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ÍNDICE
1 PLANTEAMIENTO DEL PROBLEMA........................................................................
1.1 DETERMINACIÓN DEL PROBLEMA.................................................................
1.2 FORMULACIÓN DEL PROBLEMA.....................................................................
1.2.1 Problema general....................................................................
1.1.1 Problemas específcos:............................................................
1.2 OBJETIVOS DE LA INVESTIGACIÓN................................................................
1.2.1 Objetivo general:.....................................................................
1.2.2 Objetivos específcos:..............................................................
1.3 JUSTIFICACIÓN....................................................................................................
2 MARCO TEÓRICO........................................................................................................
2.1 ANTECEDENTES DE ESTUDIO..........................................................................
2.1.1 Antecedente 1.........................................................................
2.1.2 Antecedente 2.........................................................................
2.1.3 Antecedente 3.......................................................................
2.2 MARCO TEÓRICO...............................................................................................2.2.1 Usos actuales del acetileno...................................................
2.2.2 Tornillo de Potencia...............................................................
2.2.3 Tipos de roscas estndar para tornillos de potencia.............
2.2.! Principio de "uncionamiento de los tornillos de potencia
de par de torsi#n...............................................................................
2.2.$ %fciencia mecnica...............................................................
2.2.& 'olicitaciones de carga en los tornillos de potencia..............
2.2.( )arga a*ial + torsi#n en el n,cleo.........................................
2.2.- %s"uero de /e*i#n en los fletes...........................................
2.2.0 %s"uero de aplastamiento....................................................
2.2.1 alor actual neto A45.........................................................
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2.2.11 6a tasa interna de retorno T785............................................
2.2.12 7nterpretaci#n del A4 + la T78..............................................
2.3 MARCO TEÓRICO...............................................................................................
2.3.1 Tornillo de potencia:.............................................................
2.3.2 9as#geno:.............................................................................
2.3.3 8eacci#n 8%O;:...................................................................
2.3.! )arburo de calcio:.................................................................
2.3.$ Acetileno:..............................................................................
2.3.& A4........................................................................................
2.3.( T78.........................................................................................
3 VARIABLE E HIPÓTESIS...........................................................................................
3.1 VARIABLES DE INVESTIGACIÓN...................................................................
3.1.1 ariables 7ndependientes......................................................
3.1.2 ariables dependientes.........................................................
3.2 OPERACIONALIZACIÓN DE VARIABLES......................................................
3.2.1 'elecci#n del s en el mercado...........................................................
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3.2.1! )lculo del A4.....................................................................
3.2.1$ )lculo del T78.......................................................................
3.3 HIPÓTESIS GENERAL E HIPÓTESIS ESPECÍFICAS......................................
3.3.1 ?ip#tesis general:.................................................................
3.3.2 ?ip#tesis especí"icas:............................................................
4 METODOLOGÍA..........................................................................................................
4.1 TIPO DE INVESTIGACIÓN................................................................................
4.2 DISEÑO DE INVESTIGACIÓN...........................................................................
4.3 POBLACIÓN Y MUESTRA.................................................................................
4.4 TCNICAS E INSTRUMENTOS DE RECOLECCIÓN DE DATOS.................
! CONCLUSIONES.........................................................................................................
" RECOMENDACIONES...............................................................................................
# REFERENCIAS BIBLIOGR$FICAS..........................................................................
% ANE&OS.......................................................................................................................
INTRODUCCIÓN
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E' () *+(,('-( *+/(0- ( -(,, 5, (-(+5'+ ), *+65(-+, /
0+0-(+7,-0, 89( (:( -('(+ 9' -+')) ( *-('0 (' () ;' < ;)( ( 9' -'89(( =,>=('? 89(' -('( 05 @9'0>' *+90+ =, 0(-)(' ('-+ ( ,7 5,5?
*+ 89( ) *+(,>' =('(+ ('-+ ( (,-(? ' (,0*( / ))(=9( *+90+ *+,
(0'>50,? , ) 5( 5:('-( / ) 89( (, *(+? 00('-(, 05 (*),'(,?
) 89( *9(( 09,+ ;(+, / 59(+-(,. T5:('? 05 *+-( () 09+, ( I'=('(+7
E0'>50 / F''0(+? 5, ;0(+ 9' *(89( 06)09) () @''05('-
'(0(,+ *+ ) ('- (' ,(+( ( (,-( ,*,-.C5('+(5, 0' 9' -(+7 0(+0 () 0(-)(' / 05 (, 89( ,( *+90('
(,-,. L9(= (+(5, )=9', *)00'(, ('-+ ( ) '9,-+? ,(' () 56,
0'0 ,9 9, *+ ) ,)9+ 0(-)'0. L9(= (+(5, 09)(, 0' ),
0+0-(+7,-0, ( ), -+')), ( *-('0 05 () -* ( ;), / -5:' )=9',
(090'(, 89( =:(+'' ,9 05*+-5('- / 0' ), 09)(, ', (, *,:)(
,()(00'+ ,9, *+65(-+, ()(, *+ 89( 095*) ,9 @9'0>' ,' 5(','+ /
,(' () 56, (0'>50 *,:)(. L9(=? ,()(00'+(5, () -+')) ( *-('0
(09 *+ (,- @9'0>' )=+' ,7 89( ), =,(, ('-+ () =,>=(' ' ))(=9('
(,0*+ (-' ), *+:)(5, '-(, 5('0',.F')5('-(? (-(+5'+(5, , ) ('- ( 1 -+')), ( *-('0 *+ -+, 1
-'89(, =,>=(', (, +('-:)( *+ 9' @:+0'-(. C',(++(5, () 0,- ()
5-(+)? () 0,- ( ,9 @:+00>' / () 0,- ( ) 5' ( :+. P+ ()) *(+(5,
9' @''05('- 9' :'0 () 09) -('( 9' '-(+, 0(*-:)( *+ 9' *+/(0-
9'(+,-+.
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1 PLANTEAMIENTO DEL PROBLEMA
1.1 DETERMINACIÓN DEL PROBLEMAL @9'0>' ( (,-( =,>=(' (, ) ( *+((+ () =, 0(-)(' -('(' ),
-))(+(, ( ,)9+ (' ) (5*+(,,. A0-9)5('-(? (,-, ,*,-, -('(' 590;,
, (' @9'0'5('-? ,' (5:+= -7 *9(( ,(+ 9-) *+ () :9('
5'-('5('- 89( ,( )( *9(( ;:(+ / (, 9' :9(' ;(++5('- *+ 09'
,( +(89(+ 0(-)(' ( 5'(+ '5(-. S' (5:+=? 89(+(5, ,(=9++', 89(
9+'-( ) =('(+0>' ( 0(-)('? ,( ) +(00>' 89750 89( ,( *+90( ('-+
() =,>=(' ) 5(0)+ =9 0' 0+:9+ ( 0)0? (,-, =,(, ' ,( (,0*('?
(: 89( (,-, =,(, ,' 59/ '@)5:)(, *9(' 0,'+ 00('-(, ('-+
() -))(+ / -5:' , ), -0'0, ,)+(,.
1.2 FORMULACIÓN DEL PROBLEMA
1.2.1 P+:)(5 =('(+)
< C>5 ;(+5(-+ () ;' ;)( ( 9' -'89( ( =,>=('
1.1.1 P+:)(5, (,*(07@0,
< C96)(, ,' ), 5(','(, () ;'
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"
1.2 OBJETIVOS DE LA INVESTIGACIÓN
1.2.1 O:(- =('(+)< D,(+ 9' -+')) ( *-('0 () 09) ,( (5*)(+ *+ ;(+5(-+ () ;'
;)( ( 9' -'89( ( =,>=('.
1.2.2 O:(-, (,*(07@0,
< D(-(+5'+ ), 0+0-(+7,-0, () -'89( ( =,>=(' -)(, 05 ,9,
5='-9(, @7,0,? 5-(+)? (-0.
< D(-(+5'+ 096) (, () -* ( ;) +(05(' *+ (,-( 0,< D(-(+5'+ () 5-(+) () 09) (,-+6 ;(0; () -+')) ( *-('0 / ,7
:-('(+ () (,@9(+ ( @)9('0< D(-(+5'+ , (, *,:)( :-('(+ )=' -* ( +('-:) ) ('(+ 9' )-(
( 1 -+')), ( *-('0 *+ ), -'89(, =,>=(', ( ), -))(+(, ( ),
(5*+(,, ( L5.
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#
1.3 JUSTIFICACIÓN
E' ) '9,-+ ,( (' (+,, ((5*), ( (*),'(, (: ) @9= (
=,(, '@)5:)(,. E,-, 00('-(, ,' )5('-:)(, / ), , ,' ++((+,:)(,?
05 *+ ((5*) 5*9-0'(,? , ) 5( 5:('-( ( '0)9,( ) 59(+-(.
E,- 00('-(, ,( *9((' (-+? , (, 89( ,( )=++ 89( ), 065+, 89( 0'-('('
), =,(, (,-' --)5('-( ,()), / *9(' ,*+-+ ), *+(,'(, '-(+',.
E' () *+(,('-( -+: (, 5*+-'-( 0)09)+ ) *+(,>' 89( ;/ 89(
5',-++)( ) -+')) ( *-('0 *+ 89( *(+ 095*)+ ,9 @9'0>' ( ,())+ )
065+ () ,*,-. E' 0, (,-( ,*,- ' ))(=,( ,())+,( 0' --)5('-(
*+0+7 =+(, 00('-(, 05 () ('('('5('- ( ), *(+,' 89( ,(
('09('-+' )+((+ / 9' *,:)( (*),>' (: 89( ), =,(, 89( ,( *+90('
('-+ ( ) 065+ ,' )-5('-( '@)5:)(,.
S ,( ))(= ,())+ 05*)(- / 0++(0-5('-( (,- ,(+7 ( =+' ) *+ ),
-+:+(, / ,(=9' *+89( ,( *+((+7' *+, ( =,(, ), 09) ,( +(90(
*+, (0'>50, (' ) '9,-+. F')5('-(? (-+ ) @9= () 0(-)(' ( )
065+ /9 *+-(=(+ ) 5( 5:('-(.
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%
2 MARCO TEÓRICO
2.1 ANTECEDENTES DE ESTUDIO
2.1.1 A'-(0(('-( 1
< A9-+ ABARCA PREZ? E,' P-+0< T7-9) DISEÑO Y CONSTRUCCIÓN DE UN EKUIPO DE ENSAYO DE
CONTROL DE LA ESTABILIDAD DIMENSIONAL POR FATIGA
MEDIANTE MARTILLEO CONSTANTE PARA ESPUMA DE
POLIURETANO ESPONJA BLANDA UTILIZADA EN TAPICERÍA YCONCHONESQ
< L9=+ ( *9:)00>' R:5? E09+ < A ( *9:)00>' 211< R(,9)-, U' ( ), 05*'('-(, ( (,-( (89* ( (',/ (, 9' -+'))
( *-('0? () 09) ;/ 89( 0)09)+,(. L, +(,9)-, ), ,95(+' *+ ()
0, 56, 0+7-0 89( (, 09' () -+')) 59(( ) (,-+90-9+ 5>) EM /
) (,-+90-9+ @ EF? / ('-'0(, () -+')) 89(+6 0' 9' 0+= (
-+00>' (,-6-0 ( ) ,95 ( ), *(,, ( ) EF / EM. M('-( 9',
+=9+,, 06)09) ,( (-(+5'> 89( () -+89( '(0(,+ *)0 ) -+'))
*+ ,9:+ ) 0+= (, ( T 14?# N.5.
2.1.2 A'-(0(('-( 2
< A9-+ JAIMES BAUTISTA? C+), A+5'
OTERO MARÍN? J(+ M9+0
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< T7-9) DISEÑO DE UN BANCO DE PRUEBAS PARA TORNILLOS DE
POTENCIAQ< F(0; ( *9:)00>' 2% ( =,- () 213< R(,9)-, E,-( *+/(0- @9( 0+( 0' () :(- ( ,(+ / 0',-+9+
9' :'0 ( *+9(: *+ -+')), ( *-('0? 09/ @' (, () ( 0++:++ ),
(090'(, ( -+89( ( ,9:? -+89( ( :? (@0('0 5(06'0 /
'0( ('0'-+, (' ), ):+, -(>+0, ( ,( ( ()(5('-, (
5689',? 5('-( () (,++)) ( *+60-0, ( ):+-+. E) :'0 (
*+9(:, 0',- ( '9(( -+')), ( *-('0 ( , 5-(+)(, @(+('-(,
0(+ AISI 12 / A)95'? 0)09), / :9, -+, () ,@-+( (
CAD? S) +, / ,59), 05*9-0')5('-( 0' () ,@-+( CAE
ANSYS 12.. B (,-, +(,9)-,? @9(+' @:+0, " -+')), ( *-('0
(' AISI 12 0' 65(-+, ( WQ / XQ / -+( -+')), ( *-('0 (
)95' ( 65(-+ ( XQ / 0' +,0 ACME. J9'- ), -+')), @9(
,( 9' ,,-(5 ( 0*)( +6* 89( :+' '5,5 ) ,,-(5?
*(+5-(' 05:+ ), @(+('-(, -+')), *+(,('-(, (' () :'0 ( 5'(+
@60) / 6=) / 9' ,,-(5 ( 0*)( +7= :+,? 09/ ):+ (, -+',5-+ ()
-+89( () 5-+ / @0)-+ () 5'-( / (,5'-( () :'0 ( *+9(:,.
2.1.3 A'-(0(('-( 3
< A9-+ ARIAS GUALAVISÍ? E' I6'
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OROZCO ROMERO? L9, F+')'
< T7-9) DISEÑO Y CONSTRUCCIÓN DE UNA RECTIFICADORA YAFILADORA DE CUCHILLAS DE M$KUINAS PARA MADERA CON
UN SISTEMA DE AVANCE AUTOM$TICOQ< F(0; ( *9:)00>' M+ () 211< L9=+ ( *9:)00>' K9-? E09+ < R(,9)-, E' ) *+(,('-( -(,, (, '(0(,+ 0)09)+ ), *+65(-+, ()
-+')) ( *-('0 *+ 89( *9( -+',5-+ ) *-('0 () 5-+ ()0-+0.
S( (-(+5'> 89( () -+')) ( *-('0 0',-+9+ (:( -('(+ 155 (65(-+? () -+89( *+ )('-+ / :+ ) 0+= ,' ( 4.1" N / 2. N
+(,*(0-5('-(.
2.2 MARCO TEÓRICO
L ,)9+ 0(-)'0 (, 9', ( ), 5-, ( ,)9+ 89( ;,- )
0-9) ,=9( =('-( / *+ ()) '(0(,- ( , 05*'('-(, 5*+-'-(, *+
89( ,( ) 05:9,->'. U' ( ()), (, () 7=(' 89( (, 9' =, ('(', / () 09)
,( *9(( (-+(+ ( ) 5,5 -5>,@(+. S' (5:+=? () =, 0(-)(' (, 9' *0 56,
@70) ( 0',(=9+. P+ ()) (,-(' +, 5-,. E' *(-+89750? ,( :-('( ()
0(-)(' *+ 89('0;'= () ('@+5('- +6* ( 9' ))5 ( =, '-9+) (
@+00'(, )6-)(, () *(-+>)( 0' 0(-(, ( ()( *9'- ( (:9))0>'.
FIGURA 2.01QUENCHING
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E) =, (, 9-) +(0-5('-( (' *)'- 05 *+90- ( *+- ('
,7'-(,, .S' (5:+=? 9' ( ), 56, 9-), (, ) ( 5(0)+ 0+:9+ ( 0)0 /
=9. L =('(+0>' ( 0(-)(' *+('('-( () 0+:9+ (, (,*'-6'( (' 89()),
)9=+(, (' ), 89( (,-( 9' )- ;95( +()-? *+ (,? (, 5*+-'-( 89( ()
0+:9+ ,( )50('( (' )9=+(, ,(0,. L +(00>' 89750 (, ) ,=9('-(
CaC 2+2 H 2O→C 2 H 2+Ca(OH )2
E) A0(-)(' ,( *+90( 0'-'95('-( (' *(89(, 0'-(, (*('(' ()
=+ ( ;95( () +( 89( )( +(. A,7? *+ 9' +( 89( 0'-('( ! 5=
H2OL +( ! **5 * *9(( :-('(+,( 9' 0'0('-+0>' ( A0(-)(' ( 3"
**5 *? 0',95',( (' 9' ,,-(5 0(++ 13 5= ( C+:9+ '9,-+)
"% *9+(.
F9('-( I'-(+'(-
FIGURA 2.02CARBURO DE CALCIO
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2.2.1 U,, 0-9)(, () 0(-)('
E) 0(-)(' ,( 9-) 05 @9('-( ( )95'0>' / ( 0)+. E' ) ()
0(-)(' (, 0'0 05 =, 9-) (' (89*, ( ,)9+ (: ),
()(, -(5*(+-9+, ;,- 3 [C 89( )0' ), 5(0), ( 0(-)(' /
7=(' (' ,9 05:9,->'. E) 0(-)(' (,? (56,? 9' *+90- ( *+-
5*+-'-( (' ) '9,-+ 89750. H,- ) ,(=9' =9(++ 59') 9' :9(' *+-(
( ), *+0(,, ( ,7'-(,, ,( :,+' (' () 0(-)('. H/ (' 7? *(+( 0 (
56, 5*+-'0 (: ), ()(, 0,-, ('(+=-0, ( ,9 =('(+0>'.
F9('-( I'-(+'(-
FIGURA 2.03NOMENCLATURA DE ACETILENO
F9('-( '-(+'(-
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D,)('-(, 05 () -+0)+(-)('? () -(-+0)+(-'? *+90-, ( :,( 05
')-(+(, / '),-(+(, / )=9', 0+:00), ,( :-('(' *+-+ () 0(-)('. ,-(-5:' ,( 9-) (' (,*(0) (' ) @:+00>' () 0)+(-)(' 0)+9+ ( ')
*+ *)6,-0,? () (-') 0(-)(; / ( ), '(*+(', () 090; ,'--0.
FIGURA 2.04LAMPARA DE ACETILENO
F9('-( '-(+'(-
FIGURA 2.05SOLDADURA OXIACETILENICA
F9('-( '-(+'(-
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2.2.2 T+')) ( P-('0
L, -+')), ( *-('0? ))5, -5:' -+')), ( -+',5,>'? ,'
,*,-, 5(06'0, 89( 0'(+-(' 9' =+ (,*)5('- '=9)+ (' 9'
(,*)5('- +(0-)7'(? -+',5-(' @9(+ / *-('0 5(06'0? (+6',( (
(,-( )-5 -+')) ( *-('0
G('(+)5('-( -+:' 0' 9' +0( ()(? *+ ) 89( ) (@0('0? ()
(,=,-( / () 0)('-5('- ,' 0',(+0'(, 5*+-'-(, *+ ,9 ,(? (56,
( ), 0',(+0'(, ( +(,,-('0 5(06'0 ? '( ('-+ (' 9(= () (,- (
(,@9(+, ')90+, 05 +(,9)- () (,- ( 0+=, 0-9'-( (' ,9, *9'-,
0+7-0,.
E' ) 5/+7 ( ,9, *)00'(,? (,-, ()(5('-, ,( 9-)' *+
95('-+Q ), @9(+, *+(, ( -+,>'? ) 09) ,( ;0( 5('-( 9' +()0>' (
55('-? 5/+ ( ) 9'? (' ) 89( () @)(-( +(0++( 9' =+' ,-'0 )
)+= ( ) ;)0(? 5('-+, 89( () ()(5('- 5 ' 9' *(89( 0'-
) )+= () (( () -+')).
L, -+')), ( *-('0 ,( 9,' (' ,*,-, 05 *+(',, ( 5(,? =-,
5(06'0,? ;9,)), ((, ( '0( ( -+',? 5689', ;(++5('-, / ()(5('-,
()(+(,. F=9+, 2." / 2.#
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1!
2.2.3 T*, ( +,0, (,-6'+ *+ -+')), ( *-('0
E,-(' )=9', -*, ( +,0, '+5), *+ -+')), ( *-('0
09+? : -+*() +,0 ACME / 0 ('-( ( ,(++? ), 09)(, ,( 59(,-+'
(' ) @=9+.
L +,0 09+ (, ) 89( *,(( 5/+ +('5('-? 9'89( ,( *+(@(+(
FIGURA 2.06GATOS MECNICOS DE TORNILLOS
F9('-( '-(+'(-
FIGURA 2.0!PRENSA MANUAL DE TORNILLO
F9('-( '-(+'(-
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05'5('-( ) +,0 ACME? 0' 9' 6'=9) ( @)'0, ( 2 *+ ,9 :9(' 9,-(
(56, -5' (' 0',(+0>' 89( ) +,0 09+ ' (,-6 '+5)5('-+, 89( ) ACME (, ( @60) 0',-+900>' 5('-( -, ), *+0(5('-,
(,-('-(,.
L, +:)(, ( ) @=9+ ,'
p P, ( ) +,0
d : D65(-+ 5/+ () -+'))
dm D65(-+ 5( () -+'))
dr : D65(-+ 5('+ ( +7 () -+'))
FIGURA 2.0"TIPOS DE ROSCAS NORMALI#ADAS
F9('-( '-(+'(-
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D( 09(+ 0' B9/', / N,:(-- \2]? ' (, '-(', ) '(0(, ( 9'
(,-6'+ *+ ), +,0, ( -+')), ( *-('0. E' ) *+60-0? )=9', (0(, ,(0',-+9/(' +'-(, ( ,-,? *+ ((5*)? (0(, ) +,0 09+ ,( 0',-+9/(
0' 9' 6'=9) ('-+( @)'0, ( 1[? 0' () @' ( @0)-+ ,9 5'9@0-9+. L ('-
*+'0*) ( ) +,0 09+ (, ,9 5/+ (@0('0 05 ,( (+6 56, ()'-(.
D(: ,9 6'=9) ('-+( @)'0,? ) +,0 ACME -('( ) ('- ( -('(+ 5/+
@0) ( 5'9@0-9+ / ) *,:) ( 9,+ 9' -9(+0 *+- 89( *9( 9,+,(
*+ 05*(',+ () (,=,-( (' ), @)(-(,. L +,0 ACME (, 9' ()(00>' 05' \1].
L +,0 ( ('-( ( ,(++ *,(( 5/+ +(,,-('0 (' ) +7 () @)(-( / (,
(09 *+ -+',5-+ =+'(, @9(+, (' 9' ,) ,('- (' () 5,-+ (' )
@=9+ 2. %0
TABLA 2.01
PRINCIPALES DIMENSIONES DE LAS ROSCAS ACME AMERICANA
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2.2.4 P+'0* ( @9'0'5('- ( ), -+')), ( *-('0 ( *+ ( -+,>'
E) *+ ( -+,>' 89( ,( (:( *)0+ (*('( ( ) =(5(-+7 () -+'))? ( )
@+00>' ('-+( ), @)(-(, ( ,-( / ( ) -9(+0 /? *+ ,9*9(,-? () *(, ( ) 0+=.
C9' ) 0+= ,( (,-6 ()(' ,( -('( 89( (@(0-9+ 9' -+:? =9) ) -+:
*+ ()(+ () *(, 56, () -+: +(89(+ *+ ('0(+ ) @+00>' (' ), @)(-(,
-+: 89( ,( *(+( (' @+5 ( 0)+. C9' ) 0+= ,( ;0( (,0('(+? () *(,
(@(0- 9' -+: *,- ,:+( () =- () -+: +(89(+ *+ :+ ) 0+= (,
=9) ) '(0(,+ *+ ('0(+ ) @+00>' 5(', () -+: 89( (@(0- () *(, , (,-(
)-5 (, 5/+ 89( () +(89(+ *+ ('0(+ ) @+00>'? () -+')) (,0('(+7 ,>)
,' '(0(, ( *)0+ *+ ( -+,>'.
P+ ('-('(+ 5(+ (,-? 0',(+( ), 0,, 5,-+, (' ) @=9+ 2.? (' ),
09)(, 9' *(+,' ,9:( / : 9' 0+= ) )+= ( 9' ,9*(+@0( '0)' 0'
@+00>'. E' () 0, ) 05*'('-( () *(, ( ) 0+= (' ) +(00>' () *)'
'0)' / ) @9(+ ( @+00>' ,( *'(' ) 55('- *+ ) -'-? () -+: 89(
(@(0- ) *(+,' (, =9) ) ,95 () -+: *+ ,9:+ ) 0+= 56, () '(0(,+
F9('-( A) D). D,( ( ()(5('-, ( 5689', I
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*+ ('0(+ ) @+00>'. E' () 0, :? ) 05*'('-( () *(, (' ) +(00>' ()
*)' 0- (' ) +(00>' () 55('- @0)-' ) -+( ( ;0(+ (,0('(+ )0+= () -+: 89( (:( (@(0-9+ ) *(+,' (, ) +(,- ('-+( () '(0(,+ *+
('0(+ ) @+00>' / () *+- *+ () *(,. E, *,:)( 89( ) 0+= (,0(' ,)
(,- 09++( , ) 05*'('-( () *(, (' ) +(00>' () 55('- (, 5/+ 89( )
@9(+ ( @+00>' 0(@0('-( ( @+00>' ,9@0('-(5('-( *(89( 6'=9) (
'0)'0>' ,9@0('-(5('-( =+'(.
E' () ,( ( 09)89(+ -+')) ( *-('0 *9(( ,(+ '(0(,+
0)09)+ () *+ ( -+,>' +(89(+ *+ ,9:+Q ) 0+=
T S
? / () *+ '(0(,+
*+ :+)Q T b . N 5*+- 89 *)00>' ,( , () -+')) (, ;+'-)
-('( -+ '0)'0>' () *+ *+ ,9:+Q ,(+6 () 89( ,( +(89(+( *+ 5(+ ()
FIGURA 2.0$EL TRABA%O EFECTUADO PARA ELE&AR UNA CARGA ES MA'OR QUE EL
REQUERIDO PARA HACERLA DESCENDER
F9('-( '-(+'(-
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-+')) (' +(00>' 0'-++ ) ( ) @9(+ (' () =- ( -+'))? ) @9(+
0- ;0 : 5('-+, 89( () 55('- (, ;0 ++: 9+'-( ) ()(0>'() *(,. E) *+ *+ :+ ,(+6 () +(89(+ 09' () 55('- -('( ) 5,5
+(00>' ( ) @9(+.
P+ 0)++ (,- 0',(+( ) *+(', ( 5(, ( ) @=9+ 2.#. C9' ,( (,-6
*+(',' 9' *(? ,- ((+0( 9' @9(+ 0'-++ ) 55('- () -+')) *+ )
-'-? () *+ ( -+,>' *)0+ ,(+6T S
. C9' ,( (,-6 (,*+(-' ) *(? ()
-+')) ,( 59(( (' ) +(00>' ( ) @9(+ *+ ) -'-? () *+ +(89(+ (, 5('+ /
,(+6 T b .
E' (,- ,(00>' ,( (-(+5'+6' (*+(,'(, *+ 0)09)+ ), *+(, ( =+
T S / T b . L @=9+ 2.11 59(,-+ 9' -+')) ( *-('0 0' ,9 -9(+0? 0'
65(-+ 5(? dm ? 65(-+ 5('+ dr ? / 65(-+ 5/+? *,? *? 6'=9)
( '0( λ ? / 6'=9) ( ;)0( ψ .
S( *+90( 9' =+ () -+')) 5('-( ) *)00>' () *+ T S T b ?
0' ) 09) () -+')) ,9:( : (@(0-96',( 9' -+: -)? 89( 0- ,:+( )
@9(+ F ? / 9' -+: ( *+, (: ) 00>' ( ), @9(+, ( @+00>' (' ),
@)'0, ( ), @)(-(, @=9+ 2.11 :.FIGURA 2.10
TORNILLO DE POTENCIA CON ROSCA CUADRADA
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L, @9(+, 89( 0-' (' () ,,-(5 ,( ,-+:9/(' ,:+( ), @)'0, ()
-+')) / ( ) -9(+0? ), 09)(, (,-6' '0)', 9' 6'=9) λ . S ('(+(6+5,Q
() @)'0 () @)(-( ( ) -9(+0 ( ) @=9+ 2.11 ? :-('+75, 9' ,9*(+@0( 09/
*(+@) 0++(,*'(+7 ), )7'(, '0)', ( ), -+6'=9), ( ) @=9+ 2.12? '(
F9('-( A) D). D,( ( ()(5('-, ( 5689', I
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N f (, () '5(+ ( @)(-(, (' 0'-0- / l (, () '0( () -+'))? 89( ('
) 5/+7 ( ), 0,, (, =9) ) *, 09' () -+')) (, ( 9' ,) ('-+.
P+ -+')), ( +, ('-+, () '0( (,-6 *+
l=número deentradas x paso
FIGURA 2.11LONGITUD DE UN TORNILLO DE POTENCIA PARA 1( 2( 3 PASOS
F9('-( A) D). D,( ( ()(5('-, ( 5689', I
FIGURA 2.12LONGITUD DE UN TORNILLO DE POTENCIA PARA 1( 2( 3 PASOS
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A')0(5, ), @9(+, ( ) @=9+ 2.12 . L @9(+ F (, ) @9(+ 89( 0-
,:+( () -+')) / (, (+-0) ) @9(+ Ps (, ) (: ) *+ ( -+,>' '>-(,( 89(
) *)0+ 9' *+ ) -+'))? ,( =('(+' @9(+, ) )+= () @)'0 () @)(-(? 09/
+(,9)-'-( (, =9) 0(+ *(+ ' () *+ ) ')+ () @)(-( ('(+(Q? ) ,95 (
(,, @9(+, (, Ps . E' () @)'0 *+(0(' , +(00'(,? ) @9(+ '+5) F N /
) @9(+ ( @+00>' μF N ? ) 09) ,( *'( ) 55('- ,( *'( ) @9(+
Ps . N>-(,( 89( ) ,95-+ ( @9(+, ( @+00>' (' ) -9(+0 ' ('(+( (,
=9) 0(+? 89(' 9' *+ +(,9)-'-( (: ) @+00>'.
F9('-( A) D). D,( ( ()(5('-, ( 5689', I
FIGURA 2.13ESTADO DE CARGAS
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S () ,,-(5 (,-6 (' (89):+? (, (0+ , ,( 59(( ()0 0',-'-( ,) 0()(+0>' (, (,*+(0:)(? ) ,95-+ ( @9(+, ;+'-)(, / ) ,95-+ (
@9(+, (+-0)(, ,' =9)(, 0(+
∑ F H =0 ;PS− μ∗ F N cos λ− F N sin λ=0
∑ F V =
0
; F N ∗cos
λ− F − μ∗ F N ∗sin
λ=0
F N ( μ∗cosλ+sinλ )= PS→ F N = PS
( μcos λ+sin λ)
PS
( μ∗cos λ+sin λ) [cos λ− μsin λ ]− F =0→ PS= F ∗( μ∗cos λ+sin λcos λ− μsin λ )
L 05*'('-( PS +(*+(,('- ) 0+= '(0(,+ *+ *+90+ ()
55('- ;0 ) 89(+? ' )9=+ 89( (,- -(' (,*)+,( ;0
++: 5( 89( PS ) 5*9), (' (, +(00>'.
A(56, ( ) =(5(-+7 ( ) @=9+ 2.12 '( ,( 59(,-+ () (,++)) () @)(-( (
) +,0 () -+')) 0' +(,*(0- ) 65(-+ *+5-? ,( :-('(
tan λ= l
¿dm
F9('-( A) D). D,( ( ()(5('-, ( 5689', I
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2!
L @9(+ PS (, (: ) *+ T S ? ('-'0(,
T S !1= PS∗dm
2=
F ∗dm2
∗( μ∗cosλ+sinλcos λ− μsin λ )
E' () 0, ( 9-)+ 0))+7' (' ) *)00>'? () 55('- -+,+ 95('- /
)9=+ 9' ,(=9' 05*'('-(
T S !2=dc∗ μc∗ F
2; μc E, () 0(@0('-( ( @+00>' ('-+( () 0))+7' / ) +,0
→T S=T S !1+T S ! 2= F ∗dm
2∗( μ∗cosλ+sinλcos λ− μ sin λ )+
dc¿ μc∗ F
2
2.2.! E@0('0 5(06'0
E) +('5('- 5(06'0 (, 9' -+5' -) *+ ()9+ () (09
@9'0'5('- ( ), -+')), ( *-('0. P+-( () -+: +() (' 9'
-+',5,>' ( -+')) ( *-('0 ,( ('-+(= ) ,,-(5 89( ,( (,-6 00''? *(+ )
-+ ,( *(+( (' @+5 ( 0)+? (: ) @+00>' (' ), @)'0,.
L (@0('0 5(06'0 ( 9' -+')) ( *-('0 ,( (@'( =9) 89( (' -+,
,,-(5,. E) -+: 89( ('-+ ) ,,-(5? (: ) *+ *)0? (, =9) ) -+: 89(
,)( () 89( +(0:( ) 5689' 00'? 56, () -+: ( *+, (: ) @9(+
( @+00>'
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2"
" entra=" sale+" p#rdidas
L (@0('0 ,( (@'( 05 $= " sale
" entra%1 . P+ ;0(+ ) (900>' ( 9'
(090>' *+* *+ ) (@0('0? 0)09)+(5, ), -+:, *+ 9' 9()- ()
-+')). E) -+: (@(0-9 *+ () *+ ( -+,>' (, =9) ,-( *+ () 6'=9) ( =+
*+90 9' 9()-? ('-'0(,
" entra
=2 ∗T S
E) -+: 89( ,)( (, () ( ) ()(0>' ( ) 0+=
" sale= F ∗l ; tan λ= l
∗dm
$= F ∗l2 ∗T S
= F ∗tan λ∗ ∗dm
2 ∗
[
F ∗dm2
∗
(
μ∗cosλ+sinλcos
λ− μsin
λ
)+
dc ¿ μc∗ F 2
]$=
tan λ∗dm
dm∗( μ∗cosλ+sinλcos λ− μsin λ )+dc¿ μc
FIGURA 2.14CUR&AS DE EFICIENCIA PARA DIFERENTES &ALORES DE ) EN FUNCIÓN
DEL NGULO *
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2.2." S)0-0'(, ( 0+= (' ), -+')), ( *-('0
D(: ) 05*)( =(5-+0 / ) @+5 (' 89( ,( -+',5-('
), 0+=, (' ), -+')), ( *-('0? ,-, (,-6' (*9(,-, @(+('-(, -*,
( @))
< E) '0)( (,-6 ,5(- 9' 05:'0>' ( 0+= ) / -+,>'.< L, @)(-(, () -+')) / ( ) -9(+0 *9((' @))+ *+ 0+-'-( *+ @)(>'.< L, @)'0, ( ), @)(-(, (,-6' ,5(-, *),-5('-? () 09)
*9(( *+90+ (@+50>' *)6,-0.< L, @)'0, (,-6' ,9(-, @9(+, ( @+00>' 89( *9((' *+90+ (,=,-(
*+(5-9+.
2.2.# C+= ) / -+,>' (' () '0)(
E) '0)( () -+')) (,-6 ,5(- 9' 05:'0>' ( 0+= ) /
-+,>'? -) 05 ,( 59(,-+ (' ) @=9+ 2.1!
L @9(+ ) *9(( ,(+ ( -+00>' ( 05*+(,>' (*('(' ( )
F9('-( A)? F+-9'- D,( ( ()(5('-, ( 5689', I
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@+5 (' 89( *(+( () -+')) *+ ((5*)? ), -+')), ( ), =-, ( )
@=9+ 2." / : ,*+-' 05*+(,>' / -+00>' +(,*(0-5('-(. T(>+05('-(?/ ,' -('(+ (' 09('- ) 0'0('-+0>' ( (,@9(+, 09, *+ ) ;)0( ()
@)(-(? () (,@9(+ (: ) @9(+ )? ,( ,-+:9/( 9'@+5(5('-( / (,-6
*+
& compresi'= F
( r
= 4∗ F
∗d r2
P+ -+')), ,5(-, 05*+(,>'? ) (090>' (, 6) , ' ;/
*,:) ( *'(? (, (0+? , () -+')) ' (, (,:()-Q.
P+ () 06)09) () (,@9(+ 0+-'-( *+90 *+ () *+ ( -+,>'? ,(
,95( 89( () 6+( () '0)( (, =9) ) ( 9' 07+09) 0' 65(-+ =9) )
65(-+ '-(++ () -+')) dr () (,@9(+ 0+-'-( 565 09++( (' )
*(+@(+ ( ) ,(00>' / (,-6 *+
) =16∗T
∗dr3
2.2.% E,@9(+ ( @)(>' (' ), @)(-(,
C5 ,( :,(+ (' ) @=9+ 2.1! :? ), @)(-(, 0-' 05 =, ('
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) ,*+-' 9' 0+= -+',(+,) ,-+:9. C',(09('-(5('-(? ,-,
*9((' @))+ *+ @)(>'. E) 565 (,@9(+ '+5) *+ @)(>'? *+ ()-+'))? *9(( 0)09)+,( 05
& f = 3∗ F ∗*
∗dm∗ N ∗b2
O -5:' 05
& f =32∗ +
∗dr3
D'( b (, () (,*(,+ ( ) +7 ( ) +,0.
2.2. E,@9(+ ( *),-5('-
L, @)'0, ( ), @)(-(, () -+')) / ( ) -9(+0 ,*+-' 9' 0+= (
*),-5('- 05*+(,>' ) )+= / '0; ( - ) ,9*(+@0( ( 0'-0-?
(: 89( ) @9(+ F (, -+',5- () -+')) ) -9(+0 -+, ( ), @)'0,
@=9+ 2.1! :. L 0+= *9(( *+90+ (@+50>' *)6,-0 , () (,@9(+ '+5)
( 05*+(,>' (0(( ) +(,,-('0 ( @)9('0 (' 05*+(,>'. S9*'(' 89( ()
(,@9(+ ,( ,-+:9/( 9'@+5(5('-( (' - ) ,9*(+@0(? ,-( *9(( 0)09)+,(
05
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& a= F
(aplastamiento=
F ∗ p ¿dm∗*∗nf
;n f = ,t
p
D'( ,t (, ) )'=-9 )-9+ ( ) -9(+0.
P+ () *),-5('-? (:( (+@0+,( 89( () (,@9(+ 89( (, =9) *+ ()
-+')) / *+ ) -9(+0 ' ,:+(*,( ), )+(, *(+5,:)(, ( ,( ( ),
5-(+)(, () -+')) / ( ) -9(+0
FIGURA 2.15SOLICITACIONES EN LOS TORNILLOS DE POTENCIA
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2.2.1 V)+ 0-9) '(- VAN
V(N =−Co+ C 1
(1+- )
+ C 2
(1+- )2+.+
Cn
(1+- )n=∑
t =0
nCt
(1+- )t
E, 9' 0'- 5'(-+? 89( +(@)( ) @(+('0 ('-+( () )+ 0-9) (
F9('-( A)? F+-9'- D,( ( ()(5('-, ( 5689', I
FIGURA 2.16REA DE UN FILETE DE TORNILLO SOMETIDO A APLASTAMIENTO
F9('-( A)? F+-9'- D,( ( ()(5('-, ( 5689', I
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), 0:+, 5(', () )+ 0-9) ( ), *=, (, (0+? (, () )+ ( -,
), @)9, ( 0 (,*(+, +(@(+ 9' 5,5 55('- (' () -(5*. E'-+5', =('(+)(, ,( *9(( '-(+*+(-+ () VAN () 5 ,=9('-(
VAN ^ ^ K9( ) (5*+(, =('(+ :('(@0
VAN ^ N ;/ :('(@0, ' *+,? 9'89( ,( *(+( -(5*
VAN _ ^ H/ *+, (' ) (5*+(,? (56, ( *(+(+ -(5*
S( (:(+6 +(0;+ 09)89(+ '(+,>' 09/ VAN ,( '(=- / 89(
(,0*-) ) (5*+(,. E'-+( +, *+/(0-, ,( ()(=+6 89() 89( -('= () VAN
*,- ,( ,9*(++.
L -, ( (,09('- *)0 *9(( ,(+ 0',-'-( (' () -(5* +:)( /
(, @9'0>' () -* ( '-(+, () 5(+0? () +(,= () ,(0-+? ,7 05 () ()
'(=0.
E) -* ( '-(+, ( 5(+0
S( 0',(+ 9' 7'09) ('-+( *+(,('-( / () @9-9+? 0',--9/(' 9' :,(
( 05*+0>' @9'5('-). S 9-)' () -* ( '-(+, ( ;0(+ @+('-( )
0,-( ( ,9 @''00>' (, (0+? ) 0,-( () 0*-). L 0-9)0>' 9-) '
(, 56, 89( 9' 0'(' 0' () 89( ' -, ), '(+,+(, (,-6' ( 09(+. O-+
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@+5 ( 0)09)+ (,- *+-( () -* ( (,09('- *)0+ () 0,-( () 0*-)
,(+7 () -* ( 5(+0 ( 0-, ,(=9+, :' )(-+, () T(,+. E,-((*7=+@( *+ ) -'- '0+*+ () 0,-( ( *+-9'? / 89( ,(+7 ( '-(+,
@+(0 57'5 +(,=.
: F0-+ ( +(,=
U' 5'(+ *+60-0 ( '-(+*+(-+) (, 05 () ,=9('-( 0,. L,
,(0-+(, *(09+, ,( (' ,5(-, ,0)0'(, 070)0,? @+9- () 9(= ( )
@(+- / ) (5'? ,(' ,-'- () +(,= () ,(0-+ *+0' '-(',? @+('-( )
() ,(0-+ '. E' () 59' ='(+ ,( ,9()( (,090;+ 05 +(@)(
05*+' () +(,= () ,(0-+ *+0' @+('-( ) ' E' () *+0' -( ;0(,
+0 -( ++9', (' -'- 89( () ' '9'0 -( ;+6, +0? *(+ '9'0 ,)+6, (
) 5,(+Q E,-( 0; **9)+ '0 89( (, 5/+ ) '0(+-95:+( () ,(0-+
*+0' / (' 0',(09('0 ; ( ,(+ 5/+ () :('(@0 (=.
0 F0-+ ( +(,= () '(=0
E' 0 *+900>' *(09+ ,( ,95( 9' +(,= :)>=0 @+9- () @0-+
'5)? 56, 9' +(= *+90- 5*9-:)( ) 5'( () ,,-(5? (,( () *9'-
( ,- +(*+90-? ,'-+? '9-+0')? (-0. A,5,5? ,( 0),@0' ,(=' ,(
() +(,= 5*9-:)(
< A ) 5,5 *+900>' *(09+ S( ,95( +(,= ('-+ ( 9' 5,5
'(=0? 0, () -5: A? '-(=+ *+ 0, ( 89'- )0-'0 @+('-(
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9' -5: B? 0' -(+'(+, *+(,.< A ,-'- *+900>' *(09+ E) +(,= (, @(+('-( ,(=' () ,,-(5
*+90- :(- ( '6),,. A,7 (, ,-'-? () +(,= () '(=0
(,-('-( ('-+( ) *+900>' :' (-(', 0 +(-'-? @+('-( )
;()070) '-(', A,*(+, 56,5. E, : 89( () ,(=9' ,,-(5
;/ 9' 5/+ (,0'05('- :)>=0? *-)>=0? -0'0? (-0. / ('
0',(09('0 () '(=0 ,95( 9' 5/+ +(,=.
2.2.11 L -, '-(+' ( +(-+' TIR
L -, ( +('5('- '-(+'? -, '-(+' ( +('-:) -, (
+(-+' +Q (, () -* ( 0-9)0>' 89( =9) () VAN. E' () 0, ( 89( ),
@)9, =('(+, *+ () *+* *+/(0- ,(' 0',-'-(,
sin→/!entoncesr=C
3
C 0
S' (5:+=? (' ) 5/+7 ( ), 0,, ), @)9, =('(+, ,' @(+('-(,
0 . S () *+/(0- ( '(+,>' (, (' 9' *(+ 0+- ( -(5*? *+
((5*) ( , ,? -5:' ,(+7 ,('0)) +(,)(+ ) ,=9('-( =9)
V(N =−Co+ C 1
(1+r )+ C
2
(1+r )2=0→ Co= C
1
(1+r )+ C
2
(1+r )2
C 0=
C 1∗(1+r )+C 2
(1+r )2 → C
0∗(1+r )2−C 1∗(1+r )−C 2=0
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3!
C' ) 89( @60)5('-( ,( *9(( 0)09)+ () )+ ( +Q. P(+ , () *+/(0-( '(+,>' ,( ))( 0: (' 9' *(+7 )+= ( -(5* () -(5* ( 06)09) (
) TIR ,( +() *+ '-(+*)0>'.
P+ ,:(+ , 9' *+/(0- ( '(+,>' (, 0'('('-( '? ,( (:(+6
05*++ ) -, '-(+' ( +('5('- TIR () *+/(0- 0' () -* ( '-(+,
=('-( (' () 5(+0. S ) @(+('0 (, *,- ,( *9(( ))(+ 0: ()
*+/(0- ,(5*+( 89( ,( -('= (' 09('- () @0-+ ( +(,=. S ) @(+('0 (,
'(=- ,='@0 89( 0' ), @)9, =('(+, ' ,( *9(( ' ,( *9(( ;0(+
@+('-( ' ,89(+ ) 0,-( () 0*-) ) *= ( ), '-(+(,(, *+ () 9, ( 9' (
), +(09+,, @''0(+, 89( ,( ;' -5 *+(,-,.
E' 0, ( ()(=+ 9' *+/(0- ('-+( +, )-(+'-,? ,( (,0=(+6 89()
89( -('= ) 5/+ @(+('0 *,-.
2.2.12 I'-(+*+(-0>' () VAN / ) TIR
E) )+ 0-9) '(- ( 9' '(+,>' / ) -, '-(+' ( +('-:) ( 9'
'(=0 ,' )+(, 89( /9' -5+ (0,'(, ,:+( ) '( ' ( 9'
'(+,>' (' 09)89(+ ,(0-+? '-(+*+(-6',( () VAN / () TIR () ,=9('-( 5
S' '(+,5('-( *+*+0')(, () VAN / ) -, ( (,09('- 9-)?
(, (0+ 89( 5( 89( ,( '0+(5('- ) -, ( (,09('-? () VAN
,5'9/('? -) / 05 ,( :,(+ (' () =+6@0. N :,-'-( '-( ) (,-('0
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3"
( , *+/(0-, )-(+'-, A / B 0 9' *+(,('- 9' ()90>' ,-'-
@+('-( ) '0+(5('- ( ) -, ( (,09('-.
A'-( 9' -, ( (,09('- () 4 () VAN () *+/(0- B (, ,9*(++ ) (
A? B^ VAN2^VAN1.
A 5( 89( ,( '0+(5('- ) -, ( (,09('-? ) ,-90>' () VAN ,(
'(+-(? ( 5 89( *+ )+(, ( ,9*(++(, ) " VAN1 ^ VAN2. S ('
5:, *+/(0-, ,( 05*+ ) TIR? +(,9)- 89( () *+/(0- A )0' 9' TIR
,9*(++ ,( *9(( *+ -'- 0'0)9+ 89( (' 89()), *+/(0-, ( V' *,-? )
TIR (, ,9*(++ ) -, ( (,09('- 9-) / () *+/(0- *+7 ,(+ :)(? ('
-'- 89( *+ )+(, () VAN '(=-,? ) -, '-(+' ( +('-:) (,
FIGURA 2.16RELACIÓN ENTRE EL &AN + LA TIR
F9('-( A)? F+-9'- D,( ( ()(5('-, ( 5689', I
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'@(++ ) -, ( (,09('- *+ ) 89( () *+/(0- ' ,( (:(+7 +()+
2.3 MARCO TEÓRICO
2.3.1 T+')) ( *-('0
U' -+')) ( *-('0 ,( 9, *+ 05:+ () 55('- '=9)+ ('
55('- )'() / -5:' *+ -+',5-+ (,@9(+,.
2.3.2 G,>=('
E, 9' ,*,- 89( 0',,-( (' 9' 065+ / 9' ;';)( '( ,(
(*,- () 0+:9+ / *,-(++5('-( () =9 *+ =('(++ () 0+:9+.
2.3.3 R(00>' REDO&
S( ('5' +(00>' ( +(900>' 0>' ( > +(900>'?
,5*)(5('-( +(00>' +(? - +(00>' 89750 (' ) 89( 9' 56, ()(0-+'(,
,( -+',@(+(' ('-+( ), +(0-,? *+0' 9' 05: (' (,-, ( 0>'.
P+ 89( (,- 9' +(00>' ( +(900>' 0>'? (' () ,,-(5 (:( ;:(+ 9'
()(5('- 89( 0( ()(0-+'(,? / -+ 89( ), 0(*-(
2.3.4 C+:9+ ( 0)0E, 9' ,9,-'0 ,>) ( 0)+ =+,60( 89( +(00' (-+505('-( 0'
() =9 *+ + 0) *= ;+> ( 0)0 / 0(-)('. E, ( 9, 59/
(-(' / (' (' -(', () +5 *+ 9-)+) (' ,)9+ 9->=('. S'
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3%
(,- @') ,( ) '-+90( (' 9' =,>=('? 89( )( =+(=' =9 )('-5('-(?
/ )9(= ,( 5(0) () =, *+90 0' 7=(' *+ *+90+ 9' ))5 ()= /( )- -(5*(+-9+
2.3.! A0(-)('
E) 0(-)(' (-' (, () )89' 56, ,('0)). E, 9' =,? )-5('-(
'@)5:)(? 9' *0 56, )=(+ 89( () +( ( '0)+. P+90( 9' ))5 ( ;,-
3[C? 9' ( ), -(5*(+-9+, ( 05:9,->' 56, )-, 0'0,? ,9*(+5('-(
,)5('-( *+ ) () ;+>=(' ->50 34 4 [C? () 0'>=(' 4!2! [C /
) () 0'0(-)(' 4%# [C.
2.3." VAN
H0( +(@(+('0 ) )+ ( 0-9) '(-. E, 9' ( ), 5-, 56, 0(*-,
*+ ,:(+ , 9' *+/(0- ( '(+,>' (, :)( '.
2.3.# TIR
H0( +(@(+('0 ) -, '-(+' ( +(-+'. E, 9' ( ), 5-, 56,
0(*-, *+ ,:(+ , 9' *+/(0- ( '(+,>' (, :)( '.
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3
3 &ARIABLE E HIPÓTESIS
3.1 VARIABLES DE INVESTIGACIÓN
3.1.1 V+:)(, I'(*('('-(,
P+(,>' () =, (, 5*+-'-( ,:(+ 096'- (, ) *+(,>' ( -+: ()
-'89(. $+( ( 0'-0- (, 5*+-'-( ,:(+ 096'- (, () 6+( 89(
95('-' (,- 95('-+ ) @9(+ *9(,-. P+*((, @7,0, () 5-(+) () 09) (,-6 ;(0; () -+')) (
*-('0. C(@0('-( ( @+00>' E, () 0(@0('-( 89( ,( ('-+( ) +,0 / ()
-+')). I'-(+, () 5(+0 (, () '-(+, 89( (,-:)( () SBS P+(0 ( ), 5-(+)(, E,-( *+(0 ) (,-:)(0( () 5(+0 ( 5-(+)(,?
( 09(+ ) @(+- / ) (5' ( ), 5,5,
3.1.2 V+:)(, (*('('-(,
E) ,,-(5 ( ,()) () =,>=(' (, 5*+-'-( -('(+ 9' ,,-(5 (
,()) (@0('-( *+ (-+ ), @9=,? (-' ,7 00('-( / *+,
(0'>50,. L +('-:) () '(=0 (,- (*('( () *+,-5 *(+ / ( ),
'-(+, 89( 0)0 () 5(+0 I'(+,>' E, () 5'- 89( (:(5, *+-+ *+ 89( () *+/(0- ('-+( ('
@9'0'5('-.
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3.2 OPERACIONALIZACIÓN DE VARIABLES
3.2.1 S()(00>' () M-(+) () T+')) / ) -9(+0S()(00'+(5, () 5-(+) 89( (, 56, @60) ( ('0'-++ (' () 5(+0
ASTM A3".
A0(+ ) 0+:' 0' +(,,-('0 57'5 ) -+00>' `9)-5 3" PSI
A0(+ ) 0+:' 0' )75-( ( (,@9(+ ( @)9('0 `@)9('0 !% PSI
M>9) ( (),-0 () 5-(+) 21 =@552
3.2.2 M(, () -'89( ( =,>=('
P+(,>' ( -+:
P+(,>' '+5) 1 PSI 1!PSI? P+(,>' 0+7-0 1! PSI 3 PSI
P 3PSI _ ^ 3 ):=*9)=2
D65(-+ 5( () ;' H) D4 X *9)=
3.2.3 C',(+0'(, *+ () -+')) ( *-('0
C',(+' 0(@0('-(, ( @+00>' *+ 0'0'(, (
*(+0>' () -'89( ( =,>=('. D( ) -:) N[ % *+ A0(+, ,'
)9:+00>'
< C(@0('-( ( @+00>' ('-+( () -+')) / ) -9(+0 a .1! .2! ^ a
.1!< C(@0('-( ( @+00>' ('-+( () 0))+ / ) ,9*(+@0( ( */ a0 < L'=-9 ):+( () -+')) L_ 1 55< L'=-9 ( ) *)'0 R* ^ ! 55
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41
3.2.4 C6)09) ( ) @9(+ (' () -+')) ( *-('0
F9(+ (' () '-(++ () ;' ;)
F = P 0 (→ d
2
4 xP=
¿4.752
4 x 30
lbf
p1l22→ F =354.41
lbf
2.2=241.64 -2f
∑ + 0=0→ Fxa+ Ft x2a=0→ Ft = F
2=
241.64
2=120.82 -2f
L @9(+ ,( +(90( (' 9' !
3.2.! C6)09) () 65(-+ () -+')) / ) -9(+0
E,@9(+ ( ,(
C',(+' 9' 2 ( (,@9(+ 9)-5 ) -+00>' (,*+(0' ()
FIGURA 3.01RELACIÓN ENTRE EL &AN ' LA TIR
F9('-( P+*
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(,@9(+ ( 0+-( *+ -+,>' ,( -('(
& dise3o=& admisible=0.2
∗& admisible=0.2
∗36000
PS4 =7200
PS4
& admisible=5-2f /mm2
E,@9(+ ( 05*+(,>'
& compresi'n= f1er5aenel tornillo
6reaefecti7adeltornillo
& compresi'n= Ft
(r=
4∗ Ft
∗dr2
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43
P+ ) T9(+0
D+ %.!55 D 12.! 55? H 2. 55D( ) -:) N[ 4 R,0 T+*(0) M(' DIN 13
P+ () T+')) ( 9' ('-+
+ %.! 55 5 1.! 55 12 55 ; 1.#! 55? * 3. 55 N 1 *, 55
P+ ) T9(+0
D+ .! 55? D 12.! 55? H1.! 55
D( ) -:) N[! R,0 T+*(0) F' DIN 3#%
P+ () T+')) ( 9' ('-+
D+ #.!55 5 55 1 55 ; 1.2! 55 * 2. 55 N 1 *,55
P+ ) T9(+0
D+ %.! 55 D 1. M5 H 1. 55
3.2." C)09) () T+89( ( A00'5('-
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44
P+ R,0 T+*(0) G+9(, DIN 3#
A'=9) ( '0( ( ) +,0 b
T'b )cd5 Nd*cd5 1d4cd1 .12#3 e b #.2![
A'=9) ('-+( ), @)'0, ( ) +,0 f
f1![ +,0 DIN
A'=9) ('-+( ), @)'0, '+5) ) @)(-( f'
tan (∅n)=tan∅∗cosλ=tan 15∗cos7.25=0.2658→∅n=14.88 9
T = F t ∗dm
2
∗
(cos∅n∗tan λ+ μ
cos∅n− μ tan λ )+
dc¿ μc∗ F
2
; μc=0
T =120.82∗10
2∗( cos14.88: ∗tan7.25 : +0.15cos14.88: −0.15∗tan7.25: )+
dc ¿ μc∗ F
2; μc=0
T =172.86 -2f −mm
T+89( '(0(,+ *+ ('0(+ () +5('- ( ), @)'0, ( ) +,0
F9(+ 57'5 5'9) ( ) *)'0 F5' TR* 1#2.%" =@ 55
!55 3.4! =@ . D'( R* (, ) )'=-9 ( ) *)'0
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4!
P+ R,0 T+*(0) M(' DIN 3#%
A'=9) ( '0( ( ) +,0 b
T'b )cd5 Nd*cd5 1d3cd1.! . e b !.1"[
A'=9) ('-+( ), @)'0, ( ) +,0 ∅
∅
1![ +,0 DIN
A'=9) ('-+( ), @)'0, '+5) ) @)(-( ∅ '
tan (ϕn)=tan (ϕ )∗cos ( λ )=tan (15 : )∗cos (5.196 : )=0.2668→ϕn=15.04 :
T = F ∗dm
2∗(cos∅n∗tan λ+ μcos∅n− μ tan λ )+
dc¿ μc∗ F
2; μc=0
T =120.82∗9
2∗( cos15.04 : ∗tan5.196 : +0.15cos15.04 : −0.15∗tan5.196: )
T =158.44 -2f −mm
F9(+ 57'5 5'9) ( ) *)'0 F5' TR* 1!%.44 =@ 55! 55
3.1" =@. D'( R* (, ) )'=-9 ( ) *)'0.
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4"
P+ R,0 T+*(0) F' DIN 3#%
A'=9) ( '0( ( ) +,0 b
T'b )cd5 Nd*cd5 1d2cd .##e b 4.4"
A'=9) ('-+( ), @)'0, ( ) +,0 ∅
∅ 1![ +,0 DIN
A'=9) ('-+( ), @)'0, '+5) ) @)(-(
∅
'
T' ∅ ' -' ∅ d0,b -' 1!d0,4.4" .2"#2 e ∅ ' 14.![
T = F ∗dm
2∗(cos∅n∗tan λ+ μcos∅n− μ tan λ )+
dc¿ μc∗ F
2; μc=0
T =120.82∗92
∗(cos14.95: ∗tan 4.04 : +0.15cos14.95 : −0.15 tan 4.04: )
T =124.17 -2f −mm
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4#
F9(+ 57'5 5'9) ( ) *)'0 F5' TR* 124.1# =@
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4%
;(++ @9' .4 _ & a _ .# e ' @)) *+ *),-5('-.
E,0=(' 9'&
a .4 =@552L'=-9 ( ) -9(+0
'
& compresi'n= F
(r=
4∗ F
∗7.52=
4∗120.82
∗7.52 =2.73-2f /mm2
E,@9(+ 0+-'-(
) =16∗T
∗dr3 =
16∗172.86
∗7.53 =2.08-2f /mm2
E,@9(+ (89)('-(P+ () M- () M65 (,@9(+ 0+-'-( TRESCA? ,( -('(
89( () (,@9(+ (89)('-( (,-6 *+
& e=1i7alente=√ & c2+4∗) 2=√ 2.73
2+4∗2.082=4.975 -2f mm
2'm6ximalon2it1dlibredel tornillo
diametro derai5 del tornillo >8 ; () -+')) ,( -+-+
05 0)95'. P+ dr=7.5mm > ,% 100mm;8
D(-(+5'0>' ( ) E,:()-( b
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4
λ= ?,
@
D'( () @0-+ ( 0)95' *+ 0'0>' (' ), (-+(5, (5*-+
):+( (, h 2.1 T:) Ni#
@=√ 4 min ( =√
∗dr 4
64
∗dr2
4
=dr
4 =
7.5
4 =1.875mm
λ= ?,
@ =
2.1∗100
1.875
=112
D(-(+5'0>' ( ) 0',-'-( ( 0)95' C0
Cc=√2∗ 2∗ A& fl1encia
=√2∗ 2∗21000
25=128.76
e b _ C0 9,5, () 5- ( ) AISC *+ 0)95', '-(+5(,.E,@9(+ 565 ) 05*+(,>'
Sc=[1−12∗( ?,/ @Cc )]∗& fl1encia5
3+3
8 ( ?,/ @
Cc )−18 ( ?, / @
Cc )3 →Sc=
[1−12∗( 112128.76 )]∗255
3+3
8 ( 112128.76 )−18 ( 112128.76 )3
Sc=8.1336 -2f
mm2>& e=1i7alente=4.975 -2f /mm
2
3.2.1 C6)09) () @0- ( ,(=9+
E,@9(+ 565 ) 05*+(,>' S0 %.133" =@552
E,@9(+ (89)('-( `(89)('-( 4.#! =@552
E'-'0(, () @0- ( ,(=9+ (,
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!
F BS B= Sc
& e=1i7alente=
8.1336
4.975=1.634
3.2.11 C,- ( @:+00>'
D( ), 06)09), '-(++(, (-(+5'5, 89( () 65(-+ () -+')) (
*-('0 (:( ,(+ 155? ) 09) (, (89)('-( 3% *9)= (' () ,,-(5 '=),. L
)'=-9 () -+')) (, ( 155? / ) 05*++ 9' :++ ( 12 *9)= *(5,
@:+0+ 4 -+')), ( *-('0. E, (0+ '(0(,-5, 3! :++, ( 12 *9)= ( )'=-9
/ 3% *9)= ( 65(-+ *+ @:+0+ ), 1 -+')), ( *-('0 89( ', *+*9,5,
@:+0+. D( 09(+ ) 0-6)= ( S*((/ 5(-),Q 0 :++ 09(,- ."! )+(,.
E'-'0(, () *+(0 '0) (, (
Costode material=25∗0.65=16.25d'lares
A;+ -5' (' 09('- 89( ) 5' ( :+ *+ 5(0'+ ), -+')), (
*-('0 (, ( 2 )+(,;+. S () -0'0 -+: % ;+, *+ ! ,. E'-'0(,
Costomano deobra=8∗5∗20=800d'lares
A;+? ))(=' 9' 09(+ 0' () -0'0? (,-( 0(*- 89( )( (*,-(5, ,9
,9() ) @') () 5(,? :5('-(? -5' (' 09('- ), '-(+(,(, () 5(+0.
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!1
3.2.12 P+(0 ( ('-
C5 () :(- () *+/(0- (, :-('(+ =''0, ('-'0(, *+ 09(+ ()
=+9* (05, 89( () *+(0 ( ('- () *+ 0 -+')) ( *-('0
5'9@0-9+ (:(+7 ,(+ ( 2! >)+(,. L (5*+(, ) 09) )( 5, ('(+ ',
0'0'> 89( ', 05*++7 ) 5- ( ), -+')), ) @') () *+5(+ 5(,? / )
,(=9' 5- ) @') ( ,(=9' 5(,.
E'-'0(, 5(',9)5('-( +(0:+(5,
=25∗50=1250d'lares
3.2.13 I'-(+, (' () 5(+0
D( 09(+ ) *6=' (: () S9*(+'-('('0 ( B'0 / S(=9+? () '-(+,
'9) (' () 5(+0 (, ( 2.24 '9). P+ ) -'- () '-(+, 5(',9) (,
imens1al=2.24
12=0.1867 mens1al
3.2.14 C6)09) () VAN
C' ), -, '-(++(, *+0((+(5, 0)09)+ () VAN
Y1 12! I 12!I 1".2!
2 5(,(,1
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!2
E'-'0(,? 0-9)' -, (,-, )+(, ) -, 5(',9) ( .1%"#
V(N =−16.25+( 1250−800(1+0.001867 )+ 1250(1+0.001867 )2 )=1678.25d'lares
P+ ) -'-? ( 09(+ ) VAN? () *+/(0- (, +('-:)(
3.2.1! C6)09) () TIR
U-)' ) 5,5 )7'( () -(5* '-(++ 5, 0)09)+ () TIR
−16.25+(1250−800(1+ i) + 1250(1+ i)2 )=0
C5 *(5, :,(++ ) (090>' +(,9)- ,(+ 9' (090>' ( ,(=9'
=+? ('-'0(, /96'', ( 9' *+=+5? :-('(5, ) ,=9('-( ,)90>'
i=2923.63 >0.1867
L 09) ,9*(+ *+ 590; () '-(+, 5(',9) () 5(+0. P+ ) -'- ,(=' ()
5- () TIR () *+/(0- (, +('-:)(
E1 %
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!3
3.3 HIPÓTESIS GENERAL E HIPÓTESIS ESPECÍFICAS
3.3.1 H*>-(,, =('(+)
E, *,:)( ,:(+ , () *+/(0- ( '(,-=0>' (, :)( ' *+ () 5-
() VAN / () TIR *+ () ,9*9(,- 0, 89( ('5, 1 -+')), ( *-('0 (
(,-( -* @:+0, =+0, ) @''05('- () :'0 9' -, ( '-(+, @.
3.3.2 H*>-(,, (,*(07@0,
H+(5, ), 06)09), ( -+(, -+')) ( *-('0 : ), 0'0'(,
@7,0, ( 00>' / +(00>' (' () 0*)(? +(,*(-' ), *+65(-+, ( ,(
/ (+ ,9 @(+('0.
E) @0-+ ( ,(=9+ ,( (:( ( 0(+0+ ) )+ ( 2? / 89( (, )
+(05(':)( *+ +(0*('-(, *+(,>' ,(=' ) ,(00>' III () 0>= ASME.
4 METODOLOGÍA
4.1 TIPO DE INVESTIGACIÓN
E) -* ( I'(,-=0>' (' () *+(,('-( -+: (, *)0. D('-+ ( (,-(?
9-)5, ), +(@(+('-(, -(>+0, ( -+')) ( *-('0Q (' +()0>' ) -* (
9,-( 89( *9(( @+(0(+ () ;'=(' *+ ,7 ,(=9++
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!4
) ;(+5(-0 ( (,-(. T5:' 9-)+(5, ), 0'0(*-, ( I'=('(+7
E0'>50 / F''0(+ *+ () (,++)) ( ), 06)09),.
4.2 DISEÑO DE INVESTIGACIÓN
L '(,-=0>' 89( ,( 59(,-+ (, E*)0-'
89( -('(' ('-+( ()), 5,5, 5('-( @>+59),.
4.3 POBLACIÓN Y MUESTRA
P:)0>' -'89(, ( =,>=(' (', *+ ) (5*+(, E5*+- D,-+:9+(,
() P(+ S.A.Q? 89( ,+( *+ ) *+900>' ( =, 0(-)('.
M9(,-+ S( (,0=> 9' -'89( ( =,>=(' ( ) (5*+(, E5*+-
D,-+:9+(, () P(+ S.A.Q 0' ) 5+0 M() MG2Q / ), ,=9('-(,
(,*(0@00'(,
TABLA 4.01ESPECIFICACIONES T,CNICAS DEL TANQUE GASÓGENO
F9('-( '-(+'(-
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!!
4.4 TCNICAS E INSTRUMENTOS DE RECOLECCIÓN DE DATOS
O:,(+0>' ' (,-+90-9+
B (,-( 5- ,( *+0(> ()9+ () -'89( M() MG2Q *+ ,7 *(+
'-+ ,9, 0+0-(+7,-0,. Y *,-(++ ())? ,( ') () ;'
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!"
5 CONCLUSIONES
• L, 0+0-(+7,-0, () -+')) ( *-('0 ' +7 590;? (, *+ ()) 89(
,( (,0=( 9'? 09/ 5-(+) ,( ( 5('+ 0,- / 5(+ 5'9@0-9+.• C' ), 06)09), ;(0;,? ,( (,0=( ) +,0 -+*(0) =+9(, DIN 3#?
(: 89( ,( *+5 ) +(89(+.• D( 09(+ ) 5- () VAN / () TIR? () *+/(0- ( ('(+ 1 -+')),
( *-('0 (, :,-'-( +('-:)( / -+( 0',= 9' =+' +('-:).
6 RECOMENDACIONESA0-9)5('-(? ' 590;, -))(+(, 09('-' 0' 9' -'89( ( =,>=('? / )
('- ( (,-, ,( +()' (' -+, *7,(,? *+ ())? ,( +(05(' 89( *+ ) -5
( -,? ,( (09(' ), +(89(+5('-, () *7, ( '(,-=0>'.
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!#
E, 5*+-'-( (,-+ ) -'- () '-(+, () 5(+0? (,-( *+7 ++ ,' *+(
,? ,:+(- (' *0, ( '@)0>'.
! REFERENCIAS BIBLIOGRFICAS
\1] NORTON? R:(+- L.. D,( ( M689',. M0 (-+) P+('-0('.
\4]A9-+ ABARCA PREZ? E,' P-+0
T7-9) DISEÑO Y CONSTRUCCIÓN DE UN EKUIPO DE ENSAYO DE
CONTROL DE LA ESTABILIDAD DIMENSIONAL POR FATIGA
MEDIANTE MARTILLEO CONSTANTE PARA ESPUMA DE
POLIURETANO ESPONJA BLANDA UTILIZADA EN TAPICERÍA Y
CONCHONESQL9=+ ( *9:)00>' R:5?
E09+. A ( *9:)00>' 211.
\!]A9-+ JAIME BAUTISTA? C+), A+5' OTERO MARÍN? J(+ M9+0
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!%
T7-9)DISEÑO DE UN BANCO DE PRUEBAS PARA TORNILLOS
DE POTENCIAF(0; ( *9:)00>' 2% ( A=,- () 213
\"]A9-+ ARIAS GUALAVISÍ? E' I6'
OROZCO ROMERO? L9, F+')'T7-9) DISEÑO Y CONSTRUCCIÓN DE UNA RECTIFICADORA Y
AFILADORA DE CUCHILLAS DE M$KUINAS PARA MADERA CON UN
SISTEMA DE AVANCE AUTOM$TICOQF(0; ( *9:)00>' M+ () 211L9=+ ( *9:)00>' K9-? E09+ D,( / A'6),, (,-+90-9+) ( +(0*('-(, *+(,>' S(00>' III C>=
ASME
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!
" ANEXOS TABLA ".01ROSCA TRAPECIAL GRUESA( DIN 3!
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"
F9('-( A)? F+-9'- D,( ( ()(5('-, ( 5689', ITABLA ".02
ROSCA TRAPECIAL MEDIANA( DIN 103
F9('-( A)? F+-9'- D,( ( ()(5('-, ( 5689', I
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"1
TABLA ".03ROSCA TRAPECIAL FINA( DIN 3!"
F9('-( A)? F+-9'- D,( ( ()(5('-, ( 5689', I
TABLA ".04ESFUER#OS DE DISE-O POR APLASTAMIENTO DE TORNILLOS
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"2
F9('-( A)? F+-9'- D,( ( ()(5('-, ( 5689', I
TABLA ".05FACTOR DE COLUMNA EN TORNILLOS
F9('-( A)? F+-9'- D,( ( ()(5('-, ( 5689', I
TABLA ".06COEFICIENTE DE FRICCIÓN
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"3
F9('-( A)? F+-9'- D,( ( ()(5('-, ( 5689', I
FIGURA ".01TANQUE GASÓGENO
F9('-( P+*
FIGURA ".02CÓDIGO DEL TANQUE GASÓGENO
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F9('-( P+*
FIGURA ".03MANÓMETRO DEL PRESIÓN
F9('-( P+*