mc
WBLGDGE cm sukm tetmc b W/. :6018,28=.2=, hmfdbl`e
@B^MVPMKBLPE @B EVDBLPMGDL T GELPVEC @B M^EVPBW
Bcmfermgdl? @pte. Geltrec b Mpertbs-WBLGDGE
KBWBW 6>=7 VBGMR@MGDL PEPMC W/.
BLBVE 8n824,647.>4
ABFVBVE 0007,:10.>7
KMV_E 0:17,0=2.48
MFVDC 04:0,=:8.84
KMTE 2876,==8.78
ORLDE 2047,10:.72
ORCDE 22==,=81.>>
MJEWPE 12>=,21=.::
WBPDBKFVB 242=,4:2.=7
EGPRFVB :>=7,620.4>
LEQDBKFVB 1:11,1=0.44
*@DGDBKFVB 172:,2:=.>>
PEPMC W/. :6018,28=.2=
LEPM? * Bl bc kbs `b @dgdbkfrb sb hml
gelsd`brm`e ces Keltes `b Vbgmu`mgdl
^reybgtm`m, `bfd`e m qub `dghe kbs sb blgubltrm
bl pregbse b gmptmgdelbs.
W c c ` c t c WBLGDGE cd ` ` t^VDLGD^MCBW BK^VBWMW
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Wbjl bc vecukbl b ces mpertbs mc WBLGDGE, rbmcdzm`es urmltb
bc Me 6>=7, sb hml gcmsdgm`es m cms sdjudbltbs bkprbsms
geke ces kmyerbs mpertmltbs.
^VDLGD^MCBW BK^VBWMWM^EVPMLPBW MC WBLGDGE
Bcmfermgdl? @pte. Geltrec b Mpertbs-WBLGDGE
J T K W.M.
EQBVWBMW FBGHPBC DLGEV . WRG. @BC ^BVR
KEPM-BLJDC BVR W.M.
E@BFVBGHP ^BVR DLJ. T GELWPVRGGDEL WMG.
GEWM^D W.M.
PBGHDLP W.M.G.
EFVMWGEL HRMVPB CMDL W.M. WRG. @BC BVR
GELWPVRGGDEL T M@KDLDWPVMGDEL W.M.
OOG GELPVMPDWPMW JBLBVMCBW
GELWPVRGPEVM EMW CP@M. WRG RVWMC @BC ^BVR
MFBLJEM BVR WM.
WML KMVPDL GELPVMPDWPMW JBLBVMCBW WM.
^rbcdkdlmr per cm amctm b dlaerkmgdl b ces dljrbses b dgdbkfrb, ces kdskes
qub guckdlm su rbgmu`mgdl bc 7=/=6/6>=7
Eagdlm `b ^cmldagmgdlQdvdbl`m, Gelstruggdl y Wmlbmkdblte pmrm su mprefmgdl
kb`dmltb Vbsecugdl Wuprbkm. Wefrb bc pmrtdgucmr sb vdblb
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Eagdlm `b ^cmldagmgdly ^rbsupubste
p p
geer`dlm`e gel bc Kdldstbrde `b Qdvdbl`m, Gelstruggdl y
Wmlbmkdblte.
^er etre cm`e, bl bc kmrge `b cm bstrmtbjdm `b `bsmrrecce `b
WBLGDGE, m lbs bc me 6>=6, sb de d ldgde m cm aerkucmgdl
`bc Kmlumc `b ^regb`dkdbltes (KM^VE), bc gumc gelstdtuyb
ul dlstrukblte dl`dspblsmfcb bl bc qub sb `bsgrdfbl bl
aerkm gcmrm, sdstbktdgm, er`blm`m y sbgublgdmc bc geloulte
`b epbrmgdelbs dkpertmltbs `b su getd`dmle qubhmgbr
dlstdtugdelmc, ce gumc rb`ul`mr bl kboermr `b kmlbrm
geltdlum y pbrkmlbltb cm gmcd`m` b ces sbrvdgdes qub prbstm
WBLGDGE.
Gel abghm =6 `b mjeste `bc 6>=7, sb mpref bc KM^VE gel
=8> pregb`dkdbltes, abghm bl cm qub sb dldgd cm btmpm `b
rb`dsbe y kb`dmltb Vbsecugdl `b Jbrblgdm Jblbrmc Le.0 `b abghm =: `b blbre `bc 6>=0, sb aerkmcdz bc rb`dsbe
`b =6 pregb`dkdbltes b ces =8> pregb`dkdbltes mprefm`es,
bcmferl`esb =0 lubves pre pregb`dkdbltes.
@DVBGPDQMW
Gel cm lmcd`m` `b `drdjdr, judmr y/u erdbltmr cms mggdelbs
m`kdldstrmtdvms, urmltb bc me 6>=6, cm Egdlm b cmldgmgdl
y ^rbsupubste, aerkuc cm @drbgtdvm pmrm cm Aerkucmgdl,
Mprefmgdl, Wbjudkdblte, Bvmcumgdl y Vbprejrmkmgdl
`bc ^cml Epbrmtdve Dlstdtugdelmc Mlumc y cm @drbgtdvm pmrm cm
@egukbltmgdl `b ^regbses y ^regb`dkdbltes, mprefm`ms
kb`dmltb Vbsecugdl `b Jbrblgdm Jblbrmc L >07-6>=6.
M`dgdelmckbltb m bcce, sb bcmfer cm @drbgtdvm `b Aerkucmgdl,
^VDLGD^MCBW MGPDQD@M@BW @BWMVVECCM@MW EV
CM EADGDLM @B CMLDADGMGDL T VBWR^RBWPE
Cm Egdlm `b ^cmldgmgdl y ^rbsupubste (E^^), bs cm
rbspelsmfcb `b msbsermr m ces rjmles `b @drbggdl bl
cm aerkucmgdl, geer`dlmgdl y bvmcumgdl `b cm ^ectdgm
Dlstdtugdelmc bl kmtbrdm `b pcmldgmgdl, rmgdelmcdzmgdl,
mspbgtes tgldges, pmrm bc gukpcdkdblte `b ces efobtdves
`b cm bltd`m`.
@urmltb bc pbre`e bvmcum`e, sb hm `m`e gukpcdkdblte
m cms aulgdelbs msdjlm`ms, ms geke rbmcdzm`e `dvbrsms
mgtdvd`m`bs, cms gumcbs sb rbsukbl m geltdlumgdl.
DLWPVRKBLPEW @B JBWPDEL
Kb`dmltb Mgubr`e `bc Gelsboe @drbgtdve Lmgdelmc Le
=>16->= `b abghm 6> `b levdbkfrb `bc 6>=6 sb mpref
bc ^cml Bstrmtjdge Dlstdtugdelmc 6>=6 6>=1, ke`dgm`e
kb`dmltb Mgubr`e Le =>:1->= `bc =4 `b oulde `bc
6>=7, bc gumc sb blgubltrm mcdlbm`e m ces Efobtdves `bc
Mgubr`e Lmgdelmc, bc ^cml Fdgbltblmrde hmgdm Bc 6>6=,
bc ^cml Bstrmtjdge Wbgterdmc Kuctdmlumc ^BWBK `el`b
sb bstmfcbgbl bltrb etres, ces prdlgdpmcbs dl`dgm`erbs `b
rbsuctm`e, bc kdske qub sb blgubltrm mcdlbm`e mc ^cml
Bstrmtjdge Wbgterdmc Kuctdmlumc 6>>8 6>=2 (^BWBK), bc
Wbgter Qdvdbl`m, Gelstruggdl y Wmlbmkdblte, ms geke,gel bc cml Fdgbltblmrde Bc br hmgdm bc 6>6=, prbsbltm`e
per bc Gbltre Lmgdelmc `b ^cmlbmkdblte Bstrmtjdge
(GB^CML).
Cubje `b mprefm`e bc ^BD 6>=6-6>=1, sb aerkucmrel ces
^cmlbs Epbrmtdves `b ces mes 6>=7, 6>=0, ces gumcbs
aubrel mprefm`es kb`dmltb ces Mgubr`es `bc Gelsboe
@drbgtdve Lmgdelmc Les =>10->= `b abghm 6: `b `dgdbkfrb
`bc 6>=6 y Mgubr`e Le =>::->6 `b abghm >7 `b oucde 6>=7,
rbspbgtdvmkbltb.
@urmltb bc ctdke trdkbstrb bc 6>=6, sb dldgd cm mgtumcdzmgdl
`bc Pbxte ldge ^regb`dkdblte M`kdldstrmtdve PR^M `b
WBLGDGE, bc kdske qub aub blvdm`e mc Kdldstbrde `b
Wusgrdpgdl, Bobgugdl, Bvmcumgdl, Geltrec, ufcdgmgdl y Cdqud`mgdl b Gelvbldes b Geepbrmgdl Dltbrdlstdtugdelmc, ^mrm bc Bobrgdgde Adsgmc 6>=7, `b ul prbsupubste dldgdmc msgbl`bltb m
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cm kdskm qub sb blgubltrm bl bvmcumgdl pmrm su mprefmgdl.
^VBWR^RBWPE T BOBGRGDL ^VBWR^RBWPMC 6>==-6>=7
Bobgugdl bc Bjrbse
@urmltb bc pbrde`e dlaerkm`e, sb mprbgdm qub bc ^rbsupubste ms geke su bobgugdl, sb hml d`e dlgrbkbltml`e
mlumckbltb, geke rbsuctm`e b ulm grbgdbltb bkml`m bl tbkms b gmpmgdtmgdl, pbrabggdelmkdblte y gbrtdgmgdl b
ces trmfmom`erbs `b cm gelstruggdl bl te`es sus ldvbcbs, ms geke bc dkpucse eterjm`e m cms dlvbstdjmgdelbs y trmfmoes
tbglecjdges vdlgucm`es m cm prefcbktdgm `b cm vdvdbl`m y `b cm b`dgmgdl9 gecmferml`e bgdbltbkbltb oulte gel cms
uld`m`bs ym bxdstbltbs bl ces prejrmkms segdmcbs pmrm vdvdbl`m rurmc, ardmob, Pmkfes, bltrb etres.
Bl bc sdjudbltb Gum`re, sb mprbgdm bc ^rbsupubste Dldgdmc `b Mpbrturm (^DM), ms geke bc ^rbsupubste Dlstdtugdelmc
Ke`dgm`e (^DK), y su bobgugdl, bvd`blgdl`esb ul kmyer prbsupubste y bobgugdl bl bc me 6>=7.
6>== 14, 6=8, =>> :6, :8:, >81 08, 847, :41 1:
6>=6 ::, 772, 6>> 8>, 620, 146 1:, :8:, 068 80
6>=7 8>, =4=, 447 4=, 0=2, 8=: 80, =:8, 4:1 46
MEW ^DM ^DK Bobgutm`eMvmlgb%
W/. 8> =4= 447, sb dlgrbkblt bl ul =0%, bs `bgdr gbrrmkes bc me
gel ul rbsupubste Dlstdtugdelmc Ke`dgm`e (^DK) msgbl`bltb m W/. 4=
0=2 8=:, hmfdl`esb bobgutm`e ul 46.=% mc gdbrrb bc bobrgdgde, ce gumc
pbrkdtd gukpcdr gel cms kbtms y efobtdves bstrmtjdges mprefm`es pmrm
bc gdtm`e bobrgdgde. Bc `btmccb `bc ^rbsupubste `b WBLGDGE ms geke
su bobgugdl, sb mprbgdm bl bc Gum`re sdjudbltb?
GRM@VE Le >6
^rbsupubste Dldgdmc b Mpbrturm y ^rbsupubste
Ke`dgm`e 6>=7
(Bl Lubves Wecbs)
JMWPEW GEVVDBLPBW 10,420,20: ::,707,=71 :6,>27,418 47.6
2-6=? ^BVWELMC T EFCDJMGDELBW WEGDMCBW =7,61>,0>0 =7,278,>86 ==,626,10> 87.=
2-66? ^BLWDELBW T EPVMW ^VBWPMGDELBW WEGDMCBW :2,=:4 :2,=:4 21,416 :2.8
2-67? FDBLBW TWBVQDGDEW 2>,7>7,62= 17,66:,702 1>,766,0== 42.0
2-62? EPVEW JMWPEW =,7=2,:=7 2>6,27> 06=,422 80.>
JMWPEW @B GM^DPMC =2,67:,001 =0,>:6,18= =6,=62,>>4 81.6
M. DLQBVWDELBW 6 ,2 46 ,: :0 6 ,6 11 ,0 80 : 18 ,: :1 7 7. 4
- BWPR@DEW @B VB-DLQBVWDEL > 2>>,>>> =0,144 >.>
- GELWPVRGGDEL@B CM DLAVMBWPVRGPRVM @BC GBLPVE @B
GM^MGDPMGDELWBLGDGE _ELMC ^RLE6,640,2>8 148,41: > >.>
- KBOEVMKDBLPE T MK^CDMGDEL@BC GBLPVE @B
GM^MGDPMGDEL@B CM _ELMC WBLGDGE ^DRVM648,611 888,477 :71,>:: 87.>
- GM^MGDPMGDELPBGLDGE-EGR^MGDELMC T GELWPVRGGDEL
@B DLAVMBWPVRGPRVM AEVKMPDQM BL CM GEKRLD@M@LMPDQM
@B KMKMTM]RB, @DWPVDPE @B BC GBLB^M, ^VEQDLGDM @B
GEL@EVGML]RD, VBJDEL MKM_ELMW >
=:8,280 =8,>>> 1.:
F. FDBLBW @B GM^DPMC =6,100,1:6 ==,8>1,=4: ==,721,677 41.6
M@]RDWDGDELDLKRBFCB J_GRWGE > 0 ,4 66 ,2 27 0 ,4 66 ,2 26 .> > > .>
M@]RDWDGDEL@B B]RD^EW T EPVEW = 6,10 0,1: 6 1 ,8 87 ,1 00 1 ,0 77 ,1 8= 8 0.2
PEPMC 8>,=4=,447 4=,0=2,8=: 80,=:8,4:: 46.=
Mvmlgb
%Jblrdgm ^DM ^DK Bobgutm`e
Vbgmu`m`es y Aubltb @elmgdelbs y Prmlsabrblgdms msgdbl`b m
Bobgugdl bc Dljrbse
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GRM@VE Le >0
Bobgugdl rbsupubstmc bc Dljrbse 6>== - 6>=7
(Bl Lubves Wecbs)
W/.=== =8= 824.>> Lubves Wecbs.
Geke sb pub`b mprbgdmr, bc rbsuctm`e b ces dljrbses gerrdbltbs
bl bc pbre`e bvmcum`e, `bkubstrml cm gmpmgd`m` pmrm mareltmr
ces jmstes gel dljrbses gmptm`es bl bc kdske pbre`e y jblbrmr
ul kmrjbl pmrm cm mtblgdl b jmstes `b gmpdtmc y b Dlvbrsdl.
M geltdlumgdl sb kubstrm bc grbgdkdblte `b ces dljrbses `b
WBLGDGE per te`e gelgbpte.
MEW GELGB^PE ^DM ^DK Vbgmu`m`e6>== Dkpubstes y Geltrdfugdelbs 06,:88,>>> 06,:88,>>> 2>,72:,>4>
Qbltm b Fdblbs y Wbrvdugdes 61,07>,=>> 61,07>,=>> 68,826,:12Etres Dljrbses > > =>1,181Wmc es b Fmcmlgb > 7,218,481 01,678,2=:
6>=6 Dkpubstes y Geltrdfugdelbs 2=,>16,2>> 2=,>16,2>> 10,16=,686Qb ltm b F db lb s y Wb rv dugd es > > 6,:40,11:Etres Dljrbses > 6,4=4,046 :4,87>,:>7Wmc`es b Fmcmlgb 61,6:6,:>> 61,6:6,:>> 76,>04,112
6>=7 Dkpubstes y Geltrdfugdelbs 27,>:=,44: 27,>:=,44: 12,4:8,:88Qbltm b Fdblbs y Wbrvdugdes 6:,>=8,0>7 70,774,842 76,228,748E tres Dljrb ses = >= ,2 47 = >= ,2 47 6 :7 ,2 7:Wmc`es b Fmcmlgb > 7,4>6,776 ===,=8=,824
6>=0 Dkpubstes y Geltrdfugdelbs 16,661,>>>Qbltm b Fdblbs y Wbrvdugdes 70,=16,816Etres Dljrbses =>6,1>>Wmc`es b Fmcmlgb
o j
Gel rbspbgte m cm bobgugdl `bc Dljrbse, bl bc 6>=7 sb eftuve ulm rbgmu`mgdl tetmc per te`m Aubltb
`b Adlmlgdmkdblte msgbl`bltb m W/. =1: 080 =6>, dlgcud`e ces Wmc`es `b Fmcmlgb (W/. :2 4:4 441), qub
rbprbsbltml bc 6>8.14% rbspbgte mc ^DK, tmc geke sb efsbrvm bl bc Gum`re sdjudbltb?
Ces dljrbses per geltrdfugdelbs prbsbltml ulm bobgugdl `bc =60% `bc ^rbsupubste Dldgdmc
Ke`dgm`e (^DK), y bc 7=.0% `b cm bobgugdl tetmc `b dljrbses. Bl gumlte m ces dljrbses per cm
vbltm `b fdblbs y sbrvdgdes y `brbghes m`kdldstrmtdves, prbsbltm ul gukpcdkdblte `bc 42% `bc
^DK.
Bc smc`e `b fmcmlgb `bc me mltbrder per cm Aubltb `b Adlmlgdmkdblte Vbgurses @drbgtmkbltb
GRM@VE Le >7
Bobgugdl bc Dljrbse per Msdjlmgdelbs Jblrdgms 6>=7
(Bl Lubves Wecbs)
Jblrdgm ^DM ^DK Vbgmu`m`e=? DK^RBWPEW T
GELPVDFRGDELBW EFCDJMPEVDMW 27,>:=,44: 27,>:=,44: 12,4:8,:887? QBLPM @B FDBLBW T WBVQDGDEW
T @BVBGHEW M@KDLDWPVMPDQEW 6:,> =8,0 >7 70,774,842 76,228,7482? EPVEW DLJVBWEW =>=,247 =>=,247 6:7,27:
4? WMC@EW @B FMCMLGB > 7,4>6,776 ===,=8=,824PEPMC 8>,=4=,447 4=,0=2,8=: 6>4,446,286
Gel rbcmgdl m cm bobgugdl `b Dlvbrsdelbs, `urmltb bc pbrde`e `b jbstdl
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bvmcum`e, sb cejr bobgutmr cm sukm `b W/. : 2=6 =7:, pmrm cm m`qudsdgdl
`b ul dlkubfcb pmrm bc gbltre b`ugmtdve `b cm Jbrblgdm _elmc Pruodcce, cm
bobgugdl bc preybgte Kboermkdblte y Mkpcdmgdl bc Gbltre b Gmpmgdtmgdl
`b cm _elmc WBLGDGE ^durm, qub`ml`e pbl`dbltb cm m`qudsdgdl `b fdblbs
m bobgutmr bl bc prbsbltb me (pdzmrrms dltbrmgtdvms), mgtdvd`m`bs prbvdms m cm
aerkucmgdl `bc bxpb`dbltb Pgldge `bc ^reybgte Gmpmgdtmgdl egupmgdelmc
y Gelstruggdl `b Dlarmbstrugturm aerkmtdvm bl cm Gekuld`m` Lmtdvm `b
Kmkmymqub- Bc Gblbpm Gel`ergmlqud- Mkmzelms y cm efrm Gelstruggdl
`b cm Dlarmbstrugturm bc Gbltre b Gmpmgdtmgdl WBLGDGE ule, mgtumckbltb
pmrmcdzm`m. M geltdlumgdl bc `btmccb `b ce dl`dgm`e?
GRM@VE Le >2
Bobgugdl bc Jmste Dlvbrsdelbs (Bl Lubves Wecbs)
^DK BOBGRGDEL Bo/ DK
=
Mgel`dgdelmkdblte y M`qudsdgdl `b Dlkubfcb
pmrm bc Gbltre `b Bspbgdmcdzmgdl bl Dlaerktdgm
Mpcdgm`m m cm Gelstruggdl `b cm _elmc WBLGDGE
- Pruodcce
7,6>=,140.>> 7,6>=,140.>> =>>.>>
6Gelstruggdl b cm Dlarmbstrugturm bc Gbltre b
Gmpmgdtmgdl WBLGDGE ule0 ,7 24 ,1 46 .> > 6 ,: 02 ,> >> .> > 1 6. 41
7 Kboermkdblte y Mkpcdmgdl `bc Gbltre `b
Gmpmgdtmgdl b cm _elmc WBLGDGE durm= ,1 0> ,8 04 .2 > = ,2 0: ,0 07 .> > 4 0. 7=
0
Gmpmgdtmgdl Pbgldge Egupmgdelmc y
Gelstruggdl b Dlarmbstrugturm aerkmtdvm bl cm
gekuld`m lmtdvm `b Kmkmymqub -Bc Gblbpm-
Gel`ergmlqud-Mkmzelms
=:8,280.>> =8,>>>.>> =>.>8
PEPMC W/. 4,78>,8=4.2> :,2=6,=7:.>> 8>.>8
^VETBGPEW @B DLQBVWDL
@bpmrtmkblte cm sestbld`m dllevmgdl _elmcbs gel bspbgdmc mtblgdlD. ^rdlgdpmcbs Cejres
Mcgmlzm`es bl bc Me 6>=7
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Bc `bpmrtmkblte `b Dlaerktdgm tdblb
per kdsdl sbr ul rjmle `b sbrvdgde `bc
WBLGDGE blgmrjm`e `b m`kdldstrmr
cms gekuldgmgdelbs y bc trmtmkdbltegekputmrdzm`e `b cm dlaerkmgdl, gel
bc bkpcbe `b tbglecejm mvmlzm`m pmrm
use prepde `b cm dlstdtugdl, erjmldskes
y pfcdge bl jblbrmc m trmvs `b ul
bgdbltb y bgmz sdstbkm sepertm`e per
bc gerrbspel`dbltb hmr`wmrb, seatwmrb y
rb`bs `b gekuldgmgdelbs qub pbrkdtml
cejrmr ces efobtdves gerpermtdves, `b
kmlbrm sbjurm, bgdbltb, geltdlum y
epertulm, gekpmtdfcb gel ul ptdke
geste. Wu vdsdl bs sbr c`brbs bl cm
utdcdzmgdl `b tbglecejm `b pultm,
@bpmrtmkblte`b Dlaerktdgm
tbglecjdgm, rbgelegd`es per
cm bxgbcblgdm `b sus sbrvdgdes
y gekprekbtd`es gel bc
`bsmrrecce dltbjrmc `bc pms.
Ces efobtdves bc @bpmrtmkblte
`b Dlaerktdgm sb mcdlbml gel
ces efobtdves sbgterdmcbs b
dlstdtugdelmcbs `bc WBLGDGE
sdjudbltbs?
Ke`brldzmgdl `b ces
pregbses y pregb`dkdbltes
m`kdldstrmtdves.
Qdlgucmgdl b WBLGDGE
m ldvbc lmgdelmc
Wdstbkmtdzmgdl bl
m`qudsdgdl, kmltbldkdblte y
rblevmgdl `b bqudpmkdblte b
dlarmbstrugturm.
Bl mtblgdl m bstes efobtdves,
`urmltb bc me 6>=7 sb hm `m`e
prbpel`brmlgdm m cm rblevmgdl
`b cm dlarmbstrugturm `b rb`bs
y gekuldgmgdelbs `b cm Wb`b
Gbltrmc y m cm rblevmgdl `bc
bqudpmkdblte b gekputm`erms
`b cm Wb`b Gbltrmc y Jbrblgdms
bl ces cmfermterdes `b gkpute,
rbms `b mtblgdl mc gcdbltb
y pbrselmc m`kdldstrmtdve9
m`bks, bl gukpcdkdblte `b
cm lerkmtdvd`m` `b use cbjmc
`bc seatwmrb sb hm rbmcdzm`e
cm rblevmgdl `b cms cdgblgdms
`b seatwmrb utdcdzm`es per bc
WBLGDGE pmrm lbs b`ugmtdves
y m`kdldstrmtdves.
Mcgmlzm`es bl bc Me 6>=7
MVBM ^VETBGPE/MGPDQD@M@
Dlarmbstrugturm Wb bobgut bc preybgte b rblevmgdl b cm Dlarmbstrugturm Pbglecjdgm
`bc WBLGDGE bc gumc dlgcuy ces sdjudbltbs sufpreybgtes? Dlstmcmgdl
`b ul Wdstbkm `b Gmfcbm`e Bstrugturm`e, Dkpcbkbltmgdl `b ul lubve
@mtmgbltbr, Mgtumcdzmgdl `b cm Gbltrmc Pbcbaldgm, sukdldstre b
dlstmcmgdl `b Bqudpes `b Gekuldgmgdl pmrm rb`bs CML y Zdrbcbss
CML, Wukdldstre b Dlstmcmgdl `b bqudpe `b Jbstdl Rldadgm`m `b
Wbjurd`m` y Mkblmzms y cm dlstmcmgdl y keltmob `b ul Wdstbkm `bQd`be Keldterbe y b Geltrec b Mggbse.
Wb bobgut bc ^reybgte `b Pbrgbrdzmgdl `b bqudpes `b dkprbsdl bl cm
Wb`b Gbltrmc, kb`dmltb bc gumc sb tdblb m dspesdgdl ces sbrvdgdes b
dkprbsdl, aetegepdm`e y bsgmlbe b egukbltes qub sel lbgbsmrdes
pmrm cms mgtdvd`m`bs m`kdldstrmtdvms y b`ugmtdvms.
Wb bobgut bc preybgte `b Dltbrgelbxdl Mckfrdgm b Dlmckfrdgm `b ces
^mfbccelbs F, G, B, A, pmrm cm Bsgubcm Wupbrder Pgldgm- WBLGDGE bl
Wml Ferom, gel bc efobtdve b prepergdelmr mg gbse m ces sbrvdgdes bc
dltbrlbt m te`e bc mcuklm`e y pbrselmc egbltb b cm dlstdtugdl.
^mrm bcce sb rbmcdz bc sukdldstre, dlstmcmgdl y gbrtdadgmgdl `b cmdlarmbstrugturm b tbcbgekuldgmgdelbs? gmfcbm`e bstrugturm`e, mltblms
Zdrbcbss y bqudpmkdblte CML bc gmkpus b WBLGDGE.
Wb dkpcbkblt bc lubve sbrvdgde b gerrbe bcbgtrldge per dltbrkb`de`b Kdgreseat Eaadgb 712, pmrm ces mcukles, egbltbs y pbrselmc
m`kdldstrmtdve.
Wdstbkms/Mpcdgm
gdelbs
Wb bcmfer bc preybgte pmrm m`qudsdgdl b dkpcbkbltmgdl b ul
sdstbkm BV^ qub mpeyb m cm jbstdl m`kdldstrmtdvm y b`ugmtdvm bc
WBLGDGE.
Wb dkpcbkblt bc Wdstbkm b Gelvbldes bcmferm`e per bc
@bpmrtmkblte `b Dlaerktdgm, gel bc adl `b rbmcdzmr ul geltrec y
sbjudkdblte ks babgtdve rbspbgte mc gukpcdkdblte b cms kbtms `bc
gelvblde.
Wb dkpcbkblt bc Wdstbkm b Dlvbltmrde b Bqudpes b Gkputebcmferm`e per bc @bpmrtmkblte `b Dlaerktdgm, gel bc adl `b rbmcdzmr bc
geltrec y bvmcumgdl b ces bqudpes b gkpute qub dspelbl cms
Jbrblgdms _elmcbs y cms `bpbl`blgdms `b cm Wb`b Gbltrmc.
Wb rb`dsbmrel bc ^ertmc y cm Dltrmlbt `bc WBLGDGE
Jbstdl Wb bcmfer bc ^cml Bstrmtjdge `b Pbglecejms b Dlaerkmgdl y
Gekuldgmgdelbs bc WBLGDGE (^BPDG), guye prdlgdpmc efobtdve bs
sbrvdr `b jum pmrm cm dkpcbkbltmgdl er`blm`m b ces preybgtes `b
Pbglecejms `b Dlaerkmgdl qub rbqudbrbl cms `bpbl`blgdms `bc
WBLGDGE.
Wb dkpcbkblt cm kbte`ecejm b Jbstdl b reybgtes b P bglecejms
`b Dlaerkmgdl blekdlm`e KB^PDW, fmsm`e bl cm jum KFEI bc^reobgt Kmlmjbkblt Dlstdtutb (^KD).
Wb bcmfer cm @drbgtdvm? Lerkms pmrm bc Rse `bc Wbrvdgde `b Pbcbaelm
Adom.
DD. Cdgblgdmkdblte `b seatwmrb
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Wb rbmcdz cm rblevmgdl y/e m`qudsdgdl b cms cdgblgdms b seatwmrb
qub utdcdzm bc WBLGDGE, bltrb bccms tblbkes?
PD^E @B WEAPZMVB /LEKFVB @B WEAPZMVB
Cbljumobs y hbrrmkdbltms b prejrmkmgdl
- ^ewbr Fudc`br
- PEM@ aer Ermgcb
-Vmtdelmc Vesb
Kmlbom`er/utdcdtmrdes `b fmsb `b `mtes
- Ermgcb
Hbrrmkdbltms b pre`ugtdvd`m`
- Kdgreseat Blrecckblt aer B`ugmtdel Wecutdels EQW
Wbjurd`m` b cm dlaerkmgdl
- Mltdvdrus
- Aertdjmtb
Etres
- Weatwmrb pmrm bltrbjm b mpcdgmgdelbs repmcks
- Weatwmrb b geltrec Pbcbaldge GWdstbc
- Weatwmrb b Hbcp`bsi WysMd`
Bsgubcm `b B`ugmgdl Wupbrder preabsdelmc.
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Bsgubcm `b B`ugmgdl WupbrderPbglecjdgm ^fcdgm `bJbstdl ^rdvm`m
Bc me 6>=7 pmrm cm Bsgubcm Wupbrder Pbglecjdgm WBLGDGE su jbstdl pbrkdtd
msbjurmr bc gukpcdkdblte `b efobtdves y kbtms `bcdlbm`es bl cms sdjudbltbs clbms
`b mggdl? grbgdkdblte sestbld`e `b cm BWPW, rbcmlzmkdblte pmrm ulm lubvm dkmjbl,
kboermkdblte `b cm gmcd`m` b`ugmtdvm y bcbvmr cm tmsm `b gecegmgdl `b bjrbsm`es.
Bltrb ces cejres ks dkpertmltbs pe`bkes sbmcmr? cm geltdlumgdl bl bc kboermkdblte
`b cm dlarmbstrugturm, bqudpmkdblte y kefdcdmrde9 bc mukblte bl bc lkbre `b
pestucmltbs y mcukles kmtrdgucm`es9 cm lubvm prepubstm jrgm pmrm cm BWPW
dlgcuybl`e mkfdbltmgdl `b egdlms y mucms9 prepdgdmr bc geltbxte m`bgum`e pmrm ulm
bxgbcbltb rbcmgdl bltrb preabserbs, mcukles y pbrselmc `b cm BWPW b dlgrbkblte `b
ulm dkpertmltb gmltd`m` y gmcd`m` `b ttuces bl cm Fdfcdetbgm Bspbgdmcdzm`m.
Etre dkpertmltb cejre aub cm bobgugdl `bc preybgte `blekdlm`e Vb` Mckfrdgm
b Dlmckfrdgm `b cm BWP WBLGDGE qub pbrkdtdr tblbr mggbse m dltbrlbt m te`e bc
mcuklm`e y pbrselmc `egbltb bl mucms y te`e bc gmkpus.
Msdkdske, cm BWP rbmcdz ul rbgelegdkdblte pstuke mc bx aulgdelmrde, kmbstre y
gecmferm`er `b lubstrm dlstdtugdl, Dlj. Oucde ^mghbge _djm, per bc qub lubstrm
Fdfcdetbgm Bspbgdmcdzm`m ccbvm su lekfrb, bl krdte m su `bstmgm`m trmybgterdm
p
Pe`e bste blgmkdlm`e m mcgmlzmr lubstrm vdsdl? Wbr
rbgelegd`m geke cm dlstdtugdl c`br bl cm aerkmgdl
preabsdelmc tbglecjdgm bl Cmtdlemkrdgm.
EADGDLM @B WBGVBPMVM MGM@KDGM
DLWGVD^GDL MC VEGBWE @B M@KDWDL 6>=7
Cm BWP WBLGDGE bsmrreccm es pregbses b m`kdsdl mc
me pmrm gufrdr vmgmltbs bl cms sbds gmrrbrms qub earbgb.
Bl cm prdkbrm m`kdsdl rbgdfdkes cm dlsgrdpgdl `b =,70=
pbrselms pmrm gufrdr 2:1 vmgmltbs. (Qbr gum`re =)
GRM@VE L =
Lkbre `b pestucmltbs 6>=7 D,sbjl gmrrbrm y turle
Aubltb? Wbrvdgdes y Vbjdstres Mgm`kdges
Gmrrbrm Kmmlm Leghb L Petmc
@dsbe b Dltbrderbs 617 =>1 714
B`dgmgdelbs =:2 6:= 001
@dfuoe bl Gelstruggdl Gdvdc :8 74 ==:
Pepejrmm 671 671
Jbekgm 72 67 28
Cmf. b Wubces, Gelgrbte y Msamcte ==2 ==2
Petmc :8: 220 =70=
PMCCBVBW BXPVMGRVVDGRCMVBWBl cm sbjul`m gelvegmterdm sb dlsgrdfdbrel ==4> pbrselms pmrm gufrdr 26> vmgmltbs (Qbr gum`re 6).
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^VEGBWE @B KMPVGRCM
Bc lkbre b mcukles kmtrdgucm`es bl bc Wbkbstrb Mgm`kdge 6>=7 - = aub `b =840, kdbltrms qub bl
bc Wbkbstrb Mgm`kdge 6>=7 6 bc lkbre b kmtrdgucm`es aub b =,422.
GRM@VE L 6Lkbre b
pestucmltbs6>=7 DD,
sbjl gmrrbrmy turle
GRM@VE L 7Lkbre b
kmtrdgucm`essbjl
sbkbstrbmgm`kdge y
gmrrbrm
Aubltb? Wbrvdgdes y Vbjdstres Mgm`kdges
Aubltb? Wbrvdgdes y Vbjdstres Mgm`kdges
Gmrrbrm Kmmlm Pmr`b Leghb L Petmc
@dsbe b Dltbrderbs 6=2 70 :1 762
B`dgmgdelbs =06 08 6>6 746
@dfuoe bl Gelstruggdl Gdvdc 24 72 40
Pepejrmm =:2 0> 6=2
Jbekgm 27 27
Cmf. `b Wubces, Gelgrbte y Msamcte === ===
Petmc 24= =66 0:: ==4>
Gmrrbrm L Kmtrdgucm`es
6>=7-D
L Kmtrdgucm`es
6>=7-DD
@dsbe b Dltbrderbs 222 1>4
B`dgmgdelbs 2:7 217
@dfuoe bl Gelstruggdl Gdvdc 67: 60=
Pepejrmm =84 6=2
Jbekgm =47 =82
Cmf. b Wubces,Gelgrbte y Msamcte =0: =06
Petmc =840 =422
M l b gukpcdr gel bc gekprekdse `b frdl`mr ulm aerkmgdl dltbjrmc
m lubstres mcukles, cm BWP WBLGDGE prejrmkm bc `bsmrrecce `b
Pmccbrbs Bxtrmgurrdgucmrbs m qudblbs `bsbbl pmrtdgdpmr bl `dvbrsms
`dsgdpcdlms. Bc me 6>=7 sb dkpcbkbltmrel `dvbrses gurses,
rbgdfdbl`e 8: dlsgrdtes bl bc Wbkbstrb 6>=7 = y =72 bl bc Wbkbstrb
Mgm`kdge 6>=7 6, `bsmjrbjm`es `b mgubr`e mc sdjudbltb gum re.
GRM@VE L 0Lkbre `b dlsgrdtes bl Pmccbrbs
Bxtrmgurrdgucmrbs sbjl sbkbstrbmgm`kdge
Aubltb? Wbrvdgdes y Vbjdstres Mgm`kdges
Gmrrbrm L Kmtrdgucm`es
6>=7-D
L Kmtrdgucm`es
6>=7-DD
Gmol Grdecce >7 -
Judtmrrm gurse fsdge =: ==
Judtmrrm gurse mvmlzm`e - =0
Pmb Iwel @e 62 -
Qecby Kdxte =8 -
Autsmc 60 -
^dlturm bl vd`rde - =0
Pmccbr b rbgdgcmob - =6
Qbcms bgermvms - >6
fmi - >4
@mlzm aecicrdgm - Wbcvm - =:
@mlzm aecicrdgm - gestm - 76
Pgldgms `b bxprbsdl ermc - 60
Petmc 8: =72
G E L W R C P E V D E `b bstu`des, `dpcekms bstu`dmltbs, `egbltbs, bltbspestucmltbs y mcukles kmtrdgucm`es rbspbgte mc 6>=6.
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^WDGE^B@MJJDGE
@urmltb bc me 6>=7 cm BWP
WBLGDGE Cdkm hm frdl`m`e
m sus bstu`dmltbs, `egbltbs
y trmfmom`erbs, bc sbrvdgde `b
gelsucterde psdgepb`mjjdge
jrmtudte. Bstb sbrvdgde hm
rbmcdzm`e 76: mtblgdelbs
qudblbs mgu`dbrel per dltbrs
bl bc sbrvdgde e per hmfbr sd`e
rbabrd`e per ul preabser.
@urmltb bc me 6>=7 sb
`bsmrreccmrel `es tmccbrbs
pmrtdgdpmtdves? Pmccbr `b
Dltbcdjblgdm Bkegdelmc y Pmccbr
`b Kmlboe `b Geldgtes.
@D^CEKMW, GELWPMLGDMW
T GBVPDADGM@EW
@urmltb bc me 6>=7 cm Egdlm
`b Wbrvdgdes y Vbjdstres
Mgm`kdges rbgdfd y mtbl`d
6,8:2 secdgdtu`bs `dvbrsms?
gelstmlgdms, gbrtdgm`es
`b bjrbsm`e, gmrtms `b
prbsbltmgdl, tdtucmgdelbs,
mgtumcdzmgdelbs `b kmtrgucm,
bltrb etrms.
PDPRCMGDL
Bc me 6>=7 cm Egdlm
`b Wbrvdgdes y Vbjdstres
Mgm`kdges rbgdfd =>2
secdgdtu`bs pmrm tdtucmgdl
`b Cdkm cms qub `brdvmkes
m Geer`dlmgdl Mgm`kdgm
y bcmfermkes m`bks =0>
Vbsecugdelbs y @dpcekms
`b Ptuces m ldvbc lmgdelmc
gerrbspel`dbltb m? 27 `b Cdkm,
>: b Mrbqudpm, 6> b Ghdgcmye,
=> b Gusge, 06 b Pruodcce y >8
`b ^durm.
VBM @B RLD@M@
MGM@KDGM
Vbmcdzm sus mgtdvd`m`bs geke
lbxe `dlkdge bltrb ces
m`kdldstrmtdves y cm Dlstdtugdl,
pmrm bc pcmlbmkdblte,
erjmldzmgdl, drbggdl y geltrec
`b cms mgtdvd`m`bs mgm`kdgms,
prejrmkm`ms per cm Bsgubcm
Wupbrder Pbglecjdgm.
Cms aulgdelbs `b cm
Geer`dlmgdl Mgm`kdgm
`b cm Bsgubcm Wupbrder
Pbglecjdgm WBLGDGE urmltb
bc WBKBWPVB MGM@BKDGE
6>=7-D y DD, bstuvdbrel
vdlgucm`ms m bcbvmr bc ldvbc
b`ugmtdve bl cms sbds gmrrbrms
preabsdelmcbs qub sb earbgbl,
gel bc l `b cejrmr bc cd`brmzje
bl bc kbrgm`e b`ugmtdve
y prepdgdmr bc `bsmrrecce
preabsdelmc `b lubstres
bjrbsm`es, m trmvs `b ulm
blsbmlzm per gekpbtblgdms.
Bl bc prbsbltb me, cm Bsgubcm
hm supbrm`e bl gumlte
mc lkbre `b vmgmltbs,
DLPBVGMKFDE @B BWPR@DMLPBW BL ]RBFBG GMLM@M
Bl bc kmrge `bc gelvblde susgrdte gel Geepbrmgdl Dltbrlmgdelmc
pmrm dltbrgmkfde `b bstu`dmltbs bltrb WBLGDGE y bc Geccbjb
@Blsbdjlbkblt Jlbrmc BP ^reabsdellbc Cdkedceu-Furbmu `b
Gmlm`, `el`b mlumckbltb sb vdblb rbgdfdbl`e bc dltbrgmkfde
JVMADGE L =GRM@VE GEK^MVMPDQE 6>=6 vs. 6>=7
Qmgmltbs, ^estucmltbs y McuklesKmtrdgucm`es
Bcmferm`e per? Cdg. Jcerdm Mrreye / Geer`dlmgdl Mgm`kdgm
`b bstu`dmltbs gel >7 fbgms dltbjrmcbs per me, `b cm
d cd` ` ` J td
Gmfb dl`dgmr qub bl bc gdgce 6>=7-D tuvdkes per prdkbrm vbz
c d t ` c GBJB^ CDKEDCER ` ] f
Epdldl `b cm mtblgdl m`kdldstrmtdvm
Epdldl `bc muxdcdmr m`kdldstrmtdve
KBOEVM @B CM DLAVMBWPVRGPRVM T B]RD^MKDBLPE @B CM
B.W.P.
7/22/2019 memoria v9 31-03-14.pdf
43/95
bspbgdmcd`m` `b Jbektdgm.
^mrm bc prbsbltb me sb hm gelvegm`e y sbcbggdelm`e per
ces pbre`es 6>=6 y 6>=7 m ul tetmc `b sbds bstu`dmltbs
gel letms sefrbsmcdbltbs, qub bstl gursml`e bc DD y DQ
gdgce, `bfdbl`e tblbr bc bstu`dmltb bc ldvbc `b sugdblgdm
bl bc d`dekm Armlgs. Cms fbgms eterjm`ms sel dltbjrmcbs
y gufrbl hespb`mob, mcdkbltmgdl, sbjure geltrm rdbsjes,
pmsmobs mrbes, kmtrgucm y etres gestes mgm`kdges ms
geke ulm kmlutblgdl kblsumc per bc tdbkpe qub `urm bc
gdgce mgm`kdge, dlgcusdvb bc geste `bc trkdtb `bc vdsm`e qub
hmgbl ces mcukles (vm rbdltbjre).
ulm mcuklm prevbldbltb `bc GBJB^ CDKEDCER `b ]ubfbg
Gmlm`, cm Wrtm. Gmrecdlb Euccbt, qudbl rbmcdz ulm pmsmltm
bl WBLGDGE, geke pmrtb `bc gelvblde bspbgge `b
geepbrmgdl dltbrlmgdelmc pmrm dltbrgmkfde `b bstu`dmltbs,
hmfdbl`e `bsmrreccm`e bc DQ gdgce bl lubstrms dlstmcmgdelbs.
Cm pmsmltm per ketdves m`kdldstrmtdves `bc Cdkeccdub sb
babgtumr bl cm sbsdl `b dlvdbrle `bc me 6>=0, qub dldgdm bc
6> `b blbre y guckdlm bc 6= `b kmye `bc 6>=0.
GM^MGDPMGDEL @EGBLPBW
Bc gurse tmccbr Lubves Blaequbs B`ugmtdves y Pmccbr `b
Dltbjrmgdl sb rbmcdz ces `ms 62 y 61 `b abfrbre gel cmpmrtdgdpmgdl `b =67 `egbltbs, ces kdskes qub rbprbsbltml
bc 4>% `bc tetmc, gdarm fmstmltb smtdsamgterdm, ym qub amverbgb
bl kboermr cm gmcd`m` `b blsbmlzm qub sb dkpmrtb y per
etre cm`e, qub lubstres `egbltbs sb blgubltrbl ks
gekprekbtd`es gel cm Bsgubcm.
Bl bc 6>=7 D y DD sb rbmcdz ulm blgubstm `b epdldl m ces
bstu`dmltbs, cms gumcbs rbbomfml dkpertmltb dlaerkmgdl
geke?
Epdldl `bc mcukle gel rbspbgte mc egbltb
-Epdldl `b cm dlarmbstrugturm
GRM@VE L =GRM@VE @B MCRKLEW FBLBADGDMVDEW
Bcmferm`e per? Cdg. Jc