1
Fw.-F. ae-bmfw
(km-ln-XycN\)
]mTy-]-≤Xn
Xp©-sØ-gp-Ø-—≥
ae-bm-f-k¿h-I-em-ime
2
Xp©-sØ-gp-Ø-—≥ ae-bm-f-k¿h-I-em-im-e-bv°p-th≠n
cPn-kvSm¿ ]kn-≤o-I-cn-°p-∂Xv
3
BapJw
ae-bmf mj-bnepw kmln-Xy-Ønepw ka-K-amb Adn-hp-≠m-°pI F∂
e£y-tØm-sS-bmWv Xp©-sØ-gp-Ø-—≥ ae-bm-f-k¿h-I-em-im-e-bpsS kmln-
Xy-^m-°¬‰n°pIogn-ep≈ Fw.-F. ae-bmfw (km-ln-Xy-]-T-\w), Fw.-F. ae-
bmfw (km-ln-Xy-c-N-\) F∂o tImgvkp-I-fpsS ]mTy-]-≤Xn Xøm-dm-°n-bn-´p
-≈-Xv. aebmf`mjbpsS hn⁄m\]Zhn, `mjm-im-kvXw, hymI-c-Ww, kwkv
Ir-Xw, tIcf kwkvIm-cw, hnh¿Ø-\-]-T\w, kmlnXyNcnX hn⁄m\obw
XpSßn ]tØmfw t]∏-dp-Iƒ c≠v Fw.-F. tImgvkp-I-fp-sSbpw ASn-ÿm\-
hn-j-b-ß-fm-Wv. `mjm-km-ln-Xy-ß-fpsS ]T-\-Øn¬ Ch A\n-hm-cy-am-Ip-∂p.
hyp¬]-Ønbpw `mhp-I-Xzhpw hnZym¿∞n-I-fn¬ Dcp-Øn-cn-bp-∂-Xn\v Cu ka-
K-]m-Ty-]-≤Xn DX-Ip-sa-∂mWv ]Xo-£n-°p-∂-Xv.
kmln-Xy-]-T\w tImgvkn¬ \n∂v Fw.F ae-bmfw (km-ln-Xy-c-N-\)
F∂ tImgvkn\v Nne hyXy-kvX-X-I-fp-≠v. ][m-\-ambpw k¿§m-fl-I-c-N-\-bpsS
ssk≤m-¥n-Ihpw ]mtbm-Kn-I-hp-amb hi-߃°mWv AXnse BZysØ ska-
Ã-dp-Iƒ Du∂¬ \¬In-bn-´p-≈-Xv. cN-\m-kn-≤m-¥-߃, cN-\m-X-¥-߃
F∂nh a\-n-em-°p-hm≥ hnZym¿∞n-Isf klm-bn-°p∂ Xc-Øn-em-hWw
A≤ym-]-\-co-Xn. k¿§m-flI cN-bn-Xm-°ƒ°p≈ Du¿÷-am-bn-Øocpw Cu
]mTy-]-≤Xn F∂p ]-Xo-£n-°p-∂p. ASn-ÿm-\-hn-j-b-ß-fn-eqsS hyp¬]-
Ønbpw A`ym-km-\p-io-e-\-ß-fn-eqsS Imc-bn-Xnbpw `mh-bn-Xn-bp-amb `mhp-
I-Xz-ßfpw t\Sn-sb-Sp-°m≥ ]mI-Øn-emWv ]mTy-]-≤Xn Bhn-jvI-cn-®n-´p-≈-Xv.
tUm. Sn. A\n-X-Ip-amcn
A≤y-£, kmlnXy ]T\kanXn
4
]T-\-kanXn AwK-߃
tUm. Sn. A\n-XIp-amcn (A-≤y-£)
tUm. NmØ-\mØv ANyp-X-\pÆn
tUm. kn.-B¿. ]kmZv
tUm. F≥. APnXvIpam¿
tUm. F.Fw. io[-c≥
tUm. h’-e≥ hmXp-t»cn
tUm. ]n.-F-kv. cm[m-Ir-jvW≥
tUm. F¬. tXmakvIp´n
tUm. _n.-hn. iin-Ip-am¿
tUm. IrjvW≥ \ºq-Xncn
tUm. C. cm[m-IrjvW≥
tUm. A≥h¿. F
5
H∂mw ska-ÿMU CC 1001 ae-bm-f`mj-bpsS hn⁄m-\-]-Zhn
MU MLW 3102 k¿§m-flIcN\ ˛ ASn-ÿm\XØz-߃
MU MLW 3103 k¿§m-flIcN\ ˛ ASn-ÿm\LS-I-߃
MU MLW 3104 `mjm-imkvXw
MU MLW 3105 kwkvIrX-]-cn-Nbw
c≠mw ska-ÿMU MLW 3206 IhnX˛\mSIw
MU MLW 3207 BJym-\-Ie
MU MLW 3208 sNdp-IY˛t\mh¬
MU MLW 3209 hnh¿Ø-\-]-T\w
MU MLW 3210 hymI-c-Ww
aq∂mw ska-ÿMU MLW 3311 kmln-Xyhna¿i\XØz߃
MU MLW 3312 -tIcfkwkvImcw
MU MLW 3313 Fgp-Ø-—\pw BJym-\-I-ebpw (Hm∏¨ C-e-IvSo-hv)
MU MLW 3314 kmln-Xy-P-\p-p-Iƒ (C-e-IvSo-hv 1)
MU MLW 3315 ItY-X-c-km-lnXyw (C-e-IvSo-hv 2)
\memw ska-ÿMU MLW 3416 kmln-Xyhpw kwkvIm-c-]-T-\hpw
MU MLW 3417 km-ln-Xy-Ncn-X-hn-⁄m-\obw
MU MLW 3418 Kth-jW ]_‘w/cN-\m-k-a¿∏Ww
MU MLW 3419 Iºyq-´¿ ae-bm-fhpw ]km-[-\-I-ebpw (C-e-IvSo-hv 3)
MU MLW 3420 am[yacN\ (C-e-IvSo-hv 4)
6
H∂mw ska-ÿMU CC 1001 ae-bm-f`mj-bpsS hn⁄m-\-]-Zhn
MU MLW 3102 k¿§m-flIcN\ ˛ ASn-ÿm\XØz-߃
MU MLW 3103 k¿§m-flIcN\ ˛ ASn-ÿm\LS-I-߃
MU MLW 3104 `mjm-imkvXw
MU MLW 3105 kwkvIrX-]-cn-Nbw
7
MU CC 1001 ae-bm-f- m-j-bpsS hn⁄m-\-]-Zhn
\thm-∞m-\-Imew apX¬ ssh⁄m-\n-Iw, hnZym- ym-kw, kmt¶-Xn-Iw, cmjvSobw
F∂o cwKß-fn¬ ae-bm-f- `m-j -t\-Sp∂ hf¿® ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-XmWv
Cu t]∏¿.
bqWn‰v 1\thm-∞m-\hpw ae-bm-f-`m-jm-ht_m-[hpw:-˛ tImf-\o-I-c-Whpw amXr-`m-j-bpw.
temI-`m-j-I-fn¬ ae-bm-fØns‚ ÿm\w, \thm-∞m-\hpw tIc-fw, ae-bmfw
F∂o k¶¬∏-\-ß-fpsS hf¿®bpw ˛ amXr-`m-jbv°v th≠n-bp≈ ia-߃
˛ a‡n-X-߃, tPm¿÷v amØ≥, F.-B¿. cmP-cm-P-h¿Ω, ]T-\-am-[y-aw, sFIy-
tI-cfw F∂ k¶¬∏w, sFIy-tI-cf ]ÿm-\w.
hnti-j-]-T\w
n tPm¿÷v amØ≥, "_mem-`y-k-\-sØ-°p-dn®v Hcp ]kwKw' (aq∂mw
Jfiw amXw) (1867)
(tUm. kmap-h¬ Nµ-\-∏≈n, dh. tPm¿÷v amØ≥ ˛ IrXn-Ifpw ]T-
\hpw, ]p. 435 ˛ 447)
n a‡n-X-߃, "Xan-gp-cmPyw apX¬ ae-bm-f- cmPy\nhm-kn-I-fmb ap…nw
P\hpw hnZym-`ym-khpw' (a‡n Xß-fpsS kºq¿Æ IrXn-Iƒ, tIcf
CkvemanIv anj≥, Xncq¿ 6, 1981)
n F.-B¿. cmP-cm-P-h¿Ω, "\m´p- m-jm-hn-Zym- ymkw' (F. B¿. cmP-cm-P-h¿Ω-
bpsS sXc-s™-SpØ ]_-‘-߃, cRvPna ]ªn-t°-j≥kv, amΩq-Sv,
1987)
n ktlm-Z-c≥ Aø-∏≥, ae-bm-f-`m-j-bpsS A`n-hr≤n am¿§w (1934)
(k-tlm-Z-c≥ Aø-∏≥: Pohn-Xhpw IrXn-Ifpw Fw.]n. joP (F-Un.)
8
ssaXn- _p-Ivkv, Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw, 2010)
n KqKn hm Xn HmwtKm, B^n-°≥ kmln-Xy-Øns‚ `mj (a-\-ns‚ A]-
tIm-f-\o-I-c-Ww)
n Xmbm´v i¶-c≥, am\-kn-I-amb ASn-aØw (C-¥y≥ hnZym-`ymkw \q‰m-
≠p-I-fn-eq-sS)
bqWn‰v 2
`mj-bpsS am\-Io-I-c-Whpw B[p-\n-IoI-c-W-hpw.
hmsam-gn-bn¬ \n∂v hc-sam-gn-bn-te-°v, ae-bmfw A°-߃, kmln-Xy-N-cn-X-
߃, \nL-≠p-°-fpsS hc-hv, ]mtZ-inI `mjm-t`-Z-ß-sf-°p-dn-®p≈ Xncn-®-dn-
hv, eIvkn-t°m-Km-^n, A®-Sn, ]Xw, ]X-`m-j, am[y-a-`m-j, `mjm-km-t¶-Xn-
IX: ae-bmfw ssS∏vssd-‰¿, en]n-bpsS ]cn-Wm-aw, en]n ]cn-jvI-c-W-I-Ω-‰n-
Iƒ, A®Sn: ]pXnb en]n, Iºyq-´¿ ae-bm-fw, ae-bmfw tkm^v‰vshb¿, AXn-
\p≈ ia-߃, ÿm]-\-߃.
hnti-j-]-T\w
n C.- hn. cma-Ir-jvW≥, "h¿Ø-am\ ]X-ß-fp-sSbpw A®Sn b¥-ß-fp-
sSbpw hym]-\-tØmsS ae-bm-fn-bpsS kmlnXy k¶¬∏-\-ß-fnepw mjm
hyh-lm-c-ß-fnepw kw`-hn® am‰-߃'
(Fw. F≥. hnP-b≥ (F-Un.) \ΩpsS kmln-Xyw, \ΩpsS kaq-lw,
hmeyw 2)
n Sn.- _n. thWp-tKm-]m-e-∏-Wn-°¿, "ae-bmf en]n ]cn-jvI-cWw: `qXhpw
`mhnbpw' (P-\-]-Yw, \hw. 2009).
n kt¥m-jv tXm- p-߬, "bq\n-t°mUv ae-bm-f-Øn¬ kw -hn-°p-∂-sX¥v?'
(P-\-]-Yw, \hw. 2009).
n \nJn¬ \ºym¿, hna¬ tPmk^v, "ae-bmfw C≥kvIn-]vj≥ Iot_m¿Uv
Fßs\ D]-tbm-Kn°mw?' (P-\-]Yw, \hw. 2009).
n Fw. apIp-µ≥, "Hcp km£m¬ Xnø≥ as‰mcp Xnø-t\mSv Cw•ojv ]d-
bptam?'
(am-Xr-`qan BgvN-∏-Xn-∏v, 2010 P\p. 24 -˛ 30)
bqWn‰v 3hn⁄m-\- mjhn⁄m-\-`m-j-sb∂ \ne-bn¬ ]sØm-ºXmw \q‰m-≠p-h-sc-bp≈ ae-bm-f-
Øns‚ hf¿®, hn⁄m-\-`m-j-bpsS hnIm-kw, hn⁄m-\-tIm-i-߃, ae-bmf
]Z-tIm-i-Øns‚ B[p-\n-IoI-c-Ww. A¿∞-]-cn-Wm-aw, hnh¿Ø-\-K-Ÿ-߃,
imkvX-K-Ÿ-߃, `uXn-I-im-kvX-߃, kmaq-ly-im-kvXw, C¥y≥ `mj-I-
fn¬ \n∂p≈ hnh¿Ø-\w. Cw•ojv `mj-bn¬ \n∂p≈ hnh¿Ø-\-߃, a‰p-
temI`mj-I-fn¬ \n∂p≈ hnh¿Ø-\-߃, kmt¶-XnI ]Z-߃, kmt¶-XnI
]Z-kq-Nn, ]mT-]p-kvXI IΩn-‰n, amXr-`m-jm-hn-Zym-e-b-߃ D]-cn-hn-Zym-`ym-khpw
amXr- m-j-bpw, ]IrXn imkvX kmaq-ly-im-kvX-]-T\w ae-bmf am[y-a-Øn¬.
9
hnti-j-]-T\w
n sI. tkXp-cm-a≥, "D∂-X-hn-Zym-`ymkw' (a-e-bm-f-Øns‚ `mhn, sI´p-I-Y-
I-fpsS ASn-ÿm\w F∂ A[ymbw. ]p. 104 ˛ 123)
n tPml-∂kv t^m¨ tab¿, ]Ir-Xn-im-kvX-Ønse ka¿∏W teJ\w
(1883)
(Imhp-ºmbn _me-Ir-jvW≥, aebmf imkvX-km-lnXy ]ÿm\w Hcp
]T\w ˛ A\p-_-‘w)
n tPmk^v ap≠-t»cn, ae-bm-f-`m-jbpw imkvX-K-Ÿ-ßfpw, (`-c-W-`m-j,
1935)
n ANyp-Xvi-¶¿, imkvX-`mj (\-ΩpsS `mj, \ΩpsS kwkvIm-cw, FUn.
Imhp-ºmbn _me-Ir-jvW≥)
n ]n. ]hn-X≥, `mjbpw XXz-Nn-¥bpw: D]-I-c-W-hm-Z-Øn\pw \n¿W-b-hm-
Z-Øn\panS-bn¬, amXr-`m-jbv°vth≠n-bp≈ ka-cw, 2014.
n cho-µ≥, "Ne-®nX kma-Kn-bmbn amdp∂ `mj' (a-e-bm-fw, amXr-`qan
tImgn-t°m-Sv)
bqWn‰v 4
`c-W-`mj ˛ ae-bmf `mj-bpsS `c-W-]-chpw cmjvSo-b-hp-amb hnImkw
`c-W-`m-jbpw P\m-[n-]-Xy-h¬°-c-W-hpw, temI-am-Xr-`m-jm-Zn-\w, C¥y≥ `c-
W-L-S-\-bn¬ `mjI-fpsS ÿm\w, ae-_m¿, sIm®n, Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿ F∂n-hn-
S-ß-fnse `c-W-a-fi-e-Øn¬ ae-bmf`mj-bv°p-≠m-bn-cp∂ ÿm\w. `c-W-`m-
j-bv°p≈ IΩo-j≥, tImam-´n¬ ANyp-X-ta-t\m≥ IΩo-j≥. HutZym-KnI
`mjm ]Jym-]-\w 1969. tImSXn `mj ˛ \tc-µ≥ IΩo-j≥ ˛ `c-W-`m-jm-t]m-
’m-l-\ \-S-]-Sn-Iƒ ˛ Pn√m Xmeq°v Xe HutZym-KnI `mjm-k-an-Xn-Iƒ, `mj-
bv°p-th-≠n-bp≈ ]ÿm-\-߃.
hnti-j-]-T\w:
n iqc-\m-´p-Ip-™≥]n≈, "ae-bmfw c-W-`m-jm-]-Z-hn-bn-te°v' (`-c-W-`m-j,
C≥^¿ta-j≥ B‚ v ]ªnIv dnte-j≥kv hIp-∏v, tIcf k¿°m¿).
n PÃnkv \tc-µ≥, 1. "ae-bmfw tImS-Xn-I-fn¬'†(`c-W-`m-j)
2. \tc-µ≥ IΩo-j≥ dnt∏m¿´v ˛ kwKlw (Hu-tZym-KnI `mjm-kw-_-‘-
ambn tIcf k¿°m¿ ]pd-s∏-Sp-hn® ][m\ DØc-hp-Ifpw k¿°p-e-dp-
I-fpw, A\p-_‘w 1, tIcf k¿°m¿, 2002)
n ]n. tKmhn-µ-∏n≈, "`mj-bpsS cmjvSobw'†
n Sn. Sn. ioIp-am¿, "`mjm-]-Xn-k-‘n-bpsS kmaqly ]›m-Øew' (hn-
⁄m\ ssIc-fn, 1990 Pqembv)
n tPm¿÷v Ccp-ºbw, "ae-bmf kwc-£-Ww, F¥n\v'? Fßs\? (a-e-bm-
fhpw ae-bm-fnbpw, Id‚ v _pIvkv, Xriq¿ 1992).
n Fw. F≥. hnP-b≥, "`mj kwkvImcw hnZym-`ymkw' (\-ΩpsS `mj,
\ΩpsS kwkvIm-cw, FUn. Imhp-ºmbn _me-Ir-jvW≥)
10
n Fw. hn. tXmakv, tZio-tbm-ZvK-Y\w: ]mtZ-inI `mj-I-fn-eqsS (`-c-W-
`mjm ]iv\-߃, tIc-f-`mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq-´v).
klm-b-I-K-Ÿ-߃
A_vZpƒIcow, apl-ΩZv sI. sP. (k-ºm), 2006 a‡n-X-ß-fpsS kºq¿Æ
IrXn-Iƒ, tImgn-t°m-Sv, hN\w _pIvkv.
BZ¿iv hn. sI, 2009, C\n hmb-\, C. hmb-\, tIm´-bw, Un. kn. _pIvkv.
C. -Fw.- F-kv, 1997, \ΩpsS `mj, Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw, tIc-f-`mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq-´v.
C≥^¿ta-j≥ B‚ v ]ªnIv dnte-j≥kv hIp-∏v, 2003, `c-W-`m-j tIc-f-
k¿°m¿.
Hma\ ]n. -hn, 1990, \nL-≠p-°ƒ ae-bm-f-Øn¬, tIm´-bw, Id‚ v _pIvkv.
Imc-t»cn Fw. F≥, 2004, sXfn-a-e-bm-fw, tIm´-bw, Un.-kn. _pIvkv.
Ip´n-Ir-jvW-am-cmcv, 2002, ae-bm-f-ssi-en, tImgn-t°m-Sv, amcm¿ kmln-Xy-]
-Im-iw
tIcf ]kv A°m-Zan, 1983, ]X-`m-j, sIm®n, tIcf ]kv A°m-Zan.
tIc-f-`mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq´v, A®-Snbpw FgpØpw: Hcp ssì ]pkvX-Iw,
Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw, tIc-f-`mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq-´v.
IrjvW-Ip-am¿ Fkv, 1996, ae-bmf Kth-jWw k¿h-I-em-im-e-I-fn¬, Xncp-h-
\-¥-]p-c, am¿Kn ]ªn-t°-j≥kv, .
KtWjv kn (F-Un), 2016, `mj-bpsS AXn-Po-h-\-Øn\v Hcp P\XbpsS
k©m-cw, tImgn-t°m-Sv, ]nb-X.
Kncojv ]n. Fw. 2013, ae-bmfw: kzXzhpw hn\n-a-b-hpw, ip-I-]pcw, h≈-tØmƒ
hnZym-]o-Tw.
tKm]m-e-Ir-jvW≥ \Sp-h´w tUm, 2012, ae-bmfw ¢mknIv `mj: ]g-°hpw
hy‡n-Xz-hpw, Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw, tIc-f-`mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq´v.
KqKn hm XnHmwtKm, 2007, a\-ns‚ A]-tIm-f-\o-I-cWw, sIm√w, Kmwjn
_pIvkv.
tKm]n-\m-Y≥ \mb¿ F≥, (F-Un.), 2006, `mjbpw kaq-lhpw: `mjm-imkvX
]T-\-߃, ]kn-≤o-I-c-W-hn-`m-Kw, Imen-°‰v k¿h-I-em-im-e.
Nmt°m ]n. kn, 1940, ae-bmfw Npcp-s°-gpØv am\z¬, Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw, Kh.
]v.
Pb-Ir-jvW≥ F≥, (F-Un.), 2011, ae-bm-fhpw ¢mkn-°¬ ]Z-hn-bpw, Xncp-h-
\-¥-]p-cw, tIc-f-`mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq´v.
Pb-cmPv Fw, 2017, ae-bmf A®-Sn-am-[yaw : `qXhpw h¿Ø-am-\hpw, tImgn-
t°m-Sv, amXr-`qan _pIvkv.
Pbm kpIp-am-c≥ (F-Un.), 1997, X¿÷a: kn≤m-¥hpw ]tbm-Khpw ae-bm-f-
Øn¬, Xmc-Xay ]T-\-kw-Lw.
tPm¿÷v Ccp-ºbw, 1982, ae-bm-fhpw ae-bm-fn-bpw, Xriq¿, Id‚ v _pIvkv.
tPm¿÷v Ccp-ºbw, 2010, ˛ "ae-bm-fn°v Btcm-SmWv Iqdv' `mj kmlnXyw
11
kwkvIm-cw, Xriq¿, tIcf kmlnXy A°m-Z-an.
tPmk^v ]n. Fw, 1984, ae-bm-f-Ønse ]c-Iob ]Z-߃, Xncp-h-\¥-]p-cw,
tIcf `mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq´v.
tPmk^v, kvIdnb tUm, 2007, ]g»n tcJ-I-fnse hyh-lm-c-`m-j, tImgn-
t°m-Sv, amXr-`qan _pIvkv.
tZh-cm-P≥ Pn. tUm., 2005, C≥^¿ta-j≥ kb≥kv: Hcm-ap-Jw, Xncp-h-\-¥-
]p-cw, tIc-f-`mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq-´v.
\mb¿, s]cp∂ sI. F≥., 1976, ae-bmf ]X-Øns‚ IY, tIc-f- h¿°nwKv
tP¿W-enÃv bqWn-b≥.
]hn-X≥ ]n, 2014, amXr-`m-jbv°v th≠n-bp≈ ka-cw, ae-bmf sFIy-th-Zn.
]Im-iv sI. Fkv. tUm, tUm. Fkv. F. jm\-hmkv (kw-tim.), 2010, ae-
bmf `mjbpw BtKm-f-h¬°-c-W-hpw, ]Im-i-\-hn-`m-Kw, Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw,
tIcf k¿h-I-em-im-e,
]t_m-[-N-µ≥ \mb¿ hn. B¿, 1999 ae-bmfw ae-bm-fn-tbmfw, Xncp-h-\-¥
-]p-cw, tIc-f-`mjm C≥Ãn‰yq-´v.
]`m-I-c≥ F≥, 2012, "ae-bm-f-Øns‚ `mhn', Bg-Øn¬ sh® I√p-Iƒ, tImgn-
t°m-Sv, C≥ssk‰v ]ªn-t°-j≥kv.
]nb-Z¿i-\≥ Pn, 2010, ae-bmf ]X-]-h¿Ø\w ]mcw`kzcq-]w, Xriq¿, tIcf
kmlnXy A°m-Z-an.
]nb-Z¿i-\≥ Pn, 2010, ]g-a-bn¬ \n∂v, at\m-ca ]ªn-t°-j≥ Unhnj≥.
]`m-I-c-hm-cy¿ sI. Fw, 2004, ae-bmfw: am‰hpw hf¿®bpw, ipI-]p-cw, h≈-
tØmƒ hnZym-]o-Tw.
]nb-Z¿i-\≥ Pn., 2007, BZy-Ime amkn-I-Iƒ, Xr»q¿, tIcf kmlnXy
A°m-Zan.
t^m¨ta-b¿, tPml-∂kv, 1983, ]Ir-Xn-im-kvXw, _mk¬ anj≥ _p°v
B‚ v SmIv‰v knwt_mkn-‰-dn.
_m_p sNdn-bm≥ tUm, 2009, s_©-an≥ s_bven, tIm´bw, kmlnXy ]h¿Ø-
I-kl-I-cWkw-Lw.
_m_p-cmPv ]n. Fw., 2009, ae-bm-f-Øn¬ Fßs\ tªmKmw, tIm´-bw, Un.- kn.
_pIvkv.
_me-Ir-jvW≥, Imhp-ºmbn, 2007, ae-bmf imkvX-km-lnXy ]ÿm\w Hcp
]T\w, Xriq¿, tIcf imkvX-km-lnXy ]cn-j-Øv.
_me-Ir-jvW≥ Imhp-ºmbn (F-Un.), 2017, \ΩpsS `mj, \ΩpsS kwkvIm-cw,
tIc-f-im-kvX-km-lnXy ]cn-jØv.
ae-bmfw hn°n ]oUnb ]h¿Ø-I¿ 2012 G]n¬, hn°n ]oUnb Hcp ssI∏p-
kvX-Iw, ae-bmfw hn°n-]o-Unb ]h¿Ø-I¿, .
amcm¿ sI.-sI., 2008, tIc-f-Ø-\n-a, tImgn-t°m-Sv, ]q¿W ]ªn-t°-j≥kv
amXyp sP. ap´Øv tUm, 2007, hm¿Ø-Iƒ Fgp-Xp-tºmƒ, ]m∏n-dkv _pIvkv.
amXr-`qan _pIvkv tP¿W¬ (k-am.), 2008, ae-bmfw ˛ ae-bm-f-Øns‚ `mhn-sb-
12
°p-dn®v Nne \nco-£-W-߃, amXr-`qan _pIvkv.
amXr- qan, 2014, "knhn¬ k¿hokv hnPbw t\Sm≥ ae-bmf-w', amXr- qan Cb¿_p-
°v, ]p. 746 -˛ 750.
an\n \mb¿, tUm, 2012, knhn¬ k¿∆okv ]co-£-I-fnse ae-bm-fw, tIm´-bw,
at\m-ca _pIvkv.
aq¿t°mØv Ipam-c≥, 1985, Nn”-\w, tIm´-bw, hnZym¿∞n-anXw _p°v Unt∏m.
cho-µ≥ sI., 2009, hnh-c-ti-J-cWw C‚¿s\-‰n¬, tIm´-bw, Un. kn. _pIvkv.
cho-µ≥ sI, 2001, C≥^¿ta-j≥ sSIvt\m-fPn \nL-≠p, tIm´-bw, Un. kn.
_pIvkv.
cmL-h≥ ]pXp-∏≈n, 1985, tIcf ]X-]-h¿Ø\ Ncn-Xw, Xriq¿, tIc-f-
km-lnXy A°m-Z-an.
cmPp amhp-¶¬ tUm, 2004, hnZym-`ymk C≥^¿am-‰n-Ivkv, Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw,
tIcf `mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq- v.
cmP-cm-P-h¿Ω F. B¿, F. B¿. cmP-cm-P-h¿Ω-bpsS ]_-‘-߃, amΩq-Sv.
cRvPna ]ªn-t°-j≥kv.
cmP-cm-P-h¿Ω, Fgp-a-‰q¿, 2008, `mjbpw `c-W-`m-j-bpw, tIcf `mjm
C≥Ãn-‰yq´v.
cmP-cm-P-h¿Ω, Fgp-a-‰q¿ (F-Un.), HutZym-KnI `mjm kw_-‘-ambn tIc-f-
k¿°m¿ ]pd-s∏-Sp-hn® ][m\ DØ-c-hp-Ifpw k¿°p-e-dp-I-fpw.
cmP-tKm-]m¬ IΩØv tUm, 2012, `uXn-I-imkvX \nL-≠p, tIm´-bw, Un. kn.
_pIvkv.
cmP-ti-J-c≥ ]n. sI, Fkv. F≥. Pb-]-Imiv, 2003 am[ya \nL-≠p,
tIm´-bw, Un. kn. _pIvkv.
cmP-ti-J-c≥ Fkv, 2010, ae-bm-fn-bpsS ae-bm-fw, tIm -bw, kmlnXy ]h¿ØI
kl-I-c-Wkw-Lw.
cma-N-µ≥ \mb¿ ]∑\, 2000, ae-bm-fhpw ae-bm-fn-I-fpw, tIm´-bw, Id‚ v
_pIvkv.
cma-N-µ≥ ]pXp-t»cn, 2010, sXc-s™-SpØ ]_-‘-߃, Xriq¿, tIc-f-km-
lnXy A°mZan.
cma-h¿Ω (a-cp) Xºp-cm≥, F. B¿. AJn-te-iz-c-ø¿ (hym-Jym.), 1128, aI-cw,
Xr»n-h-t]-cq¿bp‡n-`m-jm, awK-tfm-Zbw enan-‰-Uv.
hk-¥≥ Fkv. sI, 2007, kakvX tIcf kmlnXy ]cn-j-Øns‚ Ncn-Xw,
Xriq¿, Id‚ v _pIvkv.
h¿°n ]´n-a‰w, 2008, Iwπo‰v Iºyq-´¿ _p°v, tIm´-bw, Un.-kn. _pIvkv
hnP-b≥ Fw. F≥ (P-\. FUn), 2000, \ΩpsS kmlnXyw \ΩpsS kaqlw ˛
1901 ˛ 2000, 1˛4 hmey-߃, tIc-f-km-lnXy A°m-Zan.
thWp-tKm-]≥ \mb¿ Fkv. hn (F-Un.), 2010, ae-bmf `mjm-N-cn-Xw, Xncp-h-\-
¥-]p-cw, amfp-_≥ ]ªn-t°-j≥kv.
hmkp-°p-´≥, sI. Fw s]m^, 1991, tIcf `mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq-´v: ]›m-Ø-ehpw
13
]h¿Ø-\-hpw, tIc-f-`mjm C≥Ãn‰yq-´v.
hnf-°pSn cmtP-µ≥ tUm, 2011, `mjm ip≤nbpw `c-W-`m-jbpw, Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-
cw, ]nb-Z¿in\n ]ªn-t°-j≥kv skmssk-‰n.
inh-Ip-am¿. B¿, 2013, `c-W-`mjm ]tbm-K-߃, tIc-f-`mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq-´v.
inh-Ip-am¿ B¿., F. B¿. kvanXm tibv, 2013, ae-bm-fw˛Cw•ojv HutZym-
KnI `mjm-\n-L-≠p, tIcf `mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq-´v.
ioIp-am¿ ]n, 2008, `mj A[zm\w hntam-N-\w, hntam-N-\m-flI `mjm-im-kvX-
Øn\v Hcm-ap-Jw, Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw, Nn¥-]-ªn-tjgvkv
ioIp-amcn Fkv., ae-bmf `mjm-\-thm-∞m-\hpw kmlnXy kwL-S-\-Ifpw
joP Fw. ]n., 2010, ktlm-Z-c≥ Aø-∏≥: Pohn-Xhpw IrXn-Ifpw, Xncp-h-\-¥-
]p-cw, ssaXn _pIvkv.
jmcp sP. h¿Ko-kv, F. hnP-b-e£van, 1992, A®-Sn, Xriq¿, Id‚ v _pIvkv.
kmap-h¬ Nµ-\-∏≈n tUm, 1992, dh-d‚ v tPm¿÷v amØ≥: IrXn-Ifpw
]T-\-hpw, Hmdn-b‚¬ dnk¿®v C≥Ãn-‰yq-´v Nµ-\-∏-≈n.
kmw F≥, 2003, ae-bmf ]X-]-h¿Ø\w ]sØm-ºXmw \q‰m-≠n¬,
tIm´-bw, Un.- kn. _pIvkv.
kp\oX Sn.- hn, 2009, ssk_¿ ae-bm-fw, Xriq¿, Id‚ v _pIvkv.
kp\oX Sn. hn, 2012, C ae-bmfw, Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw, tIc-f-`mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq-´v.
kptcjv ]n. tUm, (F-Un) 2017, ae-bm-fw: tZihpw kzXzhpw, tImgn-t°m-Sv,
t]mKkv ]ªn-t°-j≥kv.
tkXp-cm-a≥ sI, ae-bm-f-Øns‚ `mhn, tImgn-t°m-Sv, amXr-`qan _pIvkv.
kvIdnb k°-dnb tUm., 1996, Xe-t»cn tcJ-Iƒ, Xm]-kw.
Cw•ojv ]pkvX-I-߃
n Robert Phillipson, Linguistic Imperialism, Oxford University Press, 1992.
n Asha Surangi, Language and Politics in India, Oxford Univesity Press, 2009.
n Satyendranath Bose, 'The Mother Tongue', Satyendra Nath Bose His Life and
Times Selected works, Ed. Kamseshwar C. Wali, World Scientific, 2009.
n John E. Joseph, Language and Identity, Palgrave, Macmillan, 2004.
n imkvX kmt¶-XnI i_vZ-tImiw
n `c-W-`mjm i_vZm-hen
n hnhn[ ]Z-tIm-i-߃
teJ-\-߃
n ]n. kn. Nmt°m, "\nbaw ae-bm-f-Øn¬' (`-c-W-`m-j)
n sIm´nbw apl-ΩZv, "I∏-en-\-I-sØ- Pew' (`-c-W-`m-j)
n Fw. hn. tXmakv, "am‰w aµ-K-Xn-bn-em-hp-∂-sX-¥p-sIm≠v' (`-c-W-`m-j)
n F. F≥. ]n. DΩ¿Ip´n, "`c-W-`m-jbpw `mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq´pw' (`-c-W-`m-j)
n tUm. Fw. B¿. Xºm≥, "`cWw P\-ß-fpsS `mj-bn¬' (`-c-W-`m-j)
14
\nb-a-߃, IΩo-j≥ dnt∏m¿´p-Iƒ
n `c-W-`mj 1965, 1967 F∂o h¿j-ß-fnse \nb-a-߃
n tIcf HutZym-KnI `mjm \nbaw
n XpS¿ \nb-a-߃ 1973, 1975.
B\p-Im-en-I-߃
n `c-W-`mj, C≥^¿ta-j≥ B‚ v ]ªnIv dnte-j≥kv ]kn-≤o-I-c-Ww.
n hn⁄m-\-ssI-cfn, Pqembv 1990, ae-bmfw hnti-jm¬ ]Xn.
n P\-]Yw, 2010 \hw-_¿, C≥^¿ta-j≥ B‚ v ]ªnIv dnte-j≥kv ]kn-
≤o-I-cWw.
n ae-bm-◊, ae-bmf kan-Xn, 1990.
tcJ--Iƒ
n sI. Pb-Ip-am¿, Xp©Øv cmam-\p-P≥ Fgp-Ø-—≥ ae-bm-f-k¿h-I-em-
im-e, kao-]-\hpw LS\bpw, sabv, 2012 (a-e-bmf k¿h-I-em-imem ÿm]-
\-Øn-\p≈ ]T-\-dn-t∏m¿´v)
n sFIy-a-e-bmf ]ÿm\w eLp-teJ, tIc-f-hn-I-k-\hpw ae-bm-f-k¿h-
I-em-im-ebpw cq]-tc-J, 2011.
15
MU MLW 3102 k¿Km-fl-I-c-N\ ˛ ASn-ÿm-\-X-Øz-߃
]T\e£yw
k¿Km-fl-I-c-N-\sb kw_-‘n® ]uc-kvXyhpw ]m›m-Xy-hp-amb kao-]-\-ßsf
]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p. kmlnXycN-bn-Xm-hm-Im≥ ian-°p∂ ]Tn-Xm-hns\ ]c-
º-cm-KXcoXn-bn¬ A`y-kn-∏n°p-∂-Xn-ep-]cn k¿§m-fl-IXsb DtØ-Pn-∏n-°p-
Ibpw ]cn-t]m-jn-∏n-°p-I-bp-amWv Cu tImgvkns‚ e£yw. k¿Kmfl-IXbpsS
ASn-ÿm\]am-W-߃, k¿§mflIhmb-\, cN-bn-Xm-hv, cN-\m-kvXw-`\w F∂o
hnj-b-߃°v Fgp-Øp-Im-cs‚ cN\mPohn-X-Øn¬ khn-tij]m[m-\y-ap-
≠v. A[yb-\-coXn k¿§m-fl-I-am-bn-cn-°pw. ]mtbm-Kn-I-amb DZm-l-c-W-ß-fn-
eq-sS-bmhpw A`y-k\w \S-°p-I.
bqWn‰v 1
k¿Km-fl-IX
]uc-kvXy-k-ao-]-\-߃
k¿Km-fl-I-X-bpsS Dd-hn-S-sØ-°p-dn®pw AXn¬\n∂p cq]-s∏-Sp∂ kr„n-I-
fpsS khn-ti-j-X-I-sf-°p-dn-®p-ap≈ `mc-Xo-b-]-fin-X-∑m-cpsS A`n-]m-b-߃
˛ ]Xn` ˛ kn≤n ˛ km[\ ˛ Imc-bnXn ˛ `mh-bnXn ˛ hyp¬]-Ønbpw A`ym-
khpw ˛ hy‡n-Xz-Øn¬\n-∂p≈ tamN-\w ˛ Imhy-]-tbm-P\w ˛ Imhy-tl-Xp-
°ƒ ˛ kmaq-ln-I-aq-eyw.
]m›mXy-k-ao-]-\-߃
\n¿h-N-\-߃ ˛ kn≤m-¥-ß-ƒ ˛ k¿Km-fl-IXbpsS Dd-hnSw ˛ `mh-\bpw
k¿Kmfl-IXbpw ˛ `mh-\bpw t_m[-[m-cbpw ˛ `mjbpw k¿K-mfl-IXbpw ˛
_p≤nbpw k¿K-mfl-IXbpw ˛ hy‡n-Xzhpw k¿§-mfl-IXbpw ˛ kz]v\hpw
16
k¿K-mfl-IXbpw ˛ el-cnbpw k¿Kmfl-IXbpw ˛ kam-\-Xbpw FXn¿∏pw
k¿Kmfl-IX-bn¬ ˛ k¿§-mfl-IXbpsS ]cn-]m-e\w ˛ \qX-\m-i-b-ßfpw
k¿Kmfl-IXbpw
bqWn‰v 2
k¿K-mfl-Ihmb\
]uc-kvXy-k-ao-]-\-߃
cN-\-bpsS Bkzm-Z-\-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ `mc-Xo-b-k-¶-ev]-߃ ˛ ckm-kzm-Z\w ˛
klr-Z-b≥ ˛ A`n-[m-hym-]mcw ˛ `mh-I-Xz-hym-]mcw ˛ t`mP-I-Xz-hym-]mcw ˛
A\p-am-\w.
]m›mXy-k-ao-]-\-߃
hmb\ ˛ hmb-\bpw k¿Kmfl-I hmb-\bpw ˛ hmb-\bpw Nn¥bpw ˛ hmb-
\bpw `mh-\bpw ˛ hmb-\-bpsS ]cn-Wmaw ˛ hmb-\-bpsS \yq¢n-bkv ˛ hmb-
\-bpsS LS\ ˛ amdp∂ hmb\ ˛ amdp∂ \yq¢n-bkv ˛ hmb-\-bpw Zriy-am-[y-
a-ßfpw ˛ hmb-\-bpsS \m\m¿∞-߃ ˛ hmb-\-bn¬ Xo¿°p∂ cN-\m-in¬]-
߃ ˛ hmb-\-bpw ImgvNbpw
bqWn‰v 3
cN-bn-Xmhv
]uc-kvXy-k-ao-]-\-߃
cpZ-S≥, cmP-ti-J-c≥ apX-em-b-h-cpsS ]Xn-`m-N¿®. k¿Km-fl-IX ˛ klr-Z-b-
Xzw.
]m›mXy-k-ao-]-\-߃
cN-bn-Xm-hns‚ ImgvN-∏m-Sp-Ifpw Z¿i-\hpw ˛ cN-bn-Xm-hns‚ ]cn-thjw ˛ Fgp-
XmØ IrXn, Fgp-Xnb IrXn ˛ Fgp-Øns‚ \m\m¿∞-߃.
bqWn‰v 4
cN-\
cN-\-sb∂ -inev]w ˛ BJym\ cq]-ßfpsS At\z-jWw ˛ hna¿i\w F∂
A\n-hm-cyX ˛ Xncn-®-dn-tb≠ kmaq-lnI]mT-߃ ˛ cN-\m-k-t¶-X-߃ ˛ `mhp-
IXzhpw kwth-Z-\-£-a-Xbpw ˛ kz¥w `mj, ssien, LS\ F∂n-h-bpsS
Is≠-ج ˛ A\p-`-hhpw Ah-t_m-[hpw
bqWn‰v 5
cN-\m-kvXw- -\hpw hnap-‡nbpw
\n¿h-N\w ˛ Imc-W-߃ ˛ Bi-¶-Iƒ ˛ \ne-®p-t]m-Ip∂ cN\ ˛ B¥-cnI
17
hna¿i-Is‚ km∂n[yw ˛ Fgp-Ø-dnhv ˛ cN-\bpw \ne-]mSpw FXn¿∏pw ˛ cN-
\m-kvXw-`\-Øns‚ \m\m¿∞-߃ ˛ ]cn-lmc am¿K߃
klm-bIKŸ-߃
AIv_¿, I°-´n¬, 1993, k¿K-k-ao£, tIm´bw: Un.-kn. _pIvkv.
ANypX≥, Sn.sI., 2001, `mjmtIfn, tIm´bw: Un.-kn. _pIvkv.
Ip´n-Ir-jvW-am-cm-cv, 2002, kmlnXy hnZy, tImgn-t°mSv: amcm¿ kmlnXy ]Im-
i-\w.
_m_p, F≥. tUm.-, 2010, k¿Km-fl-I-X-bpsS a\:imkvXw, Xncp-h-\-¥]pcw:
]`mXv _p°v lukv.
cmtPµ≥, kn., ]mThpw s]mcp-fpw, ipI-]pcw: h≈-tØmƒ hnZym-]o-Tw.
efn-X-se-\n≥, ]pXnb hmb-\, Xriq¿: imkvX-km-ln-Xy-]-cn-j-Øv.
h’-e≥, hmXp-t»-cn, tUm., 2007, IY-bpsS \yq¢n-b-kv, tImgn-t°mSv: Henhv
]ªn-t°-j≥kv .
hmkp-tZ-h≥ \mb¿, Fw.Sn., 2014 ,ImYn-Is‚ Ie, IÆq¿: ssIcfn _p°vkv
hmkp-tZ-h≥ \mb¿, Fw.Sn., 1998, ImYn-Is‚ ]Wn-∏pc, tIm´bw: \mj-W¬
_p°v Ãmƒ.
hmkp-tZ-h-`-´-Xn-cn, kn.hn., 2002, KZy-in¬]w, Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw: tIcf `mjm
C≥Ãn-‰yq-´v.
jmP-lm≥, Fw. tUm., 2014, cN-\m-kvXw-`-\w, Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw: tIcf `mjm
C≥Ãn-‰yq-´v.
lcn-Ip-am¿, ]n.-B¿, 2012, Fgp-Øns‚ apZ-Iƒ, Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw: skUv sse
_-dn.
Burroway,2006, Imaginative Writing (2nd Edn), New York : Longman.
David, Morley and Philip, Neilsen (Ed), 2012, Creative Writing, New Delhi: Cam-
bridge University Press.
Linda, Anderson (Ed), 2006, Creative Writing : A Work book with Readings, London:
Routledge.
Margaret Boden, 2004, The Creative Mind : Myths and Mechanisms, London:
Routledge.
William Zinsswr, 2005 On Writing Well, New York : Collins.
Iser, Wolfgang, 1974, The Reading process a phenomenological approach,
Bathmore, Johns Hopkins University Press.
18
MU MLW 3103 k¿Km-fl-I-c-N\ ˛ ASn-ÿm-\-L-S-I-߃
BapJw
]Tn-Xm-hns‚ cN-\m-Xm-ev]-cy-ßsf ]tNm-Zn-∏n-°pIsb∂ e£y-tØmsS hn`m-
h\w sNbvXn-´p-≈-XmWv Cu tImgvkv. tπm´v, IYm-]m-X-\n¿Ωn-Xn, BJym-\-I-
e, `mjbpw ssienbpw F∂n-h-sb-°p-dn®v kmam-\y-amb Adnhv e`n-t°-≠-Xp-
≠v. Cu tImgvkns‚ `mK-ambn e_v[-]-Xn-jvT-cmb Fgp-Øp-Im-cpsS cN-\m-
\p-`-h-߃ ]¶p-h-bv°p-∂-Xpw, At\z-jn-®-dn-bp-∂Xpw IqSp-X¬ KpWw sNøpw.
Hmtcm bqWn-‰n\pw A\p-_-‘-ambn tN¿Øn-cn-°p∂ amXr-Im-]m-T-߃
tImgvkns‚ Znim-kq-Nn-Iƒ amX-am-Wv. Bh-iy-sa-¶n¬ kµ¿t`m-Nn-X-ambn
IqSp-X¬ cN-\-Iƒ ¢mvap-dn-bnse kwhm-Z-߃°v D]-tbm-Kn-°m-hp-∂-tX
-bp-≈q.
bqWn‰v 1
tπm v
tπm´v cq]o-I-cWw ˛ Nn¥bpw `mh-\bpw bmYm¿∞yhpw ˛ CXn-hrØ kzoI-
cWw (H∂v) ˛ `oI-c-k-XzsØ Iog-S-°¬, IpSn-en¬ \n∂v sIm´m-c-Øn-te-°v,
At\z-jWw, A⁄m-X-tZ-i-tØ-°p≈ bmX-Iƒ, arK-I-Y-Iƒ, ip`m¥y IY-
Iƒ, Zpc-¥-I-Y-Iƒ, ]p\¿P∑w F∂nh- ˛ CXn-hrØ kzoI-cWw (c-≠v) ˛
kw`-hw, A\p-`-hw, `mhw, Ah-ÿ, Bi-bw, Z¿i\w F∂nh ˛anØv, sI´p-I-
Y-Iƒ, sFXn-lyw, Aam-\p-jnIw F∂n-hsb D]-Po-hn® CXn-hr-Ø-߃ ˛
CXn-hrØ LS\: ]m›m-Xyhpw ]uc-kvXyhpw ˛ ÿew, Imew, kaqlw F∂n-
h-bpsS kzm[o\w ˛ Inbm-k-µ¿`hpw GImKXbpw ˛ Ipg-a-dn-®n¬ (Twist),
19
sIWn (Trap), `mjm-]-tbmK X¥-߃ F∂n-h-bpsS ka¿∞-amb D]
-tbm-Kw.
amXrIm]mT-߃
am¿Øm-fi-h¿Ω ˛ kn.-hn. cma≥]n≈
tKmXbm\w ˛ Aø-∏-∏-Wn-°¿
hmkvXp-lmc ˛ kn.-hn. iocm-a≥
PwKnƒ_p°v (au-•n-bpsS IY)˛ dpUvbm¿Uv InπnwKv
(]p\-cm-Jym\w: tUm. AtimIv UnIq-kv)
101 PmX-I-I-Y-Iƒ ˛ ]p\-cm-Jym\w: tUm. sI. ioIp-am¿
]©-X¥w (Im-tIm-eq-Io-bw) ˛ ]p\-cm-Jym\w: kpaw-Ke
bqWn‰v 2
IYm-]mX \n¿ΩnXn
ÿew, Imew, kaqlw F∂n-h-bpsS kzm[o\w ˛ _mly-cq]w ˛ Ne-\w, `mh-
]-I-S-\-߃, s]cp-am-‰w,- kz-`m-hw, kw`m-jWw ˛ at\m-`mhw ˛ `uXnI Np‰p-
]m-Sp-Iƒ ˛ Z¿i\w ˛ ImgvN-∏mSv ˛ ]uc-kvXyhpw ]m›m-Xy-hp-amb IYm-]mX
k¶-ev]-߃ ˛ alm-Imhy e£-W-Øn¬ ]cm-a¿in-°-s∏-Sp∂ \mbI IYm-
]mX \n¿ΩnXn ˛
amXrIm]mT-߃cma-N-µ-hn-emkw (k¿§w H∂v) ˛ Ag-IØv ]fl-\m-`-°p-dp∏v
i_vZ-߃ ˛ ssh°w apl-ΩZv _jo¿
cm®n-bΩ ˛ Ddq_v
DXp-∏ms‚ InW¿ ˛ Imcq¿ \oe-I-WvT-∏n≈
`·-`-h\w ˛ F≥. IrjvW-]n≈
Ipt´y-SØn ˛ Fw.- Sn. hmkp-tZ-h≥ \mb¿
e¶m-e£van ˛ kn.- F≥. ioI-WvT≥ \mb¿
Jpssd-in-∏mØp ˛ ]p\-Øn¬ Ip™-_vZp≈
bqWn‰v 3
cq]hpw mhhpw
-cq]-]-c-amb ]tXy-I-X-Iƒ, A¥-cm¿∞-߃ ˛ inev]-cq-]-h¬°-c-W-Øns‚
khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ ˛ ]q¿h-cq-]-ß-fnse ]co-£-W-߃. Imhy-cq-]-Øn-s‚bpw
KZy-cq-]-Øn-s‚bpw am™p-t]m-Ip∂ AXn¿Øn-Iƒ ˛ amXrIm]mT-ß-fnse
]k‡ `mK-ß-fpsS Xmc-Xayw. -`mh]-c-amb ]tXy-I-X-Iƒ, A¥-cm¿∞-߃
˛ Z¿i\w Bhn-jvI-cn-°p-∂-Xn¬ hln-°p∂ ]¶v.
a[p-cw -Km-bXn ˛- H.-hn. hnP-b≥
20
bqWn‰v 4
aqey-hy-h-ÿbpw Z¿i-\hpwaqey-hy-h-ÿ-˛-[m¿Ωn-I-X-˛-kmw-kvIm-cnI kml-N-cy-߃-˛-F-gp-Øns‚ ImgvN-
∏m-Sp-Iƒ, \ne-]m-Sp-Iƒ, Z¿i\w.
Fgp-Øp-Im-cs‚ hy‡n-Xzw-˛-ssh-b-‡n-I-X-˛-c-N-\m-]m-c-º-cy-߃-˛-k-a-Im-en-
IkmlnXy ]h-W-X-Iƒ-˛-`m-hp-I-Xz-]-cn-Wm-a-߃.
bqWn‰v 5
`mjbpw ssienbpw
]Z-tImiw ˛ ]Z-ß-fpsS sXc-s™-Sp∏v ˛ Xmfm-fl-I-amb hmMvabw ˛ ]Z-ip≤n
˛ hmIy-\n¿ΩnXn ˛ ]u\-cp‡yw ˛ hmIy-k-¥p-e\w ˛ `mjm-ssien ˛ Jfin-
Im-I-cWw ˛ Nn”\w ˛ kwK-l-Whpw hn]p-e-\hpw ˛ A®-Sn-`m-jbpw tZiy-
t`-Z-ßfpw ˛ enJn-X-`m-j-bnse Xcw-Xn-cn-hp-Iƒ ˛ `mjm-tI-fn-Iƒ ˛ ]g-s©m-√p-
Ifpw \mS≥ ssien-Ifpw ˛ hm°p-I-fpsS ]Wn-∏pc ˛
amXrIm]mT-߃_mey-Im-e-kva-c-W-Iƒ ˛ am[-hn-°p´n
NnZw-_-c-kva-cW ˛ _me-N-µ≥ Np≈n-°mSv
Dcpfn-Ip-∂-Øns‚ epØn-\nb ˛ k°-dnb
ImSv ˛ Un. hn\-b-N-µ≥
klm-b-I-K-Ÿ-߃
ANyp-X-\pÆn, NmØ-\mØv. hn-h., Ihn-I-WvTm-`-cWw, h≈-tØmƒ hnZym-
]oTw.
David Morley, The Cambridge Introduction to Creative Writing (Cambridge Intro-
ductions to Literature), 2007, Cambridge University Press.
David, B. Pirie, 1985, How to Write Critical Essays, Routledge.
Devy, G.N., Geoffrey V. Davis, K.K.Chakravarty, 2013, Narrating Nomadism: Tales
of Recovery and Resistance, Taylor & Francis Group,
Graeme Harper (Ed.), 2013, A Companion to creative writing, (Wiley -Blackwell)
John Wiley & Sons.
Jurgen, Wolff, 2012,Your Writing Coach: From Concept to Character, from Pitch
to Publication - Everything You need to Know About Writing Novels, Non-fiction,
New Media, Scripts and Short Stories, Nicholas Brealey Publishing.
Modern Language Association, 2009, MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Pa-
pers 7the Edn.
Paul Mills, 2006, The Routledge Creative Writing course book, Routledge.
Paul Cobley, 2001, Narrative (The New Critical Idiom), Routledge.
Paul Ricoeur, 1981, The Rule of Metaphor: Multi-disciplinary Studies of the Creation
21
of Meaning in Language, University of Toronto Press,
Richard Bradford, 1997, Stylistics (The New Critical Idiom), Routledge.
Sean, Burke, 2008, The Ethics of Writing: Authorship and Legacy in Plato and
Nietzsche, Edinburgh University Press.
22
MU MLW 3104 `mjm-imkvXw
bqWn‰v 1
kmam-\y-X-Xz߃`mj ˛ a\p-jy-`m-j-bpsS kmam-\y-e-£-W-߃ ˛ `mjbpw `mjWhpw XΩn-
ep≈ hymh¿Ø-\w.
`mjm-imkvXw ˛ imkvXob-X-bpsS kz`mhw ˛ \n¿t±-im-fl-I-hpw hnh-c-Wm-
fl-Ihpw ˛ hyXym-kw.
`mj-bpsS LS-\m-kz-`mhw : kz\na˛cq-]na˛hmIy-X-e-߃. `mjbpw A¿
∞-hpw.
GI-Im-en-I-˛-_-lp-Im-enI coXn-I-fpsS hymh¿Ø-\w. Xmc-X-aym-flI `mjm-
im-kvX-Øns‚ kz`m-hw.
`mjm-im-kvX-Øns‚ B\p-Im-en-I-]-k‡n˛`mjm-\m-iw, `mjm-]p-\-cp-÷o-h-
\w, `mjm[ym-]-\w, hnh¿Ø-\w, \nL-≠p-\n¿Ωm-Ww, `mjm-t`-Z-]-T-\w.
bqWn‰v 2
kz\- kz-\na hn⁄m-\-߃
kz\-\n¿h-N\w ˛ ]T-\-co-Xn-Iƒ : ih-Wm-kv]-Zw, kz\-`u-Xn-Iw, Ah-b-
hm-kv]-Zw.
`mj-W-]Yw ˛ `mjtWm¬]m-Z\w ˛ kzchyRvP-\- h¿Ko-I-c-Ww, am\-kz-c-
߃, Jfi-߃.
kz\nasa∂m¬ F¥v? Fßs\ \n¿W-bn°mw? hyXybw, ]qc-I-Xzw. kz\n-
ahpw D]-kz-\-ßfpw.
ae-bm-f-Ønse kz\n-a-߃.
A£-cw ˛ A£-cmXn¿Øn-°p≈ ]m[m\yw, A£-c-Im-e-Xmfw (Syllabie
timed rhythm)
bqWn‰v 3
cq]nahpw hmIyhpw
cq]n-aw, D]cq]naw Fßs\ \n¿W-bn°mw? kz\n-am-[n-jvTn-Xhpw cq]n-am-[n-
jvTn-X-hp-amb D]-cq-]-߃.
[mXp, ]IrXn, ]Xybw, ]Zw ˛ ]Xy-b-hn-`m-K-߃. ap≥]-Xy-bw, ]n≥]-
Xy-bw, Dƒ]-Xy-bw (prefix, suffix and infix) - DZm-l-c-W-߃.
23
cq]-kn-≤nbpw \njv]m-Z\hpw XΩn-ep≈ hyXym-k-߃ (inflexion and deriva-
tion)
bqWn‰v 4
hmIy-hn-⁄m\w
hmIy-hn-⁄m-\-Øns‚ ]m[m\yw ˛ k∂n-lnX LS-\m-_-‘w, ]P\I
kao]\w ˛ hnhn[ coXn-Iƒ ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-ج. BImw-£, Imc-Iw.
ae-bm-f-Ønse hmIy-co-Xn-Iƒ (Sentence types).
bqWn‰v 5
_lp-Im-enI mjm-imkvXw
`mjm-]-cn-Wm-a-co-Xn-Iƒ: kz\n-a-˛-hym-I-c-W-˛-A¿∞-X-e-ß-fnse ]cn-Wm-a-߃.
`mjm-]-cn-Wma tlXp-°ƒ: kz\-]-cn-Wm-aw, kZri Iev]-\, BZm-\w, kz\-\n-
b-a-߃, Ah-bv°p≈ A]-hm-Z-ß-fpsS Imc-W-߃ ˛ Ncn-Xm-flI `mjm-im-
kvXw.
IpSpw-_-hr-£-Nn-Xw, XcwK kn≤m-¥w, `mjm-Ip-Spw-_-߃ ˛ C¥y-bn¬
`mjmIpSpw-_-߃.
ZmhnU `mjm-Ip-Spw_w ˛ kmam-\y-]-cn-N-bw.
C¥y≥ `mjm-t£-X-Øns‚ khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ.
klm-b-I-KŸßƒ
Ip©p-Æn-cm-P, sI., `mjm-K-th-j-Ww.
\ºq-Xn-cn, C.-hn.-F≥., hmIy-L-S-\.
]t_m-[-N-µ≥ \m-b¿, hn.B¿., 1980, kz\-hn-⁄m\w.
]t_m-[-N-µ≥ \m-b¿, hn.B¿., 2012, `mj-imkvX \nL-≠p, ktX¨ C≥Ãn-
‰yq´v Hm^v emwtKz-Pkv.
]t_m-[-N-µ≥ \m-b¿, hn.B¿., 2009, `mj- imkvX ZrjvSn-bn-eq-sS, ktX¨
C≥Ãn-‰yq´v Hm^v emwtKz-Pkv.
]`m-Ic hmcn-b¿, sI.Fw, B[p-\nI `mjm-im-kvXw.
]`m-Ic hmcn-b¿, sI.Fw, kz\n-a-hn-⁄m\w.
Bloomfield, Leonard, 1984, Language, University of Chicago Press.
Hockett, C.F., 1958, A Course in Modern Linguistics, Prentice Hall College Div.
Verma, S.K. & Krishnaswamy, N., 1997, Modern Linguistics: An Introduction, Oxford
University Press.
24
MU MLW 3105 kwkvIrX]cn-Nbw
ae-bmf `mj-bn¬ kwkvIr-X-Øn-\p≈ kzm[o\w ]cn-K-Wn-°p-tºmƒ, k¿h-
I-em-im-em-X-e-Øn¬ ae-bmfw apJy-hn-j-b-ambn ]Tn-°p∂ hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ Xo¿®-
bmbpw kwkvIr-X-`m-j-bpsS LS-\m-]-c-amb khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ kmam-\y-am-sb-
¶nepw Adn-™n-cn-t°-≠-Xm-Wv. kwkvIrX kmln-Xy-Øn\v ae-bm-f-Øn-ep≈
kzm[o\w ASp-Ø-dn-bp-hm≥ kº-∂-amb kwkvIr-X-km-ln-Xy-Øns‚ hmXn-
ep-Iƒ Xpd-°p-Ibpw thWw. CXmWv tIhew ]mY-an-I-sa∂p ]d-tb-≠p∂
Cu ]mTy-]-≤-Xn-bpsS e£yw.
bqWn‰v 1
`mjm-]-T\w: kwkvIr-X-Ønse Nne ]mY-anI `mjm-\n-b-a-߃. ASn-
ÿm\KŸw: tUm. sI.-Pn. ]utem-kv, eLp-kw-kvIrXw (h-≈-tØmƒ
hnZym -]o -Tw. ipI-]p -cw, 2012; hnX-cWw: \mj-W¬ _p°v Ãmƒ,
tIm´-bw)
1. ]pcp-j≥, hN\w; h¿Ø-am-\-Im-e-In-bm-cq]w (e-Sv), ]c-kvssa-]-Zw, Bfl-
- t\-]-Zw. (e-Lp-kw-kvIr-Xw, ]mTw 2, ]pdw 35-˛39)
2. hn`-‡n, hn`-‡n-bpsS A¿∞w, hn`‡n cq]-߃. (e.kw; ]mTw 3, ]pdw
46˛51)
3. hn`‡n cq]-߃ XpS¿®. CIm-cm¥w ]p√nwKw ‘Ihn’ i_vZw, kvXoenwKw
‘\Zo’ i_vZw (e.kw; ]mTw 4, ]pdw 76-˛77)
4. Inbm-cq-]-߃-˛-erSv: mhn-Imew (]-c-kvssa-]-Zn), eMv: qX-Imew (]-c-kvssa-
]-Zn) (e.kw; ]mTw 4, ]pdw 79)
5. Ahy-bw-˛-‡zm-¥w, ey_-¥w, Xpap-∂¥w (e.-kw. ]mTw 5, ]pdw 94-˛95);
Ipsd-°qSn DZm-l-c-W-߃ (]pdw 100)
bqWn‰v 2
1. kzc-k-‘n˛ (e.-kw, ]mTw 6, ]pdw 117-˛119)
2. hyRvP-\-k‘n (e.kw, ]mTw 7, ]pdw 130-˛131)
3. kam-kw-˛-A-hy-bo-`m-h-k-am-kw, XXv ]pcp-j≥, I¿Ω-[m-c-b≥, D]-anX
25
kamkw, cq]-I-k-am-kw, ZznKp, \RvX-Xv]p-cp-j≥ F∂-Xp-h-sc. (e.kw;
]mTw 8, ]pdw 146-˛152)
4. Zzµz- k-am-kw, _lp-holn kamkw (e.-kw, ]mTw 9, ]pdw 160-˛164)
5. k¿h-\m-a-߃ (e.-kw, ]mTw 9, ]pdw 168)
6. ]Im-cw˛‘temSv’ ˛`zmZn ]c-kvssa-]-Z-cq-]-߃ amXw (e.-kw) ]mTw 24, ]pdw
504-˛505)
bqWn‰v 3
Imhyw. Ipam-c-kw-`-hw-˛-Im-fn-Zm-k≥, (5-˛mw k¿§w 50-˛84 t«mI-߃)
bqWn‰v 4
\mSIw I¿Æ-`m-cw-˛-`m-k≥
bqWn‰v 5
kwkvIr-X-\m-S-I-ßfpw IqSn-bm-´hpw˛km-am-\y-]-cn-Nbw amXw. klm-b-I-
KŸw:î
IqSn-bm-´w-˛-A-`n-\-b-Øns‚ XpS¿®bpw hf¿®-bpw-˛-tUm.-sI.-Pn. ]utemkv
(C‚¿\m-j-W¬ sk‚¿ t^m¿ IqSn-bm-´w, Xr∏q-Wn-Øp-d)
(eLp-kw-kvIr-X-Ønse Hmtcm ]mTØn-s‚bpw HSp-hn¬ ImWp∂ A`ym-kw,
]co£ F∂nh HuNn-Xyw-t]mse A[ym-]-I\v hn´p-I-f-bp-Itbm D]-tbm-K-
s∏-Sp-Øp-Itbm sNømw. Ch-bn¬\n∂v ]co-£bv°v tNmZy-߃ th≠. hn`‡n
cq]-߃, Inbm cq]-߃, k‘n, kam-kw, Ahybw F∂o hymI-cW kw]-
Xy-b-ß-sf-°p-dn-®p≈ tNmZy-߃ ]mTy-K-Ÿ-ß-fmbn \n¿t±-in® Imhyw,
\mSIw F∂n-hsb Bkv]-Zn-®m-bn-cn-°-Ww.
IqSn-bm´w kw_-‘n®v ]co-£°v tNmZy-߃ Bh-iy-an-√. F∂m¬, Imfn-Zm-
k-I-hn-X, `mk-\m-S-I-߃, IqSn-bm´w F∂o-hn[w hnj-b-߃ ]pc-kvIcn®v
hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ ]_‘a--h-X-cn-∏n-°p∂ ¢mkv dqw N¿®m-tbm-K-߃ ]T-\-
Øns‚ `mK-am-t°-≠-Xm-Wv).
klm-b-I-K-Ÿ-߃DWn-Øncn F≥.-hn.-]n, 2013, Imfn-Zm-k-Ir-Xn-Iƒ Hcp ]T\w, amXr-`qan
Ip´n-Ir-jvW-am-cm¿, (hnh.) 1944, Ipam-c-kw-`hw, amcm¿ kmlnXy]Imiw
\mcm-b-W-]n-jm-cSn sI.-]n, 2000, Imfn-Zm-k-lr-Zbw tXSn tIc-f-km-lnXy
A°m-Zan
cmP-cm-P-h¿a hS-°pw-Iq¿, 1964, tIc-fob kwkvIr-X-km-ln-Xy-N-cnXw,
awK-tfm-Z-bw, Xriq¿.
ioam≥ \ºq-Xn-cn, 2010, kwkvIr-X-km-ln-Xym-h-tem-I\w, tIc-f-km-lnXy
A°m-Zan
26
c≠mw ska-ÿMU MLW 3206 IhnX˛\mSIw
MU MLW 3207 BJym-\-Ie
MU MLW 3208 sNdp-IY˛t\mh¬
MU MLW 3209 hnh¿Ø-\-]-T\w
MU MLW 3210 hymI-c-Ww
27
MU MLW 3206 IhnX ˛ \mSIw
BapJw
ae-bm-f-Øns‚ Imhy-Im-e-߃ kaK-ambn Dƒs°m-≈p∂ Hcp ]T\ ]≤-Xn-
bmWv ChnsS Dt±-in-°p-∂-Xv. GsX√mw ]mc-º-cy-߃ Dƒs°m-≠mWv ae-bm-
f-I-hn-X-bpsS k©mcw F∂v At\z-jn-®-dn-tb-≠-Xp-≠v. hmsam-gn-°-hn-X-
bpsSbpw hc-sam-gn-°-hn-X-bp-sSbpw Ncn-Xhpw, Imhy-`m-j-I-fp-sSbpw hnhn[
Imhy-cq-]-ß-fp-sSbpw A\p-kyq-Xn-bpw ]cn-Wm-a-ß-fp-sa√mw Cu ]T-\-ta-J-e-
bn¬s∏Sp-∂p. ]T-\-ku-I-cy-Øn-\mbn cma-N-cnXw apX¬ Ct∂m-f-ap≈ GXm\pw
Imhy-]-h-W-X-Isf ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Øp-I-bmWv Cu t]∏-dns‚ e£yw. \n¿tZ-
in-°p∂ Ihn-I-fp-sS cN-\-Isf kw_-‘n®v ]›m-Ø-e-⁄m-\hpw ]Xo-£n-
°p-∂p≠v.
hnZym¿∞n-I-f-psS Imhy-c-N-\m-Xm¬]-cysØ ]tNm-Zn-∏n-°p∂ hn[-Øn-emWv
IrXn-Iƒ ]Tn-∏n-t°-≠-Xv. ]ta-bw, BJym-\w, _nw_-I¬∏-\, Xm\w, Xmfw,
]Z-c-N\ Ch th¿Xn-cn-®-dn-bm-hp∂ hn[-Øn¬ thWw Ihn-X-I-fpsS hni-I-
e\w. sshhn-[y-Øn\pw sshNn-Xy-Øn\pw Du∂¬ \¬IpI.
bqWn‰v 1
-am-Xr-Im]m-T-߃
cma-N-cnXw ˛ H∂mw ]Sew
IÆ--i-cm-am-bWw _me-Imfiw ˛ hym. ]pXp-t»cn cma-N-µ≥
IrjvW-Km-Y ˛ AIq-cm-Ka\w ˛ sNdp-t»cn
alm-`m-c-Xw ˛ Km‘m-co-hn-em]w ˛ Fgp-Ø—≥
⁄m\-∏m\ ˛ ]q¥m\w
\fN-cnXw B´-°Y ˛ H∂mw Znhkw
28
tLmj-bmX ˛ Ip©≥\ºym¿
hoW-]qhv ˛ Ipam-c-\m-im≥
A—\pw aIfpw ˛ h≈-tØmƒ
bqWn‰v 2
amXr-Im-]m-T-߃
Ifn-b-—≥ ˛ ]n.- Ip-™n-cm-a≥ \m-b¿
IpSn-sbm-gn-°¬ ˛ sshtem-∏n≈n io[-c-ta-t\m≥
l\p-a¬tkh Xp©≥]-d-ºn¬ ˛ CS-t»cn tKmhn-µ≥ \mb¿
Ccp-]Xmw \q‰m-≠ns‚
CXn-lmkw ˛ A°nØw ANyp-X≥ \ºq-Xncn
I≈-ssZ-h-߃ ˛ F≥.-hn.- Ir-jvW-hm-cy¿
\ng-ep-Iƒ \ofp∂p ˛ Pn. -i-¶-c-°p-dp∏v
bqWn‰v 3
amXr-Im-]m-T-߃
PmXn-°pΩn ˛ sI.-]n.- I-dp-∏≥
arXyp-]qP ˛ Aø-∏-∏-Wn-°¿
hgn-sh-´p-∂-h-tcm-Sv ˛ F≥.-F≥.- I-°mSv
kwI-aWw ˛ B‰q¿ chn-h¿a
im¥ ˛ IS-Ω-\n´
hn°v ˛ k®n-Zm-\-µ≥
sIm®n-bnse hr£-߃ ˛ sI.-Pn.- i-¶-c--]n≈
sacp°-∏-´nI ˛ d^o°v Al-ΩZv
bqWn‰v 4
]uckvXy \mS-I-thZn
\mSIw: `mc-Xob k¶ev]w ˛ Zi-cq-]Iw, D]-cq-]-I-߃, cq]-I-ß-fpsS D¤-
hhpw hf¿®bpw ˛ C¥y≥ \mSI kmlnXyw ˛ Ncn-Xm-h-tem-I\w ˛ \mtSmSn
\mS-I-]m-T-߃ ˛ ¢mn-°¬ \mSI]mT-߃ ˛ tIc-f-Ønse \mSIßfpsS
D¤-hw, hf¿® ˛ \mS-I-]-ÿm-\-߃ ˛ GIm¶\mS-I-߃ ˛ Ip´n-I-fpsS
\mS-I-߃
amXrIm]mT-߃
Xt±-iob \mSI ]mc-ºcyw:îIm°m- -cn»n \mS-Iw-˛-cm-Pm-hm-cy¿
adn-bm-Ωm-\m-SIw ˛ sIm®o-∏≥ XcI≥
Ducp- wKw ˛ `mk≥ (]cn-`mj: h≈-tØmƒ \mcm-bWtat\m≥)
ka-Xz-hmZn ˛ ]pfn-am\ ]c-ta-iz-c≥ ]n≈
1128 ¬ ssIw 27 ˛ kn.-sP. tXmakv
29
]co£ ˛ Sn.-F≥. tKm]n-\m-Y≥ \mb¿
Ah-\-h≥ ISº ˛ Imhmew \mcm-b-W-∏-Wn-°¿
bqWn‰v 5
]m›mXy\mS-I-thZn
]m›m-Xy-\m-SIw ˛ kmam\y-[m-cW ˛ ]m›m-Xy-\m-SI kmln-Xy-Ønse ][m\
]h-W-X-Iƒ ˛ Acn-tÃm-´n-ens‚ \mSIk¶ev]w ˛ C_vk≥, _¿WmUv jm,
sKmt´m-hvkvIn, Ãm≥kn-emhvkvIn, kmap-h¬ s_s°‰v, s_lvXv, ]o‰¿
_q°v, eqbn ]ncm-s¥tem F∂n-h-cpsS kn≤m-¥-߃ ˛ kvXo \mS-I-thZn
amXrIm]mT-߃
B‚n-KWn ˛ tkmt^m-¢nkv
tKmtZm-sb-°mØv ˛ kmap-h¬ s_s°‰v (hn-h: IS-Ω-\n´ cma-Ir-jvW≥)
Im≠m-arKw ˛ bqPn≥ Ab-s\kvtIm
•mkv sa\m-Pdn ˛ bqPo≥ H\o¬
klmbIKŸßƒ
Aø-∏-∏-Wn-°¿, A¥--∂n-thiw.
Aø-∏∏-Wn-°¿ (F-Un.), tIc-f-I-hn-X-bpsS e°-߃.
Aø-∏-∏-Wn-°¿, Aø-∏-∏-Wn-°-cpsS teJ-\-߃.
Aø-∏-∏-Wn-°¿, 2000, Ipcp-t£-Xw, tIm´bw: Un.-kn. _pIvkv.
CS-t»cn, CS-t»-cn-bpsS ]_-‘-߃ (am-Xr-`qan ]km-[-\w).
D≈q¿, tIc-f-km-ln-Xy-N-cnXw.
F-gp-Ø-—≥, sI.-F≥.-, apØpw ]hn-ghpw.
I-°mSv, F≥.-F≥., Ihn-Xbpw ]mc-º-cyhpw.
Ihn-Xm-]-T-\-߃, 2013, ]n.-sI.- ]-c-ta-iz-c≥ \mb¿ SÃv, cma-N-µ≥\mb¿,
]∑\, s]m^. (FUn.).
Ip-™n-cm-a≥\m-b¿, ]n., 2009, Ihn-bpsS Im¬∏m-Sp-Iƒ, tIm´bw: Un.-kn.
_pIvkv.
tIµ-km-lnXy A°m-Zan, F≥.-F≥. -I-°mSv.
tIcf `mjm C≥Ãn‰yq´v, Imhy-`m-jbnse ]iv\-߃ (F-Un.).
tIc-f-`mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq´v, ]m´p-I-hn-X-I-fpsS kmaq-lnI ]k‡n.
Np-Ωm¿, Sn.-Fw.,- 1979, ]Zy-km-ln-Xy-N-cnXw, tIm´bw: \mj-W¬ _p°v Ãmƒ.
-tPm¿Pv, sI.-Fw. tUm. (FUn.)--, 1973, kmln-Xy-N-cnXw ]ÿm-\-ß-fn-eqsS,
tIm´bw: \mj-W¬ _p°v Ãmƒ.
Un.-kn.- _pIvkv, Ipcp-t£Xw 2000.
\m-cm-b-W]n≈, ]n.-sI.-, ]©m-\-\s‚ hna¿i-Xbw.
\m-cm-b-W-]n≈, sI.-F-kv.-, IhnX hgn-Øn-cn-hn¬.
]k-∂-cm-P≥, tIcf-I-hn-X-bnse Ienbpw Nncnbpw, tIm´bw: Un.-kn. _pIvkv.
_-jo¿, Fw.-Fw., \ho-\-I-hnX.
cma-Ir-jvW≥, tZi-aw-Kew, Ihn-bpsS IemX-¥w.
30
eo-em-hXn, Fw., 2011, ae-bmfIhnXm kmln-Xy-N-cnXw, Xriq¿: tIc-f-km-lnXy
A°m-Z-an.
th-em-bp-[≥ ]n≈, ]n.-hn., aWn-]-hmf Ihn-X.
sshtem-∏n≈n, Imhy-tem-I-kva-c-W-Iƒ.
-i-¶-c-]n≈, sI.-Pn. (F-Un.), ka-Im-eo\ Ihn-X-bpsS e°ßƒ.
i-¶p-Æn-\m-b¿, Fw.-]n., Imhy-hyp¬∏Øn.
k®n-Zm-\-µ≥, 2014, ae-bmf Ihn-Xm-]-T-\-߃, tImgn-t°mSv: amXr-`qan _pIvkv.
\ncWw ]m´p-I-hn-Iƒ, Xriq¿ ]n.- i-¶-c≥ \ºym¿ ^ut≠j≥.
CXm Hcp Ihn, sIm®n: CS-t»cn ]ªn-t°-j≥kv.
Kw-Km-[-c≥ \mb¿, Pn., \mSIw KŸ-]-T-\hpw cwK-]m-Thpw.
Kw-Km-[-c≥ \mb¿.Pn., ae-bmf \mSIw \qdp-h¿jw.
Nµ-ti-J-c≥ \mb¿, ssh°w, ]mNo-\-\m-S-I-Øn-eqsS Hcp ]cy-S\w.
Nn¥ ]ªn-tjgvkv, `mc-Xob Imhy-imkvX-\n-L≠p.
tXm-akv, kn.-sP.-, 2010, Db-cp∂ bh-\nI, tIm´bw: \mj-W¬ _p°v Ãmƒ.
tXm-akv, ]n.-sP.-, C_vks‚ temI-Øn-eqsS.
\tc-µ-]-kmZv, Acßpw s]mcpfpw.
\-ºq-Xncn, F.-]n.-]n., \mS-I-Øn-te-s°mcp \S-∏mX.
\mS-I-°-fcn, Acßv 1968.
\m-cm-b-W-]n≈.sI.-F-kv., Zriy-thZn.
\mcm-b-W≥ Im´p-amSw, 1978, \mS-I-cq-]-N¿®, tIm´bw: kmln-Xy-]-h¿ØI
kl-I-cW kwLw.
\mcm-b-W≥ Im´p-amSw, ae-bmf \mS-I-ß-fn-eqsS
\mcm-b-W≥ Im´p-amSw, 1990, ae-bmf \mSI]ÿm\w, Xriq¿: tIcf kmlnXy
A°m-Z-an.
]-hn-X≥, Sn., \mS-I-i-_vZ-tImiw
]n≈, F≥.-F≥.-, 2012, \mS-I-Z¿∏Ww, tIm´bw: Un.-kn. _pIvkv.
`mkn aS-hq¿, ae-bmf \mS-I-th-Zn-bpsS IY
amØ≥ X-c-I≥ ]pØ≥Imhv, ]uc-kvXy-\m-S-I-Z¿i\w
Alex Preminger (Ed.), 1974, The New Princeton Encyclopedia of poetry and poet-
ics, Brogan.T.V.F., Frank, J. Warnke & O.B. Hardison, Jr and Earl Miner (Associate
Editors), Princeton University Press.
Cecil Day, Lewis, 2006, The poetic Image, Hesperides Press.
James Reeves, 1972, Understanding Poetry, Pan Books.
Krishna, Rayan, Prof., 1991, Sahitya: A Theory, Sterling Publications.
Meyer, Howard Abrams, 1971, The Mirror and the lamp: Romantic Theory and the
Critical Tradition, Oxford University Press.
Mohan Thampy, G.B., Response to Poetry.
Stephen, Spender, H., 1955, The making of a poem, Hamilton.
31
MU MLW 3207 BJym-\-Ie
Hcp kmln-Xy-c-N-\-bpsS apJy-tIµw BJym-\-am-Wv. Hcp k¿§m-fl-I-Ir-Xnsb
cq]-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-sX√mw BJym-\-Øns‚ hnj-b-am-Wv. CXns‚ coXn-Iƒ
Fs¥√mw F∂v ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Øp-I-bmWv Cu t]∏-dns‚ e£yw.
bqWn-‰v- 1
BJym\w F∂m¬ F¥v-˛-B-Jym\w: Iebpw kmt¶-Xn-I-X-bpw-˛-B-Jym-\-kn-
≤m-¥-߃-˛-B-Jym-\-LSI߃. BJym-\-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-X-Øz-߃ ˛
h¿W-\, hnh-c-Ww, \mS-Io-bX ˛ ]ta-bhpw ho£-W-ÿm-\hpw ˛ A\p-`-
hhpw Ah-t_m-[hpw ˛ \nco-£-Whpw IYm-]m-X-\n¿Ωn-Xnbpw ˛ BJym-\-co-
Xn-Iƒ: ]m›m-Xyhpw ]uc-kvXyhpw ˛ k¿§m-flI cN\: [z\n-bpsS Ie ˛
BJym-\-tIm-Wp-Iƒ: DØ-a-]p-cp-j≥, ]Y-a-]p-cp-j≥, a[y-a-]p-cp-j≥ ˛ cq]-
]-c-amb sI´p-d∏pw CXn-hrØ LS-\bpw ˛ io¿j-I-Øns‚ km[y-X-Iƒ ˛
bqWn-‰v- 2
IYm-km-ln-Xy-Ønse BJym-\-L-S-I-߃-˛-]-ta-bw, CXn-hr-Øw˛ IYbpw CXn-
hr-Øhpw˛Im-cy-Im-c-W-_-‘w-˛-C-Xn-hr-Ø-hn-Im-kw-˛-ho-£-W-ÿm-\w-˛-Im-
gvN∏mSv/Z¿i-\w.
]©-k-‘n-Iƒ-˛-D-]-I-Y-Iƒ, kqN-\-Iƒ.
bqWn-‰v- 3
D≈-S°w tIµw- -kw- -hw, A\p- -hw, mhw, Ah-ÿ, Bi-bw, Z¿i-\w, ssien,
32
IYm-]m-Xw-˛-I-Y-bpsS kzXzw: ]W-bw, Ip‰-Ir-Xyw, Ncn-Xw, kmaq-ln-Iw,
Km¿ln-Iw, `am-flIw, `bm-flIw etc.˛hyXykvX kmln-Xy-cq-]-ß-fpsS CXn-
hrØ kz`mhw: t\mh¬, \mS-Iw, IY, IYm-Im-hyw,- Xn-c-°-Y.
bqWn-‰v- 4
I-Ym-aq-e-I-߃: IYm-]m-X-߃, ]›m-Ø-ew, t]mj-I-P-\-X, a‰v IYm-hm-l-
I-߃, ÿe-Im-e-߃˛]q¿h-kq-N-I-߃, `mhn kqN-I-߃-˛-I-Ym-cw--`w,
IYm-¥yw.
bqWn-‰v- 5
BJym-\-tIm - -B-Jym-Xm-hv- -]-e-Xcw BJym-Xm-°ƒ-- -c-N-\m-X-¥-߃- - m-jbpw
ssien-bpw-˛-[z-\ym-fl-I-X-˛-A¿∞m-¥-c-߃, AS-cp-Iƒ.
amXr-Im-]m-T-߃iotb-ip-hn-Pbw alm-Imhyw
H∂mw-k¿§w (BZy 25) ˛ I´-°-b-Øn¬ sNdn-bm≥ am∏nf
ca-W≥ ˛ Nß--ºpg
hoUntbm acWw ˛ Aø-∏-∏-Wn-°¿
AΩ ae-bmfw ˛ Ipco-∏pg ioIp-am¿
]qX-∏m´v ˛ CS-t»cn tKmhn-µ≥ \mb¿
Ac-\m-gn-I-t\cw ˛ ]md-∏p-dØv
Hcp a\p-jy≥ ˛ _jo¿
Ihn-bpsS Im¬∏m-Sp-Iƒ ˛ ]n. Ip™n-cm-a≥ \mb¿
F ssa\kv _n ˛ tImhn-e≥
DÆn ˛ am[-hn-°p´n
Poh-—-h-߃ ˛ ]p\-Øn¬ Ip™-_vZp≈
]mfih]pcw ˛ tkXp
tX≥ ˛ k°-dnb
sImame ˛ kt¥mjv G®n-°m\w
klm-b-I-K-Ÿ-߃
Hm¿l≥ ]map-Iv, (hnh: B¿. at\mPv h¿a), 2013, t\mh-en-Ãns‚ Ie, tIm´bw:
Un.-kn. _pIvkv,
tPm¿÷v, sI.-Fw. tUm., B[p-\nI kmln-Xy-N-cnXw ]ÿm-\-ß-fn-eq-sS.
t]mƒ, Fw.-]n., 1991, t\mh¬km-ln-Xyw, tImgn-t°mSv: ]q¿W ]ªn-t°-j≥kv.
_me-Ir-jvW≥, ]n.-sI., t\mh¬ ˛ kn≤nbpw km[-\-bpw.
cmtP-µ≥, kn. tUm., 2006, kuµ-cy-im-kvXw, tIc-f-`mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq-´v.
entbm tSmƒtÃmbn, (hnh: kptcjv Fw.-Pn.), 2014, _meyw, F®v. B‚ v kn.
_pIvkv.
hmkp, C., 2015, hniz-km-lnXyw ˛ kuµ-cyhpw k¿§m-fl-I-X-bpw, tIcf
33
kmlnXy A°m-Z-an.
hmkp-tZ-h≥ \mb¿, Fw.-Sn., 2014, ImYn-Is‚ Ie, IÆq¿: ssIcfn _pIvkv.
hmkp-tZ-h≥ \mb¿, Fw.-Sn., ImYn-Is‚ ]Wn-∏p-c, Xriq¿: Id‚ v _pIvkv.
hmkp-tZ-h-`-´-Xn-cn, kn.-hn., 2012, KZy-in-ev]w, Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw: tIc-f-`mjm
C≥Ãn-‰yq-´v.
hnP-b≥, H.-hn., 1998, CXn-lm-k-Øns‚ CXn-lm-kw, tIm´bw: Un-.kn. _pIvkv.
hnem-kn-\n, 2013, DXn¿a-Wn-Iƒ, tImgn-t°mSv: ]q¿W _pIvkv.
ioP≥, hn.-kn., 2004, t\mh¬ hmb-\-Iƒ, tIm´bw: Un.-kn.- _pIvkv.
jm_p Infn-Ø-´n¬, (F-Un.), 2013, k¿§-kr-jvSn-bnse cmk-hn-Zy-Iƒ, tIm´bw:
Un.-kn. _pIvkv.
kptc-µ≥, sI., t\mh¬kz-cq-]w, t\mh-en-Ãns‚ inev]-ime, tIm´bw: kmln-
Xy-]-h¿ØI kl-I-cW kwLw.
Colin Lyas, 1993, Aesthetics (Fundamentals of Philosophy), Mcgill-Queens Univer-
sity Press.
John Gardner, 1991, The Art of Fiction, Newyork: Vintage Books.
Martin McLaughlin, (Trans.), 1999,Why read classics?, London: Jonathan Cape.
Rob, Pope, 2005, Creativity-Theory, History, Practice, London: Routledge/Psychol-
ogy Press.
Steven, Earnshaw (Ed.), 2007, The Hand book of creative Writing, Edinburgh Uni-
versity Press.
34
MU MLW 3208 sNdp-IY ˛ t\mh¬
BapJw
t\mh¬ Ncn-X-Øn-sebpw IYm-I-Y-\-km-ln-Xy-Øn-sebpw Nne khn-tij KW-
ßfpw BJym\ -hy-Xn-cn-‡-X-Ifpw ]ÿm-\-ßsf ]Xn-\n-[o-I-cn-°p∂ cq]-
am-Xr-I-I-fp-amWv Cu t]∏dn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≈-Xv. kzm`m-hn-I-ambpw ]mTy-
Øn¬ s]SmsX t]mb At\Iw IYm-Ir-Øp-°fpw t\mh-en-Ãp-I-fp-ap-≠v. ]mTy-
]-≤-Xn-bpsS khn-ti-j-kz-`m-h-sØbpw ]T-\-ku-I-cy-sØbpw ap≥\n¿Øn-
bmWv IY-Ifpw t\mh-ep-Ifpw ChnsS Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≈-Xv. ¢mkv apdn-I-
fn¬ A[y-b-\-th-f-I-fn¬ hn´p-t]mb kp]-[m\ IÆn-Iƒ ]qcn-∏n-°-s∏-Sp-sa∂v
hnNm-cn-°p-∂p.
sNdp-IY t\mh-ens‚ LS-\-bn¬ \n∂p hyXy-kvX-am-Ip-∂-sX-ß-s\-sb∂p
t_m[y-s∏-Sp-Øp-hm≥ ]mI-Øn¬ sNdp-I-Ysb kao-]n-°p-I. ]ta-bw, IY,
CXn-hr-Øw, BJym-\w, Imew, ÿew, IYm-]mXw ˛ Cu Imcy-ß-fn-se√mw
sNdp-IY Fßs\ hyXy-kvX-am-Ip∂p F∂p hy‡-am-°p∂ hn[-Øn¬ IrXn-
Isf hni-I-e\w sNø-Ww.
]tabw, IY, CXn-hr-Øw, BJym-\w, Imew, ÿew, IYm-]mX NnXo-I-cWw
F∂n-h-bpsS sshhn[yw hy‡-am-°p∂ hn[-Øn-emWv khn-tij ]T-\-Øn-
\p≈ IrXn-Iƒ hni-I-e\w sNtø-≠-Xv.
bqWn-‰v- 1t\mh¬ ˛ BJym-\-X-e-Ønse hyXn-bm-\-߃
t\mh-ep-Ifpw kwkvImc cq]o-I-c-Whpw ˛ t\mh¬ C\-߃ ˛ \n¿h-N-\-
߃ ˛ hnhn[ cq]-am-Xr-I-Iƒ ˛ KW-߃ ˛ km£-c-Xbpw `mhp-I-Xz-]-cn-W-
35
Xnbpw ˛ Ncn-Xm-Jym-bnI ˛ A]-k¿∏Iw ˛ imkvXw ˛ Bfl-I-Ym-]cw ˛ Poh-
N-cnX t\mh¬ ˛ tZio-b-Xbpw t\mhepw ˛ t\mhepw ]mtZin-I-Xbpw ˛ P\-
]n-b-t\m-h¬ ˛ B[p-\nI/B[p-\n-Im-\¥c t\mh¬ ˛ ssk_¿t\m-h¬ ˛
B‚n-t\m-h¬ ˛ Km^nIv t\mh¬.
amXr-Im-]m-T-߃
cma-cm-P-_-l-Zq¿ ˛ kn.-hn. cma≥]n≈
DΩm®p ˛ Ddq_v
sNΩo≥ ˛ XIgn
]mØp-Ω-bpsS BSv ˛ ssh°w apl-ΩZv _jo¿
Jkm-°ns‚ CXn-lmkw ˛ H.-hn. hnP-b≥
c≠m-aqgw ˛ Fw.-Sn. hmkp-tZ-h≥\m-b¿]nXm-a-l≥ ˛ hn.-sI.-F≥
Xo°-S¬ IS™v Xncp-a-[p-cw ˛ kn. cm[m-Ir-jvW≥
Bem-l-bpsS s]¨a-°ƒ ˛ kmdm tPmk^v
bqWn-‰v- 2
t\mh¬ - hnhn-[-[m-c-Iƒ
ssk_¿ t\mh¬ ˛ Im¿´q¨ t\mh¬ ˛ B[p-\n-tIm-Ø-c-]-ta-b-߃ ˛ Ncn-
Xw, Hm¿a, h¿Ø-am\w, ]pXnb ]h-W-X-Iƒ
amXr-Im-]m-T-߃
\rØw ˛ Fw. apIp-µ≥
sNdnb temIhpw
henb a\p-jycpw ˛ Pn. Ac-hn-µ≥
hr≤-k-Z\w -˛ Sn.-hn.- sIm-®p-_mh
kpK‘n F∂ B≠mƒ tZh-\m-bIn ˛ Sn.-Un.- cm-a-Ir-jvW≥
bqWn‰v 3
sNdp-IY: cq]hpw ssienbpw
IY: ]mc-º-cyhpw B[p-\n-I-Xbpw ˛ C¥y≥ IYm-]m-c-ºcyw ˛ _rl-ZvIY ˛
IYm-k-cnXv kmKcw ˛ ]©-X¥w ˛ IYbpw \thm-∞m-\hpw ˛ IYbpw dnb-en-
khpw ˛ Im¬]-\nI dnb-enkw ˛ IYbpw B\p-Im-en-I-ßfpw ˛ B[p-\n-I-I-
Ym-I-Y\w ˛ IY-\-Ønepw in¬]-Ønepw h∂ cq]m-¥-c-߃.
amXr-Im-]m-T-߃
ZzmcI ˛ thß-bn¬ Ip™n-cm-a≥ \mb-\m¿
]qh-ºgw ˛ Imcq¿ \oe-I-WvT-]-n≈
amWn-Iy≥ ˛ efn-Xmw-_nI A¥¿P\w
H´Iw ˛ Fkv.-sI.- s]m-s‰-°m´v
IS-b-\-√q-cnse Hcp kvXo ˛ Sn. ]Zva-\m-`≥
36
kwIm-¥n- AS ˛ Sn.-sI.-kn. hSp-Xe
lnPU ˛ Fw.-]n. \mcm-b-W-]n≈
Hcn-SØv ˛ k°-dnb
XncpØv ˛ F≥.-F-kv. am[-h≥
aq∂m--a-sXm-cmƒ ˛ ap≠q¿ IrjvW≥Ip´n
anTm-bn-s∏mXn ˛ kpaw-Ke
bqWn-‰v- 4
sNdp-I-Y-bnse mhp-I-Xz-]-cnWmaw
IY ˛ B[p-\n-I-X ˛ ]h-W-X-Iƒ ˛ ssieo-t`-Z-߃ ˛ D∑m-Zw, hnjm-Zw, ]em-
b\w ˛ hnhn-[-[m-c-Iƒ. B[p-\n-Im-\-¥-cX ˛ IYbpw ]mc-Unbpw ˛ BtKm-fo-
I-cWw ˛ \h-am-[ya kmt¶-Xn-IX ˛ IYm-¥-c-ß-fnse Zriy ˛ imhy am[ya
k∂n-th-iw. ]e-Xcw IY-Iƒ ˛ an\n-°-Y, \o≠-I-Y, ssk_¿I-Y, tªmKvI-
Y, IY-bv°p-]n-∂nse A\p-`-h-߃, IY-sb-°p-dn-®p≈ IY-Iƒ, hna-X-IY
a¥v ˛ hn.-]n.- in-h-Ip-am¿
Pmk-°ns\ sIm√-cpXv ˛ Sn.-B¿.
]mX-en\v Hcp IqWv ˛ taXn¬ cm[m-Ir-jvW≥
sdbv≥ Un-b¿ ˛ Nµ-aXn
IY ˛ ]n.-sI.- ]m-d-°-Shv
]dp-Zo-km-\jvSw ˛ kp`m-jvN-µ≥
taml-a™ ˛ sI.-B¿. -aoc
hm¿Ømfn ˛ Fw.- \-µ-Ip-am¿
bqWn-‰v- 5
t\mh¬/IY˛ A\p- -hw, FgpØv
Fgp-Øp-Im-cs‚ A\p-`-htemIw ˛ cN-\bv°p ]n∂nse t]c-W-Iƒ, ]tNm-Z-
\-߃, Imc-W-߃.
hntij-]-T\w]mØp-Ω-bpsS
BSns‚ apJ-hpc ˛ ssh°w apl-ΩZv _jo¿
t\mh¬kz-cq]w ˛ sI.- kp-tc-µ≥
ImYn-Is‚ ]Wn-∏pc ˛ Fw.-Sn.- hm-kp-tZ-h≥ \mb¿
CXn-lm-k-Øns‚
CXn-lmkw ˛ H.-hn.- hn-P-b≥
Ip-∏m-b-an-√mØ IYm-]m-X-߃ ˛ ]p\-Øn¬ Ip™-_vZp√
37
klm-b-I-K-Ÿ-߃
ANyp-X≥, Fw., 1981,sNdp-IY C∂se C∂v, tIm´bw: Fkv]n knFkv.
A-c-hnµ≥ (F-Un:), \c ˛ hm¿-≤-I-I-Y-Iƒ
A∏≥, sI.]n., 2000, amdp∂ ae-bm-f-t\m-h¬, tIm´bw: Un.kn. _pIvkv.
A∏≥, sI.]n., 1992, Iem]w, hn-hmZw, hn-e-bn-cp-ج.
A∏≥, sI.]n., 2005, IY BJym-\hpw A\p-`-h-k-Øbpw, tIm´bw: Un.kn.
_pIvkv.
A∏≥, sI.]n., D-Ø-cm-[p-\n-IX ˛ h¿-Ø-am-\hpw hw-im-h-enbpw, tIm´bw:
Un.-kn. _pIvkv.
Aø-∏-∏-Wn-°¿, 2006, Aø-∏-∏-Wn-°-cpsS teJ-\-߃ mKw-- 3, tIm´bw: Un.kn.
_pIvkv.
IrjvW≥ \ºq-Xncn, 2009, t\mh¬ Iebpw Z¿i-\-hpw, Xriq¿: lcnXw.
Pb-Ir-jvW≥, F≥., 2011, CXn-lm-k-ß-fpsS Jkm°v, (FUn.), Xncp-h\-¥-
]pcw: tIc-f-`mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq´v.
tPm¿Pv, Ccp-ºbw, 1982, ]sØm-ºXmw \q‰m-≠nse ae-bmf t\mh¬, tIm´bw,
Fkv]nknFkv.
tPm¿P,v Ccp-ºbw, 1985, BZy-Ime ae-bmf t\mh¬, tIm´bw: Fkv]nknFkv.
Xc-I≥, sI.Fw., 1998, ae-bmf t\mh¬ kmlnXy Ncn-Xw, Xriq¿: tIcf
kmlnXy A°m-Zan.
\tc-µ-]-kmZv,1986, `mhp-IXzw amdp∂p, tIm´bw, Un.kn. _pIvkv.
t]mƒ, Fw.]n., 2013, ku-µ-cy-\n-co£-Ww, _p°v aoUnb.
t]mƒ, Fw.]n., 1989, t\mh¬ kmlnXyw, tIm´bw, Fkv]nknFkv.
_jo¿, Fw.Fw., 2001, ae-bmf sNdp-I-Ym-km-ln-Xy-N-cnXw, c≠v hmeyw, Xriq¿:
tIcf kmlnXy A°m-Zan.
_me-Ir -jvW≥, ]n.sI., 1984, N¥p-ta -t\m≥ Hcp ]T\w, tIm´bw:
Fkv.]n.kn.Fkv.
_me-Ir-jvW≥, ]n.sI., 1986, t\mh¬ kn≤nbpw km[-\bpw, tIm´bw:
Fkv.]n.kn.Fkv.
chn-Ip-am¿, sI.-Fk.v, 1989, 100 h¿jw 100 IY (k-am-l-c-Ww, ]T-\w), tIm´bw:
Un.kn. _pIvkv.
chn-Ip-am¿, sI.-F-kv.,2011, IYbpw `mhp-I-Xz -]-cn -Wm-ahpw, tIm´bw:
Fkv]nknFkv.
cmP-tKm-]m¬, C.]n. (F-Un.), 2004, Cµp-teJ: hmb-\-bpsS Zni-Iƒ, Xriq¿:
tIc-f- km-lnXy A°mZan.
cmP-ti-J-c≥, ]n.sI., 1999, A‘-\mb ssZhw: ae-bm-f t\m-h-ens‚ 100 h¿j-
߃, tIm´bw, Unkn _pIvkv.
cmP-ti-J-c≥, ]n.sI., 2006, GIm-¥-\-K-c-߃, tIm´bw: Un.-kn. _pIvkv,
cm-P-ti-Jc≥, ]n.sI., hm-°n-s‚ aq-∂mw-Ic, tIm´bw: Un.-kn. _pIvkv.
cmP-Ir-jvW≥, hn., 1997,sNdp-I-Y-bpsS Oµv, tIm´bw: Un.kn. _pIvkv.
cmP-Ir-jvW≥, hn., 1987,au\w tXSp∂ hm°v, tIm´bw: Fkv]nknFkv.
cmP-Ir-jvW≥, hn.,2006, adp-Xnc ImØp \n∂-t∏mƒ, tIm´bw: Un.kn. _pIvkv.
38
cmP-tKm-]m¬, C.]n., 2006,\n»-_vZ-Xbpw \n¿am-Whpw, Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw: tIc-
f- mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq´v.
cm-Po-hv-Ip-am¿, Fw., am[-hn-°p-´n, kv-t\-l-Øn-s‚ sIm-Sn-b-S-bm-fw.
cma-Ir-jvW≥, C.hn. (F-Un.), 2010, am[-hn-°p´n: ]T-\-ßfpw cN-\-Ifpw,
tIm´bw, Unkn _pIvkv.
cma -Ir -jvW≥, C.hn. , 2000, A£-chpw B[p-\n -I -Xbpw, tIm´bw:
Fkv]nknFkv.
eoem-h-Xn, Fw., 2000, A∏p-hns‚ At\z-jWw, tImgn-t°mSv: amXr-`qan.
hn-Pb≥, Fw.F≥., a-cp-`q-an-Iƒ ]q-°p-tºmƒ, Xriq¿: Id‚ v _pIvkv.
hnP-b≥, Fw. -F≥. (FUn:), 2000, IY-bpsS \q‰m≠v (hmeyw 1, 2),
(F-Un.), tIm´bw: Fkv]nknFkv.
ioP≥, hn.kn., 2004, t\mh¬ hmb-\-Iƒ, tIm´bw: Unkn _pIvkv.
jmPn tP°_v, 2013, t\mh¬ `mh-\-bpsS cmjvSobw, Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw: tIcf
`mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq´.v
Ayyappa Paniker, 2003, Indian Narratology, New Delhi: Sterling Publishers.
Fingeroth, Danny, 2008, The Rough Guide to Graphic Novels, Rough Guides.
Garrard, Greg, 2004, Ecocriticism, London: Psychology Press,
Scaggs, John, 2005, Crime Fiction, Routledge.
Watt, Ian. P, 2001, The Rise of the Novel: Studies in Defoe, Richardson and Fielding,
University of California Press.
39
MU MLW 3209 hnh¿Ø\]T\w
]T-\-]-≤Xn
temIsØ Adn-bp-∂-Xn-\p≈ hnti-tjm-]m-[n-I-fn-sem-∂mWv hnh¿Ø\w. BZm-
\-˛-]-Zm-\-ß-fn-eq-sS-bmWv Hmtcm `mjbpw kmln-Xyhpw ]pjvSn -]m-]n-°p-∂-
Xv. kmln-Xo-bhpw ssh⁄m-\n-I-hp-amb hnh¿Ø\ ]In-b-bn-eqsS kz`m-
j-bpsS \nk¿K-i-‡n-Ifpw Db¿∂p-h-cm-\p≈ km[y-X-I-fp-≠v. B km[y-X-
Iƒ tXSpI F∂ e£y-tØm-sS-bmWv Cßs\ Hcp t]∏¿ Ia-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-
≈-Xv.
bqWn‰v 1
hnh¿Ø\w ˛ ]tbm-KnI ]cn-io-e\w ˛ hmIy-߃, JWvUn-I-Iƒ, ]c-ky-
hm-N-I-߃, kmt¶-Xn-I-]-Zm-h-en, kmln-Xy-]-Zm-h-en, ssien-Iƒ, Ihn-Xm-`m-K-
߃, KZy-`m-K-߃ apX-em-b-h-bpsS hnh¿Ø\w (a-e-bm-f-Øn¬ \n∂v Cw•o-
jn-te°pw Xncn-®pw) ¢mkvap-dn-bn¬ ioen-∏n-°-Ww. AXn-\mbn Krl-]mTw sNøm-
\p≈ A`ym-k-`m-K-߃ A[ym-]-I¿ hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ°p \¬I-Ww. hnZym¿∞n-
Iƒ hnh¿Ø\w sNbvX ]mT-`m-K-߃ N¿®m-hn-t[-b-am-°p-Ibpw thWw.
Cßs\ hnh¿Ø-\-tØmSv B`n-ap-Jy-ap-≠m-°n-b-Xn-\p-ti-j-ta kn≤m-¥-ß-fn-
te°p t]mtI-≠-Xp-≈q.
bqWn‰v 2
1. tkmX-`m-j ˛ e£y-`m-j -˛-hn-h¿Ø-\-Øns‚ Bh-iy-I-X -˛- hn-h¿Ø\
kw_-‘n-bmb a‰p kw⁄-Iƒ.
2. hnh¿Ø\w: imkvXw, Ie, ssIhn-cp-Xv, hymJym-\w, A¿∞m-tZiw (Trans-
ference), ]p\xkrjvSn (Transcreation)
40
3. hnh¿Ø-\-Øns‚ ]Im-c-߃ (Types of Translation) -˛ hnh¿Ø\ ]Inb,
hnh¿ØI\v th≠ KpW߃.
4. hnh¿Ø-\-]-T-\w kwkvIm-c-]-T-\-sa∂ \ne-bn¬.
hntij]-T\w
1. X¿PvPpa: kn≤m-¥hpw ]tbm-Khpw ae-bm-f-Øn¬, FUn. -kvI-dnbm k°-
dn-b, Pbm kpIpam-c≥ ˛ CXv ASn-ÿm-\-K-Ÿ-ambn ]cn-K-Wn-°pI.
2. hnh¿Ø-\hpw kwkvIm-c-]-T-\hpw, km-lnXn ae-bmf hn`mKw Iq´mbva,
]ø-∂q¿ tIµw: ioi-¶-cm-Nmcy kwkvIrX k¿hI-em-ime.
(km-am\y]T\w)
Cu ]pkvX-I-Ønse Xmsg ]d-bp∂ teJ-\-߃ ][m\w:
hnh¿Ø\w kwkvImcw A[nImcw ˛ k®n-Zm\-µ≥
X¿P-a-]-T\w kwkvImc]T-\-am-Ip-tºmƒ ˛ tUm.- kvI-dnbm k°-dnb
bqWn‰v 3
kam-\-X-bpsS ]iv\-߃ (Problems of Equivalence) ]mT-k-a-aq-eyX (Textual
Equivalence) ˛ cq]-aq-ey-Xm-hn-h¿Ø\w (Formal Equivalent Translation) ˛ Ne-
\mflI XpeyXm hnh¿Ø\w (Dynamic Equivalent Translation) ˛ ssieo ka-
aq-eyX (Stylistic Equivalence) -˛ hnh¿Ø\ ka-aq-eyX (Translation Equivalence)
˛ ka-aq-ey-X-bpsS A`mhw (Nil Equivalence) ˛ hymI-cW ka-aq-eyX ˛ hnh¿Ø-
\o-b-X-bpsS ]cn-an-Xn-Iƒ ˛ ae-bm-f-Ønse hnh¿Ø-\-km-lnXyw Ah-tem-I\w
˛ hnh¿Ø-\-Øn-se kmwkvIm-cnI ]iv\-߃ ˛ `mjbpw kmaq-lnI
kmwkvIm-cnI taJ-e-Ifpw ˛ aqe- mjm kwkvImcw ˛ e£y- mjm kwkvImcw.
ssh⁄m-\n-I-]m-T-ß-fpsS hnh¿Ø\w k¿KmflI ]mT-ß-fpsS hnh¿Ø\w
˛ Imhy-hn-h¿Ø-\-Ønse ]iv\-߃.
bqWn‰v 4
hnh¿Ø-\-N-cnXw ˛ C¥y≥`m-j-I-fnse hnh¿Ø-\-߃ ˛ hntZ-i-`m-j-I-fn¬
\n∂p≈ hnh¿Ø\߃.
bqWn‰v 5
Ihn-X, \mSIw, IY, t\mh¬ F∂o kmln-Xy-cq-]-ß-fn¬ s]Sp∂ IrXn-Iƒ
hnh¿Ø\w sNøp-tºm-gp-≠m-Ip∂ ]iv\-߃ Adn-bp-hm≥ hyXy-bm-flI
]T\w (Contrastive study) D]-I-cn°pw.
KoXmRvPen (Cw-•o-jv) ˛ c_o-µ-\mY SmtKm¿ (k-hn-ti-j-X-I-
fp≈ 5 Ihn-X-Iƒ FSp-°pI)
KoXm-RvPen ˛ hnh. -Pn.- i-¶-c-°pdp∏v (F-Sp-°p∂ 5
Ihn-X-I-fpsS ]cn-`m-j)
41
taLZqXv ˛ Imfn-Zm-k≥
taL-k-tµiw ˛ hnh.- Xn-cp-\-√q¿ Icp-Wm-I-c≥
‚p∏p-∏m-s°m-cm-t\-≠m¿∂v ˛ ssh°w apl-ΩZv _jo¿
cm∏m-Sn-tbmSv ˛ kpK-X-Ip-amcn
me grandad ‘ad an elephant - R.E. Asher
Ode to Nightingale - John Keats
klm-b-I-K-Ÿ-߃B¿kp, hnh¿Ø\ hnNn-¥\w.
B-j¿, B¿.-C., -ae-bm-f-`m-jm-km-ln-Xy- ]-T-\-߃.
F-gp-Ø-—≥, sI.-F≥., Xncp-°p-dfpw Iq´p-Im-cp-w, kao£.
Im-c-t»cn, Fw.-F≥., ae-bm-fnbpw ]cn-`m-jbpw (B-tem-N-\).
tImin, sI.F., `mjbpw `mjm-¥-c-Whpw, Un.-kn.- _pIvk.v
Pbm kpIp-am-c≥, tUm.-, _wKmfn t\mh-ep-Iƒ ae-bm-f-Øn¬.
]-t_m-[-N-µ≥ \mb¿, hn.-B¿., hnh¿Ø-\-Øns‚ mjm-im-kvX-`q-anI, mjm
C≥Ãn-‰yq´v.
cma-Ir-jvW≥, tZi-aw-Kew, Ihn-X-bpsS `qJ-fi-߃, Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw: Nn¥
]ªn-tjgv-kv.
hn-iz-\mY Aø¿, F≥.-C.-, hnh¿Ø\ hnNmcw.
k®n-Zm-\-µ≥, 2006, ]Sn-™m-d≥ Ihn-X-Iƒ, tImgn-t°mSv: amXr-`qan.
k®n-Zm-\-µ≥, 2012, aq∂mw temI IhnX, tImgn-t°mSv: amXr-`qan.
kmln-Xym-Zm\w, F≥.-sI. Zm-tam-Z-c≥ kvac-WnI.
tdmkn Xºn, ss__nƒ ]cn-`m-j-Iƒ.
Aø-∏∏-Wn-°-cpsS teJ-\-߃
(hn-h¿Ø-Is‚ a\ximkvXw F∂ teJ\w)
Nß-ºp-g, tIkcn _me-Ir-jvW-]n≈, \me-∏m´p \mcm-b-W-ta-t\m≥ apX-em-b-
h¿ hnhn[ hnh¿Ø-\-߃s°-gp-Xnb Bap-J-߃.
Bassnett, Susan, and Harish Trivedi, (Eds.) 2012, Postcolonial Translation: Theory
and Practice (Translation Studies), Routledge.
Bassnett, Susan,2002, Tanslation Studies, Taylor Francis Group.
Benjamin, Walter,1968, Illuminations : essays and reflections, Harcourt, Brace &
World.
Catford, J.C,1965, A Linguistic Theory of Translation, Oxford University Press.
Eugene, Albert Nida,1964, Toward a Science of Translating: With Special Refer-
ence to Principles and Proceedures Involved in Bible Translating, Brill Archive.
Eugene A. Nida, Charles R.Taber, 1982, The Theory and Practice of Translation, Brill
Archive, (First published for the United Bible Societies, 1969)
George Steiner, 1998, After Babel: Aspects of Language and Translation, Oxford
Paperbacks.
James, S. Holmes, 1988, Translated !: Papers on Literary Translation and Transla-
tion Studies, amsterdam.
Lawrence, Venuti (Editor), 2004, The Translation Studies Reader, Routledge.
42
Lefevere, Andre (Edited by), 1992, Translation/ History /Culture: A Sourcebook,
Routledge.
Mukherjee, Sujit, 1981, Translation as Discovery: And Other Essays on Indian Litera-
ture in English Translation, Allied Publishers Private.
Peter, Newmark, 1988,Approaches to Translation (Language Teaching Method-
ology), Prentice Hall.
Richard W.Brislin, Bruce.R, Anderson.W, 1976, Translation : applications and Re-
search, New York, Gardner Press.
Tejaswini, Niranjana, 1992, Siting Translation: History, Post-Structuralism and the Co-
lonial Context, University of California Press.
Theodore, Horace Savory, 1957, The Art of Translation, Jonathan Cape.
Anthologies of Papers, Translating Power, Translating Gender, Translating Caste,
New Delhi, Katha.
43
MU MLW 3210 -hym-I-cWw
ae-bmf ]mc-º-cy- hym-I-c-W- k-ao]-\ßfpsS coXn-Ifpw kz`m-hhpw a\-n-
em-°p-I, `mjm-L-S-\-bpsS khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ ]mc-º-cy -hym-I-cWw F]-Im-c-
amWv \n¿h-Nn-®n-cn-°p-∂Xv F∂p Xncn-®-dn-bp-I, h¿Ø-am-\-Im-e- `m-j-bpsS
khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ Cu \nco-£-W-ß-tfmSv FX-amXw IS-s∏-Sp-∂p-sh∂pw Fß-
s\-sb√mw amdn-\n¬°p-∂p-sh∂pw ]cn-tim-[n-°p-I XpS-ßn-b-Im-cy-ß-fmWv
Cu tImgvkns‚ e£yw. GsX-¶nepw hymI-c-W-K-ŸsØ ASn-ÿm-\-am°n
]Tn-°pI F∂-Xn¬ \n∂p amdn ][m-\-s∏´ hymI-c-W-K-Ÿ-ß-sf-sb√mw klm-
b-K-Ÿ-ß-fmbn kzoI-cn-®p-sIm-≠p≈ ]T-\-amWv Dt±-in-°p-∂-Xv. \nb-a-߃
Imcn-Im-cq-]-Øn¬ Hm¿Ωn-°Ww F∂v BK-l-ap-≈-h¿°v tIc-f-]m-Wn-\obw
ASn-ÿm-\-]p-kvX-I-ambn kzoI-cn-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. ae-bmf hymI-cW khn-ti-
j-X-Iƒ hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ°v a\-n-em-hp-I-bpw, AXn¬Øs∂ khn-tij N¿®
\S-∂n-´p≈ Imcy-ß-sf-°p-dn®v hni-Z-amb Adn-hp-≠m-hp-Ibpw sNø-Ww.
h¿Æw, ]Zw, hmIyw F∂o LS-\m-]-c-amb hyXym-ksØ ap≥\n¿Øn-bp≈
]mTy-hn-`-P-\-amWv \S-Øn-bn-cn-°p∂-Xv. ]Zw F∂ sNdnb GI-I-Øn¬ Dƒs∏-
Sp-ØmsX kam-k-sØbpw k‘n-sbbpw hmIy-X-e-Øn-¬ tN¿Øn-cn-°p-∂p.
H∂n¬°q-Sp-X¬ ]Z-ß-fpsS tNcp-h-bp-≈-Xn-\mepw Ahbv°v BImw-£-bp-
ambn Ipd-®p-IqSn t\cn´v _‘-ap-≈-Xn-\m-ep-amWv C]-Imcw sNbvX-Xv. ]T-\-
ku-I-cy-Øn-\p-th-≠n-bmWnXv.
bqWn‰v 1
h¿Æ-Xew
h¿Æw, A£-cw, en]n F∂nh hni-Z-am-°p-I. kz\w (Phone) F∂ `mjm
imkvX-]-cn-I-ev]\ ˛ kzc-߃, ae-bm-f-Ønse AIm-csØ kw_-‘n® N¿®-
Iƒ, DImcw: kwhrX hnhr-X-t`-Zw, kzc-am-e-bn¬ ÿm\w ]nSn-®n-´p≈ E, Aw,
44
Ax F∂n-h-bpsS kz`m-hw-˛-hy-RvP-\-߃, aIm-c-hpw, A\p-kzm-chpw XΩn-
ep≈ _‘w, h¿’y-h¿K-Øns‚ ÿm\w, kz`m-hw.
]Z-Xew
]Z-\n¿h-N-\w, cq]w (Morph), A\p-]-tbmKw F∂ `mjm-im-kvX -]-cn-I-ev]-\-
bp-am-bp≈ _‘w, \maw, Inb, t`Z-Iw, tZymXIw F∂n-h-bpsS ASn-ÿm\
kz`m-hw.
bqWn‰v 2
\maw, enwKw, hN-\w
n Zhy-\m-aw, Inbm-\m-aw,- Kp-W-\maw F∂n-h-bpsS LS-\m-]-chpw
A¿∞-]-c-hp-amb hyXym-k-߃, Zhy-\m-aØns‚ hn`-P\w, k¿h-
\m-a-Øns‚ ]ncn-hp-Iƒ˛cq]-t`-Z-߃-˛-\m-a-tØmSptNcp∂ ]Xyb
߃.
n ]p√nw-K-kvXo-enw-K-\-]pw-k-I-enw-K-]-Xy-b-߃, hn`n∂ kvXoenw-K-]-Xyb-
߃, Ah-bpsS cq]-]-cn-Wma Imc-W-߃, \]pwkIenwK-]-Xy-bsØ
kw_-‘n-®p-≠m-bn-´p≈ A`n-]mb hyXym-k-߃.
n GI-h-N-\w, _lp-h-N-\w, ]qP-I-_-lp--h-N\w F∂n-h-bpsS LS-\m-]-chpw
B¿∞n-I-hp-amb hyXym-k-߃, ]qP-ssI-Ih-N\w F∂-]-cn-I-ev]-\-
bpsS ]k-‡n, _lp-h-N-\-߃, \ma-]-Ir-Xn-tbmSp tNcp-tºm-fp-≠m-Ip∂
]cn-Wm-a-߃.
bqWn‰v 3
hn -‡n, X≤nXw
n hn`-‡n-kw-⁄-sb -kw-_-‘n® N¿®, \n¿h-N-\w, kw_-‘nI hn`-‡n-
bmtWm? hn`‡n ]Xy-b߃, ]Xy-b-߃°p-≠m-Ip∂ cq]-am-‰-߃,
]Xybw tN¿°msX hcp∂ hn`-‡n-cq-]-߃, Imc-I-߃, hn`-‡ym-`m-
kw.
n X≤nXw ˛ \n¿h-N-\w, hn`n∂ X≤n-X-cq-]-߃.
bqWn‰v 4
Inb
n Inb ]q¿Æw-˛-A-]q¿Æw, AI¿Ω-Iw-˛-k-I¿Ω-Iw, tIh-ew-˛-]-tbm-PIw
F∂o hn`-P-\-߃.
]q¿Æ-Inb ˛ Ime-]-Xy-b߃, hn`n∂ `qX-Im-e ]Xy-b߃, ]Ir-Xn-
bp-ambn Ime-]-Xy-b-߃ tNcp-tºm-gp-≠m-Ip∂ ]cn-Wm-a-߃, h¿Ø-
am-\-Im-e -]-Xy-b-Øns‚ D¬]-Ønsb kw_-‘n-®p-≠m-bn-´p≈ N¿®Iƒ.
45
]Imcw ˛ \n¿h-N-\w, hn`n∂ ]Im-c-߃, ]Xy-b-߃-˛-]-tbm-Kw-˛-`n∂
]tbm-K-߃, I¿ΩWn-]-tbm-K-Øns‚ ]k-‡n-˛-tI-hew˛]tbm-PIw
F∂ Inbm-hn-`-P-\w, I¿Ω-tbm-Kw, I¿Xr-P-I¿ΩIw F∂o ]cn-I-ev]-\-
Iƒ, ]tbm-P-I-]-Xy-b-߃.
A]q¿Æ-Inb ˛ t]sc-®w, hn\-sb-®w, ]Xy-b߃, hn`-P-\-߃, s]cp-
am-‰-co-Xn-Iƒ.
n t`Z-Iw-˛-\n¿h-N-\hpw hn`-P-\-hpw, tZymX-Iw-˛-\n-¿h-N-\w, \n]m-Xw, Ahy-
bw, KXn, LS-Iw, hymt£-]Iw XpS-ßnb hn`-P-\-߃.
bqWn‰v 5
hmIy-Xew
hmIyw Hcp GI-I-sa-∂-\n-e-bn¬, ]k‡n, \n¿h-N-\w, BImw£, hn`n∂
hmIy-߃, ae-bm-f-hm-Iy-Ønse ]Z-hn-\ym-k-]-c-amb khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ, s]mcp-
Øw, hn[n-\n-tj-[-hm-Iy-߃, \ntj-[-]-Xy-bw, kam-kw: \n¿h-N\w, hyXy-
kvX-k-am-k-߃, k‘n: \n¿h-N-\w, hn`-P-\w, ae-bm-f-`m-j-bn¬ hcp∂
kmwkvIm-cn-I-amb ]cn-Wm-a-߃, ]Z-X-e-Ønepw hmIy-X-e-Ønepw kw`-hn-
°p∂ ]cn-Wm-a-߃, ]pXnb kmwkvIm-cn-Im-hÿ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ ]Z-ßfpw
]Z-kw-bp-‡-ßfpw Is≠-Øp-I, Cw•o-jns‚ kzm[o-\-^-e-ambn ae-bm-f-Øn-
\p-≠m-Ip∂ ]cn-Wm-a-߃ hne-bn-cp-Øp-I. hyh-lm-c-sa∂ \ne-bn¬ `mj-
bv°p-≠m-Ip∂ F√m am‰-ß-sf-°p-dn-®p-ap≈ t_m[w hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ°p-≠m-
°pI.
klm-bIKŸ-߃
B‚Wn, kn.F¬.-, tIc-f-]m-Wn-\ob `mjyw.
Cfw-Ipfw, hymJym., eoem-Xn-eIw.
Kp≠¿´v, 2014, ae-bm-f-`m-jm-hym-I-cWw, tIm´bw: \mj-W¬ _p°v Ãmƒ.
tKm-Z-h¿Ω, sI. tUm., tIc-f-`m-jm- hn-⁄m-\obw.
tPm¿÷v am-Ø≥, ae-bm-◊-bpsS hymI-cWw.
]`m-I-c-hm-cnb¿, -sI.-Fw. tUm., ae-bm-f- hym-I-c-W- k-ao£.
]`m-I-c-hm-cnb¿, sI.-Fw. tUm., 2007, ae-bmfw am‰hpw hf¿®bpw,
ipI-]pcw: h≈-tØmƒ hnZym-]o-Tw.
-]`p, tij-Kn-cn, hymI-c-W -anXw.
tacn, tUm., tIc-f-]m-Wn-\o-b-]m-T-߃.
cmP-cm-P-h¿Ω, G-.B¿., tIc-f-]m-Wn-\obw.
cma-N-µ≥, ]pXp-t»cn, 1986, tIc-f-]m-Wn-\o-b-hn-a¿iw, (tI-c-f-]m-Wn-\obw
H∂mw-]-Xn-∏v).
kpIp-am-c-]n≈, sI. tUm., ssIc-fo-i-_v-Zm-\p-im-k\w.
46
aq∂mw ska-ÿMU MLW 3311 kmln-Xyhna¿i\XØz߃
MU MLW 3312 -tIcfkwkvImcw
MU MLW 3313 Fgp-Ø-—\pw BJym-\-I-ebpw (Hm∏¨ C-e-IvSo-hv)
MU MLW 3314 kmln-Xy-P-\p-p-Iƒ (C-e-IvSo-hv 1)
MU MLW 3315 ItY-X-c-km-lnXyw (C-e-IvSo-hv 2)
47
MU MLW 3311 kmln-Xy-hn-a¿i\X-Øz-߃
bqWn‰v 1
kmln-Xy-hn-a¿i-\-Øns‚ ]k‡n, krjvSn ˛ Bkzm-Z-\w ˛ hna¿i-\w. bh-
\-Im-hy-Nn¥ ˛ A\p-I-c-W-hmZw ˛ tπt‰m-bn¬ \n∂v Acn-tÃm´nen-eqsS \ntbm-
¢m-knIv hna¿i-I-cn-se-Øp-tºmƒ A\p-I-c-W- k-¶-ev]-Øn-\p- h-cp-∂- am‰w ˛
SmP-Un-sb-°p-dn-®p≈ Acn-tÃm-´n-ens‚ ][m-\- \n-co-£-W-߃. temRvPn-\kv
DZm-Ø-X-sb-°p-dn-®p∂bn-°p-∂ -hm-Z-߃ ˛ Ah-bpsS Imev]-\n-I- kz-`mhw ˛
IhnX Bflm-hn-jvIm-c-am-sW-∂ -hmZw ˛ th¿Uvkvh¿Øv ˛ tImf-dnUvPv ˛
Imhy-`mj ˛ `mh\ F∂n-h-sb-°p-dn-®p≈ D]-Z¿i-\-߃ ˛ tIms®-bp-sS- B-
hn-jvIm-c-hm-Z-Øns‚ Imev]-\n-I-kz-`mhw.
bqWn‰v 2
kmlnXy-sØbpw aqey-ß-sfbpw Ipdn-®p≈ amXyq A¿tWmƒUns‚bpw
tSmƒtÃm-bn-bp-sSbpw \nco-£-W-߃ ˛ \nItjm]e-kn-≤m¥w ˛ tIh-e-ku-
µ-cy-hmZw (I-e- I-e-bv°p -th-≠n).
kmlnXy hn-a¿i-\-Ønse \n¿hy‡n-KX hmZw ˛ sF.-F.-dn-s®Uvkv ˛ sskt\-
kvX-knkvv ˛ Sn. -F-kv. Fen-b´v ˛ a\-s-∂- cm-k-Xz-cIw ˛ hkvXp-kw-tbm-PIw
˛ tPm¨ tIm- dm≥kw ˛ \yq In-´n-knkw ˛ `mjm-\n-jvT-hn-a¿i-\-߃ ˛
kvSIvN-d-enkw ˛ UoI¨kvS-£≥.
bqWn‰v 3
t^mbn-Uv, bpM,v e°m≥ F∂n-h-cpsS a\-»mkvX kao-]\w ˛ DØ-cm-[p\nI
kn≤m-¥-߃ ˛ s^an-\nkw ˛ t]mÃv sImtfm-Wn-b-enkw ˛ kmwkvIm-cnI
hna¿i\w ˛ \h-N-cn-X-hmZw ˛ \ntbm-am¿Ivkn-b≥ ImgvN-∏m-Sp-Iƒ (C-h-bpsS
hniZmw-i-߃ Hgn-hm°n ASn-ÿm\ Bi-b-߃ Kln-°p-I).
48
bqWn‰v 4
Zmhn-U-Im-hy-ao-amwk ˛ Xn-W-k-¶ev]w
Ihn-X-sb-°p-dn-®p≈ `mc-Xo-b-k-¶-ev]\w ˛ ImhytlXp°ƒ ˛ Imhy-]-tbm-
P-\w.
ckw, [z\n,- co-Xn, Ae-¶mcw, htIm‡n F∂o hna¿i-]-≤-Xn-Iƒ.
]k-‡-amb kµ¿`-ß-fn¬ `mc-Xo-bhpw ]m›m-Xy-hp-amb kn≤m-¥-ßsf Xmc-
X-ay-s∏-Sp-ØpI.
bqWn‰v 5
hrØhpw Ae-¶m-chpw - kmam-\y-]-T\w
Oµ-»m-kvX-Øn¬ Zmhn-U-hr-Ø-ßfpw kwkvIrX hrØ-ßfpw ]cn-N-b-s∏-
S-Ww. ImI-fo-tKmX hrØ-߃, Xp≈¬hr-Ø-߃ ˛ A\p-jvSp-∏v, kKv[c,
aµm-Im-¥, im¿±q-e-hn-Io-Un-Xw, Ipkp-a-a-RvP-cn, ZfiIw apX-emb kwkvIrX
hrØ-߃. Ae-¶m-c-im-kvX-Øn¬ ][m-\-ambn ]Tn-t°-≠Xv kmay-aq-e-Im-
e-¶m-c-߃.
hrØ-aRvPcn ˛ F.-B¿. cmP-cm-P-h¿Ω
`mjm-`q-jWw ˛ F.-B¿. cmP-cm-P-h¿Ω
klm-b-I-K-Ÿ-߃
-A-Nyp-X≥, Fw., ]m›mXy kmln-Xy-Z¿i\w.
ANyp-X-\pÆn, NmØ-\mØv, htIm-‡n-bpsS sshNn-X-߃.
ANyp-X-\pÆn, NmØ-\mØv, ck-[z\n hna¿imflI-k-ao-]\w.
ANyp-X-\pÆn, NmØ-\mØv, `mc-Xob kmln-Xy-Z¿i\w.
ANyp-X-\pÆn, NmØ-\mØv, kmln-Xy-ao-amwk : Xmc-Xay ]cn-t]£yw.
ANyp-X-\pÆn, NmØ-\mØv, Ae-¶mcimkvXw ae-bm-f-Øn¬.
Aø-∏-∏-Wn-°¿, C¥y≥ kmln-Xy-kn-≤m-¥-߃, XXzhpw ]k-‡nbpw.
DWn-Øncn, F≥.-hn.-]n. tUm., htIm‡n Imhy-Po-hnXw.
Ip´n-Ir-jvW-am-cmcv, 1991, kmln-Xy-`q-jWw, tImgn-t°mSv: amcm¿ kmln-Xy
-]-Imiw.
tIc-f-km-lnXy A°m-Zan, `c-X-ap-\n-bpsS \mSy-imkvXw.
IrjvW-ssN-X\y, kwkvIr-X-Ønse kmlnXyXØz-Nn¥.
IrjvW≥ \m-b¿, _n.-sI. tUm.-, ck-Iu-apZn.
Xc-I≥-, sI.-Fw. tUm., ]m›mXy kmlnXyXØz-imkvXw.
tXmakv amXyp, Fw., kmln-Xy-Z¿i\w.
\mcm-b-W-]n≈, ]n.-sI., ssIc-fo-[z\n.
\mcm-b-W-°p-dp∏v, ]n., ae-bm-f-hr-Ø-]-T\w.
amXyp, Sn.hn., hrØ-imkvXw.
apc-fo-[-c≥, s\√n-°¬ tUm., hniz-km-ln-Xy-Z¿i-\-߃.
ta-t\m≥, Fw.-F-kv.- (FUn.), ]uc-kvXy-km-ln-Xy-Z¿i\w.
cma-Ir-jvW≥, tZiawKew (FUn.), ]pXnb IrXn ]gbs]mcpƒ, Xncp-h-\-¥-
49
]pcw: tIcf`mjm-C≥Ãn-‰yq´v.
thZ-_‘p, `mc-Xob Imhy-im-kvX-kmcw.
thZ-_‘p, bh\ Imhy-X-Øz-߃.
Bhattacharya, S. & Balasubramanian, R.,1987, History of Sanskrit Poetics, Motilal
Banarsidass.
Robert Davis, Con (Author, Editor), Laurie Finke (Editor),1989, Literary Criticism and
Theory: The Greeks to the Present, UK, Longman Group.
Sankaran, Munshiram, A., 1973, Some aspects of literary criticism in Sanskrit: or,
The theories of rasa and dhvani, Manoharlal Publishers Pvt. Ltd.
Scott James, R.A.1963, The Making of Literature Secker & Warburg.
Susil Kumar De, History of Sanskrit poetics.
Vincent B. Leitch, Cain, E., Laurie Finke, Barbara, E., Jhonson, 2001, The Norton
Anthology of theory and Criticism, w.w. Norton & Co.
Warren, Austin, Rene Wellek,1984, Theory of literature, Mariner Books.
50
MU MLW 3312 tIcf kwkvImcw
tIcfNcn-Xhpw tIc-f-kw-kvIm-chpw ]c-kv]c ]qc-I-amb hnj-b-ß-fm-Wv.
NcnX ]›m-Ø-e-Øn¬ kwkvIm-c-X-e-ßsf ]Tn-°pI F∂-XmWv ChnsS
Dt±-in-°p-∂-Xv.
bqWn‰v 1
tIcf kwkvImc Ncn-X-c-N\ ˛ hnhn[ kao-]-\-߃ ˛ tIc-fw, ae-bmfw
kw⁄-Iƒ ˛ tIcfkwkvImcw ˛ NcnXmflIhnhcWw ˛ ]mcw`ëL´ßƒ
˛ alminemkwkvImcw ˛ ]mNo\ kwkvIrX Xangv kmlnXyßfnse
]cma¿i߃ ˛ ]mNo\ XpdapJ߃ ˛ hmWnPy]mXIƒ ˛ hntZ-in-I-fpsS
hnh-c -Whpw Ipdn -∏p -Ifpw ˛ aX߃ ˛ ZmhnUaXw, ssP\ _p≤
lnµpaX߃ ˛ BcyZmhnU k¶cw ˛ssIkvXh C…mw blqZ aX߃ ˛
hnhn[ aXßfpsS Bcm[\meb߃ ˛ BNmcm\pjvTm\ sshhn≤y߃
bqWn‰v 2
]mNo\ tIcfw ˛ imk\߃, enJnX߃, kvamcI߃ ˛ kwLIme
kaqlw sshPvRm\nI ]mcºcyw imeIƒ, IfcnIƒ, Kma hnZymeb߃
˛ tIcfob Zm¿i\nI¿ ˛ Bgvhm¿am¿, i¶c≥, N´ºn kzmanIƒ,
\mcmbWKpcp, _“m\µinhtbmKn, hmKv`Sm\µ≥ ˛ cmPhwi߃ ˛ Bbv
cmPhwiw ˛ IpetiJc≥am¿ ˛ sIm√h¿jw ˛ P≥an kºZmbw ˛
acpa°Ømbw ˛ `q]cnjvIcWw ˛
bqWn‰v 3
IeIƒ, D’h߃, BtLmj߃ ˛ t£Xin¬]߃ ˛ Zmcpin¬]߃
˛ InkvXy≥ ap…nw ]≈nIfnse NnXIe ˛ Nph¿ NnX߃ ˛ kwKoX
]mcºcyw ˛ kwKoXimkvX K\vY߃ ˛ kzmXnXncp\mfpw I¿WmSI
51
kwKoXhpw ˛ CcbnΩ≥ Xºn CXc kwKo-X-⁄cpw ˛ IqØv, IqSnbm´w,
]mTIw, kwL°fn, IY-I-fn, Xp≈¬, b£-Km-\w, apSn-tb-‰v, sXøw, Nhn-´p-
\m-S-Iw, IpΩm-´n, ssIsIm-´n-°-fn, tXm¬∏m-h-°qØv ˛ HmWw, hnjp, Xncp-
hm-Xn-c, ]qcw, amam¶w, h≈wIfn, ctYm’hw XpSßnbh.
bqWn‰v 4
tIcfob kmaqlnI PohnXhpw `n∂ aXhn`mKßfpw ˛ sk‚ v tXmakpw
tIcfhpw ˛ DZbw t]cq¿ kp∂ltZmkv ˛ Iq\≥ Ipcniv kXyw ˛
anjWdnamcpsS kw`mh\Iƒ ˛ ap…oßfpw tIcfobPohnXhpw.
bqWn‰v 5
kmaqlnI ]cnjvIcW ]ÿm\߃ ˛ io\mcmbW[¿a]cn]me\ kwLw,
\ºqXncntbmKt£ak`, \mb¿ k¿hokv skmssk‰n ˛ \thm-∞m-\hpw
CXc kmapZmbnI ]cnjvIcW ]ÿm\ßfpw AbntØm®mS\w ssh°w
˛ Kpcphmbq¿ ˛ ]menbw kXymKl߃ ˛ t£X]thi\ hnfw_cw ˛
tIcfob kaqlØns‚ B[p\nIoIcW ]InbIƒ ˛ P\m[n]Xy
tIcfØns‚ cq]oIcWw.
klm-b-I-K-Ÿ-߃
ANyp-X-hm-cy¿, Fkv., 2012, tIcf kwkvIm-cw, Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw: tIc-f-`mjm
C≥Ãn-‰yq-´v.
APnXvIpam¿, F≥., 2004, tIcf kwkvIm-cw, Xr»q¿: tIcf kmlnXy
A°m-Z-an.
C.-Fw.-F-kv., 1981, tIcfw ae-bm-fn-I-fpsS amXr-`q-an, Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw: tIcf
KŸ-imem kwLw.
Ip™≥]n-≈, Cfw-Ipfw, 1955, Nne tIcf NcnX ]iv\-߃ ˛ H∂mw `mKw,
\mj-W¬ _pIvÃmƒ.
Ip™≥]n-≈, Cfw-Ipfw, 1983, tIcf Ncn-X-Ønse Ccp-f-S™ GSp-Iƒ,
tIm´bw: Fkv.-]n.-kn.-Fkv.
Ip™≥]n-≈, Cfw-Ipfw, 1971, A∂sØ tIcfw, tIm´bw: Fkv.-]n.-kn.Fkv.
IrjvW-ta-t\m≥, Sn.-sI., tIc-f-kw-kvIm-cw.
KtW-iv, sI.-F≥., 1990, tIc-f-Øns‚ C∂-se-Iƒ, Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw: kmwkvIm-
cnI hIp-∏v.
KwKm-[-c≥, Fw., 2013, hmWn-Py-tI-c-fw, tIm´bw: Un.-kn.-_p-Ivkv.
tKm]m-e-Ir-jvW-]n-≈, sI.-F≥., 1948, tIcf alm-N-cn-Xw, Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw:
tIcf `mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq- v.
tKm]m-e-Ir-jvW≥, ]n.-sI., 1982, tIc-f-Øns‚ kmwkvIm-cnI Ncn-Xw, Xncp-h-
\-¥-]pcw: tIc-f-`mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq-´v.
tKmhn-µ-∏n-≈, ]n., 2013, tIcf \thm-∞m\w Hcp am¿IvknÃv ho£-Ww, Xncp-
h-\-¥-]pcw: Nn¥ ]ªn-tj-tg-kv.
52
Kucn-e-£van-`m-bn, Aiz-Xn-Xn-cp-\mƒ, (hnh: ioIp-amcn cma-N-µ≥), 2012, tIcf
kwkvImcw Hcp Xnc-t\m-´w, tImgn-t°mSv: amXr-`q-an.
Zmtam-Z-c≥, sI., 1979, tIcf Ncn-Xw, Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw: ]`m-Xv.
]fl-\m-`-ta-t\m≥, sI.-]n., 1996 (1914), sIm®n cmPy-N-cn-Xw, tImgn-t°mSv:
amXr-`q-an.
t]m°¿, ]n.-sI., 2002, tIc-fo-b-X-bpsS h¿Ø-am-\w, ]m∏n-tbm¨.
_me-Ir-jvW≥, ]n.-sI., 1987, PmXn-hy-h-ÿn-Xnbpw tIc-f-N-cn-X-hpw, tIm´bw:
Fkv.-]n.-kn.-Fkv.
`mkvI-c-\p-Æn, ]sØm-ºXmw \q‰m-≠nse tIc-fw.
cmL-h≥, ]pXp-∏-≈n, 2001, tIcf ]X-]-h¿Ø\ Ncn-Xw, tIm´bw: Un.kn.-
_p-Ivkv.
cmL-h-hm-cn-b¿, Fw.-B¿., cmP≥ Kpcp-°ƒ, 1991, tIc-f-N-cn-Xw, (c≠v hmey-
߃) h≈-tØmƒ hnZym-]o-Tw.
cmL-h-hm-cn-b¿, Fw.-B¿., 1997, a[y-Ime tIcfw: kaqlw kºØv kwkvImcw,
Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw: Nn¥ ]ªn-tjgvkv.
cmL-h-hm-cn-b¿, Fw.-B¿., 2014, a[y-Ime tIcfw kzcq-]-\o-Xn-bpsS Ncn-X-]m-
T-߃, tIm´bw: Fkv.-]n.-kn.-Fkv.
cmL-h-hm-cn-b¿, Fw.-B¿., tIc-fo-bX NcnXam\-߃, h≈-tØmƒ hnZym-
]oTw.
cma-N-µ≥, ]pXp-t»cn, tIc-f-N-cn-X-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm\ tcJ-Iƒ, Xncp-h-\-¥-
]pcw: `mjm-C≥Ãn-‰yq´v.
temK≥ hneyw, (hnh: Sn. IrjvW≥), 1985, ae-_m¿ am\z¬, tImgn-t°mSv:
amXr-`q-an.
hk-¥≥, Fkv.-sI., 1982, tIcf NcnX\nL-≠p, tIm´bw: \mj-W¬
_pIvÃmƒ.
them-bp-[≥, ]Wn-°-t»-cn, 2001, k©m-cn-Iƒ I≠ tIc-fw, tIm´bw: Un.kn.-
_p-Ivkv.
iin-`q-j¨, Fw.-Pn., 2005, tIc-fo-b-cpsS tZh-Xm-k-¶¬]w, tIm´bw: Un.kn.-
_p-Ivkv.
i¶p Aø¿, Fkv., 1963, tIc-f-N-cn-X-Ønse A⁄mX `mK-߃, tIm´bw:
\mj-W¬ _p°vÃmƒ.
io[-c-ta-t\m≥, F., 2014, tIcf kwkvIm-cw, tIm´bw: Un.kn.-_p-Ivkv.
skbvXp-ap-l-Ω-Zv, ]n.-F., 1975, tIcfw \q‰m-≠p-Iƒ°p apºv, tIm´bw: Fkv.-
]n.-kn.-Fkv.
Kunjan Pillai, P.N., 1970, Studies in Kerala History, Kottayam.
Narayanan, M.G.S., Cultural Symbiosis in Kerala, Trivandrum: Kerala Historical
Society.
Narayanan, M.G.S., 2013, Perumals in Kerala, Thrissur, Cosmo Books.
Padmanabhamenon, K.P., 1998 (1924), History of Kerala Vol. 1, New Delhi: Asian
Education Service.
Sreedharamenon, A., 1984, A Survey of Kerala History, Madras.
William Logan, 2001, Malabar Manual, Asian Educational Services.
53
MU MLW 3313 Fgp-Ø-—\pw BJym-\-I-ebpw
(Hm∏¨ Ce-IvSo-hv)
`mc-X-Ønse `‡n-]-ÿm-\w, Xp©-sØ-gp-Ø-—s‚ Imew, Imhy-`m-j F∂n-
h-sb-∏-‰n-bp≈ hkvXp-X-Iƒ [cn-°p-∂-Xn-\p-th-≠n-bmWv Cu t]∏¿. Fgp-
Ø-—≥ hyh-lm-c-`m-j-bnepw Imhy-`m-j-bnepw sNep-Ønb kzm[o\w ka-K-
ambn ]Tn-t°-≠-Xp-≠v. Fgp-Ø-—s‚ IrXn-Iƒ GsXms°? ˛ AXn-s\-∏-‰n-
bp≈ At\z-j-Whpw ][m-\-am-Wv. tIc-f-kw-kvIm-c-hy-h-lm-c-Øn¬ Fgp-
Ø-—s‚ ]s¶¥v F∂v At\z-jn-°m≥ hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ _m[y-ÿ-cm-Wv.
bqWn‰v 1
Fgp-Ø-—≥ IrXn-Iƒ ˛ kmam-\ym-h-tem-I-\w.
]apJ Fgp-Ø-—≥ ]T-\-߃ ˛ D≈q¿, kmln-Xy-]-©m-\\≥, sI.-F-kv. Fgp-
Ø-—≥, sI.-F≥. Fgp-Ø-—≥, ]n.-sI. _me-Ir-jvW≥ F∂n-h-cpsS ]T-\-ß-
fpsS ]›m-Ø-e-Øn¬ ]pXp-\n-co-£-W-ß-fp-≠m-h-Ww.
bqWn‰v 2
hnti-j-]-T\w
Infn-∏m-´p-Iƒ ˛ A≤ym-fl-cm-am-bWw : InjvIn-‘m-Im-fiw.
alm-`m-cXw : auk-e-]¿hw
bqWn‰v 3
hnti-j-]-T\w
lcn-\m-a-Io¿Ø\w : Io¿Ø-\-km-ln-Xy-Øn¬ Cu IrXn-bpsS sshinjvSyw;
lcn-\m-a-Io¿Ø-\-Ønse `mh-`mjm k¶-ev]-߃.
54
bqWn‰v 4
Fgp-Ø-—s‚ CX-c-Ir-Xn-Iƒ: Nn¥m-cXv\w apX-em-b-h ˛ Ch-sb-∏-‰n-bp≈
]fin-Xm-`n-]m-b-߃.
bqWn‰v 5
Fgp-Ø-—s‚ Imhy-`mj ˛ Fgp-Ø-—≥ ]tbm-Kn® hrØ-߃ ˛ Fgp-Ø-
—s‚ cN-\m-coXn ˛ kmay-aq-eI ]tbm-K-߃.
klm-b-I-K-Ÿ-߃
ANyp-X-ta-t\m≥, tNe-\m-´v, tUm., Fgp-Ø-—\pw Imehpw. (Ezhuthachan and
His Age) - hnh. eoem-hXn.
B‰q¿ chn-h¿Ω, `‡n-Imhyw.
D≈q¿, 1990, tIc-f-km-ln-Xy-N-cn-Xw, Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw: bqWn-th-gvkn‰n Hm^v
tIc-f.
Fgp-Ø-—≥, sI.-F-kv., Xp©-sØ-gp-Ø-—≥.
Fgp-Ø-—≥, sI.-F≥., tUm., Xp©-sØ-gp-Ø-—s‚ A[ym-fl-cm-am-bWw ˛
Hcp ]T\w.
tIcf kmlnXy A°m-Zan hmfy-߃, Xp©≥ ]_-‘-߃.
tImgn-t°mSv k¿h-I-em-ime, "ae-bm-f-hn-a¿iw' e°w 9.
tPm¿Pv, sI.-Fw. tUm. (F-Un.), kmln-Xy-N-cnXw ]ÿm-\-ß-fn-eqsS.
]c-ta-iz-c≥ \mb¿, ]n.sI., B[p-\nI ae-bm-f-km-ln-Xy-N-cnXw.
_me-Ir-jvW≥, ]n.-sI., 2008, F-gp-Ø-—s‚ IY ˛ Nne hymk `mc-X-]-T-\-
߃, tIm´-bw, Un.-kn. _p°vkv.
_me-Ir-jvW≥ \mb¿, Pn. (hym.), \mep ae-bmf ama-d-Iƒ: lcn-\m-a-Io¿Ø\w.
ae-bm-f-k¿h-I-em-ime, (]km.), Xp©-sØ-gp-Ø-—≥ Pohn-X-tcJ.
i¶-c≥, sI.-]n., BNm-cy-k-∂n-[n-bn¬.
55
MU MLW 3314 kmln-Xy-P-\p-p-Iƒ Ce-IvSo-hv 1
hyXykvX kmln-Xy-P-\p-p-Iƒ, Ah-bpsS kmln-Xo-b-X, AXn-\m-[m-c-amb
LS-I-߃ F∂n-h-sb-∏‰n IrXy-amb [mcW D≠m-°p-I-bmWv Cu t]∏-dns‚
e£yw.
bqWn-‰v- 1kmln-Xo-b-Xbpw kmln-Xy-P-\p-pw-˛-km-ln-Xy-P-\p-p-I-fpsS khn-ti-j-L-S-
\-˛-km-ln-Xy-P-\ppw D≈-S-°hpw XΩn-ep≈ ]mc-kv]-cyw.
bq-Wn-‰v- 2CXn-lm-kw, ]pcm-W-߃, thZ-߃ XpS-ßn-b-h-bpsS kz`m-hw- -A-h-bpsS kao-
]-\-߃-˛-]m-´v, aWn-]-hm-fw, alm-Im-hyw, Nºp-°ƒ, h©n-∏m-´v, ]g-s©m¬,
IS-¶-Y, \mS-Iw, Jfi-Im-hy-߃ XpS-ßnb ]mNo\ kmln-Xy-cq-]-߃.
bqWn-‰v- 3B[p-\nI kmln-Xy-P-\p-p-Iƒ-˛-K-Zy-km-lnXyw: t\mh¬, D]-hn-`m-K-߃, IY,
Bfl-I-Y, an\n-°-Y, BJym-bn-I.
bqWn-‰v- 4]Zy-km-lnXyw: Jfi-Im-hyw, ap‡-Iw, `mh-Im-hyw, hnem-]-Im-hyw, \mS-Io-b-
kz-K-Xm-Jym-\w, Io¿Ø-\-߃, IYm-Im-hyw.
bqWn-‰v- 5Zriy-km-ln-Xyw-˛-\m-S-Iw, B-´-°-Y, Xp≈¬, Xnc-°-Y.
56
d -d≥kv:cq]-a-RvP-cn-˛-tI-kcn
t\mh¬ kmln-Xyw-˛-Fw.-]n. t]mƒ
Jfi-I-Ym-]-ÿm-\w-˛-Fw.-]n. t]mƒ
BJym-bn-Im-\n¿Ωm-Ww-˛-Cu-iz-c-hm-cy¿
t\mh-ens‚ hn`m-K-߃-˛-s\-Sn-bw-ho-´n¬ _me-Ir-jvW-ta-t\m≥
57
MU MLW 3415 ItY-X-c-km-lnXyw (Ce-IvSo-hv 2)
ctaym-]-\ym-k-߃,- B-fl-I-Y,- Po-h-N-cn-Xw,- bm-Xm-hn-h-c-Ww, ssh⁄m-\n-
I-km-lnXyw XpS-ßn-bh ap≥\n¿Øn B[p-\nI KZy-km-ln-Xy-Øns‚
hf¿®sb \n¿≤m-cWw sNøp-I-bmWv Cu t]∏-dns‚ e£yw.
bqWn-‰v- 1
A®-Snbpw KZyhpw
ae-bm-f-KZyw A®-Sn-°p-apºv ˛ \ºym≥Xangv IrXn-Iƒ, sh≈-bpsS Ncn-Xw
apX-em-bh. A-®-Snbpw B\p-Im-en-I-ßfpw ˛ -]-›n-tam-Z-bw- ˛ -hn-Zym-hn-t\m-Zn-
\n- ˛- c-kn-I-c-RvPn-\n- ˛ ctaym-]-\ym-kw ˛ -ssh-⁄m-\nI D]-\ym-kw- ˛ s]m-Xp-
aWvUehpambn _‘-s∏´ kwhm-Z-߃ -˛- co-Xn-im-kvX-]-c-am-b- k-hn-ti-j-X-
Iƒ -˛- th-ß-bn¬ Ip™n-cm-a≥\mb-\m¿ -˛ -A-∏≥ Xºp-cm≥- ˛ -sI.-kp-Ip-am-
c≥- ˛ -C.-hn.-Ir-jvW-]n-≈- ˛- F≥.-hn. IrjvWhm-cn-b¿ ˛ G.-]n.- D-Z-b-`m\p XpS-
ßn-b-h-cpsS kw`m-h-\-Iƒ.
hntij]-T-\w
\ms´-gp-Ø-—≥am¿- ˛ -th-ß-bn¬ Ip™n-cm-a≥ \mb-\m¿
Nncnbpw Nn¥-bpw ˛ C.-hn.- Ir-jvW-]n-≈ (B-ZysØ c≠p-te-J-\w)-
Ihn-I-fpsS ISw ˛ kRvP-b≥
Iqhn-SmbvI Ipbn-te ˛ G.-]n.- D-Z-b-`m\p
bqWn-‰v- 2
bm-Xm-hn-h-c-W-߃ hntij-]-T-\-Øn\v_men-Zzo-]v ˛ F-kv.-sI.- s]m-s‰-°m-´v-
acp-`q-an-bpsS Bfl-I-Y ˛ ap-km-^¿ Al-a-Zv-
58
bqWn-‰v- 3
-Po-h-N-cnXw
BZy-Ime Poh-N-cn-X-߃-˛-kva-c-W-Iƒ-˛-]n.-sI.- ]-c-ta-iz-c≥ \mb-cpsS kw`m-
h-\-˛-Fw.-sI.- km-\p-˛-tdm-kn- tXm-akv XpS-ßn-b-h¿.
hntij]-T-\w
kn.-hn.- cm-a≥]n-≈ ˛- ]n.-sI.- ]-c-ta-iz-c≥ \mb¿
Nß-ºpg \£-X-ß-fpsS kvt\-l-`m-P-\w˛ Fw.-sI. km\p
Ch-s\s‚ ]nb kn.-sP. ˛ tdm-kn tXm-akv
bqWn-‰v- 4
-hy‡nbpw tZihpw
Bfl-I-Y-˛-Po-h-N-cn-Xw-˛-hy-‡n-N-cn-Xw-˛-tZ-i-N-cn-Xw˛ Bfl-I-Ybpw tIs´-
gpØpw˛B-fl-I-Y-Ifnse a‰v ]co-£-W-߃.
hntij]-T-\w
Pohn-X-∏m-X ˛- sN-dp-ImSv
I≠¬°m-Sp-Iƒ°n-S-bn¬ Fs‚ Pohn-Xw - - I-t√≥ s]m°p-S≥
bqWn-‰v- 5
ssh⁄m-\nI kmlnXyw -
ae_m¿ kpIp-am-c≥ _n.-F, tUm. sI. `mkv°-c≥ \mb¿, F≥.-hn. IrjvW-
hmcnb¿ apX-em-b-h-cpsS kw`-mh-\-Iƒ kmam-\y-ambn t_m[y-s∏-SWw.
hntij]-T-\w
F≥.-hn. IrjvW-hm-cn-b-cpsS teJ-\-߃
klm-b-I-K-Ÿ-߃
tKm]m-e-Ir-jvW≥, \Sp-h-´w-,1998, B-fl-I-Ym-km-lnXyw ae-bm-f-Øn¬,
Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw: tI-cf `mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq-´v.
tPm¿Pv, sI.-Fw. (-F-Un.),1998, -B-[p-\nI ae-bm-f-km-ln-Xy-N-cnXw ]ÿm-\-
ß-fn-eq-sS-, tIm´bw: Un.-kn.- _p-Ivkv.
tPm¿Pv, sI.-Fw.-, Po-h-N-cn-X-km-lnXyw.
cta-jvN-µ≥, hn., k©m-c-km-lnXyw ae-bm-f-Øn¬.
ioIp-am¿, G.Pn., A®-Sn-bnse tIc-fw, IÆq¿: ssIc-fn- _pIvkv.
kwkvIm-c-]-T\w NcnXw ˛ kn-≤m-¥w -˛ -]-tbm-Kw-, 2011, a-e-bm-f-]-T-\-kwLw.
59
Arnold, David & stuart Blackburn (Ed.), 2004,Telling Lives in India: Biography,
Autography and Life History, New Delhi: Permanant Black.
Cavarero, 2000, Relating Narratives: Story Telling and Selfhood, London:
Routledge.
Reed-Danahay, E. Deborah (Ed.), 1997, Auto/Ethnography Rewriting the Self and
the Social, Berg, Oxford.
60
\memw ska-ÿMU MLW 3416 kmln-Xyhpw kwkvIm-c-]-T-\hpw
MU MLW 3417 km-ln-Xy-Ncn-X-hn-⁄m-\obw
MU MLW 3418 Kth-jW ]_‘w/cN-\m-k-a¿∏Ww
MU MLW 3419 Iºyq-´¿ ae-bm-fhpw ]km-[-\-I-ebpw (C-e-IvSo-hv 3)
MU MLW 3420 am[yacN\ (C-e-IvSo-hv 4)
61
MU MLW 3416 kmln-Xyhpw kwkvIm-c-]-T-\hpw
-km-ln-Xy-]-T\ hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ°pw H∏w a‰v hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ°pw FSp-°m-hp∂
Hm∏¨ Ce-IvSo-hmWv Cu t]∏¿. kmln-Xy-Ir-Xn-I-fnepw kwhm-Z-ß-fnepw
s]mXp-hn-Zym¿∞n-Iƒ°v XmXv]-cy-ap-≠m-°p-∂-Xn-s\m∏w kwkvImc]T\w
ap≥\n¿Øn-bp≈ hnti-j-]-T-\-km-[y-XI-sfbpw t]∏¿ ]cn-K-Wn-°p-∂p.
kwkvIm-c-]-T\Øns‚ ssk≤m-¥nI hi-ßfpw H∏w ]tbm-K-km-[y-X-Ifpw
t]∏¿ e£yw hbv°p∂p.
bqWn-‰v- 1
kwkvIm-c-]-T\w F∂ ]T-\-im-J
kw-kvImcw A¿∞-]-cn-Wm-a-߃- ˛ -]-Ir-Xnbpw kwkvIr-Xn-bpw-˛-kw-kvIm-c-
]-T\w F∂ ]T-\-im-J-˛- _n-´ojv I-t\-Un-b≥ amXr-I-Iƒ -˛- sd-bva≠v hneyw-
kn-s‚bpw C.-]n.- tXmw-k-Wn-s‚bpw kµ¿`w-˛- am¿Ivkn-b≥ hgn-Ifpw ]cn-
I¸-\-Ifpw.
bqWn-‰v 2
aq∂mw-temI hgn-Iƒ
kwkvIm-c-]-T-\-Øns‚ ap∂mw-temI hgn-Iƒ ˛ C-¥y≥ kw-kvIm-c-]-T\w ˛
]-I-c-W-\n-jvT-X -˛- t¢mZv A¬hm-co-kv ˛ Km-b-Xo-N-I-h¿Øo kv]ohm-°v- ˛-
`u-Xn-I-im-kvXhpw kwkvIm-c-]-T-\hpw.
bqWn-‰v 3
kmln-Xy-]-T-\hpw kwkvIm-c-]-T-\-hpw
kmln-Xy-]-T-\hpw kwkvIm-c-]-T-\-hpw- ˛- `m-j,- km-ln-Xyw,- kw-kvIm-cw,- k-
aqlw ]c-kv]c _‘-߃- ˛ókmw-kvIm-cn-tIm¬∏\w F∂ \ne-bn¬ kmln-
Xyw -˛- km-ln-Xy-cq-]-ß-fpsS kmwkvIm-cn-I-]-c-X ˛ P\-]n-b-km-ln-Xyw-.
62
bqWn-‰v- 4Nn”hn⁄m-\o-bhpw kwkvIm-c-]-T-\hpw
kw-kvIm-chpw A[n-Im-c-hpw˛L-S\mhmZhpw; LS-\m-hm-Zm-\-¥c Nn¥bpw ˛
Nn”-hn-⁄m-\o-bhpw kwkvIm-c-]-T-\-hpw.
bqWn-‰v- 5a-e-bm-f\ncq-]-Whpw kwkvIm-c-]-T-\hpw
kwkvIm-c-]-T\w ae-bm-f-Øn¬ ˛ bqtdm-tI-µo-I-c-Ww- ˛ -cm-jvSo-bm-`n-ap-Jy-
߃- ˛ -]p-Xp-hnNmcamXr-I-Iƒ -˛ -a-e-bm-f-`m-j-tbbpw Xt±-iob kwkvIm-c-
sØbpw kw_-‘n® Btem-N-\-Iƒ ˛óae-bm-f-\n-cq-]-Whpw kwkvIm-c-]-T-
\hpw -˛- km-ln-Xy-N-cn-X-Øns‚ ]p\¿hn-`m-h-\w.
amXr-Im-hm-b-\bv°vCµp-te-J - - H.- N-¥p-ta-t\m≥
IpSp-° -˛ ]n.-Fw.- XmPv
\mem-asØ BWn- ˛- B-\µv
A\p-`q-Xn-I-fpsS Ncn-X-]-c-X- ˛- _n.- cm-Po-h≥
s]m-^-k¿ hnhn-[-K-a-\s‚ hnNn-Xm-\p-`-h-߃- ˛- sI.-Pn.- i-¶-c-∏n≈
klm-b-I-K-Ÿ-߃
-\-ºq-Xn-cn-∏m-Sv, C.-Fw.-F-kv., 1964, -tI-cfw ae-bm-fn-I-fpsS amXr-`q-an, Xr-iq¿:-
I-d‚ v _pIvkv.
a-e-bm-f-]-T-\-kwLw, 2011, kwkvIm-c-]-T-\w-, N-cnXw kn≤m¥w ]tbm-Kw-.
cho-µ≥ (FUn.), --1984, I-em-hn-a¿iw am¿InÃv am\-Z-WvUw, -Xn-cp-h-\-¥-]pcw:
Nn¥ ]ªn-tj-gvkv.
cho-µ≥, ]n.-]n., 2002, kw-kvIm-c-]-T\w Hcp BapJw, Un.-kn.- _p-Ivkv.
cmP-tKm-]m-e≥, C.-]n. (-F-Un)-, 2001, C-µp-teJ ˛ hmb-\-bpsS Zni-Iƒ, Xriq¿:
tIcf kmlnXy A°m-Z-an.
cmPo-h≥, _n.-, hm-°p-Ifpw hkvXp-°-fpw, Un.-kn.- _p-Ivkv.
kp\n¬, ]n.- C-f-bn-Sw, Z-an-Xw, -Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw: tI-cf `mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq´.v
kp\n¬, ]n. - C-f-bn-Sw, A-⁄m-X-cp-am-bp≈ A`n-ap -J-߃-, tIm-´-bw:
F≥._n.Fkv.-
Adorno, T.W., 2002, Cultural Industry, London: Routledge.
Alvares, Claude, 1999, Decolonizing History, Goa: The Other India Press.
Barker, Chris, 2000, Cultural Studies : Theory and Practice, London, Sage.
Bennett, Tony (Ed.), 1981, Culture, Ideology and social Process: A Reader, London:
Batsford.
Bernal, J.D., Science in History, All India Peoples science Network.
Davis, loan, 1995, Cultural studies and Beyond Fragments of Empire, London,
Newyork: Routledge,
Eagleton, Terry, 1984, The Function of Criticism, London: Verso.
63
Eagleton, Terry, 2000, The Idea of Culture, Masschusetts: Blackwell Publishers.
Easthope, Anthony, 1996, Literary and Cultural Studies, London: Routledge.
Fanon, Frantz, 1966, The Wretched of the Earth, New York: Groves Press, Inc.
Fiske, John, 1989, Reading the Popular, London: Unwin Hyman.
Guiz, Raiford, Omayra Zarago Zacruz, 2005, Popular Culture: A Reader, London:
Sage Publishers.
Hosleet, Moyra, 2000, Marxist Literary & cultural Theories, London: Macmillan.
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Act, London: Methuen.
Jameson, Frederic, 1993, On Cultural Studies, Social Text, 34.
Mc Gann, Jerome, J. (Eds), 1985, Historical Studies and Literary Criticism, Madison,
WI, University of Wisconsin press.
Said, Edward, 1978, Orientalism, Routledge and Kegan Paul.
Sinfield, Alan & Jonathan Dollimore, 1994, Political Shakespeare: Essays in Cultural
Materialism, Manchester University Press.
Spivak, Gayathri Chakravorty, 1999, A critique of Postcolonial Reason - Towards
a History of the Vanishing Present, Calcutta: Seagull.
Vinay Lal, 1996, South Asian cultural Studies - A Bibliography, New Delhi: Manoharlal
Williams, Raymond, 1958, Culture and Society, London: Chatto and Windus.
Williams, Raymond, 1986, Culture, London, Fontana.
Williams, Raymond, 1985, Marxism and Literature, London: Oxford.
64
MU MLW 3417 kmln-Xy-N-cn-X-hn-⁄m-\obw
]T-\-e£yw
kmln--Xy-N-cnX cN-\bpw hn⁄m-\hpw IqSmsX ]ÿm-\-߃, ]£-]m-X-
߃, \ne-]m-Sp-Iƒ F∂n-h-bpsS hnh-c-Whpw hni-I-e-\-ß-fpw.
bqWn‰v 1
kmln-Xyhpw Ncn-X-hn-⁄m\ (Historiography)hpw˛km-ln-Xy-N-cn-Xw-˛-]-T-\-ta-
J-e-Iƒ-˛-kn-≤m-¥hpw coXn-im-kvX-hpw -˛- B-Jym-\-Øns‚ khnti-j-X-Iƒ- ˛-
]-£-]m-X-ßfpw ]£-t`-Z-ß-fpw- ˛-- ]-Xn-\n-[m-\w- ˛ -]-Xy-b-im-kvXw -˛- k-aq-l-
Ncn-Xhpw tZio-b-Xbpw, kmln-Xy-N-cn-X-Øn¬.
bqWn‰v 2
kmln-Xy-N-cnX cN\: ssh-⁄m-\nI kao-]-\w-˛-tZ-io-b-Xbpw ]mtZ-io-b-Xbpw
˛ km-ln--Xy-I¿ØyXzw -˛ -Ir-Xn-I-fpsS Xnc-s™-Sp∏pw h¿§o-I-c-W-hpw -˛- Im-
t\m-\n-I-c-W-Øns‚ D≈-S-°hpw cmjvSo-bhpw ˛ tZ-i-`mj Ncn-X-߃- ˛
-km-ln-Xy-N-cn-X-Øn¬-˛-P-\p-p-I-fpsS Ah-X-c-Ww.
bqWn-‰v- 3
]-ÿm\ I¬-∏-\-Iƒ-˛km-ln-Xy-N-cn-Xhpw ]ÿm-\-h¬°-c-W-hpw-˛-tI-k-cn.-
F.-_m-e-Ir-jvW-]n-≈-bpsS ]ÿm-\-Nn-¥-Iƒ-˛-h¿§oI-c-W-߃-˛-CkßfpsS
hnh-c-Ww-- -X-an-gv- -kw-kvIr-X- -a-e-bmf˛km-lnXy ]ÿm-\-߃- -K-Zy- -]Zy ]ÿm-
\-߃.
65
bqWn-‰v- 4
L´hn--`-P-\-߃-˛-L-´-hn-`-P-\-Ønse ]iv\-߃-˛-]m-c-º-cyw-˛-]-Xy-b-imkvX
Xm¬]-cy-߃- --ku-µ-cy-˛--im-kvX-]-c-amb [mc-W-Iƒ-˛-F-gp-Ønse `mh-]--]-©w-
˛-k-am-\-X-Iƒ-˛-kw-kvImc ÿm]-\-ß-fpsS A[n-Imc cmjvSo-bw-˛-`mjmtIµo-
Ir-X-amb L´-hn-`-P-\w-˛-hy-‡n-˛-]-ÿm-\-˛-KW hn`-P-\-߃-˛-`mjm kmln-Xy-
ß-fpsS ]nXm-hv-˛-bp-K-kw-I-aW ]pcp-j≥ F∂o hnti-j-W-ß-fpsS HuNn-
Xyw-˛-]m-No-\w-˛-a-[yw-˛-\-ho\w F∂o bqtdm-]y≥ amXr-I-bpsS km[y-Xbpw ]cn-
an-Xn-bpw.
bqWn-‰v- 5
ae-bmf kmlnXy Ncn-X-߃-˛-km-am-\ym-h ---tem-I-\w-˛-tZ-iw-˛-`m-j-˛-Im-ew-˛-sF-
Xn-ly߃ F∂n-h-bpsS \n¿Wbw kmln-Xy-N-cn-X-ß-fn¬.
N-cnX cN-\-bnse Kth-j-Ww- -Xn-c-s™-Sp-∏v- -\n-cq-]-Ww- -ÿm-\-s∏-Sp-ج F∂n-
h-bpsS hna¿im-flI hni-I-e-\w-˛kvXo cN-\-Iƒ-˛-Z-enXv kmlnXyw F∂nh
kmln-Xy-N-cn-X-Øn¬-˛-]-cn-N-c-Whpw A`m-h-s∏-Sp-Ø-epw.
]mTyw: ae-bm-f-km-ln-Xy-N-cn-X-߃ae-bmf `mjm Ncn-Xw - - k¿hm-[n-Im-cy-°m¿
]n. tKmhn-µ-]n≈
tIcf kmlnXy N-cn-Xw- ˛- D-≈q¿ ]c-ta-iz-c-ø¿
ssIc-fn-bpsS IY ˛ F≥. IrjvW-]n≈
a-e-bmf kmlnXy hna¿i-\w- ˛- kp-Ip-am¿ Ago-t°mSv
d -d≥kvcm-[m-Ir-jvW≥. ]n.-F-kv-˛-km-ln-Xy-N-cn-X-hn-⁄m-\obw
2 hmeyw (issue editor) ae-bmf dntk¿®v-˛-tP-W¬, hmeyw 9, e°w 1. P\p-h-cn,
G]n¬ 2016
klm-b-I-K-Ÿ-߃Ir-jvW-]n-≈, F≥ (1958) 2010, ssIc-fn-bpsS IY, tIm´bw, Un.-kn. _pIvkv
tKmhn-µ-∏n-≈, ]n (1881), 1956, ae-bmf `mjm-N-cn-Xw, tIm´-bw, Fkv.-]n.-F-kv.
]Wn-°¿,-sI.-F≥, 2002, kwkvIm-chpw tZiobXbpw, Xriq¿, Id‚ v _pIvkv.
]c-ta-iz-c]n-≈, Fcp-ta-en, 1991, Ah¿ Fßs\ Nn¥n-°p-∂p, Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-
cw, tZim-`n-am\n
]c-ta-iz-c-ø¿, D≈q¿.-Fkv (1953-˛1957) 1990, tIcf kmln-Xy-N-cn-Xw, Xncp-h-\-
¥-]p-cw, tIcf k¿h-I-em-im-e.
cma-N-µ≥\m-b¿.-sI, ]n.-hn. them-bp-[≥]n≈ (k-ºm-:), 1976, Kth-j-W-Øns‚
]iv\-߃. Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw: tIcf k¿h-I-em-im-e.
hc-Z-cm-P≥, ap. 200. Xangv kmln-Xy-N-cn-Xw. hnh. tae-ßØv \mcm-b-W≥Ip-
´n, aZm-kv, kmlnXy A°m-Zan.
66
A-P-b-Ip-am¿ F≥. 2014, A\p-`q-Xnbpw Ncn-Xhpw: ]Xn-s\´mw \q‰m-≠nse
\f-I--Y-Iƒ ap≥ \n¿Øn-bp≈ At\z-j-Ww, kmwkvIm-cnI hna¿ihpw ae-
bmf `mh-\-bpw, jmPn tP°_v (k-ºm-Z\w: ]T-\w), Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw, tIcf
`mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq- v,
A∏≥.sI.-]n, 2000, C∂-se-I-fnse At\z-j-W-]-cn-tim-[-\-Iƒ, tIm´-bw, Un.-
kn. _pIvkv, .
......1988 amdp∂ ae-bmf t\mh¬, Be-∏p-g, KuXa _pIvkv.
Aø-∏-∏-Wn-°¿. 2005, Aø-∏-∏-Wn-°-cpsS teJ-\-߃, tIm´-bw, Un.-kn.
_pIvkv,
Cf-bn-Sw, kp\n¬.-]n, 2011, A⁄m-X-hp-am-bp≈ A`n-ap-J-߃, tIm´-bw, \mj-
W¬ _pIv Ãmƒ.
tKm]m-e-Ir-jvW≥.-Fw, (k-ºm.), 1993, kmln-Xy-]-©m-\s‚ IrXn-Iƒ (H∂pw
c≠pw `mK-߃), Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw, tIcf `mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq-´v.
Np--Ωm¿, Sn.-Fw, 1987, kph¿Æ-ssI-c-fn, tIm´-bw, \mj-W¬ _p°v Ãmƒ.
\mcm-b-W-∏n-≈, ]n.-sI, 1996, ]©m-\-\s‚ hna¿i-\-X-bw, Xriq¿, tIcf km-
-lnXy A°m-Z-an.
]mºn-cn-°p-∂v, ]Zo-]≥, 2007, ZenXv ]T\w: kzXzw kwkvIm-cw, kmln-Xyw,
Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw, tIcf `mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq-´v.
_me-Ir-jvW-]n-≈, F., 2011, tIk-cn-bpsS kmln-Xy-hn-a¿i-\-߃, tIm´-bw,
\mj-W¬ _pIv Ãmƒ.
ap°¿Pn, kpPn-Xv, 1984, `mc-Xob kmln-Xy-N-cn-X-c-N-\, kmln-Xy-k-a-\z-bw,
tUm.-sI.-Fw. tPm¿Pv k]vXXn kvac-Wn-I, tIm´-bw, \mj-W¬ _p°v Ãmƒ.
cmL-h-hm-cy¿, Fw.-B¿, 2006, AΩ-h-gn-t°-c-fw, Xriq¿, tIcf kmlnXy A°m-
Z-an,
cmP-cm-P-h¿Ω, F.-B¿., 2012, kmln-Xy-km-lyw, tIm´-bw, \mj-W¬ _p°v
Ãmƒ,
cmPo-h≥, _n., 2011, hm°p-Ifpw hkvXp-°-fpw, tIm´bw, Un.-kn. _pIvkv.
cma-Ir-jvW≥, C.-hn, 2012, A\p-`-h-ßsf B¿°mWp t]Sn?, tIm´-bw, Un.kn
_pIvkv.
........2001, tZio-b-Xbpw kmln-Xyhpw, tIm´-bw, Un.-kn. _pIvkv.
k®n-Zm-\-µ≥, 1996, aplq¿Ø-߃, tIm´bw, Un.-kn. _pIvkv.
Blackburn, Stuart, Vasudha Dalmia, 2004, Indiaís Literary History: Essays on
19th Centurty, Delhi, Permanent Black.
Cunliffe, Marcus, 1954, Literature of United States, U.S.A, Penguin.
Devy, G..N, 1998, Off Many Heroes, An Indian Essay in Literary Historiography,
Orient Logman.
Eagleton, Terry. 1980. Literary Theory: An Introduction. Oxford: Blackwell.
Green, Kieth, Jill Lebihan, 1996, Critical Theory and Practice, London:
Routledge.
Jauss, Hans Robert, 1990, Literary History as challenge to Literary Theory, Den-
nis Walker (ed.), Literature in the Modern World London, Oxford. P.67-75.
67
Kosambi, D.D. 2002, Combined Methods in Indology and other writings. New
Delhi, Oxford University Press.
Krishna Chaithanya, (1971), 1995, A History of Malayalam Literature, Bombay,
Orient Longman.
Mukherjee, Sujit, 1975, Some positions in Literary History of India. Mysore, Cen-
tral Institute of Indian Languages.
Perkins, David (1928), 1992, Is Literary History Possibles London, The John Hopkins
Univeristy.
Pollock, Sheldon, (ed,), 2003, Literary cultures in History Reconstructions from
South Asia, New Delhim O.U.P.
Sharma, Ira 2010, George Abraham Giriersonís Literary Hindustan Harder, Hans
(ed.), Literature and Nationalist Idealogy Writing Histores of Modern Indian
Langauges, New Delhi, Social Science Press, P. 176-208.
Spiller, Robert E. (ed.), Literary History of United States, New Delhi, Amerind
Publishing co,
Walder, Dennis (ed,), 1990, Literature in the Modern World Britian, O.U.P.
Yigal, Bronner, David Shulman, Garry Tubb, 2014, Innnovations and Turning
Points, Toward a History of Kavya Literature. New Delhi: Oxford.
A[n-I-hm-b-\°vCotton, Daniel, 1996, Ravishing Tradition, Cultural Forces and Literary History,
Cornell University.
Das, Sisir Kumar A History of Indian Literature, 500-1399, From the Courtly to the
Popular.
Devy, G.N, 1998, Of Many Heroes, An Indian Essay in Literary Historiography,
Orient Longman.
Harder, Hans (Ed.), 2010, Literature and the Nationalist Idoelogy, Writing Histo-
ries of Modern Languages, Social Science Press.
68
MU MLW 3418 Kth-j-W-]-_‘w/cN-\m-k-a¿∏Ww
Kth-jW ]_-‘-c-N-\-bpsS XØz-߃ Kln-°p-I, Ah HuNn-Xy-t_m-[-
tØmsS ]men-°pI apX-emb Imcy-ß-fmWv Cu t]∏¿sIm-≠p-t±-in-°p-∂Xv.
bqWn‰v 1
A\u-]-Nm-cnI Kth-jWw ae-bm-f-Øn¬ ˛ Hu]-Nm-cnI Kth-j-W-Øns‚ Ncn-
Xw, coXn-im-kvX-Øns‚ A\n-hm-cy-X.
bqWn‰v 2
Kth-jWw ˛ \n¿h-N\w ˛ bp‡n-_-≤X ˛ imkvXo-bX ˛ hnjbw Is≠-ج
˛ ]mY-an-I-amb At\z-jWw ˛ sslt∏m-sØ-kn-kns‚ cq]-h-Xv°-cWw.
bqWn‰v 3
ZØ-Øns‚ BI-c-߃ ˛ Kth-j-W-hm-b\ ˛ Ipdn-∏p- Xøm-dm-°¬ ˛ hkvXp-
Xm-kw-`-cWw ˛hkvXp-X-I-fpsS A]-K-Y\w ˛ XymPy-Kmly hnth-N-\-tØm-Sp-
Iq-Sn Bi-b-ß-fpsS sXc-s™-Sp∏v DZvK-Y\w sslt∏m-sØ-kn-kns‚ Bi-
b-]-c-amb hnI-k-\hpw ]pjvSn-s∏-Sp-Øepw ˛ Xokn-kns‚ cq]-h-Xv°-c-Ww.
bqWn‰v 4
knt\m-]vknkv Xøm-dm-°¬ ˛ A≤ym-b-hn-`-P\w ˛ BapJw ˛ A≤ym-b-߃ ˛
D]-Z¿i-\w.
A≤ym-b-߃ XΩn-ep≈ ssPh-_‘w ˛ JWvUn-I-Iƒ XΩn-ep≈ bp‡n-]-c-
amb _‘w ˛ `mjbpsS \njvIr-jvS-X.
bqWn‰v 5
]cm-a¿i kqN-I-߃ ˛ Ipdn-∏p-Iƒ ˛ KŸ-kq-Nn.
Cu ASn-ÿm-\- X-Øz-ß-fn¬ \n∂v hyXn-N-en-°msX Hmtcm hnj-b-Øn\pw
A\p-tbm-Py-amb coXn-im-kvX-Øns‚ Is≠-ج.
69
klm-b-I-K-Ÿ-߃
ANyp-X-\pÆn, NmØ-\mØv, Kth-jW ]_-‘-c-N-\-bpsS XØz-߃.
tKm]m-e-Ir-jvW≥, \Sp-h´w, Kth-jW coXn-imkvXw.
]`m-I-c-hm-cnb¿, sI.Fw., Kth-j-W-]-≤Xn.
_©-an≥, Un. tUm.-, kmln-Xy-K-th-j-W-Øns‚ coXn-imkvXw.
hnP-b-∏≥, ]n.Fw., ]mT hna¿i\w.
hnjvWp-\-ºq-Xn-cn-, Fw.-hn., Kth-j-W-]-th-inI.
Altick, Richard Daniel, 1993, The Art of Literary Research, ww Norton & Co.
Bateson, F.W., 1972, The Scholar Critic: An Introduction to Literary Research,
London: Routledge.
James Thrope (Ed.),1970, The Aims and Methods of scholarship, Modern Language
Association.
Srivastava, Prakash, G.N., 1994, Advanced Research Methodology, Radha Publi-
cations.
cN\m ka¿∏Ww
\memw ska-Ã-dns‚ Ah-km-\-Øn¬ cN-\-IfpsS ka¿∏Ww:
IY, t\mh¬, Ihn-X, \mS-Iw, kmln-Xy-hn-a¿iw.
cN-\m-k-a¿∏-W-Øn-\p≈ BZy t]Pp-I-fpsS amXrI tN¿°p∂p:
70
cN-\-bpsS t]cvcN-\-bpsS t]cvcN-\-bpsS t]cvcN-\-bpsS t]cvcN-\-bpsS t]cv
tImgvkv tImUv
cPn-ÿ \º¿
hnZym¿∞n-bpsS t]cv
Fw.-F. kmln-Xy-c-N\
kmln-Xy- m-°¬‰n
Xp©-sØ-gp-Ø-—≥ ae-bm-f-k¿h-I-em-imeA£cw Imºkv, hm°mSv ]n.-H., Xncq¿ ˛ 676 502
A≤y-b\ h¿jw
71
cN-\-bpsS t]cvcN-\-bpsS t]cvcN-\-bpsS t]cvcN-\-bpsS t]cvcN-\-bpsS t]cv
tImgvkv tImUv
Xp©-sØ-gp-Ø-—≥ ae-bm-f-k¿h-I-em-im-e-bn¬ _ncp-Zm-\-¥c
_ncpZ tImgvkns‚ mK-ambn kmln-Xy- m-°¬‰n-bnse kmln-
Xy-c-N-\m-hn-`m-K-Øn¬ ka¿∏n-°p∂ k¿§m-fl-I-c-N\.
cPn-ÿ \º¿
hnZym¿∞n-bpsS t]cv
Fw.-F. kmln-Xy-c-N\
kmln-Xy- m-°¬‰n
Xp©-sØ-gp-Ø-—≥ ae-bm-f-k¿h-I-em-imeA£cw Imºkv, hm°mSv ]n.-H., Xncq¿ ˛ 676 502
A≤y-b\ h¿jw
72
kmln-Xy-c-N\mhn- mKw
kmln-Xy- m-°¬‰n
Xp©-sØ-gp-Ø-—≥ ae-bm-f-k¿h-I-em-ime
A£cw Imºkv, hm°mSv ]n.-H., Xncq¿ ˛ 676 502
]Xn⁄m]Xw
Xp©-sØ-gp-Ø-—≥ ae-bm-f-k¿h-I-em-im-e-bn¬ \n∂v _ncp-Zm-\-¥-
c-_n-cpZ tImgvkns‚ mK-ambn ............................................................ (c-N-\-bpsS
t]cv) F∂ cN\ Rm≥ Xøm-dm°n ka¿∏n-°p-∂p.
Fs‚ Adn-hn¬ Cu cN-\-bnse Hcp- m-Khpw at‰-sX-¶nepw _ncp-Z-
Øn-\mbn CXn-\p-apºv Bcpw Hcp k¿h-I-em-im-e-bnepw ka¿∏n-®n- n-
√, ]kn-≤o-I-cn-®n- p-an-√. CXv ..................................................................... (am¿§-
\n¿t±-i-Is‚ t]cv) s‚ ta¬t\m- -Øn¬ sNbvX k¿§m-flI IrXn-
bm-sW∂v Rm≥ ]Xn⁄ sNøp-∂p.
cPn-ÿ \º¿
hnZym¿∞n-bpsS t]cv
ÿew: Xncq¿
XnbXn: hnZym¿∞n-bpsS H∏v
73
am¿K-\n¿t±-i-Is‚ t]cv : ..............................................
HutZym-KnI ta¬hn-emkw : ..............................................
km£y]Xw
................................... F∂ c-N-\- Fs‚ ta¬t\m- -Øn¬ ...................................
...................................... (hn-Zym¿∞nbpsS t]cpw cPn-ÿ \º-dpw) \n¿h-
ln® k¿§m-flI IrXn-bm-sW∂v km£y-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p.
ÿew: Xncq¿
XnbXn: H∏v
hIp-∏-≤y-£s‚ H∏v
74
MU MLW 3419 C-e-IvSohv 3 ˛ Iºyq- ¿ ae-bmfhpw
]km-[-\Iebpw
bqWn‰v 1
Iºyq- ¿ kmt¶-XnI hnZy-bpsS hnImk NcnXw
A©p-X-e-apd Iºyq-´-dp-Iƒ ˛ Hm∏-td-‰nwKv knÃ-߃ kmam-\y-]-cn-Nbw ˛
IymcIvS¿ F≥tImUnw-Kp-Iƒ ˛ ae-bm-f-Ønse BkvIn bp\n-tImUv F≥tIm-
Unw-Kp-Iƒ, `mjm-km-t¶-XnI hnZy-bpsS L´ hn`-P\w ˛ BkvIn Ime-L´w ˛
bp\n-tImUv Ime-L´w ˛ kzX-¥-a-e-bmfw Iºyp-´nw-Kns‚ kw`m-h-\-Iƒ ˛
bp\n-tImUv t^m≠p-Iƒ ˛ I¨h¿´¿ D]-I-c-W-߃ ˛ en]y-¥-cWw ˛
lm‚ vssd-‰nwKv C≥]p´v ˛ thmbnkv C≥]p´v ˛ sSIvÃv Sp kv]o®v XpS-ßnb
hnIm-k߃ ˛ BZy-Ime sh_vssk-‰p-Iƒ
bqWn‰v 2
ssk_¿ kmlnXyw
tªmKp-Iƒ ˛ hnImk NcnXw ˛ tªmKv \n¿ΩmWw ˛ kmam-\ym-h-tem-I\w ˛
hn°n-]o-Unb ˛ hn°n KŸ-ime ˛ hn°n ]mT-ime ˛ hn°n \nL≠p ˛ hn°n-
sNm-√p-Iƒ ˛ NcnXw ˛ ae-bmfw hn°n-]o-Unb ˛ teJ-\-ß-fpsS kz`mhw.
bqWn‰v 3
\h-am-[y-a-߃ tkmjy¬ s\‰vh¿°nwKv ssk‰p-Iƒ Szn‰¿, s^bvkv_p°v,
en¶vSv C≥, KqKnƒ πkv, bqSyq-_v ˛ C˛-tP¿W-ep-Iƒ ˛ amkn-I-Iƒ ˛ ssl∏¿
en¶p-Iƒ ˛ D≈-S°w ˛ apJy-[m-cm am-[y-a-ß-fp-am-bp≈ kzm[o\w
75
bqWn‰v 4
b¥-hn-h¿Ø\w
C˛-a-e-bmfw ˛ NcnXw ˛ kao-]-\-߃ ˛ `mj ASn-ÿm-\-am°n ˛ \nL≠p
ASn-ÿm-\-am°n ˛ ][m-\-]-iv\-߃ ˛ Nn”`mj-bpsS ]cn-`mj ˛ tIm∏n
ssd‰v ˛ ae-bm-f-Ønse b¥ hnh¿Ø\ km[y-X-Iƒ ˛ tkm^v‰vthb¿ ˛
t^m≠v ˛ en]n-hn-\ymkw ˛ en]y-¥-cWw ˛ C˛-temIw ˛ C˛-hm-b\ ˛ C˛-`m-jm-
imkvXw ˛ C˛-]p-kvX-I-߃ ˛ C˛-_p°v doU-dp-Iƒ
bqWn‰v 5
]km-[\w : ]mtbm-KnIw
ssS∏nwKv ˛ ssS∏v sk‰nßv ˛ t^m≠p-Iƒ ˛ t]Pvta-°¿ ˛ ssS∏v C‰v ˛ bpWn-
tImUv I¨h¿´nwKv ˛ cq]-I¬∏\ ˛ t]Pv sk‰nwKv ˛ _p°v ta°nwKv ˛ ]ocn-
tbm-Un-°¬ Ih¿ Unssk-\nwKv NcnXw ]cn-Wm-a-߃: i¶-c-≥Ip´n apX¬
ssk\p¬ B_nZv hsc ˛ ]pd-¥mƒ Ipdn∏v ˛ hne \n¿Wbw ˛ A®Sn ˛ ]km-
[\w ˛ hnX-cWw ˛ ]apJ ]km-[-I¿ ˛ coXn-Iƒ ][m\ ]pkvX-I-߃.
Ct‚¨jn-∏ns‚ `mK-ambn ]mtbm-KnI ]km-[\w Dƒs∏-Sp-Ø-Ww.
klm-bI KŸ-߃
ANypXv i¶¿ Fk.v \mb¿, tUm., C≥^¿ta-j≥ sSIvt\m-fPn, (tI-cf`mjm
C≥Ãn-‰yq-´v).
CJv_m¬, _n. tUm., -c-ho-µ≥, sI., C‚¿s\‰pw C≥^¿ta-j≥ hnπ-hhpw,
tIm´-bw: Un.-kn.-_pIvkv.
tPmkv. sI. am\p-h¬, \h-am-[y-a-߃.
kp\n-X, Sn.hn. (FUn-.), 2009, ssk_¿ ae-bmfw, Xr»q¿: I-d‚ v _pIvkv.
Marshall Lee, 2014, Book Making : Editing, Design, Production, w.w. Norton & Co.
Micheal Benedict (In Cyber Culture Reader, Editor: David Bell), 2000, Cyber Space:
First Steps (Article), London: Routedge.
http://ml.wikipedia.org
http://ml.wikisource.org
http://ml.wikibooks.org
http://ml.quote.org
The Impact of Electronic Publishing.
76
MU MLW 3420 am[y-a-c-N\
hyXy-kvX-Xcw am[y-a-ß-fp-≠v. k¿§-c-N\ Bh-iy-ambn hcp∂ hnim-e-amb
Hcp taJ-e-bmWv AXv. GtXXv am[y-a-ß-fn¬ GtXXv Xe-ß-fn¬ k¿§m-fl-
I-c-N\ Bh-iy-am-sW∂v a\-n-em-°p-I-bmWv Cu t]∏-dns‚ Dt±-iyw.
bqWn-‰v- 1am[yaw F∂m-se¥v-˛]-e-Xcw _lp-P-\-am-[y-a-߃: ]Xw, tdUn-tbm, sSen-hn-
j≥, Iºyq-´¿ A[n-jvTn-X-am-[y-a-߃, \ham[y-a-߃.
bqWn-‰v- 2k¿§-c-N\ ]X-Øn¬-˛-]-X-Ønse Intb-‰ohv ssd‰nw-Kv-˛-\yqkv tÃmdn F∂
k¶-ev]w- -hm¿Ø-Iƒ Xøm-dm-°p-∂-Xnse k¿§-X-e-߃- -hm¿Ø-bnse BJym-
\m-fl-I-X-˛-dn-t∏m¿´nw-Kv, hm¿Øm \n¿ΩmWw-˛-tIm-f-sa-gp-Øv.
bqWn-‰v- 3sSen-hn-j≥ F∂ am[y-aw˛sSen-^n-enw, sSen-ko-cn-b¬-˛-C-Xc sSen-hn-j≥ ]cn-
]m-Sn-Iƒ-˛-A-h-bv°p-th-≠n-bp≈ Fgp-Øp-Iƒ-˛-]-c-ky-c-N-\.
bqWn-‰v- 4tdUn-tbm-˛-]-`m-jWw, tdUntbm \mS-Iw, ^o®-dp-Iƒ-˛-I-Ym-fl-I-amb Ah-X-c-
W-߃.
bqWn-‰v- 5kn\n-a-˛-kn-\n-abpw k¿§m-fl-I-c-N-\-bpw-˛-Xn-c-°--Ym-c-N-\-bpsS hnhn[ L-´-߃,
coXn-Iƒ.
77
klm-b-I-K-Ÿ-߃
Hcp kwLw teJ-I¿, ]X-`mj, ]kv A°m-Zan.
ta-t\m≥, Fw.-sI., kz.te, -Fkv]nknFkv.
cm-tP-µ-_m_p, tUm.-, (FUn), \mS-Ihpw kn\n-abpw, ipI-]p-cw: h≈-tØmƒ
hnZym-]o-Tw.
cm-[m-Ir-jvW≥, F., F.-sI.- ]n≈, BZ¿i-ß-fpsS c‡-km£n, sIm®n: tIcf
]kv A°m-Zan.
hmkp-tZ-h≥]n≈ hbem, kqX-[mcm CXnte, CXnte, ipI-]p-cw: h≈-tØmƒ
hnZym-]o-Tw.
hn-P-b≥, sI.-]n.-, ]X-߃ hnNn-X-߃, 1975, Fkv.]n.kn.Fkv.
th-Wp-tKm-]m-e≥, Sn., tXmakv tP°_v, \m´phn-tijw, sIm®n: tIcf ]kv
A°mZan.
th-Wp-tKm-]m¬, Sn.-, cmPy-kvt\-ln-bmb cmP-tZmln, sIm®n: tIcf ]kv
A°mZan.
th-em-bp-[≥]n≈, ]n.-hn.- (F-Un), F≥.- Ir-jvW-]n-≈bpw `mc-Xob \mS-I-th-
Znbpw
i-¶-c-]n≈, Pn.-, kwhn-[m-b-I-kwLw
i-¶-c-]n≈, Pn.-, \mS-IZ¿i\w
i-¶-c-]n≈, Pn.-, ae-bmf \mSI kmlnXy NcnXw
i-¶-c-]n≈, Pn.-, C_vks‚ \mSI k¶¬∏w
k-Xy-h-X≥, F≥.-F≥.-, hm¿Ø-bpsS in¬∏-ime, sIm®n: tIcf ]kv
A°mZan.
k-Xy-h-X≥, F≥.-F≥.-, hm¿Ø hcp∂ hgn, sIm®n: tIcf ]kv A°m-Zan.
kp-Ip-am-c≥, Sn.-]n., \mSIw IÆns‚ Ie-.
kpss_¿, hn.-]n.-, ]X-`m-j-sb-°p-dn-®p-≈ ]tXy-I- ]-_‘w, sIm®n: tIcf
]kv A°m-Zan.
kztZ-im- n-am\n, 1984, hrØm-¥-]-X-]-h¿Ø\w, sIm®n: tIcf ]kv A°mZan.
l-cn-i¿a, F.Un., i¿a, B¿.-kn.-, \mSI ]th-inI
tdm_n≥P-^n, C¥y-bnse `mjm-]Xhnπhw, `mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq´v.
Alan Powers, 2001, Front Cover: Great Book Jacket and Cover Design, Mitchell
Beazley.
Bertolt, Brecht, 1964, Brecht On Theatre: The Development of an Aesthetic, Farrar,
Straus & Giroux.
Claire Kehrwald, Cook, 1985, Line by Line: How to Edit your Own Writing, Modern
Language Association of America.
David J. Brown, Richard Boulderstone, 2008, The Impact of Electronic Publishing:
The Future for Publishers and Librarians,K.G. Saur Verlag.
Davies, Gill, 2004, Book Commissioning and Acquisition, Routledge.
Kitto.H.D.F., 1956, Form and meaning in Drama, Routledge.
Marshall, Lee, 2004, Book making: Editing, Design,Production, W.W. Norton & Co.
Martin, Esslin, 1961, The Theatre of the Absurd, Bloomsbury Academic.
Maurice, Maeterlinck, 2010, The Modern Drama, Kessinger Publishing.
78
Michael N. Ross, 2006, Publishing Without Boundaries: How to Think, Work and win
the Global Marketplace, Association of Educational Publishers.
Simon Eliot, Jonathan Rose, 2009, A companion to the history of the Book, Wiley -
Blackwell.
Styan.J.L., 1975, The Dramatic Experience: A Guide to the reading of Plays, read-
ing, Cambridge University Press.
Williams, Robin, 1995, The Non-Designer’s Design Book: Design and Typographic
Principles for the Visual Novice, Pearson Education.
Screenplay writing
Dara Marks, 2007, Inside story, Three Mountain Press.
James Ryan, 2000, Screenwriting from the Heart,Billboard Books.
Lajos, Egri, 2009, The Art of Dramatic writing: Its Basis in the Creative Interpretation
of Human Motives, BN Publishing.
Michael Straczynski.J, 1996, The Complete Book of Scriptwriting, Writers Digest
Books.
Robin U. Russin, William Missouri, Downs, 2003, Screenplay: Writing the Picture, Silman
- James Press.
Syd Field, 2005, Screenplay: The Foundations of Screenwriting - A Step by step
guide from concept to finished script, RHUS.
William M. Akers, 2008, Your Screenplay Sucks!:100 ways to Make it Great, Michael
Wiese Productions.
Yves Lavandier, 2005, Writing Drama; A Comprehensive Guide for Playwrights
and Scriptwriters, Le Clown & I’enfant.
Journalism
Arnold S. de Beer, (Ed.), 2008, Global Journalism: Topical Issues & Media
Systems,Pearson.
Edward Jay, Friedlander, John D. Lee, 2010, Feature Writing: The Pursuit of Excel-
lence, Pearson.
James Glen, Stovall, 2005, Journalism: Who, What, Where, Why and How, allyn &
Bacon Publishers.
Kalra, Richa Jain, The ABC of News Anchoring: A Guide for Aspiring Anchors,
Pearson Education India.
Manoj Rajan, 2011, Media in Modern India, Deep & Deep Publications Pvt. Ltd.
Nihal Singh.S, 2011, Ink in my Veins: A Life in Journalism, Hay House.
Padagaonkar Latika & Shubha Singh, 2012, Making News, Breaking News, Her own
way, Westland Books.
Per, Stahlberg, 2013, Writing Society through Media: Ethnography of a Hindi Daily,
Rawat Publications.
Sharma.K.C., Pathak.A.S., 2011, Reporting and Editing in Journalism, Deep & Deep
Publications Pvt. Ltd.
Vivian, John, 2012, The Media of Mass Communication, Pearson Education.
79
]co£ ˛ ASn-ÿm\ hnh-c-߃; hyh-ÿ-Iƒ
A[y-b\ am[y-ahpw ]co-£-bpw
Xp©-sØ-gp-Ø-—≥ ae-bm-f-k¿h-I-em-im-e-bn¬ \S-Øp∂ GXp tImgvkn-
s‚bpw A[y-b\ am[yaw ae-bm-f-`m-j-bm-bn-cn-°pw. ]co-£bpw aebmfØn-
em-bn-cn-°pw.
]_-‘w, t]mP-Œv, ^o¬Uvh¿°v dnt∏m¿´p-Iƒ F∂nh Xøm-dm-°p-∂Xpw
ae-bm-fØn-em-bn-cn-°pw.
]co£ hyhÿ
Xp©-sØ-gp-Ø-—≥ ae-bm-f-k¿h-I-em-im-e-bnse F√m ]mTy-]-≤-Xn-Ifpw ska-
ÿ hyh-ÿ-bn¬ Iao-I-cn®v \nc-¥-c- B`y-¥-c-aq-ey-\n¿W-bw \SØn,
tNmbvkv t_bvkvUv sIUn‰v B‚ v ska-ÿ (CBCS) hyhÿbmWv ]n≥Xp-
Scp∂Xv.
aqey\n¿Wbw
B`y-¥c aqey-\n¿Wbw 20%
a[yska-ÿ ]co£ 20%
ska-Ã-d¥y ]co£ 60%
B`y-¥c aqey-\n¿Wbw
]T-\-an-Ihv ]cn-tim-[n-°p-∂Xpw aqey-\n¿Wbw \S-Øp-∂Xpw c≠p-X-c-Øn-emWv.
XpS¿]-cn-tim-[-\-I-fn-eqsSbp≈ A`y-¥-c-hn-e-bn-cp-Øepw ska-ÿ Ah-km\
]co-£m-hn-e-bn-cp-Ø-ep-w. Hcp tImgvkvImem-h-[n-°p-≈n¬ \nc-¥-c-ambn Hcp
hnZym¿∞nsb hne-bn-cp-Øp-∂-Xn\v 40 am¿°m-Wv. tImgvkv \S-Øp∂ A[ym-
]-I¿ XmsgImWn-°p∂ Xe-ßfn-emWv A`y-¥-c-hn-e-bn-cp-ج \S-tØ-≠-Xv.
lmP¿ ˛ 5 am¿°v
a[y-sk-a-ÿ ]co£ ˛ 20 am¿°v
Ass≥sa‚ v ˛ 10 am¿°v
skan-\m¿ ˛ 5 am¿°v
BsI -˛ 40 am¿°v
lmP¿
lmP¿ 75% Øn¬ Ipd-hmsW-¶n¬ ska-ÿ A¥y-]-co-£- Fgp-Xm≥ A\p-
h-Zn-°p-∂-X-√.
80
Hmtcm hnj-bhpw ]Tn-∏n°p∂ A[ym-]-I¿ lmP¿ kq£n°p∂Xm-Wv.
lmP¿ 75% Øn¬ Ipd-™-h-cpsS t]cv t\m´okv t_m¿Un¬ ]Z¿in-∏n-°p-w.
lmP¿ \ne 65% apI-fnepw 75% Xmsg-bp≈ hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ°v saUn-°¬
k¿´n-^n-°-‰ns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ ]co£ Fgp-Xm≥ Cfhv A\p-h-Zn-°pw.
lmP¿ 65% Øn¬ Ipd-hp-≈-h¿°v Hcp Imc-W-h-imepw ]co-£- Fgp-Xm≥
A-\p-hmZw sImSp-°p∂X√.-
a[y-sk-a-ÿ ]co£
ska-ÿ ]Ip-Xn-bm-Ip-tºmƒ Hcp B`y-¥c ]co£ \S-Øp-∂-Xm-Wv.
Ass≥sa‚ v
a[y -sk-a -ÿ ]co -£bv°v apºmbn hnZym¿∞nIƒ Ass≥sa-‚ v
ka¿∏n®ncn-°-Ww.
skan-\m¿
F√m ska-Ã-dnepw F√m- hn-j-b-Ønepw hnZym¿∞n-I-fpsS skan-\m¿ \n¿_-
‘-amWv.
AXXp hn-jbw ]Tn-∏n-°p∂ A≤ym-]-I¿ tNmZy-ap-≠m-°m\pw ]co£m ]cn-
tim-[-I-cm-Im\pw A¿l-cm-Wv.
hIp-∏-≤y-£≥, AXXv hnj-bw ]-Tn-∏n-°p∂ A≤ym-]-I≥, Uo≥ ip]m¿i
sNøp∂ ]pd-ta-\n-∂p≈ Hc-≤ym-]-I≥ F∂n-h-c-S-ßp∂ ]m\en\mWv sshhm,
]mŒn-°¬ F∂o ]co-£-I-fpsS \S-Øn∏v Npa-X-e.
tNmZy°S-em-kns‚ LS\
Hmtcm hnj-b-Ønepw Xøm-dm-°p∂ tNmZy-°-S-em-kn¬ hnhn[ mK-߃ D≠m-
bn-cn-°pw. H∂mw `mK-Øn¬ Hcp am¿°v hoX-ap≈ 10 tNmZy-߃.
c≠mw mK-Øn¬ A©p-am¿°p-ho-X-ap≈ 8 tNmZy-ßfn¬ \n∂v Bsd-Æ-Øn\v
DØcw Fgp-X-Ww.
aq∂mw `mK-Øn¬ 10 am¿°v hoX-ap≈ aq∂p tNmZy-ß-fn¬ \n∂v cs≠-Æ-Øn-
\p-Ø-c-sa-gp-X-W-sa∂mWv \n_-‘-\-.
]co£m kabw ˛ 60 am¿°n-\p-≈ ]co-£m-k-abw aq∂p aWn-°q-dmbn \nP-
s∏-Sp-Ønbn-cn°p-∂p.
a[yska-ÿ ]co-£bv°v samØw kne-_kns‚ 50% ASn-ÿm-\-am-°n-
bp≈XmWv tNmZy-t]-∏-¿. A[n-I-hm-b-\bv°v t]cn-∏n-°p-∂-hn-[-Øn-em-bn-cn-
°pw tNmZy-t]-∏¿.
ska-Ãd¥y ]-co-£-bv°p≈ tNmZym-h-en-bn¬ kne-_kv apgp-h≥ Dƒs∏-Spw.
81
kne-_-knse F√m bqWn-‰p-I-fn¬ \n∂pw tNmZy-ß-fp-≠m-bn-cn-°pw.
F√m ska-Ã-dnepw B`y-¥-c-aq-ey-\n¿Æ-bhpw _mly-aq-ey-\n¿Æ-bhpw
\n¿_-‘-am-Wv. Ah-km\ ska-ÿ ]co-£-bpsS tNmZym-hen ]q¿Æ-ambpw
]pd-Øp-\n-∂p≈ A≤ym-]-I-cmIpw Xøm-dm-°pI.
]mIvSn-°¬ hnj-b-߃, t]mPIv‰v dnt∏m¿´v, ]_‘w XpS-ßn-b-hbpw B`y-
¥c _mly-aq-ey-\n¿W-b-Øn\v hnt[-b-am-°pw.
`n∂-tijn hn-Zym¿-∞n-Iƒ°p≈ ]co£m klm-bw
aq∂p aWn-°q-dp≈ ]co-£-bn¬ Ac-a-Wn-°q¿ kabw A[n-I-ambn ImgvN-˛-
ihW ]cn-an-Xn-bp≈ hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ°v e`n-°pw.
]mm-Im≥ th≠ 40% am¿°v GsX-¶nepw kml-N-cy-Øn¬ e`n-°msX h∂m¬
Cu hn-Zym¿∞n-Iƒ°v G.O. (Ms.)No:13/2013/H.Edn. Dated 16.01.2013 ]Imcw
samØw am¿°ns‚ 25% tamU-td-j≥ A\p-h-Zn-°p-∂-XmWv.
k¿°m¿ ]pd-s∏-Sp-hn-°p∂ a‰v B\p-Iq-ey-ßfpw bYm-k-abw ]co£m hyh-
ÿ-bn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-Øpw.
tKUv \n›-bn-°¬
B`y-¥c -˛- _mly aqey\n¿W-b-Øn-\p-tijw AXXv hn`m-K-ß-fnse A≤ym-
]-I-k-an-Xnbpw ]pd-Øp-\n-s∂-Øp∂ ]cn-tim-[-Icpw tN¿∂ kan-Xn-bmWv Hmtcm
tImgvkn-s‚bpw icm-i-cn-am¿°v \nP-s∏-SpØn tKUv \n›-bn-°p-∂-Xv. O, A+, A,
B+, B, C+, C, F, AB F∂n-ßs\ hyXykvX tKUp-I-fp≠v. F tXm¬hnsb kqNn-
∏n-°p-∂p. C bpw AXn-\p-ap-I-fn-ep≈ tKUp-Ifpw hnP-bsØ kqNn-∏n-°p-
∂p. XpS-¿∂p≈ aqey-\n¿W-bhpw ska-ÿ Ah-km\ ]co-£m-^-ehpw kwbp-
‡-ambn IW-°n-se-Sp-ØmWv tKUv Xocp-am-\n-°p-∂-Xv. H∏w Xs∂, Hcp hnj-
b-Øn¬ Pbn® Ip´n-I-fpsS am¿°ns‚ icm-i-cn-bpw IW-°n-se-Sp-°pw.
tKUv tKUv t]mbn‚ v % am¿°v
O 10 100 %
A+ 9 90 - 99.9 %
A 8 80 - 89.9 %
B+ 7 70 - 79.9 %
B 6 60 - 69.9 %
C+ 5 50 - 59.9 %
C 4 40 - 49.9 %
F 0 Less than 40
AB 0 Absent
tKUv t]mbn‚pw, sIUn‰v t]mbn‚pw Xmsg-Im-Wn°pw ]Imcw IW-°n-se-Sp-°-Ww.
82
Hcp ska-Ã-dn¬ icm-icn tKUv Xocp-am-\n-°p∂ coXn
Hmtcm hnj-b-Øn\pw/tImgvkn\pw t\Sp∂ tKUns\ AXXv hnj-b-Øns‚sIUn-‰p-I-fpsS FÆwsIm≠v KpWn-®p-In-´p∂ ^eamWv B hnj-b-Øns‚sIUn-‰v t]mbn‚ v. F√m hnj-b-ß-fn-ep-ambn e`n-°p∂ sIUn‰v t]mbn‚ vsamØw t\Snb sIUn-‰p-sIm≠v lcn-®p-In-´p-∂-XmWv SGPA.
SGPA (Semester Grade Point Average)
Hcp ska-Ã-dnse icm-icn tKUv t]mbn‚ v (SGPA) IW-°m-°p-∂Xv Xmsg-]-dbpw ]Im-camWv.
Hmtcm hnj-b-Øn\pw t\Sp∂ sIUn‰v t]mbn‚ v Iq´n In´p∂ ^esØ Bska-Ã-dn¬ t\Sp∂ samØw sIUn-‰p-I-fpsS FÆw-sIm≠v lcn-®p-In-´p∂^e-amWv SGPA.
SGPA (Si) = S (Ci x Gi) / SCi
Ci - Hmtcm tImgvknsebpw sIUn-‰p-I-fpsS FÆw.
Gi - Hmtcm tImgvknepw t\Sp∂ tKUv.
Thus, SGPA = 120/20= 6
CGPA (Cumulative Grade Point Average)
Hmtcm ska-Ã-dnepw Hmtcm hnj-b-Ønepw t\Sp∂ sIUn‰v t]mbn‚ns\ B
ska-Ã-dn¬ t\Snb SGPA AXp-hsc t\Snb samØw sIUn-‰p-I-fpsS
FÆwsIm≠v lcn-®p-In- p∂ ^e-amWv CGPA.
CGPA =S(Ci x Si)/SCi
Si - tImgvkns‚ SGPA
Ci - ska-Ã-dnse samØw sIUn-‰p-I-fpsS FÆw
CGPA 10, 9 -t\Sp∂ hnZym¿-∞n-Iƒ°v UnÃn-wKvj-t\m-Sp-IqSnb ^Ãv¢mkpw,
Course Credit Grade letter Grade point Credit Point
(Credit x Grade)
Course 1 4 A 8 4 x 8 = 32
Course 2 4 B+ 7 4 x 7 = 28
Course 3 4 B 6 4 x 6 = 24
Course 4 4 C+ 5 4 x 5 = 20
Course 5 4 C 4 4 x 4 = 16
20 120
Semester - 1 Semester - 2 Semester - 3 Semester - 4
Credit : 20 Credit : 20 Credit : 20 Credit : 20
SGPA : 6.9 SGPA : 7.8 SGPA : 5.6 SGPA : 6.0
83
9¬ Xmsg 6.5 hsc ^Ãv¢mkpw 5 apX¬ 6.5 hsc hcp -∂-h¿°v
sk°‚ v¢mkpw, 4 apX¬ 5 hsc-bp-≈-h¿°v tX¿Uv ¢mkp-amWv e`n-°p-I.
]co-£m- e]Jym-]\w
]co-£-I-gn™v km[m-c-W-K-Xn-bn¬ c≠m-gvN-°p-≈n¬ hIp-∏-≤y-£≥ ]co-
£m-^ew ]kn-≤o-I-cn-°-pw. ew]kn-≤o-I-cn-®v, aq∂p ]hr-Øn-Zn-h-k-߃°p-
≈n¬ ]cm-Xn-bp≈ hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ hIp-∏-≤y-£s\ tcJm-aqew ]cmXn Adn-bn-
t°-≠-Xm-Wv. hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ°v kz¥w DØ-c-°-S-emkv ImWm-\p≈ Ah-k-c-
ap-≠m-bn-cn-°pw. ]cm-Xn- D∂-bn® hnZym¿∞nsb A≤ym-]I kan-Xn-bpsS ap∂n¬
hnfn-®p-h-cpØn ]cmXn t\cn¬tI´v hIp-∏-≤y-£≥ DNn-X-amb ]cn-lmcw
ImWpw. XpS¿∂pw hnZym¿∞n°v ]cm-Xn-bp-s≠-¶n¬, CBCS sk√n¬ ]cmXn
\¬Imw. CBCS Ub-d-IvS¿/]co-£m-I¨tSm-f-dpsS \S-]Sn A¥n-a-am-bn-cn-°pw.
am¿°v jo‰v/tKUv Im¿Uv
k¿h-I-em-imebpsS kotem-Sp-Iq-Snb AwKo-IrX am¿°v jo‰v/tKUv Im¿Uv
F√m ska-Ã-dn-s‚bpw dnk¬‰mbn hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ°v \¬Ipw. am¿°v jo‰n¬/
tKUv Im¿Un¬ Xmsg-]-d-bp∂ hnh-c-߃ c≠p-`m-j-bn¬ (ae-bm-f-Øn-epw,
Cw•o-jn-epw) tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°-pw.
s]mtam-j≥
a[y- sk-a-ÿ ]co-£, skan-\m¿, Assk≥sa‚ v F∂o am\-Z-fi-߃
]q¿Øn-bm-°m-Ø-h¿ tImgvkv ]q¿Øn-bm-°n-b-Xmbn Icp-Xp-I-bn-√. Ahsc
A¥y ]co£ Fgp-Xm-\-\p-h-Zn-°-p-Ibn√. AØcw hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ ]p\x-]-
th-i\w t\S-Ww. ASpØ ska-Ã-dn¬ B tImgvkp-s≠-¶n¬ AXn¬ tNcmw,
As√-¶n¬ ]pXnb tImgvkn¬ tNtc-≠n-hcpw.
e`n-°p∂ tKUv sa®-s∏-Sp-Øm-\p≈ Ah-k-cw hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ°n√.
tImgvkv Pbn-°p-hm≥ 40% am¿°v e`n-t°≠-Xm-Wv. tXm‰ hnj-b-ß-fpsS tKUv,
tKUv Im¿Un¬ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp∂-Xm-Wv.
]p\x]-cn-tim-[\
DØ-c-°-S-emkv ]p\x-]-cn-tim-[\ Bh-iy-am-b-h¿ ]co-£m-^ew ]kn-≤o-I-
cn®v Hcm-gvN-bv°p-≈n¬ \n›nX ^ok-S®v cko-Xn-s\m∏w I¨tSm-f¿°v
At]£ \¬IWw. B ]cn-tim-[-\m-^ew A¥n-a-am-bn-cn-°pw.
]co£m Xnb-Xn-Iƒ
F√m -]-co-£-I-fp-sSbpw Xnb-Xn-Iƒ A°m-Z-anIv Ie-≠-dn¬ t\ctØ ]Jym-
]n-°pw. Hcn-°¬ Ie-≠-dn¬ ]Jym-]n® ]co-£m- Xn-b-Xn-Iƒ am‰p-∂-X-√.
84
]co£m Ia-t°-Sp-Iƒ
Xmsg ]d-bp-∂ Imcy-߃ ]co£mIa-t°-Sp-I-fmbn IW-°m-°p∂Xm-Wv.
1. A°m-Z-anIv Ie-≠-dn¬ ]Jym-]n® ]co-£m- Xn-b-Xnbpw, ]co£m
kabhpw \n¿_-‘-amtbm kzm[o\w sNep-Øntbm am‰m≥ ian-°p-I.
2. ]co£m tPmen-bn-te¿s∏- n-cn-°p∂ A≤ym-]-I-sctbm A\-≤ym-]-I-sctbm
`oj-Wn-s∏-Sp-Øp-I, \n¿t±-i-߃ A\p-k-cn-°m-Xn-cn-°p-I.
3. ]co£m kq]-≠ns\ [n°-cn-°pI, A\p-k-cn-°m-Xn-cn-°pI.
4. ]co£m kq]-≠n-s\-tbm, ]co£m tPmen-bn-te¿s∏-´n-cn-°p∂ A≤ym-]-
I-sc-tbm, A\-≤ym-]-I-sctbm kzm[o-\n-°pI.
5. kpK-a-amb ]co£m \S-Øn-∏n\v hnLm-Xw kr„n-°pI.
6. ]co-£-bp-ambn _‘-s∏´ ]T-\-km-a-Kn-Iƒ, samss_¬ t^m¨, a‰v Ce-
IvtSm-WnIv D]I-cW-߃ F∂nh A\p-hm-Z-an-√msX ]co£m apdn-bn¬
sIm≠p-h-cn-I.
7. ]I¿Øn Fgp-Xp-I, Is≠-gp-Xp-I, DØ-c-°-S-emkv At\ym\yw ssIam-
dpI, ssIam-dm≥ ian-°p-I, ]co-£-sb-gp-Øn¬ a‰p-≈-hsc klm-bn-°p-
I, \n›nX ka-b-Øn\p ap≥]v ]co£m apdn-bn¬ ]th-in®v tai-bnepw
Nph-cnepw Ccn-∏n-S-Ønepw Ipdn-∏p-I-sf-gp-Xp-I, ]co£m thf-bn¬ N¿®-
sN-øpI, Bƒam-dm´w, \n¿±njvS ÿm\-Øp-\n∂pw A\p-hm-Z-an-√msX amdn-
bn-cn-°pI, ]co£ _ln-jvI-cn-°pI hgn ]co-£bpsS kpK-a-amb \S-
Øn-∏n\v hnLm-X-ap-≠m-hp-∂ as‰-s¥-¶nepw ]hrØn-Iƒ F∂nh
A®S°ewL-\-ambn IW-°m°p-∂-Xm-Wv.
]co£m Ia-t°-Sp-ambn _‘s∏´ F√m hnj-b-ßfpw ]co-£m A®-S°
kan-XnbmWv ssIImcyw sNøp-I. ]co£m tIµ-Øn¬ GsX-¶nepw kml-N-
cy-Øn¬, kºq¿W Iat°Sv \S-∂p-sh∂v t_m[y-s∏-´m¬, B ]co£ Akm-
[p-hm-°m-\p≈ A[n-Imcw sshkv Nm≥k-e¿°p≠v. ]p\x-]-co£ \n¿t±-in-
°m\pw Ia-t°-Sn-\p-Ø-c-hm-Zn-Iƒs°-Xnsc A®-S-°-\-S-]Sn kzoI-cn-°m\pw
sshkv Nm≥k-e¿°v A[n-Im-c-ap≠v.
]co£m Ia-t°-Sp-I-fpsS XohXb\p-kcn®v in£m-\-S-]-Sn-Iƒ kzoI-
cn-°p∂XmWv
1. taen¬ CØ-c-Øn-ep≈ Ia-t°-Sp-Iƒ \S-Øn-√m-sb-∂p-d-∏p-\¬Ip∂
km£y-]Xw hnZym¿∞n-sb-s°m≠v H∏n-Sp-hn®v hm-ßp-∂Xm-Wv.
2. Ia-t°Sv \S-Ønb hnj-b-Ønse am¿°pw, tKUpw Akm-[p-hm-°p-I.
3. B ska-Ã-dnse apgp-h≥ ]co-£-I-fnepw am¿°pw tKUpw Ipd-hp hcp-
ØpI.
85
4. Ia-t°Sv \S-Øn-b hnj-b-Øn¬ G‰hpw Ipd™ tKUv \¬Ip-I.
5. B ska-Ã-dnse F√m ]co-£-I-fnepw Ipd™ tKUv \¬IpI.
6. B ska-Ã-dnse XpS¿∂p≈ ]co-£-I-fn¬ ]s¶-Sp-°p∂sXm-gn-hm-°pI.
7. AUvan-j≥ Akm-[p-hm-°pI.
8. \n›nX Ime-tØ°v as‰mcp ÿeØpw ]T-\-]-th-i\w A\p-h-Zn-°mØ
Xc-Øn¬ k¿h-I-em-im-e-bn¬ \n∂v ]pd-Øm-°pI.
9. ÿnc-ambn Hcn-SØpw ]th-i\w e`n-°m-Ø-X-c-Øn¬ k¿h-I-em-ime
hnZym-`ymkw \ntj-[n-°p-I.
hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ°p≈ am¿K-tcJ
1. ska-ÿ Ah-km-\-]-co£ Fgp-Xm≥ 75% lmP¿ \n¿_-‘-am-Wv, Hmtcm
hnj-b-Øn\pw Hmtcm ska-Ã-dnepw 75% lmP¿ Cs√-¶n¬ ]co£ Fgp-
Xm-\p≈ tbmKyX D≠m-hn-√. ]pXnb ska-ÿ ^ok-S®v ska-ÿ
Bh¿Øn-°ms\ C°q-´¿°v A\p-hm-Z-ap-≈q. G-sX-¶nepw hnj-b-Øn\v
75% lmP-dn¬ Ipd-hp-s≠-¶n¬ B hnjbØn¬ ]T\w ho≠pw Bh¿Øn-
t°-≠n-hcpw.
2. Hcp ska-Ã-dn¬ Ipd-™Xv 16 sIUn‰v ]q¿Øn-bm-°m-Ø-hsc ASpØ
ska-Ã-dn-te-°p≈ ÿm\-°-b‰w A\p-h-Zn-°n-√.
3. apJy tImgvkp-I-fn-epw, sF—n-I-hn-j-b-ß-fnepw ska-ÿ Ah-km\ ]co-
£-bn¬ tXm¬°p∂ hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ°v kπn-sa‚dn ]co£ A\p-h-
Zn°pw.
4. kπn-sa‚dn ]co£bnepw tXm‰m¬ tImgvkm-h¿Øn-°ms\ A\p-h-Zn-°p-
I-bp-≈q. AXm-b-Xv, ho≠pw B`y-¥c -hn-e-bn-cp-Ø-en\v hnt[-b-am-tI-
≠-Xp-≠v. B tImgvkv Un∏m¿´vsa‚ v ]ns∂ \S-Øp-tºmƒ B hnZym¿∞n
tN¿∂v ]Tn-°-Ww. sF—nI hnj-b-Øn-em-sW-¶n¬ ]gb tImgvkv hn´v
]pXnb tImgvkv sXc-s™-Sp-°m-\-\p-h-Zn-°pw.
5. tImgvkv ]q¿Øn-bm-°m-Ø-hcpw tImgvkv tXm‰-hcpw tImgvkv Bh¿Øn-
°p-∂-Xn-te-°mbn At]-£n-°-Ww. k¿h-I-em-ime \n_-‘-\-Iƒ°v
hnt[-b-amtb tImgvkv Bh¿Øn-°m-\-\p-h-Zn-°p-I-bp-≈q. hIp-∏-≤y-£-
\mWv C°m-cy-Øn¬ Xocp-am\w ssIs°m≈pI.
6. Hgn-®p-Iq-Sm-\m-hmØ kml-N-cy-߃ ]cn-K-Wn®v Fw.F. tImgvkv ]q¿Øn-
bm-°m-\mbn 8 ska-ÿ hsc amXsa \n_-‘-\-Iƒ°v hnt[-b-ambn
A\p-h-Zn-°p-bp-≈q. k¿h-I-em-im-ebv°v t_m[yw-h-cp∂ Imc-W-ß-f-Sn-
ÿm-\-am°n Bbn-cn°pw A\p-aXn \¬IpI. Sn.kn. hmßn Ign-™n-´p-
s≠-¶n¬ Cu Cfhv A°q-´¿°v _m[-I-ambn-cn-°n-√.
7. sF—n-I-hn-j-b-߃ Xnc-s™-Sp-°p-∂Xv A°m-Z-anI D]-tZ-i-I-cp-sS \n¿t±-
i-]-Im-c-am-bn-cn-°-Ww.
86
8. Hcp ska-Ãdn¬ 20 sIUn-‰n¬ IqSp-X¬ apJy-hn-j-b-߃ ]Tn-°m-\-\p-
h-Zn-°n-√. Hcp ska-Ãdn¬ 8 sIUn-‰p-Iƒ°p≈ sF—n-I-hn-j-b-߃
amXta Xnc-s™-Sp-°m-\-\p-h-Zn-°q.
9. ]_-‘-apƒs∏sS apJy-hn-j-b-ß-fn¬ 60 sIUn-‰p-Iƒ°p≈ hnj-b-߃
\n¿_-‘-ambpw ]Tn-®n-cn-°-Ww. sF—n-I-hn-j-b-ß-fn¬ 12 sIUn-‰p-
Iƒ°p≈ hnj-b-߃ ]Tn-t°-≠Xv \n¿_-‘-am-Wv. samØw 72 (60+12)
sIUn‰v t\SWw. ]T-\-an-Ihv ]pe¿Øp-∂-h¿°v 80 sIUn-‰p-hsc A\p-
h-Zn-°pw.
10. B`y-¥c/_mly ^e-sØ-kw-_-‘n-®p≈ ]cm-Xn-Iƒ ^ew ]kn-≤o-I-
cn®v aq∂p Znh-k-Øn-\p-≈n¬ tcJm-aqew hIp-∏-≤y-£s\ Adn-bn-°-Ww.
11. B`y-¥c e-sØ-°p-dn®v A[ym-]-I-tbm-K-Øn-\p-tijw hIp-∏-≤y£s‚
Xocp-am-\-ap-≠m-Ipw. AXv A¥n-a-am-bn-cn-°pw.
12. _mly^esØ kw_-‘n-®p≈ ]cm-Xn-I-fn-t∑-ep≈ hIp-∏-≤y-£s‚
Xocp-am-\-Øn¬ AXr-]vXn-bp-≈-h¿°v ta¬\-S-]-Sn-Iƒ°mbn ]cmXn CBCS
Ub-d-IvS¿/]co£m I¨tSm-f¿°v \¬Imw. Ub-d-IvS¿/]co£m I¨tSm-
fdpsS Xocp-am\w C°m-cy-Øn¬ A¥n-a-am-bn-cn-°pw.
13. ska-ÿ Imem-h[n Xocp-∂-Xn-\pap≥]v A≤ym-]-Isc hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ°v
aqey-\n¿Wbw \S-Øm-≥ Ah-k-c-ap-≠m-Ipw. hIp-∏-≤y-£≥- \n›n-X- mdw
hnX-cWw sNøpw.
14. \n›nX hnj--b-ß-sf-°p-dnt®m ]mTy-]-≤Xn-sb-°pdn-t®m hnZym¿∞n-
Iƒ°p≈ A`n-]mbw/\n¿t±iw hIp-∏-≤y-£s\ Adn-bn-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.
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