StudiesinEgyptianCult師e
N0.4
ANC堰NTI-llUMANMUMMI庭SFROMQURNA,EGY門
一
by
IwataroMORIMOTO
YoshiatsuNAITO
KazuakiHIRATA
TetsuakiWAKEBE
WASEDAUNIVERSITY
1986TOKYO-JAPAN
StudiesinEgyptianCulture
No、4
ANCIENTHUMANMUMMlESFROMQURNA,EGYPT
by
lwataroMORIMOTO
YoshiatsuNAITO
KazuakiHIRATA
TetsuakiWAKEBE
WASEDAUNIVERSITY
1986TOKYO-JAPAN 晶
EditorialBoard
KiyohikoSakurai
SakujiYoshimura
KaoruYoshinari
JiroKondo
WasedaUniversityEgyptianCultureCenterTokyo,Japan
l986WasedaUniversity
AncientHumanMummiesfromQurna,Egypt
l・MethodofExtractingtheBrain
IwataroMorimoto.,YoshiatsuNaito。.,KazuakiHirata*andTetsuakiWakebe.。
lNTRODUCTlON
Inapreviouspaperitwasshownthatthehumanmummiesofmorethanonehundred
individualswereexcavatedatTombNo、317oftheso,called',TombsoftheNobles,'inQurna,West
BankofLuxor,Egypt,inl983underthedirectionofProfKiyohikoSakuraiofWasedaUniversity,
Tokyo,Japan.Themummiesdateapproximatelyfromthel8thDynastyofNewKingdomtothe
PtolemaicstageofGraeco、Romanperiod,i、e、Ca・l550to30BC.Thebodyofallthemummieshad
beenbrokenupbytombrobbersandpartsofsomemummieslostintheprocess.Itseemsquite
likelythattombrobbershadcarriedthemummiesintothetombfromtheothergravesinsearchofart
treasureswithgoldandjewels・Inthel984andl985excavationsatQurnaithasascertained
thatthefemoraofthemummiesrepresentaminimumofl66individualscomposedofl23adults(55
males,64femalesand4ofunknownsex)and43children・
Inaddition,thehumanmummiesofnearlythreedozenindividualsdiscoveredfromTomb
No、l78bytheteamofDr、MahmudAbdalRaziqandstoredinTombNo.296couldbeavailableforthe
authors,observationbykindnessandpermissionofEgyptianAntiquitiesOrganization.These
mummiesarealsoinafragmentarystateanddatebacktomuchthesamePharaohnicAgestowhich
themummiesfromtheTombNo、317belong、
InthepresentandfollowingpapersinthisseriesthemummiesfrombothTombNo、317and
TombNo、178havebeenstudiedAslskander(1973)statedatofficialpublicationinCelebration
ofthelOOthAnniversaryoftheDiscoveryoftheRoyalMummiesintheVallyoftheKingsatThebes,
itiswidelyacceptednowthatthegeneralmethodofthefirstclassusedintheNewKingdomfOr
mummifyingthekings,nobles,highpriests,queensandprincessesincludestheextractionofthebrain
beforestartingthedehydrationprocess.Itisamatterofinterestandsignificanttoknowwhatis
themosttraditionalEgyptianwayofextractingthebrainintheprocessofmummification.The
presentpaperisthefirstofaseriesofstudies,andgivesdataonthemethodofextractingthebrain,
oneoftheimportanttechniquesofembalmingintheancientEgypt.
・DepartmentofAnatomy,St・MariannaUniversitySchoolofMedicine,2-l6-1Sugao,Miyamae,
Kawasaki,Kanagawa213,Japan
・・DepartmentofAnatomy,FacultyofMedicine,NagasakiUniversity,12-4,Sakamato-cho,Nagasaki
852,Japan
-1-
MATERIALSANDMETHODS
Theheadsorskullsofthemummiesof60individuals(l9males,32femalesand9children)
fromtheTombNo317andofl9individuals(10males,8femalesandonechild)fromtheTomb
Nol78wereexamined,
AsneitherdissectionnorunwrappingofthemummieswasstrictlypermittedbytheEgyptian
Government,theexaminationwasperfOrmedonlybynakedeyesandX,rayswithinthelimits、
Sinceanumberofmummieshadbeenbrokenbythetombrobbers,however,itfollowedthattheir
intemalstructurescouldbefortunatelyeasytoobserve.
FINDlNGS
Asgenerallyaccepted,theancientEgyptianembalmersusuallyextractedthebrainthrough
thenostrilswiththeaidofalongbronzeorironrodwithahookorspiralontheend・
Theroofofthenasalcavitiesis,asshowninFig.’,formedbynasalcartilagesandseveralbones,
chieflythenasalandfrontalbones,thecribriformplateoftheenthmoi。,andthebodyofthe
sphenoid.Themainrouteofextractingthebrainthroughthenostrils,nasalcavitiesand
cribriformplateperforatedbythehookedrodoftheembalmersisexhibitedinthis
figure Conversely,whentheartificialperforationispresentintheroofofthenasalcavities,it
canberecognizedthatthebrainhadbeenextractedbytheembalmers・ Thisisthereasonwhythe
authorsexaminethepresenceorabsencevarietyoftheartificialperforation,
Thepercentagesofoccurrenceoftheartificialperforationforextractingthebrainintheroof
ofthenasalcavitiesofthemummiesfromtheTombsNo、317andNo.178inQurnaareshowninTable
l.FromthistableitisclearthatthebrainofthemummiesfromtheTombNo,317hadbeen
usuallyextractedwithoutdistinctionofeitherageorsex,whereasthatfromtheTombNo、178had
beendoneonlyintwo,fifthsofmalesandone、eighthoffemales・ Itwillbeseenfromthetablethat
approximatelythreequartersofatotalof79mummiesfromthetwotombshadbeenextractedtheir
brainsinthemummificationprocess、
Inthehumannasalcavities,theroofisnarrowerthanthefloor・ Clearly,theoperationfor
extractingthebraindemandedconsiderableskill.Iftheembalmerswereawkwardwiththeir
hooks,notonlythenasalseptum,nasalconchaeandtheethmoidalaircells,butalsothemedialand
superiorwallsoftheorbitsaswellasthesphenoidalsinuseswerepartlyortotallybroken
uP・ Thevarioustypesoftheartificialperforationsattheroofofthenasalcavitiesintheanterior
cranialfOssaduetoextractingthebrainarethusgiveninFi9.2.
IntypeCM,theperforationislocatedinthecribriformplateonandaroundthemediansagittal
plane,whileintypeCLitisrestrictedatthelefthalfofthecribriformplate・ Whentheperforation
isextendedtotheethmoidalaircellsorfurthertothemedialandsuperiorwallsoftheorbitsbyond
-2-
thelimitofthecribriformplate,twotypesofOLandORdevelop.IntypeOL,theperforationis
largerontheleftsidethanontheright,whereasintypeORitislargerontherightsidethanonthe
left.Iftheextendedareaofperforationisrarelysymmetricinsizeonbothsides,itisconveniently
includedamongtheperforationsoftypeCM.Finally,whenthecribriformplateisintactandthe
bodyofthesphenoidisperforate。,itisclassifiedastheperforationoftypeS
Table2showsthepercentagedivisionofthedifferenttypesoftheartificialperforationfor
extractingthebrainattheanteriorcranialfossaofthemummiesfromtheTombsNo,317andNo.178
atQurnaFromthistableitcanbeseenthattheperforationoftypeOLismostlyfoundinmales
fromtheTombNo、317,whilethatoftypeCMcomposesthemajoritiesbothoffemalesandchildren
fromthesametombandofmalesfromtheTombNo、178.Inatotalof60individualsfromthetwo
tombs,theperforationoftypeCMisthemostfrequentandformsnearlyhalfofthewhole,whilethat
oftypeOListhesecondfrequentandoccupiesaboutone-thirdofthespecimens.Theperforations
oftypesCL,ORandSarerespectivelysmallinnumbers.ThecasesoftheperforationoftypeCM
arepicturedinFigs、8,11,19,20,22,23,33,34,36,37,38and39;thoseoftypeOLinFigs、7,12,
18,21,24,25,26,27,33and39;thatoftypeORinFig、10;thoseoftypeCLinFigs、9,29and35;
andthatoftypeSinFig、40,respectively、
Intheheadsoftwomale(2outofl9,10.5%)andthreefemale(3outof29,10.3%)mummies
fromtheTombNo,317,anotheropeninghadbeenmadeatornearthelefttempleoftheskullasshown
inFigs、6,13,14,17,30,31and32.Theopeningisalwayscircularinshapeandwideaboutan
inchltwas,accordingtoLuca(1980),asecondorificethroughwhichthebraincouldbedrained
off,perhapsbyusingwater.Asimilarsecondopeningis,asshowninFig、22,foundatthe
superiorwalloftherightorbitinafemale(loutof29,3.4%).
Intheheadofafemalemummy(loutof29,3.4%)fromtheTombNo、317,theroofofthe
nasalcavitieshadbeenintactbutthecervicalvertebraehadbeenmovedforwardtocominginto
contactwiththeposteriorsurfaceofthemandibularsymphysisasaresultofpost,mortemdislocation
attheatlanto-occipitaljointsasshowninFigs.l5andl6,suggestingthebrainbeingextracted
throughtheforamenmagnum.
-3-
DlSCUSSION
Herodotusinthe5thcenturyBC・describedthatiftheancientEgyptiansdoembalminginthe
mostperfectway,theyfirstdrawoutpartofthebrainthroughthenostrilswithanironhook,and
injectcertaindrugsintotherest.Themethodisnecessarilyaccompaniedwithanartificial
perfOrationintheroofofthenasalcavities.Accordingly,thepresenceofsuchanartificial
perforationindicatesthattheextractionofthebrainhadbeendoneinthemummification
process.Thefrequenciesofoccurrenceoftheartificialperforationare,asshowninTablel,
91.7%inthemummiesfromtheTombNo、317and26.3%inthosefromtheTombNo、178,
respectively.Thedifferenceinthefrequenciesoftheperforationbetweenthemummiesfromthe
twotombsisstatisticallysignificant.Bothofthetombs,however,belongtothesame”Tombsof
theNobles,'atQurnaandarewithinashort-walkingdistanceeachother.Althoughalmostallthe
mummiesareconsideredtohavebeencarriedintothetombsfromtheothergravesbythetomb
robbers,itseemsquitelikelyonthebasisofarchaeologicalevidencesthatthemummiesdatebackto
muchthesamePharaohnicperiodsoftime.AsHerodotusdescribed,therewerethreealternative
methodsofembalmmentdifferingincomplexityandexpenseinthosedays.Themostelaborate
processinvolvedtheextractionofthebrain,butthesecondmethodofembalmingexcludeditfromthe
process・AccordingtoCottrell(1960),theembalmingmethodsdescribedbyHerodotuswere
traditionalandhadbeeninuseforthousandsofyears.Itmaybe,therefore,saidthatthemummies
fromtheTombNo、178inwhomtheincidenceoftheartificialperforationislowarethosewhohad
oftendesiredthemediumstyleofembalmingtoavoidheavyexpense・
LucaexplainedthattherewereroughlythreeerasofmummificationinEgypt,andthatthefirst
lasteduptothel8thDynasty,whentheprocesswasstillintheexperimentalstage,thesecondupto
the21stDynastywhenitwasinfullflower,andthethirdwhen,withthestartofthePersianinvasion,
itwentintodeclineSpencer(1982),ontheotherhand,maintainedthatsignificantadvancesin
mummificationweremadeinthel8thDynasty,andtheEgyptiansatlastmanagedtoachieveabetter
degreeofpreservationfortheirdead.Theremovalofthebrainwas,accordingtohim,first
practicedduringthisperiod,andtheembalmingtechniquesmusthavebeensimilartothosedescribed
byHerodotusasthemostexpensivemethodoftreatment.Consideringthedifferenceinthe
incidencesofthearticialperfOrationforextractingthebrainbetweenthemummiesfromtheTombs
No、317andNo.178,itmaybeaddedthatthemummiesfromtheformerexhibitingahighpercentage
hadbeenmadeinearlier(orlessreliablylater?)agesthanthemummiesfromthelattershowinga
lowfrequency.Inthisconnection,Lucamentionedthatnoteverycorpsehaditsbrainremoved,
fortheprocesswasacostlyone,andfurtherthat,however,itbecamemorecommonasthecenturies
passed,asNicolaeffdemonstratedinhisstudyof492skullsfromSaqqarawhichshowedthatless
than5%ofthe4thDynastycaseshadhadthebrainsremoved,comparedto50%duringtheGreek
period.
-4-
Toextractthebrainfromtheskullabronzeorironhookwasinsertedintothenostrils,in
ordertobreakthroughthecribriformplateoftheethmoidintothecranialcavity.Theoperation
wasverydifficultanddemandedconsiderableskill,becausetheroofofthenasalcavitiesisnarrower
andshorterthanthefloor.Ifthehookfailedtofollowthecoursetotherequireddirection,alarger
holecouldbemadeattheanteriorcranialfossa.Thiswouldbe,however,notalwaysa
dishearteningbutagloriousfailure,becausethebraintissuecouldbemoreeasilytakenoutin
secret.Asaresult,notonlytheroofofthenasalcavitiesbutalsotheethmoidalaircells,the
medialandsuperiorwallsoftheorbitsand/orthebodyofthesphenoidwereextensively
destroyed.InthemummiesfromtheTombsNo、317andNo.178,theartificialperforationoftype
CMis,asshowninTable2,themostfrequent.TheperforationoftypeCLisalsorarely
foundWhentheperforationsoftypesCMandCLareputintoone,theiroccurrenceis51、7%(31
outof60cases)composingthemajorityofthecases・Thisindicatesthattheoperationfor
extractingthebrainhadbeenoftendoneaccurately.EvenintheartificialperforationoftypeS,
thehookhadtakenitswayonandaroundthemediansagittalsagittalplane,
ItisinterestingtonoteherethattheperforationoftypeOListhesecondfrequentandoccupies
aboutone,thirdofthespecimensexaminedAstothemethodofextractingthebrain,Luca
mentionedthatusuallytheethmoidboneatthebaseoftheskullisperforatedontherightside,from
whichonecandeducethattheembalmerplacedhimselfontheleftofthebodyandifhewas
right、handed,asislikely,insertedtheneedlethroughtheleftnostril;andashescrapedthe
instrumentwouldhavehadanaturaltendencytoveertotheright.Infact,however,theartificial
perforationoftypeOLispresentinaboutone-thirdofthecases,whilethatoftypeORisfoundonlyin
one,twelfth.ThedifferenceinthefrequencybetweentheperforationsoftypesOLandORseems
tosuggestthattheinstrumentwouldhavehadatendencytoveertotheleftsideratherthantothe
right.Thissuggestionissupportedbythefactsthatthenasalseptemhadbeenwellpreservedin
theheadsofthemales,femalesandchildrenasshowninFigs,5,9,22,23,26,28,35,37,38and39,and
thatthereareseveralcaseswiththeperforationoftypeCLinwhichonlythelefthalfofthecribrifom
platehadbeenbrokenbutthenasalseptumhadbeenkeptintactarepresent・
Regardingtheentranceofthehookforextractingthebrain,Herodotus,descriptionisonlythat
theembalmerdrewoutpartofthebrainthroughthenostrils.Luca,asmentionedabove,gavea
fullaccountofthetechniquethattheembalmerplacedhimselfontheleftofthebodyandifhewas
right,handed,asislikely,insertedtheneedlethroughtheleftnostril.Inmainuseoftheleft
nostril,theauthors'observationsstronglyconfirmtheviewsofLuca.Thenostrilsoftheheadof
themummiesare,asshowninFigs、5,38and39,asymmetricinshapeandsizebetweenboth
sides.Usuallytheleftnostrilhadbeenmorebroadenandmoreenlargedthantheright.Such
anasymmetryofthenostrilscanbealsofoundinthefaceofanancientEgyptianmummyexhibitedat
theWellcomeMuseumoftheHistoryofMedicineontheupperfloorsoftheScienceMuseumin
Kensington,London.Thebroadenedandenlargedleftnostrilindicatesthatithadbeenutilizedas
-5-
themainentranceoftheinstrumentforextractingthebrain.Inthecaseswherethenostrilsare
asymmetricinshapeandsize,thepressurebythebandagesappliedtothefaceseemstohavelittle
influenceontheformofthenostrils,becausenoneofthenoseshadbeencollapsedandonlytheleft
nostrilhadbeenalwaysbroadenedandenlarge。.Inaddition,thenasalseptum,ifremained,isin
generalshiftedtotherightsideinthenasalcavitiesasshowninFigs,28and37,presumablybythe
repeatedpressureoftheironhookused.Furthermore,theleftmiddleandinferiornasalconchae
hadbeen,asshowninFigs、26and35,sometimesbrokenup,whereastherightonesarewell
preserved.ItshouldberecalledaginthattheartificialperforationoftypeCLisrarelyfoundin
themummiesexamine。,whilenocaseinwhichonlytherighthalfofthecribriformplatehadbeen
perfOratedexists.Alltheserevealthattheleftnostrilhadbeenalwaysusedasthemainentrance
forextractingthebrainwiththeaidoftheironhook・
Lucabelievedthattheembalmerplacedhimselfontheleftsideofthebody.Insuchawall
paintingofthetombofSennedjematDeirelMedinainthel9thDynastyasbothAdams(1984)and
GlubokandTamarin(1978)showedintheirbooks,Anubisiscertainlystandingontheleftsideof
themummy.HeretheAnubisissynonymouswiththeembalmer,asthelatterusedtowearan
Anubismaskwhenputtingthefinaltouchestothemummy.Theris,however,somedoubtwhether
theembalmerwasworkingonlyontheleftsideofthecorpseornot.Foraninstance,apictureof
theburialchamberillustratedatSpelll51in”TheAncientEgyptianBookoftheDea。,'translatedby
Faulkner(1985)representsAnubisstandingontheleftsideofthemummyofNakht,whichliesona
lion-fOrmbed.InanotherpictureoftheburialchamberfromthesameSpell,Anubisisinthistime
placedontherightsideofthemummyofMuthetepti・Ions(1983)alsoillustratedapicturefrom
"TheBookoftheDead',,PapyrusofAnhaiinthe20thDynasty,BritishMuseum,inherbook,where
thejackal-headedAnubisasdivineembalmerispreparingthemummystandingontherightsideof
thebodyofprobablythepharaoh.Fig3showsscenesofmummificationfromthetombof
AmenemopeatThebesillustratedinthebookofCeram(1958).Thesamescenesarealso
depictedinthebookofSpencer.Thisfigurebearsapicturethataright,handedembalmerengaged
inextractingthebrainisworkingevidentlyontherightsideofthebody.Itis,therefore,
impossibletosupposethattheancientEgyptianembalmersfeeledreluctanceinstandingoneitherleft
orrightsideofthebody・
Fig.4,ontheotherhand,exhibitsamarkeddifferenceonthesuppositionofthemainrouteof
theironhookinsertedintotheleftnostrilbetweentheviewsofLucaandthepresentauthors.The
courseofthehookassumedbyhimissomewhatobliqueindirectionandinclinedtotherightsideso
astobringaboutanawkwardbreakofthenasalseptum,whereasthatsuggestedbythepresent
authorsissagittalandnearlyparalleltothenasalseptumlnfact,agreatpercentageofthe
artificialperforationsattheanteriorcranialfossaofthemummiesexaminedarereallyoftypesCM
andOL,indicatingtheironhookinsertedintotheleftnostrilbeingalmostparalleltothenasalseptum
ornotofteninclinedrathertotheleftsidethantheright.Inthissituationiftheembalmerwas
-6-
right、handed,itwouldbenaturalontechnicalitytoplacehimselfontherightsideofthebody、
Apartfromtheartificialperforationintheroofofthenasalcavities,thereisanotheropening
cutthroughtheleftlateralsideoftheskull.Theopeningislocatedonandaroundtheleft
temporallinefromthepteriontotheposteriorpartofthefrontalbonejustabovetheline.This
opening,associatedwiththeartificialperforationintheroofofthenasalcavities,isconsiderdtobe
usedfordrainingoffthebrain,accordingtoLuca,perhapsbyusingwater.Hewrotethatsucha
secondopeningwasfoundinaskulldatingfromtheGreekepoch
Lucasaidthatanotherlittle,usedmethodconsistedintakingoutaneyeandbreakingthrough
theupperwalloftheeyesocket,whichagainresultedinalargeropeningforextractingthe
brain.Inafemalemummyexamined,however,bothartificialperforationintheroofofthenasal
cavitiesandopeningatthesuperiorwalloftherightorbitforventilationhadbeen,asshowninFig、
22,madetogetherremainingthelefteyeballinsitu.Inthiscase,thesecandopeningatthe
superiorwalloftherightorbithasthesamemeaningashasthesecondopeningontheleftlateralside
ofthehead
Specialattentionmustbenowpaidtotheheadofafemalemummy,inwhichnoartificial
perforationintheroofofthenasalcavitieshadbeenmadelnthisfemale,however,thecervical
vertebraehadbeenmovedforwardsoastoexposetheforamenmagnumasaresultofpost、morten
dislocationattheatlant,occipitaljoints,asifitwascausedbythepressureofthetightbandagesofthe
napeataglanceButifthedislocationoccurredintheearlierstageofthemummificationprocess,
thebraintissuewouldflowoutoftheforamenmagnumwithoutanyothertreatment.Andagain,
iftheembalmersintentionallydecapitatedthecorpse,itmightbesaidthattherewasanatypical
methodofextractingthebrainformummifyingthecorpseintheancientEgypt.Thisspecimen
letstheauthorsrecallthemummyofAhmosel,thelstPharaohofthel8thDynasty,hisbrainbeeing
extracted,accordingtoAdams,Pace(1974)andHarrisandWente(1980),throughtheforamen
magnuminassociationwiththemissingatlasorlstcervicalvertebra.
-7-
SUMMARY
1.Toelucidatethemethodofextractingthebraininthemummificatio、process,theheadsor
skullsoftheancienthumanmummiesof60individualsfromtheTombNo、317andofl9individuals
fromtheTombNo、l78atQuma,Egypt,wereexamined、
2.Theartificialperforationsattheroofofthenasalcavitiesthroughwhichthebrainwas
extractedformummificationwerefoundin91.7%ofthemummiesfromtheTombNo、317without
distinctionofageandsex,whereasthosei、26.3%ofthemummiesfromTombNo、178.The
differenceinthefrequencieswasattributedtothedisparityinthephaseofthetimeswhenthebody
wasembalmedand/orinthegradesoftreatmentasdescridedbyHerodotus、
3.Theaboveartificialperforationwasmostlyrestrictedonandaroundthemediansagittal
planeinbothfemalesandchildre、,butoftenenlargedtotheethmoidalaircellsaswellasthewallsof
theorbitontheleftsideinmales、
4.Inthismethod,thebrainwasextractedmainlythroughtheleftnostrilenlargedbythe
embalmerwhowas,ifrighthanded,supposedtobestandingatworknoto、theleftbutontheright
sideofthebo。y、
5.Anothersecondopeningatthelefttempleoftheheadthroughwhichthebrainwas
consideredtobedrainedoffbyusingwaterwasfoundinl0.5%and10.3%inmalesandfemalesfrom
theTombNo、317,respectively.Asimilarsecondopeningwaspresentatthesperiorwallofthe
rightorbitinafemalemummyfromthesametomb、
6.TherewasafemalemummyfromtheTombNo、178whichwassupposedtobedecaptured
post-mortemforextractingthebrainthroughtheforamenmagnum.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
TheauthorswishtoexpresstheirheartythankstotheEgyptianAntiquitiesOrganization
,Cairo,andthechiefinspectorattheWestBankofLuxorforcourtesyandpermissionofusing
materialsinthepresentworkTheyarealsomuchindebtedtoProfessorKiyohikoSakuraiand
AssociateProfessorSakujiYoshimuraofWasedaUniversity,Tokyo,aswellasallthemembersof
WasedaUniversityArchaeologicalExpeditionPartyfOrtheiractiveinterest,valuableadviceand
constantencouragement.
-8-
9.
Adams,B:Egyptianmummies・ShireEgyptology1.1984.
ShirePub.,Aylesbury,Bucks,U、K
Basmajian,J.V、:Primaryanatomy,8the。.,1982.Williams&Wilkins,Baltimore/London
Ceram,C、W,:Themarchofarchaeology、1958.AlfredA・Knopf,NewYork・
Cottrell,L,:Lifeunderthepharaohs・’960.Holt,RinehartandWinston,NewYork・
Faulkner,RO.(tr.):TheancientEgyyptianbookofthedeaded・byC、Andrews.,Rev・ed.,
1985.BritishMuseumPub.,London、
Glubok,S、&A、Tamarin:ThemummyofRamose;thelifeanddeathofanancientEgyptian
nobleman、1978.Harper&ROW,NewYork・
Harris,J,E、&EF,Wente(ed.):AnX、rayatlasoftheroyalmummies・’980.Univ、Chicago
Pr.,Chicago,
Herodotus(tr、byA、DGodley):Herodotus,I,Bookslandll・LoebclassicallibraryNo、117.
Rev、andRep.,1981.HarvardUniv、Pr.,Cambridge,Massachusetts,andWilliamHainemann,
London・
Ions,V、:Egyptianmythology・LibraryoftheWorld,smythsandlegends2nd・Impr.,
1983.NewnesBooks,Middlesex,England
lskander,Z.:MummificationinancientEgypt、MummificationinancientEgyptandthe
cerbrationofthelOOthAnniversaryofthediscoveryoftheroyalmummiesintheValleyofthe
KingsatThebeS.P.9-18.1973.EgyptianAntiquitiesOrganizatio、,CairoMuseum,CairQ
Luca,A、、P.:Thecultoftheimmortal;mummiesandtheancientEgyptianwayofdeath、
1980.SouvenirPr.,London、
Morimoto,1.:Thehumanmummiesfromthel983excavationsatQurna,Egypt・Studiesin
EgyptianCulture2:1-11,1985.WasedaUniv.,Tokyo,
Nicolaeff(CitedbyLuca).
Pace,M、M、:Wrappedforetemity;thestoryoftheEgyptianmummy、l974LutterworthPr.,
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Spencer,A、J、:DeathinancientEgypt、1982.PenguinBooks,Middlesex,England.
1.
●●●●
一向〃〈】《望、)△釦ユュP』皿〉
6.
7.
8.
REFERENCES
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
-9-
Total
Tablel.PercentagesofoccurrenceoftheartificialperforationforextractingthebrainattheroofofthenasalcavitiesofthehumanmummiesfromtheTombsNo317
andN0.178atQuma,Egypt.
Age
&
Sex
Perforated(%)NTomb
081
1
7.03)
5.16)
0)
17(89.5士
29(90.6±
9(100.0±
929
13
Male
Female
Child
Tomb
No、317
Tomb
No、178
55(91.7±3.72)60
5(26.3±10.10)
79
4(40.0±15.49)
1(12.5±11.69)
0(0±0)
Male
Female
Child
-10-
60(75.9±4.81)Total
19Total
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Fig.2.SuperioraspecLoftheanterioI・Cl・anialfossaofthehumanskull,showinRthevarioustypesoftheal・tifi、cialpel・forati()、(sha〔ledarea)forextractinRthebI・ainintheancicllLEgyptianmummies・FCI・explana・tionsee(ext.
副目
園Ⅱ
formplq↑eofe↑hmoid
dyofsphenoid
臆
■蚊
MediansagiLtalsccti()nofthehumanhGad,showingUleInainl・()ute(a1.1・ow)ofextractiIlgthebrain
throughthearLi「icialpGrforationofLhecI・ibrif()I・InplateaLtheanteI。i()rcI・anial「ossaintheaI1cientEgyp・tianmummieswhichthGembalmerhadnla〔lcbvabronzeol・ir()、hook(ModifiedfromBasmajianl982.)
Fig.1
'1
I
Fig.3.
】rr
ScenesofmummificationfromthetombofAmenemopeatThebes,Notethattheembalmerextractingthebrainisworkingontherightsideofthebody.(FromCeram,1958,andSpencer,1982.)
】rr 】rr 】rr
) (
A B
Fig.4.Coronalsectionofthehumanskull,showingthemainrouteofextractingthebrainintheancientEgyp・tianmummiesThecourseofthehook(arrow)assumedbyLuca(1982)inAissomewhatoblique,
whilethat(arrow)suggestedbythepresentauthorsinBisverticalanddoesnotveertotherightside.(ModifiedfromBasmajian.)
)
一浪勺
'吹擬“四m
■=
、■
宗
閏
咽
学出塗
1 ’呂
笛・HghP
■
U よ・ぜ
■
唾一
P
両
『‐
c
■幸
■ ■ 幸
Fig.6.N0.A、3(),malcfl・omtheTombNo、317.LatcI・alviewofthchead,showingthcartificialpeI・fol・ationforventilaIioI1(arrows)atLhep()sLcri()rI〕art()fthefrontaIsqlIaImjllstabovethGlcfttcmp()rallillc
face,showingthenostl・ils(a1.1.CWS)Fig.5 No.C,malefromtheTombN().317.Antel。o,infel・iorviewoflIM
whicharoasymmetricinshal)candsizcl)cLwecnboLhsides,
Fig.7‘
Fig.8
画
LeftanLeriorvicwoftheIace,showin質theartificialperforationoINo.M-4,malefromtheTombNQ317・LeftanLerior
typeOL(arrow)atthemedialwalloftheleftorbiL
No.M,5,malefromtheTombNQ317・Inferiorviewoftheskull(thefacialparthadbeenmostlvbrokeI1‐
up),showingtheartificialperfol・ationoftypeCM(arI・CWS).
灘
E生室戸羅厚-慣尋。.~吾
函
ロ
凸
Fig.9.N0.M-6,malefromtheTombNo、317.Antero、infel・iorviewoftheskullwiththeaI・tificialpel・forationof
typeCL,showingthenasalsGpLem(arrows)remainedaftel・extractinglhebrain.
琴
Fig.10.No.M、8,malefromtheTolnbNo、317.Inferiol・viewoftheskulI(thefacialparthadbeenmostlybrokenup),showinRtheal・tificialpel・fol・aLi()n()「typGOR(al・rows).
愛,画
望
吐
恥
j談 鷺~弧瀞~・・
鑑員蝋沌声I景
軸亀/‘漣
序
. 1
1k‘』
I
'
唖
‘糊
P園F
拳磯、旬
。
㎡
r
に
〃
認 b
'夢旬
劉・・苧一華追卸 一一~
Fig.11.N0.M.16,malGfromtheTombNo,317.lnfel・iol・
viewoftheskuIl(thefacialparthadbecnmostlybrokenui〕),showingtheartificialpel・fol・ationo(typGCM(arrows).
Fig.12.No.M-l7,malefI・omLheTombNo、317.InfGriol・
viewoftheskull(thefacialparthadbeenmostlybrokenlIp),showingtheartificiall〕erforationolLypGOLmvolvingLhesphenoid(arrows).
■■
‘I
Fig.13.N0.M-21,malefl・omtheTombNo、317.LefIlatel・alviewoftheskullvault,showingl、heartificialper・
forationforventilation(arrow)atLheI〕ostel・iorparto皿hefrontalsquanlajustabovethelefttemporallinG
、
師一一四画唾》画
略
Fig.14‘ No.M-21,thesamemaleasshowninFi9.13.Internalviewoftheskullvault・showingtheinternal
aspectoftheartificialperforationfol・ventilation(a1.1.0W).
Fig.15.No.F、1,femalefromtheTombNo、317.RightanteI..
iCl・viewoftheface(partlybrokenup),showingnoaI・Lificialperforationforextractingthebrain.
醗
瀞I
f,瑠黙
ア
Fig,16.No.F-1,thesamefemaleasshowninFi9.151,[eriorviewofthehead,exhibitingapost、mortenl
dislocationattheatlanto、occipitaljointswhichare
thussituatedcloselvbehindthemandibularsymph・vsis,AnarI・owindicatesthevertebralcanal.
Fig.17.No.F-6,femalefl・omtheTombNo、317.Lateral
showiI1gtheartilicialperforationfoI・ventilationtheIefttemporallinc.
viewoIthchead(thefacGha〔lbeenInosUybl・okenuI〕),(arrows)atthel〕osLeriorpartoftheIrontalsquamaon
No.F-8,Icmale[】・omtheTombNo,317.LeftanteriorviewoIlhegkull,sh(〕wingtheartificialpel・fol・atioI1
oftypcOL(a1.1.ow)atthemedialandsuperiorwallsofLhelenorbit.
Fi質.18
巳
Fig.19.No.F、9,IemalefromtheTombNo、317.InferioI・
viewoftheskull(thefaciaIparthadbeenmosUybrokeI1up),showingtheartificialI〕el・forationoILypeCMinvolvingthesphenoid(arrows).
Fig.21.No.F、14,femalefI・omtheTombAntcro、inferiorviewoftheskullwith
vicalverLebrae,showingtheal・tificial
tionoftypeOL(arrows).
No.317‘
theceI・・
perfora.
Fig.20.N0.F-12,femalefromtheTombNo,317.InfeI・ior
viewoftheskull(thefacialparthadbeenmosUvbrokenuI〕).showingtheal・tificialpcrforatioI1oftypeCMlargelyextendedtothesuI〕eI・iorwaIlsoltheorbits(arrows).
●
可
へ、
、
Fig.22.No.F-16.femaleIromtheTombNo,317.
Antero、inferiorviewoftheskull(thefacialparthadbeenpartlybrokenup),showingUlearLifi,cialpGrforationfor,・entilation(arrow)ailhc
superiorwalloftherightol・bit.′I、heI1asalsep・tumandconchaearewellpl・esel・ved,thouRhthe
artificialpel・forationo皿ypeMisfoundinthis「mmlPRkllll
匙
L凸血
罫
Fig.23.No.F、17,femalefromtheTombNo、317.AI1tel・o-infeI・iol・viewoftheskull,showingtheartificialper・fol・ationoftypeCM(arrows).Thenasalseptumiswellpreserved.
ロ
?
し
b'・寵.',
p、鋤
Z僻
No.317.
parthad郡・iifi(piHl
剣
Fig.24.No.F,18,femalefromtheTombNQ317‘Inferiorviewoftheskull(thefacialparthad
beenmostlybrokenup),showingthcartificialpcrforationoftypeOL(arrows).
Fig.25.No.F-19,femalefromtheTomb
lnferiol・viewoftheskull(thefacial
beenmostlybrokenup),showingthcperforationoftypcOL(arrows).
、舜庁
W
Fig.27.N0.F-22,femalefromtheTombNo、317.LenaI1tel・iol・viewoftheskull,showingthearti[icialperfoI・a,
tionoftypeOL(arrow)atthemedialwallo「LhelcflorbiL
錘戸
〆
IL0PbPpげ司四哩下、恥
n‐』
画
No.F,20.femalcfl・omtheTombNo317・AnLero・
infel・iol・viewoItheskull,showingLhearLificialpeI・fora・
tionofLypeOL(arrow).Thenasalseptemhadbeellshiftedtothcrightside、Theleftmferiorconchaisnolfound,whilcLherightonehadbeenweⅡpreserved,
Fig.28.No.F、22,thesamefemaleasshowninFig・Antero-inferiorviewoftheskull,showing
upperpartofthenasalseptumshiftedtorightside(arrow).
27.
the
thE
Fig.26
h
94 Eヴ電
日時
L
P
町1
撒/弧ざ■
零 』P
八Jff諏診
瑚撫》》》群討乱酔〃P
が:
『
壷=蕊。
/
し
Fig.30.No.F,29,femalefromtheTombNo、317.Leftlater、
alviewoftheskull(thefacialparthadbeenmostlybrokenup),showingtheartificialperforaLionforvcntilation(arrow)attheleftptel・ioI,.
Fig.29.N0.F.24.femalefromtheTombNo,317.Inferior
viewofLheskull(thefacialparthadbeenmostlybrokenup),showingtheartiIicialperforationoftypeCL(arrow).
壷=蕊。
塚国庫.
Fig.31.No.F,3‘1,fenlalefromtheTombNo,317.Leftsu.
pe1.0.lateralviewofthGcalval・ia,showingtheartifi・cialperforationforventilation(arrow)attheleftpterion.
●
二佳瑚~・塔。1・
孔.・・一再唐エーご幽艶画L
samefemaleasshowninFig、30.
ofthecalval・ia,showingtheintemalartjficialpeI・fbI・ationforventilation
胃野
画塾鍵胆
Fig.32.No.F-34,the
lntemalview
aspectofthe
(alTow).
〆
qqqq■李唖
Fig.33.
画.
■
No.F、39,femalefl・omtheTomb
lnferiorviewoftheskul1(thefacial
beenmosUvbrokenup),showingthcperfOrationoftypeCM(arrow).
ユ
No.317
1〕arLhadal・tificial
■ l ■ー
Fig.34.N0.F画.15,fcmalefromtI1eTombNo,317.Inferior
vicwoftheskull(thefacialparthadbGenmostlv
bl・okenup),showingtheartifiCialper[orationoftypeCM(arrows).
Fig.35 No.C,l,childfromtheTombN()‘317.Antero,infel・ioI・vicwoftheskull,showingtheal・tificiaipel・fora・
ti()nofLyI〕GCL(arrow).TlWlefLnasalconchaearenotfound・whiletherightmiddlenasalconchaaswcllasthenasalseptulnhadbGcnwcllp1・eserved.
Fig.36. No.C-3,childfl・onltheTombNo‘317.II1fG1・iol・
viewoftheskull(thefacialparthadbeenmostlybrokenup),showingtheartificialperfol・aLionoItypcCM(aITows).
唇’
FiR.37 No.C-10,childfromtheTonlbNo、317.Superiol‘viewoltheanteI・iorcrallialfOssa,showingthearIjficialpGrforaLionoftypeCM(arrows).ThenasalseptuII1hadbeenshiftedtotheriRhtside.
#PL
L■
ノ
(
咽
;
Fig.38 No.M,303,malefromtheTombNo、178.Antero,inferiorviewofLhcface,showingthenostrils(arrows)whichal・easymmetricillshapeandsizebetweenbothsides‘ThenasalsepUlI11hadbeenwellpre、seI・ved,thoughtheartificialperfol・atj()n(〕ftypeCMisfoundinthismalehead.
一
』
』
Fig.39.No.M、30‘1,nlalefl・()mthcToI11bNo、178.Antero,iI1fGI・ioI・view()「thoface‘showin月thenostrils(al・rows)
whichaI・easynlmetricinshaI〕eandsizebetweenboLhsides・Thcnasalsel〕tuInhadbeenwellI〕I。e・served,thoughtheartificialperfol・aLionoftypeCMisIoundinthismalehead.
垂
■q
、 = ‘
FiE.40. No.F、306,femaloII・oI11Lhe′rombNo,178.Inferiol・vicwofLhcskull(thefacialparthadbecI1mosm・甲
brokGnup),showiI噸theal・tificialperforationoftypeS(arrow).
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