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Ch. ChakrapaniCh. Chakrapani
Ch. LalithyaCh. Lalithya
K. SrinivasK. Srinivas
ELECTRICITY BILLING:INTRODUCTION OF
HARMONIC FACTORSURCHARGE
To Present at National Conference on PowerDistribution NCPD-2014
atCentral Power Research Institute (CPRI), Hyderabad
on 6th & 7th February 2014
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OUTLINEOUTLINE Introduction
Sources of ar!onics
Types of ar!onics Effects of ar!onics
"e#ulations on T$
Tariff orders on T$ penalties
Need of T$ "ecordin# Types of consu!er loads
%ield Study on ar!onic !easure!ent
&roposed 'ethodolo#y for ar!onic %actor Surchar#e
ar!onic %actor !easure!ent for (illin#
Su##estions
Conclusion
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IntroductionIntroduction Non-Linear loads are increasing in the power
system day by day Necessary to assess harmonic distortion level
at consumer and generator level
Commercial mechanism is essential
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Sources of HarmonicsSources of HarmonicsNon)Linear loads such as *C to $C + $C to *C Converters
Electric arc furnaces, induction furnaces, electrolysis plants,
Saturated reactors, transfor!ers under no)load - li#htloads,
Inverters, $C converters, sitch)!ode poer supplies,
/aria(le speed *C or $C !otor drives,
Electronic li#htin# (allasts, #as dischar#e li#htin#, Electronic office and ho!e appliances, !icroave ovens, etc
These produce hi#h har!onics and leads to distortion ofave for!s. $ue to i!prove!ent of life style, need and
advance!ent in electronics technolo#y, the poer electronicdevices usa#e is e0pected to increase further in al!ost alltypes of sectors for consu!er friendly operation,i!prove!ent of efficiency, (etter 1uality and ener#yconservation.
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Tyes of HarmonicsTyes of Harmonics Odd triplens 2!ultiples of three3,
Other odd har!onics, and Even har!onics,
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$efinition of T$ as per CE*$efinition of T$ as per CE* 5Total ar!onic $istortion5 2T$3
!eans a !easure of distortion of thevolta#e or current ave for! 2hich shall
ideally (e sinusoidal3 and is the s1uare
root of the su! of s1uares of all volta#eor current har!onics e0pressed as a
percenta#e of the !a#nitude of the
funda!ental
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/T$ - IT$ as per IEEE/T$ - IT$ as per IEEE))678678 /olta#e Total ar!onic $istortion 9
Current Total ar!onic $istortion 9
here i7 and v7 are funda!ental current and volta#e respectively,
Ikand vkare k order har!onic current and volta#e respectively,
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Re"u#a!ions on THDRe"u#a!ions on THDCE* in its 2Technical Standards for Connectivity of the ;rid3
"e#ulation, &art)II 273263, &art)I/2?3
The pro@ect of the re1uester shall not cause volta#e and current
har!onics on the #rid hich e0ceed the li!its specified in
Institute of Electrical and Electronics En#ineers 2IEEE3 Standard678
273 The total har!onic distortion for volta#e at the connection
point shall not e0ceed 6A ith no individual har!onic hi#her
than ?A.
2
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Tariff or$ers on THD ena#!iesTariff or$ers on THD ena#!ies Ta!ilnadu Electricity oard levied surchar#e
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Nee$ of THD Recor$in"Nee$ of THD Recor$in" Correct data is re1uired to Utilities,
"e#ulators - Custo!ers on T$ To levy ar!onic %actor Surchar#e
To install ar!onics %ilters+ Suppressors
To purchase e1uip!ent, hich #enerate lessT$
Evaluatin# perfor!ance of e1uip!ent
*naly4in# e1uip!entF failures
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Standards for ar!onics Testin#Standards for ar!onics Testin#
IEC D7===))?=: E'C ) Testin# and !easure!ent techni1ues G
&oer 1uality !easure!ent !ethods,
IECGD7===)?)D: E'C ) *ssess!ent of e!ission li!its for theconnection of distortion li!its to '/, /, and E/ poer syste!
IS 7>== 2&art +See >3: 2
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Tyes of consumer #oa$sTyes of consumer #oa$s Grou%' Consumers
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Tyes of consumer #oa$sTyes of consumer #oa$s Grou%( Consumers
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Aroac) for HarmonicAroac) for Harmonic
Ener"y measuremen!Ener"y measuremen! Total Ener#y 9
= W1 + WHN + WHL
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Harmonic "enera!ion *y Aara!usHarmonic "enera!ion *y Aara!us
SlNo
Descripti
on ofApparatu
s
Avg
PhaseVolta
ge (V)
Avg
Current
(A)
TotalPowe
r (W)
PF
Voltage Distortion(%)
Current distortion(%)
V1 V2 V3 I1 I2 I3
1
VFD
WaterPump
Sets
248 13.8 9500 0.924 1.13 1.17 1.12 40.95 41.34 40.03
2
6 No.s150 WHPSVLamps
251 1.26 870 0.917 1.69 1.71 1.47 31.84 33.33 60.16
3New 63
KVA DTr251 1.08 154 0.189 1.98 2.30 2.43 16.83 18.25 15.57
4RepairedDT250KVA
241 7.08 683 0.133 2.49 2.80 2.89 30.66 35.82 28.90
Measured on 04-10-2012 / 11-10-2012
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Current ar!onics #enerated (yCurrent ar!onics #enerated (y
&S/ %ittin#s&S/ %ittin#sAIT$
ar!onic Order
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Current ar!onics #enerated (yCurrent ar!onics #enerated (y
/%$ ater &u!p sets/%$ ater &u!p sets
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Current ar!onics #eneration (y aCurrent ar!onics #eneration (y a
Steel %urnace - "eSteel %urnace - "e))rollin# 'illrollin# 'ill
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ar!onic #eneration (y Consu!ersar!onic #eneration (y Consu!ers
SlNo
Type ofConsume
r Load
AvgPhaseVolta
ge
(KV)
AvgCurrent (A)
TotalPowe
r(KVA
)
PF
VoltageDistortion (%)
Current distortion(%)
V1 V2 V3 I1 I2 I3
1
PolysterIndustrywith verylight Load
138 1.17 2800.91
(Lead)0.82 1.05 0.98 22.66 38.75 27.50
2Steel Re-rolling Mill
11.02 37.34 713 1.00 2.48 2.28 1.83 38.07 51.30 34.35
3
SteelFurnace &Re-rolling
Mill
34.5 24.77 14800.91
(Lead) 1.59 1.14 1.42 31.83 32.20 37.47
4Cement
Factory130 59.86
1349
30.99 1.21 1.37 0.95 2.37 2.56 2.12
Measured on 11-10-2012 / 14-10-2012 / 30-10-2012
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&roposed 'ethodolo#y for ar!onic&roposed 'ethodolo#y for ar!onic
%actor !easure!ent for (illin#%actor !easure!ent for (illin# *pproach)I: "atio of *vera#e value of har!onic content
to *vera#e value of %unda!ental content like &%
!easure!ent
*pproach)II: *vera#e value of AT$
*pproach)III: 'a0i!u! value of AT$ like '$ in K/*!easure!ent
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*pproach*pproach))I: "atio of *vera#e value of har!onicI: "atio of *vera#e value of har!onic
content to *vera#e value of %unda!ental contentcontent to *vera#e value of %unda!ental contentlike &% !easure!entlike &% !easure!ent
"ecorded Ih 9 %inal Ih readin# G Initial Ih readin# 9
"ecorded If 9 %inal If readin# G Initial If readin# 9
"ecorded /h 9 %inal /h readin# G Initial /h readin#9
"ecorded /f 9 %inal /f readin# G Initial /f readin# 9
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*pproach*pproach))II: *vera#e value of AT$II: *vera#e value of AT$
"ecorded AIT$ 9 %inal AIT$ readin# G Initial AIT$ readin# 9
"ecorded &O 9 %inal &O readin# G Initial &O readin#
"ecorded A/T$ 9 %inal A/T$ readin# G Initial A/T$ readin# 9
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*pproach*pproach))III: 'a0i!u! value of AT$III: 'a0i!u! value of AT$
like '$ in K/* !easure!entlike '$ in K/* !easure!ent ar!onic %actor can (e considered as
!a0i!u! value of inte#ration ith ti!e value
of avera#e A/T$ - AIT$ for a ti!e (lock
period are to (e recorded like '$ in K/*
'a0i!u! inte#rated values of A/T$ - AIT$are to (e auto!atically reset to 4ero hen '$
2K/*3 reset is done
The A/T$ and AIT$ can (e recorded in theload survey of !eters as ti!e inte#rated values
of instantaneous para!eters.
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&roposed !ethodolo#y of&roposed !ethodolo#y of
ar!onic %actor Surchar#ear!onic %actor Surchar#e The ar!onic li!its for various consu!er loads and
poer sources are specified in the IEEE Standard 678:
788
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ar!onics recordin# facilities in
present 'eters *s per the Central Electricity *uthority 2Installation and Operation
of 'eters3 "e#ulations,
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Su##estionsSu##estions Separate !easure!ent of funda!ental and har!onic contents i.e.,
volta#e - current (y tariff !eters in econo!ic ay ill need
further efforts and research (y the !anufacturers Need of !uch !ore strin#ent re#ulations fro! the re#ulators and
resolvin# of le#al issues for !easure!ent of har!onic contents,
finali4ation of li!its for ar!onic %actors 2%3 and to levy
ar!onic %actor Surchar#e
Standardisin# a#encies shall revie per!itted li!its of T$s of
various apparatus + #ad#ets and e1uip!ents to !eet the re#ulation
li!its duly considerin# !anufacturin# constraints.
They shall also finalise the testin# procedures and accuracy li!itsfor har!onic content and T$s in our contest.
;enerators shall !ake arran#e!ents to control har!onics (y
installin# har!onic filters and to !ake co!pensation for the
affected parties
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Su##estionsSu##estions ar!onics #eneration (y various electrical apparatus on a sa!ple
(asis is to (e !easured, scope for its reduction is to (e identified
and evaluated The tan#i(le and intan#i(le da!a#es to the netork + syste! +
other consu!er e1uip!ent are to (e studied further and
!iti#ation steps are to (e analysed in a proactive !anner
The !easure!ent of har!onic contents, for!ulation ofre#ulations and resolvin# le#al issues pertainin# to
pay!ent for these contents should encoura#e (oth
poer supply co!panies and consu!ers to takeen#ineerin# and or#anisational !easures to decrease
har!onic levels, hich leads to i!prove!ent of
efficiency of electricity use, poer 1uality and !ini!ise
e1uip!ent failures.
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*ny 1uestionsH
Thank ouThank ou