Post on 06-Apr-2018
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BOOK REVIEW
Prof. ZiauddinAhmad
Published in
1996
KIJ
Pakistans
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SCIENTIFIC PROGRESS IN ISLAMTOWARDS WORLD CIVILIZATION
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TOPICS TO DISCUSS
1) Scientific Progress
2) The Science of Arabic Numbers
3) Medicine and Surgery 4) Eminent Medical Specialists
5) Hospitals and Medical Colleges
6) Science of Chemistry
7) Science of Geology
8) Science of Geography
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-BATTANI
(868-929 C.E.)
Battani was a famous astronomer, mathematician andastrologer.
Known as Albategnieus in West.
His well-known discovery is the remarkably accuratedetermination of the solar year as being 365 days, 5hours, 46 minutes and 24 seconds, which is very close to
the latest estimates. He found that the longitude of the sun's apogee had
increased by 16 47' since Ptolemy.
Al-Battani determined with remarkable accuracy the
obliquity of the ecliptic, the length of the seasons and thetrue and mean orbit of the sun.
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THE SCIENCE OF ARABICNUMERALS
One of the great centers of learning was Baghdad,where Arab, Greek, Persian, Jewish, and other scholarspooled their cultural heritages and where in 771 anIndian scholar appeared, bringing with him a treatise onastronomy using the Indian numerical system.
Until that time the Egyptian, Greek, and other culturesused their own numerals in a manner similar to that ofthe Romans. Thus the number 323 was expressed likethis:
- Egyptian 999 nn III
- Greek HHH III
- Roman CCC XX III
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Al-Khwarizmi introduced the Indian system of numerals (nowgenerally known as Arabic numerals).
Photo:
From top - Modern Arabic(western);
Early Arabic (western);
Arabic Letters (used asnumerals);
Modern Arabic (eastern);
Early Arabic (eastern);
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-KHAWARIZMI
(770 - 840 C.E.)
Al-Khwarizmi was an Islamic mathematician, astronomerand geographer who wrote on Hindu-Arabic numerals
1st gave the digits the value of position - among the first touse zero as a place holder in positional base notation.
Muslim West (Spain & North Africa)- circle as zero (0)
Muslim in the East( Baghdad and the adjoining lands)- symbolof dot for zero
The very name Algebra has been derived from his famous
book Al-Jabr wa-al-Muqabilah and can be considered as thefirst book to be written on algebra.
He also perfected the geometric representation of conicsections and developed the calculus of two errors, whichpractically led him to the concept of differentiation.
He introduced decimal system and developed at length
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MEDICINE AND SURGERY
The origins of Islamic medicine can be traced back
to the time of Muhammad, and a significant numberof hadiths concerning medicine are attributed tohim.
Several Sahaba are said to have been successfully
treated of certain diseases by following the medicaladvice of Muhammad.
The three methods of healing mentioned by himwere :-
1) Honey,
2) Hijama (wet cupping), and
3) Cauterization, though he was generally opposed to
the use of cauterization unless it "suits the ailment.
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AL-RAZI
(864-930 C.E.)
Razi was a Hakim, an alchemist and a philosopher.
Known as Rhazes in West.
His al-Judari wal Hasabah was the first treatise onsmallpox and chicken-pox, and is largely based onRazi's original contribution:
Al-Hawi was the largest medical encyclopediacomposed by then.
He also tried proposed remedies first on animals inorder to evaluate in their effects and side effects.
He was also an expert surgeon and was the first touse opium for anesthesia.
One of his books called Kitab-al-Asrardeals with the
ABU ALI AL HUSSAIN IBN
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ABU ALI AL-HUSSAIN IBN
ABDALLAH IBN SINA
( 980 1037 C.E. )
Known as Avicenna in West.
He was the most famous physician,philosopher, encyclopaedist, mathematicianand astronomer of his time.
His major contribution to medical science washis famous book al-Qanun, known as the"Canon" in the West.
His important original contribution includessuch advances as recognition of thecontagious nature of phthisis and tuberculosis;distribution of diseases by water and soil, andinteraction between psychology and health.
In addition to describing pharmacological
methods, the book described 760 drugs andbecame the most authentic materia medica of
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- -ZAHRAWI
(936-1013 C.E.) Known as Abulcasis in West.
He was an Andalusian Arab physician andis considered the greatest medievalsurgeon to have appeared from the IslamicWorld, and the father of modern surgery.
His greatest contribution to history is theKitab al-Tasrif.
His influential al-Tasrif introduced hisfamous collection of over 200 surgicalinstruments.
The surgical instruments he inventedinclude the first instruments unique towomen, as well as the surgical uses ofcatgut and forceps, the ligature, surgicalneedle, scalpel, curette, retractor, surgical
spoon, sound, surgical hook, surgical rod,specula, bone saw, and plaster.
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PediatriciansIn his book: Al-qanun fit-tibb (the canons ofMedicine)-discuss in detail thediseases of children
EMINENT MEDICAL SPECIALISTS
Ibn Sina(Avicenna)
OPHTHALM
OLOGISTs
Al-Haytham(Al-
Hazen)
The founder of modern
physiological optics.Theory of vision
1st scientist recognizegravity as force- laterdevelop by Newton
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Jabir Ibn Hayyan
(Geber)
the discovery of mineral and othersacids
developed aqua regia to dissolvegold
PHARMACO
LOGISTS
ANATO
MISTSFamous book: Tashrih-bit- TasweerRecognized : pulsation of arteriesdepended on pulsation of heart.
Mansur Ibn
1st chap: osteology
2nd chap: nervous systemand its gross anatomy withgreat dexterity.3rd chap: muscles of human
body4th chap: veins
Famous book:
Kitab al-rahmah (book ofMercy)
Kitab-al-tanji (ofconcerntration)
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DERMATO
LOGISTSWrote book on Smilax, ChoubChini (China Root)
Successfully in treatment ofvarious skin diseases.Had ever cured certain types ofcancer.
DENTAL SURGEONS &
GYNECOLOGIST
Abul Qasim Al-Zahrawi
(abulcasis)Scientifically set on artificialtooth in place of a diseasesone.
Disscuss oral deformities,dental arches & formation oftartar.Used gold and silver to bindloose toothBook: Al-Tasrif
Skillfully performed majoroperation with cautery andknife
Imamuddin
Ahmad
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Pioneer of hospitality
First aid station
Mobile clinics
City hospitalMental hospital
Jail hospital
Female hospital
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Hospital + medical colleges
Qualified physicians were allowed topractice
Hospital + libraries
Free of charge treatment
ase s on s am c
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ase s u y on s am chospital
AL MANSOURIHOSPITAL"The greatest and mostmagnificent of all was thefamous Mansouri Hospital in
Cairo. completed in 1284A.D.. which WllS endowedwith an income of $100,000a year contained fou greatcourts each with its fountainin the center, separatewards for each disease,lecture rooms, an outpatientdepartment with
arrlmgements to visit
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Science of Chemistry
The Muslim contribution of the fieldof chemistry & physics is greatlyinfluenced on modern chemistry.
Julius Ruska says Arabic Alchemyhas developed so much & in soperculiar a way beyond that of the
GreeksThe increase in the number of
artificially prepared substances &the perfection of methods handeddown from the Greeks are the
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Jabir ibn Hayyan
Well known as Geber & flourished inKufah.
Acted on the assumption that base
metals (tins, leads iron, copper)could be transmuted into gold orsilver by means of mysterious
substance. Emphasized on the importance of
experimentation & made adistinctive advance in theory &ractice of chemistr .
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Jabir ibn Hayyan (contd)
He acquainted Europe with thealchemy of the Orient & was theforerunner of modern chemistry.
The writings of Jabir on alchemywere translated into Latin duringthe Middle Ages.
A deep study of some works of Jabirproves that he recognised moreclearly and stated more definitelythe importance of experiment otherthan an other earl chemists.
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Ar-Razi
He was the Persian physician.
Excels in clear description ofchemical process and & apparatus.
He was the first one who introducedchemical preparation into thepractice of medicine.
Gives a list of the apparatus used inChemistry. Consists of:
1) instruments used for melting
metals.
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Later, Muslims chemists Ibn Umail,
Al- Tughni & Abdul Qassim madesome progress & wrote severalbooks on chemistry.
They gave to the West severalchemical terms which have passedfrom Jabirs Arabic writing throughLatin & European languages & are
generally used in modern chemistrywith great advantage. Their Arabicorigin recognisable.
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Science of geography
Muslims geographers are aware ofthe idea of the sphericity of the earth.
Determine size of the earth and its
circumferenceAssumption :
the earths form: spherical
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Navigation andcommerceMagnetic needle (Mariners
compasses)
Practical use of magnetic needle : to
help them navigate ships on thehigh seas.
Western: invention of magnetic
needle is from Chinese.George Sarton: magnetic needle
was credited by the Chinese to
foreigners (Muslims)
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Maps
Most scholars of geography includedmaps in their works.
reveal a tendency to represent the
coast line and the rivers underconventionalised forms
Al-Birunis Kitab Kitab al_hind-
given a wonderful round map of theworld.
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Inventions andmechanical contrivances
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