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Period G
rou
p
Alk
ali M
eta
l
Nob
le G
as
Halo
ge
n
Alk
ali E
arth
Me
tal
Lanthanides
Actinides
transition metals
inner transition metals
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1s
2s 2p
3s 3p 3d
4s 4p 4d 4f
5s 5p 5d 5f
6s 6p 6d
7s 7p
N14
7
Fe56
26
Mg24
12
Electron Configurations – Atoms and Ions
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+1
+2
+3
-1
-2
-3
Cations and Anions Of Representative Elements
Crystal Structures
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Era Period Epoch Began (Ma)
Cenozoic (“recent life”)
Age of Mammals
Quaternary Holocene 0.018 (180,000 a)
Pleistocene 1.6
Tertiary
Pliocene 5.1
Miocene 24
Oligocene 38
Eocene 55
Paleocene 65
Mesozoic (“middle life”)
Age of Reptiles
Cretaceous 144
Jurassic 213
Triassic 248
Paleozoic (“ancient life”)
Age of Trilobites
Permian 286
Pennsylvanian 320
Mississippian 360
Devonian 408
Silurian 438
Ordovician 505
Cambrian 570
Precambrian
great link:
http://www.fossilmuseum.net/Paleobiology/Cenozoic_Paleobiology.htm
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htt
p:/
/pubs.u
sgs.g
ov/g
ip/d
ynam
ic/d
ynam
ic.p
df
http://geomaps.wr.usgs.gov/parks/pltec/pangea.html
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1. Independent tetrahedra (Nesosilicates)
2. Multiple tetrahedra (Sorosilicates)
3. Ring Structure (Cyclosilicates)
4. Chain Structures - single & double (Inosilicates)
5. Sheet Structures (Phyllosilicates)
6. Framework Structures (Tectosilicates) http://web.visionlearning.com/silica_molecules.shtml
Mineral Structure Group Click on image for
complete information
Olivine
Nesosilicate
Olivine
Zircon
Nesosilicate
Garnet
Augite
Inosilicate
Pyroxene
Hornblende
Inosilicate
Amphibole
(Mg, Fe)2SiO4
ZrSiO4
Ca2(Mg, Fe, Al)5 (Al, Si)8O22(OH)2
(Ca,Mg,Fe)SiO3
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Mineral Structure Group
Biotite and Muscovite
Phyllosilicate
Mica
Quartz
Tectosilicate
SiO2
Orthoclase
K-Feldspar
Plagioclase Feldspar
(solid substitution)
Plagioclase
Feldspar
Ca2(Mg, Fe, Al)5 (Al, Si)8O22(OH)2
SiO2
KAlSi3O8
CaAl2Si2O8 NaAlSi3O8
Anorthite Albite
Felsic (light colored)
Intermediate Mafic
(dark colored) Ultramafic
Fine
Grained
(extrusive)
Rhyolite Andesite Basalt ---
Coarse
Grained (intrusive)
Granite Diorite Gabbro Peridotite
Glassy (quick cooling)
Obsidian ---
Frothy (escaping gas)
Pumice --- Scoria ---
great link
http://www.pitt.edu/~cejones/GeoImages/2IgneousRocks/IgneousCompositions.html
porphyritic = two crystal sizes in the groundmass
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Felsic
(light colored) Intermediate
Mafic
(dark colored) Ultramafic
Fine Grained
(extrusive)
Rhyolite Andesite Basalt
---
Coarse
Grained (intrusive)
Granite Diorite Gabbro Peridotite
Glassy (quick cooling)
Obsidian
---
Frothy (escaping gas)
Pumice
---
Scoria
---
Bowen's Reaction Series
Temperature Discontinuous Continuous Igneous Rock
(instrusive/extrusive)
1200 oC
750 oC
Peridotite
Gabbro/Basalt
Diorite/Andesite
Granite/Rhyolite
Olivine
Pyroxene
K-feldspar
Muscovite
Quartz
Biotite
Amphibole
Ca-rich Anorthite
Na-rich Albite
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