POTENCIAL AGRONÓMICO DEL REGADÍO
ELIAS FERERES
INSTITUTO DE AGRICULTURA SOSTENIBLE (CSIC) Y
UNIVERSIDAD DE CÓRDOBA
Secano60% Regadío
40%
PRODUCCIÓN DE ALIMENTOS
El riego es muy importante
en la intensificación de la producción agrícola
Secano83%
1.250 mill ha
Regadío17%
250 mill ha
SUPERFICIE CULTIVADA MUNDIAL
(WRI “World Resources Institute”, 2004; FAOSTAT, 1999)
Introducción general
PRODUCCIÓN DE ALIMENTOS Y SUPERFICIE CULTIVADA
Produccionpotencial
Produccion real
Solar Radiation Temperatures
Phys.-chem. Limitations (water, nutrients)
Ecological reductions (pests, diseases weeds, etc..)
La brecha entre rendimientos, YG
YG = P. POTENCIAL – P. REAL
(B)
(C)
YG
E. Fereres, IAS-CSIC
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
Gra
in y
ield
(kg
/ha )
1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005Year
AustraliaChinaIndiaUSA
Wheat
89 kg ha-1 year-1
51 kg ha-1 year-1
24 kg ha-1 year-1
21 kg ha-1 year-1
41 kg ha-1 year-1World
Projections based on Yield Trends
Source: FAOSTAT
Wheat
E. Fereres, IAS-CSIC
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
Gra
in Y
ield
(k g
/ ha )
1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005Year
WHEAT
Algeria (15 kg/ha/year)
Syria (22 kg/ha/year) Iran (16 kg/ha/year)
Source: FAOSTAT
Syria (61 kg/ha/year)
Iran (52 kg/ha/year)
Water use (mm)
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
Yie
ld (t
/ha)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6 n = 691
China Loess PlateauMediterranean BasinNorth American Great PlainsSE Australia22 x (water use - 60)
Analysis of wheat yields by Sadras and Angus (2006)
Trigo
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800
Agua recibida (mm)
Ren
dim
ien
to (
kg*h
a-1
)
Gonzalez-Dugo yMateos, 2007, en Andalucía
Montoro et al., En Albacete
Maíz
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
16000
18000
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400
Agua recibida (mm)
Ren
dim
ien
to (
kg
*ha-1
)
Gonzalez-Dugo yMateos, 2007, en Andalucía
Montoro et al., En Albacete
¡ES EL MANEJO!
OBJETIVO: CERRAR LA BRECHA DE LOS RENDIMIENTOS
Agua consumida / Agua requeridaASSESSING IRRIGATION PERFORMANCE
Relative Irrigation Supply
(Lorite et al., Irrig.Sci., 2004)
0
0,1
0,2
0,3
0,4
0,5
0,6
0,7
0,8
0,9
1
0 200 400 600 800 1000
Seasonal ET (mm)
Cotton
Sunflower
Maize
Sugar beet
Garlic
Wheat
Onion
Beans
Pepper
Large Large variations in variations in Crop ET Crop ET among farmsamong farms
Satellite-based Satellite-based estimation of estimation of consumptive use (ET) consumptive use (ET) for planning and for for planning and for performance performance assessment.assessment.(SEBAL, METRIC, etc.,)(SEBAL, METRIC, etc.,)
Lorite et al., 2007
P. Zarco’s team, IAS,P. Zarco’s team, IAS,Córdoba.Córdoba.
El desafío es ahorrar agua en la agricultura
REDUCIR PÉRDIDAS:(escorrentía, drenaje,.)
Y/OREDUCIR ET (E y/o T)
?
CO2
H2O
CO2
H2O
ZEF/Bonn/2001
ETc (mm)
ETmax
YmaxY
(t/
ha)
Typical Production FunctionTypical Production FunctionAgronomic CropsAgronomic Crops
Background
• Revision of the 1979 FAO I & D Paper no.33, “Yield Response to Water”
• Consultative process with experts
• A simulation model for field-crops:
AquaCrop
ETo
Phenology Canopy Cover
T (oC) Es Ta
Leaf expansion gs
SenescenceBiomass
pw
YieldHI
CO2
Root (depth/shape)
AquaCrop Conceptual Framework| Crop
www.fao.org/nr/water
P. Steduto, D. Raes, T.C. Hsiao & E. FereresA MODEL FOR SIMULATING WATER-LIMITED YIELD
(LA PRODUCCIÓN ALCANZABLE CON UNA CANTIDAD DE AGUA LIMITADA)
DEFICIT IRRIGATIONDEFICIT IRRIGATION = APPLICATIONS = APPLICATIONS BELOW CROP WATER REQUIREMENTS (ET)BELOW CROP WATER REQUIREMENTS (ET)
(Soil water deficits may or may not cause crop water (Soil water deficits may or may not cause crop water deficits and reduction in ET)deficits and reduction in ET)
REGULATED DEFICIT IRRIGATION (RDI)REGULATED DEFICIT IRRIGATION (RDI) ==
PLANNED CROP WATERPLANNED CROP WATERDEFICITS AT SPECIFIC DEVELOPMENTAL STAGES.DEFICITS AT SPECIFIC DEVELOPMENTAL STAGES.
(Crop water stress occurs at certain stages; ET may or (Crop water stress occurs at certain stages; ET may or may not be reduced significantly; RISKS increased)may not be reduced significantly; RISKS increased)
As uniformity decreases, more water is needed to achieve high yields
Fereres et al., 1993, ICSC, Ames, Iowa.
EFFECTS OF IRRIGATION UNIFORMITY ON THE RELATION BETWEEN YIELD AND IRRIGATION WATER
2
4
6
8
10
12
Fr u
it Y
ield
(t h
a-1)
400 500 600 700 800 900ETc (mm)
Y = -16.836 + 62.85×10-3 ET - 0.035×10-3 ET2
R2 = 0.71
Water production fuction of olive; Cordoba, 1996-2000
(Moriana et al., JASHS, 2003)
0.0
0.4
0.8
1.2
1.6
2.0
300 400 500 600 700 800 900
ET (mm)
MWP(€/m3)
Marginal WP of a mature olive orchard under water deficits
(Moriana et al., JASHS, 2003)
28 %32%
40 %36 %13 %
51 %
1983 2003
254.817 ha
282.372 ha
Field crops
Olives
Distribution of Irrigated Crops
Cap, Junta de Andalucía (2004)Anuario de Estadística Agraria (1983)
630.490 ha630.490 ha 893.009 ha893.009 haTotalTotal
ANDALUCÍA,ANDALUCÍA,S. SPAINS. SPAIN
320.971 ha
80.549 ha
355.820 haHorticultural crops 228.970 ha
0
20000
40000
60000
80000
100000
120000
1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
año
ha
0
100
200
300
400
500
600 hm 3
ha de regadío hm3
Capítulo I. Introducción
EVOLUCIÓN DE LOS REGADÍOS
28 %32%
40 %
Field crops 254.817 ha
282.372 haOlives
355.820 haHorticultural crops
Distribution of Irrigated Crops, 2003
Anuario de Estadística Agraria (1983)Cap, Junta de Andalucía (2004)
893.009 ha893.009 haTotal
Field crops 196.164 ha
109.755 haVegetable crops
167.560 haTrees & Vines
473.479 ha473.479 haTotal
42 %
35 %23 %
Fresno Co., California Andalucia, Spain
Fresno County Agricultural Commisioner
Riego deficitario controlado (RDC)
Deficits hídricos planificados en
momentos determinados del
desarrollo al objeto de minimizar
el impacto en el rendimiento
Mantener los ingresos y Mantener los ingresos y reducir el agua de riegoreducir el agua de riego
ObjetivosObjetivos
RDI IN ORANGE TREESThe effects on fruit quality and profits
Each dot is a RDI treatment (from Fereres, Goldhamer and Parsons, 2003)
43000
44000
45000
46000
47000
48000
Gro
ss Y
ield
(kg
/ ha)
18000
18500
19000
19500
20000
20500
21000
21500
22000
Gro
ss R
eve n
ue (
$/h a
)
y = 14.3x + 35808
R2 = 0.599
y = -5.13x + 23736
R2
= 0.078
Control
Control
Applied Water (mm/season)
a b
1:1
550 600 650 700 750 800 600 650 700 750 800 850
RDC
RDS
RFinca
38,8 b
36,3 c
39,1 b
73,5 a
71,6 b
73,2 a
Agua aplicada Produc. Diám. Fruto nº (mm) (t ha-1) (mm) frutos
Tratamiento
300 b
300 b
304 b
353
353
528
RESULTADOS DE UN EXPERIMENTO DE 5 AÑOS (2001-2006)
Melocotonero, Córdoba, Finca la Veguilla
33% menos de agua de riego en RDC sin impacto en la producción
PROYECTO CONSOLIDER 2006
“Programa Integral de Ahorro y Mejora Productiva del Agua de Riego en la
Horticultura Española”
FIN
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